- 72 Rangeley Rd
Chestnut Hill, MA 02467
jeansenatfleury@gmail.com - 561 207 1718 - 617-487-5432
- History, Cultural Studies, Gender Studies, Religion, Film Studies, Art History, and 56 moreEducation, Political Science, International Relations, Literature, Human Rights, Ethics, International Law, Intellectual History, African Studies, Engineering, Medicine, Psychology, Computer Science, Biology, Sociology, Music, Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Technology, Business, Economics, Geography, Ecology, Civil Engineering, Information Systems, Anthropology, Public Health, Archaeology, Mathematics, Climate Change, Architecture, Public Policy, Data Mining, Management, Artificial Intelligence, Environmental Sustainability, Political Philosophy, Sustainable Development, Design, Software Engineering, Research Methodology, Renewable Energy, Languages and Linguistics, Media Studies, Entrepreneurship, Philosophy of Science, Development Studies, Electrical Engineering, Social Psychology, Gender, Human Resource Management, Business Administration, E-learning, English, English Literature, and Physicsedit
- A former judge with a passion for history, Jean Senat Fleury was born on September 10,1962 in Saint-Marc, (Haiti). A... moreA former judge with a passion for history, Jean Senat Fleury was born on September 10,1962 in Saint-Marc, (Haiti). A prolific writer, Mr. Fleury lives in Boston, (Massachusetts).
Academic Formation
Faculty of Law ((Haiti)
School of Magistrate (Paris-Bordeaux), France.
Northeastern University, (Boston, Massachusetts), (PRE-MBA)
Suffolk University, (Boston, Massachusetts), Political Science (Master degree)
Suffolk University, (Boston, Massachusetts), Public Administration (Master degree).
Website: jsf-author.comedit
Le Palais de Justice de Port-au-Prince, un des hauts lieux de l’éloquence et de la culture haïtienne, est envahi par une foule enthousiaste qui veut être témoin du déroulement du procès historique appelé « Procès Petrocaribe ». Le rythme... more
Le Palais de Justice de Port-au-Prince, un des hauts lieux de l’éloquence et de la culture haïtienne, est envahi par une foule enthousiaste qui veut être témoin du déroulement du procès historique appelé « Procès Petrocaribe ». Le rythme de la vie dans tout le pays s’est ralenti. Dans les maisons et dans les rues, le seul événement qui tient la conversation et fait la une de la presse est le procès des accusés impliqués dans le dossier du fonds Petrocaribe. Ce fameux procès dit « le procès du siècle » relègue à l’arrière-plan tous les faits de l’actualité nationale et internationale.
L’événement dépasse en publicité même l’ouverture de la Coupe du Monde de 2026 sur le continent Nord-Américain. Un public nombreux envahit l’enceinte du Palais de Justice. L’assistance composée d’hommes de loi, d’étudiants, d’historiens, de journalistes etc. ne veut rien manquer du déroulement des débats. Dans les quartiers de Port-au-Prince et dans les villes de province, le gouvernement, en accord avec les municipalités, fait placer des écrans géants à chaque coin de rues pour permettre aux gens de suivre en direct la moindre phase du procès. Plusieurs millions de personnes se montrent intéressées à connaître les faits.
L’événement dépasse en publicité même l’ouverture de la Coupe du Monde de 2026 sur le continent Nord-Américain. Un public nombreux envahit l’enceinte du Palais de Justice. L’assistance composée d’hommes de loi, d’étudiants, d’historiens, de journalistes etc. ne veut rien manquer du déroulement des débats. Dans les quartiers de Port-au-Prince et dans les villes de province, le gouvernement, en accord avec les municipalités, fait placer des écrans géants à chaque coin de rues pour permettre aux gens de suivre en direct la moindre phase du procès. Plusieurs millions de personnes se montrent intéressées à connaître les faits.
Research Interests:
L’affaire est certes d’un intérêt particulier. C’est la première fois que l’on juge équitablement des hauts fonctionnaires de l’État en Haïti pour des actes de corruption. Soixante-quatre personnes inculpées dans la dilapidation des... more
L’affaire est certes d’un intérêt particulier. C’est la première fois que l’on juge équitablement des hauts fonctionnaires de l’État en Haïti pour des actes de corruption. Soixante-quatre personnes inculpées dans la dilapidation des fonds de Petro-caribe, une quinzaine de firmes privées poursuivie pour malversation et blanchiment d’argent dans le dossier, l’affaire dépasse de loin en importance le procès de la Consolidation vieux de 116 ans (1903-1904) lequel, à son époque, avait suscité un immense intérêt.
Research Interests:
Japan: THE RISE AND FALL OF AN EMPIRE is a book of information and training; a reference document that I would like to present as an educational tool, not as a catalog of events or an exhaustive profile in malevolent behavior. At minimum,... more
Japan: THE RISE AND FALL OF AN EMPIRE is a book of information and training; a reference document that I would like to present as an educational tool, not as a catalog of events or an exhaustive profile in malevolent behavior. At minimum, I would like readers to be outraged at the phenomenon of “invasion,” per se.
Research Interests:
I can be murdered and maimed. But they can never kill my dream that leaves its roots in the deepest social reality in my country. I have led the fight against semi feudalism, colonialism, and imperialism that stifle the emancipation of... more
I can be murdered and maimed. But they can never kill my dream that leaves its roots in the deepest social reality in my country. I have led the fight against semi feudalism, colonialism, and imperialism that stifle the emancipation of peoples in the poor nations of the planet. I have rejected any form of domination from one class to another. That is why I have fought with extreme severity the attitude of the mulattoes who have sought to monopolize all the property of the state.
Haitian people, it is the whole of the revolutionary works of my regime that explains that, after so many years, I crystallize in me not only the hostility of the dominant and intellectual classes in Haiti but also, in a more global way, that of the Western bourgeoisie. To punish my action in favor of the demands of the poor peasantry and the popular masses, the dominant classes of Haiti—in complicity with the Western bourgeoisie—want to erase, repress, or at least weaken the memory of the Dessalinian ideals, which are based on the idea of freedom and equality.
Haitian people, it is the whole of the revolutionary works of my regime that explains that, after so many years, I crystallize in me not only the hostility of the dominant and intellectual classes in Haiti but also, in a more global way, that of the Western bourgeoisie. To punish my action in favor of the demands of the poor peasantry and the popular masses, the dominant classes of Haiti—in complicity with the Western bourgeoisie—want to erase, repress, or at least weaken the memory of the Dessalinian ideals, which are based on the idea of freedom and equality.
Research Interests:
After the horrific events of 9/11, no one thought the battle between the West and radical Islamic extremists was going to be fought like a traditional war, but to the extent that we could do so, we did. We tightened our borders, hardened... more
After the horrific events of 9/11, no one thought the battle between the West and radical Islamic extremists was going to be fought like a traditional war, but to the extent that we could do so, we did. We tightened our borders, hardened the targets, took off our shoes in airports and sent troops and tanks and drones and special forces to battle foes in Afghanistan and to take out bin Laden in Pakistan. We adapted our laws and intelligence services to make it easier to monitor terrorist cell, sniffing their emails, phone calls and web traffic. And in some cases, this battle against groups that have sponsored terror attacks in the past has succeeded.
—Time Life – Inside the Criminal Mind
—Time Life – Inside the Criminal Mind
Research Interests:
In the winter of 1942, the governments of the Allied powers announced their intent to punish Nazi war criminals. In October 1943, US president Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet leader Josef Stalin... more
In the winter of 1942, the governments of the Allied powers announced their intent to punish Nazi war criminals. In October 1943, US president Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet leader Josef Stalin signed the Moscow Declaration. The declaration stated that at the time of an armistice, persons deemed responsible for war crimes would be sent back to those countries in which the crimes had been committed and would be judged according to the laws of the nation concerned. Major war criminals, whose crimes could be assigned no particular geographic location, would be punished by joint decisions of the Allied governments. On August 8, 1945, after the war was over, the United States, the United Kingdom, the USSR, and the Provisional Government of the French Republic signed a treaty creating and fixing the statute of the international military tribunal “competent to try and punish all persons who, acting on behalf of the European countries of the Axis, will have committed, individually or as members of organizations, any of the following crimes”: crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. It is on the basis of this treaty that in Nuremberg from November 20, 1945, to October 1, 1946, a lawsuit was brought by the Allied powers against twenty-four of the leading political and military leaders of the Third Reich and against seven Nazi organizations (including elite SS unit and the Gestapo).
On August 10, Japan announced that it accepted the terms of the Potsdam Declaration except for the provisions that would target the emperor. On August 14, Japan announced its full acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration. The following day, Emperor Hirohito via the radio addressed the Japanese nation. On August 25, 1945, the United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWCC) published its recommendations on the prosecution of Japanese war criminals in a document entitled “Draft Summary of Recommendations on Japanese War Crimes and Atrocities.”
A total of twenty-four accused and eight organizations were tried for conspiracy to commit crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.
On August 10, Japan announced that it accepted the terms of the Potsdam Declaration except for the provisions that would target the emperor. On August 14, Japan announced its full acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration. The following day, Emperor Hirohito via the radio addressed the Japanese nation. On August 25, 1945, the United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWCC) published its recommendations on the prosecution of Japanese war criminals in a document entitled “Draft Summary of Recommendations on Japanese War Crimes and Atrocities.”
A total of twenty-four accused and eight organizations were tried for conspiracy to commit crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.
Research Interests:
Hitler played a role in the extermination of the millions of mainly Jewish victims in extermination camps, the largest of which were located in the part of Poland occupied by the Germans, including Auschwitz, Belzec, Chelmno, Majdanek,... more
Hitler played a role in the extermination of the millions of mainly Jewish victims in extermination camps, the largest of which were located in the part of Poland occupied by the Germans, including Auschwitz, Belzec, Chelmno, Majdanek, Sobibor, and Treblinka. It has been estimated that between 15 and 20 million people were imprisoned in a total of twenty thousand concentration camps in Germany and the occupied territories.
At the beginning of the deportations, the anti-Semitic ideologist Gino Sottochiesa, famous for his campaigns since the late 1930s, a follower of Hitler’s doctrine, had urged anyone with doubts about the presence of Jews in his community to not hesitate to take actions.
“We have to hunt them down without pity and without pause, because they represent the most serious threat of the present time, in which the Fatherland must wipe out all of its enemies.”
At the beginning of the deportations, the anti-Semitic ideologist Gino Sottochiesa, famous for his campaigns since the late 1930s, a follower of Hitler’s doctrine, had urged anyone with doubts about the presence of Jews in his community to not hesitate to take actions.
“We have to hunt them down without pity and without pause, because they represent the most serious threat of the present time, in which the Fatherland must wipe out all of its enemies.”
Research Interests:
La Montée et la Chute de l ’Empire Japonais décrit l’ouverture du Japon à la modernisation avec l’arrivée en 1853 du commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry dans le pays. Le livre détaille l’histoire des guerres lancées par l’empereur Meiji et... more
La Montée et la Chute de l ’Empire Japonais décrit l’ouverture du Japon à la modernisation avec l’arrivée en 1853 du commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry dans le pays. Le livre détaille l’histoire des guerres lancées par l’empereur Meiji et l’empereur Hirohito pour construire l’empire du Japon au cours du XIXe et du XXe siècle.
Dans la deuxième partie, le livre décrit le sort du Japon après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. En effet, tout de suite après la capitulation, sous le leadership américain, une période d’occupation s’est installée. En 1947, une nouvelle Constitution a été promulguée. Ce document juridique a scellé officiellement la chute de l’empire japonais.
Dans la deuxième partie, le livre décrit le sort du Japon après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. En effet, tout de suite après la capitulation, sous le leadership américain, une période d’occupation s’est installée. En 1947, une nouvelle Constitution a été promulguée. Ce document juridique a scellé officiellement la chute de l’empire japonais.
Research Interests:
Japan: The Rise and Fall of an Empire covers many decades of Japanese Empire history. The book identifies the beliefs, the policies, and the practices of the Japanese from 1853 to the Pacific War. It describes Japan’s opening to... more
Japan: The Rise and Fall of an Empire covers many decades of Japanese Empire history. The book identifies the beliefs, the policies, and the practices of the Japanese from 1853 to the Pacific War. It describes Japan’s opening to modernization with the 1853 arrival of commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry in the country, and details the wars launched by Emperor Meiji and Emperor Hirohito during the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries.
The book exposes the expansionist policy practiced by Japan at the end of the 19th century and during the first period of the 20th century. Indeed, since the adoption of the Meiji Constitution in 1889 and the first period of the Shōwa era (1927–1945), the military has controlled Japan’s constitutional government. The result has been years of political instability, with more internal strife, violence, killings, assassinations, foreign aggression, and war crimes.
The book demonstrates how in Japan during the Pacific War, the real war’s engine was the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy. Hirohito, as supreme commander, gave his full support to this war.
Japan: The Rise and Fall of an Empire must be read as an educational tool on the history of the modernization of Japan that started with the 1853 arrival of commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry in the country. It details the expansionist wars launched by Emperor Meiji and Emperor Hirohito between 1905 and 1942 to build their empire. Finally, the book studies the various stages for Japan to become an Empire. It began with Japan’s First War against China (1894–1895), Japan’s War against Russia (1904–1905), the attack by the Japanese troops on the Asian American fleet at Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941, to end with the entry of Japan into World War II.
In the second part, the book describes what happened to Japan after WW2. After a period of occupation, in 1947 a new constitution was enacted, officially bringing the Empire of Japan to an end.
The book exposes the expansionist policy practiced by Japan at the end of the 19th century and during the first period of the 20th century. Indeed, since the adoption of the Meiji Constitution in 1889 and the first period of the Shōwa era (1927–1945), the military has controlled Japan’s constitutional government. The result has been years of political instability, with more internal strife, violence, killings, assassinations, foreign aggression, and war crimes.
The book demonstrates how in Japan during the Pacific War, the real war’s engine was the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy. Hirohito, as supreme commander, gave his full support to this war.
Japan: The Rise and Fall of an Empire must be read as an educational tool on the history of the modernization of Japan that started with the 1853 arrival of commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry in the country. It details the expansionist wars launched by Emperor Meiji and Emperor Hirohito between 1905 and 1942 to build their empire. Finally, the book studies the various stages for Japan to become an Empire. It began with Japan’s First War against China (1894–1895), Japan’s War against Russia (1904–1905), the attack by the Japanese troops on the Asian American fleet at Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941, to end with the entry of Japan into World War II.
In the second part, the book describes what happened to Japan after WW2. After a period of occupation, in 1947 a new constitution was enacted, officially bringing the Empire of Japan to an end.
Research Interests:
2019 年出版一本關於裕仁在昭和初期（1927-1945 年）期間的責任的歷史書（本質上是一本“情景傳記”）之後，我現在正在出版一本名為《日本：帝國的崛起》的非小說類書籍。這本書涵蓋了日本帝國數十年的歷史。它確定了從 1853 年到太平洋戰爭期間日本人的信仰、政策和實踐。它描述了 1853 年準將馬修·卡爾布雷思·佩里 (Matthew Calbraith Perry) 抵達日本後日本走向現代化的歷程，並詳細介紹了明治天皇和裕仁天皇在 19 世紀和 20... more
2019 年出版一本關於裕仁在昭和初期（1927-1945 年）期間的責任的歷史書（本質上是一本“情景傳記”）之後，我現在正在出版一本名為《日本：帝國的崛起》的非小說類書籍。這本書涵蓋了日本帝國數十年的歷史。它確定了從 1853 年到太平洋戰爭期間日本人的信仰、政策和實踐。它描述了 1853 年準將馬修·卡爾布雷思·佩里 (Matthew Calbraith Perry) 抵達日本後日本走向現代化的歷程，並詳細介紹了明治天皇和裕仁天皇在 19 世紀和 20 世紀發動的戰爭。
該書揭露了日本在19世紀末和20世紀初期所實行的擴張主義政策。事實上，自 1889 年明治憲法通過和昭和時代初期（1927-1945 年）以來，軍隊一直控制著日本的憲政政府。結果是多年的政治不穩定，內亂、暴力、殺戮、暗殺、外國侵略和戰爭罪行增多。
這本書展示了太平洋戰爭期間的日本，真正的戰爭引擎是日本帝國陸軍和日本帝國海軍。作為最高統帥的裕仁天皇對這場戰爭給予了全力支持。
《日本：帝國的崛起》必須被視為一部關於日本現代化史的教育工具，該史始於 1853 年海軍準將馬修·卡爾布雷思·佩里 (Matthew Calbraith Perry) 抵達日本。它詳細描述了明治天皇和裕仁天皇在 1905 年至 1942 年間為建立帝國而發動的擴張主義戰爭。最後，本書研究了日本成為帝國的各個階段。 它始於日本第一次對華戰爭（1894-1895）、日本對俄戰爭（1904-1905）、1941年12月7日日本軍隊襲擊珍珠港的亞裔美國艦隊，結束於日本的進入。日本捲入第二次世界大戰。
本书的第二部分《日本：帝国的衰落》描述了二战后日本所发生的事情。 随后一段时期被盟军占领。 1947年，在美国的参与下，颁布了新宪法，正式结束了日本帝国。
該書揭露了日本在19世紀末和20世紀初期所實行的擴張主義政策。事實上，自 1889 年明治憲法通過和昭和時代初期（1927-1945 年）以來，軍隊一直控制著日本的憲政政府。結果是多年的政治不穩定，內亂、暴力、殺戮、暗殺、外國侵略和戰爭罪行增多。
這本書展示了太平洋戰爭期間的日本，真正的戰爭引擎是日本帝國陸軍和日本帝國海軍。作為最高統帥的裕仁天皇對這場戰爭給予了全力支持。
《日本：帝國的崛起》必須被視為一部關於日本現代化史的教育工具，該史始於 1853 年海軍準將馬修·卡爾布雷思·佩里 (Matthew Calbraith Perry) 抵達日本。它詳細描述了明治天皇和裕仁天皇在 1905 年至 1942 年間為建立帝國而發動的擴張主義戰爭。最後，本書研究了日本成為帝國的各個階段。 它始於日本第一次對華戰爭（1894-1895）、日本對俄戰爭（1904-1905）、1941年12月7日日本軍隊襲擊珍珠港的亞裔美國艦隊，結束於日本的進入。日本捲入第二次世界大戰。
本书的第二部分《日本：帝国的衰落》描述了二战后日本所发生的事情。 随后一段时期被盟军占领。 1947年，在美国的参与下，颁布了新宪法，正式结束了日本帝国。
Research Interests:
2019년에 쇼와 시대 (1927~1945) 의 첫 번째 기간 동안 히로히토의 책임에 대해 본질적으로 "일화적 전기" 에 대한 역사 책이 출판된 후, 저는 이제 일본: 제국의 부상이라는 제목의 논픽션 책을. 이 책은 수십 년간의 일본 제국 역사를 다루고 있습니다. 1853년부터 태평양 전쟁까지 일본인의 신념, 정책 및 관행을 식별합니다. 1853년 매튜 캘브레이스 페리 제독이 일본에 도착하면서 일본이 근대화를 시작한 것을... more
2019년에 쇼와 시대 (1927~1945) 의 첫 번째 기간 동안 히로히토의 책임에 대해 본질적으로 "일화적 전기" 에 대한 역사 책이 출판된 후, 저는 이제 일본: 제국의 부상이라는 제목의 논픽션 책을. 이 책은 수십 년간의 일본 제국 역사를 다루고 있습니다. 1853년부터 태평양 전쟁까지 일본인의 신념, 정책 및 관행을 식별합니다. 1853년 매튜 캘브레이스 페리 제독이 일본에 도착하면서 일본이 근대화를 시작한 것을 설명하고 19세기와 20세기 동안 메이지 천황과 히로히토 천황이 시작한 전쟁에 대해 자세히 설명합니다.
이 책은 19세기 말과 20세기 초 일본이 시행한 팽창주의 정책을 폭로한다. 실제로 1889년 메이지 헌법이 채택되고 쇼와 시대 (1927~1945) 의 첫 번째 시기 (1927~1945) 이후 군부가 일본의 입헌 정부를 통제해 왔습니다. 그 결과 더 많은 내부 분쟁, 폭력, 살인, 암살, 외세의 침략, 전쟁 범죄와 함께 정치적 불안정이 수년간 지속되었습니다.
이 책은 태평양 전쟁 중 일본에서 어떻게 실제 전쟁의 엔진이 일본 제국군과 일본 제국 해군이었는지를 보여줍니다. 총사령관인 히로히토는 이 전쟁을 전폭적으로 지원했다.
일본: 제국의 부상은 1853년 매튜 캘브레이스 페리 제독이 일본에 도착하면서 시작된 일본 근대화의 역사에 대한 교육 도구로 읽어야 합니다. 1905년에서 1942년 사이에 메이지 천황과 히로히토 천황이 제국을 건설하기 위해 시작한 확장 전쟁을 자세히 설명합니다. 마지막으로 이 책은 일본이 제국이 되기까지의 다양한 단계를 연구합니다. 1941년 12월 7일 진주만에서 아시아계 미국인 함대에 대한 일본군의 공격으로 시작된 일본의 제1차 중국 전쟁 (1894–1895), 일본의 러시아 전쟁 (1904–1905), 일본은 제2차 세계 대전에 참전.
일본: 제국의 몰락은 제2차 세계대전 이후 일본에 일어난 일을 묘사합니다. 연합군의 점령 기간이 이어졌습니다. 1947년 미국의 개입으로 새로운 헌법이 제정되어 공식적으로 일본 제국을 종식시켰습니다.
이 책은 19세기 말과 20세기 초 일본이 시행한 팽창주의 정책을 폭로한다. 실제로 1889년 메이지 헌법이 채택되고 쇼와 시대 (1927~1945) 의 첫 번째 시기 (1927~1945) 이후 군부가 일본의 입헌 정부를 통제해 왔습니다. 그 결과 더 많은 내부 분쟁, 폭력, 살인, 암살, 외세의 침략, 전쟁 범죄와 함께 정치적 불안정이 수년간 지속되었습니다.
이 책은 태평양 전쟁 중 일본에서 어떻게 실제 전쟁의 엔진이 일본 제국군과 일본 제국 해군이었는지를 보여줍니다. 총사령관인 히로히토는 이 전쟁을 전폭적으로 지원했다.
일본: 제국의 부상은 1853년 매튜 캘브레이스 페리 제독이 일본에 도착하면서 시작된 일본 근대화의 역사에 대한 교육 도구로 읽어야 합니다. 1905년에서 1942년 사이에 메이지 천황과 히로히토 천황이 제국을 건설하기 위해 시작한 확장 전쟁을 자세히 설명합니다. 마지막으로 이 책은 일본이 제국이 되기까지의 다양한 단계를 연구합니다. 1941년 12월 7일 진주만에서 아시아계 미국인 함대에 대한 일본군의 공격으로 시작된 일본의 제1차 중국 전쟁 (1894–1895), 일본의 러시아 전쟁 (1904–1905), 일본은 제2차 세계 대전에 참전.
일본: 제국의 몰락은 제2차 세계대전 이후 일본에 일어난 일을 묘사합니다. 연합군의 점령 기간이 이어졌습니다. 1947년 미국의 개입으로 새로운 헌법이 제정되어 공식적으로 일본 제국을 종식시켰습니다.
Research Interests:
2019 年に出版された、昭和初期 (1927 ～ 1945 年) における裕仁の責任に関する歴史書は、本質的には「エピソード伝記」ですが、その後、ノンフィクションの本、『Japan: The Rise of an Empire』を出版しています。この本は、何十年にもわたる大日本帝国の歴史をカバーしています。1853... more
2019 年に出版された、昭和初期 (1927 ～ 1945 年) における裕仁の責任に関する歴史書は、本質的には「エピソード伝記」ですが、その後、ノンフィクションの本、『Japan: The Rise of an Empire』を出版しています。この本は、何十年にもわたる大日本帝国の歴史をカバーしています。1853 年から太平洋戦争までの日本人の信念、政策、慣行を特定します。1853年に提督マシュー・カルブレイス・ペリーが日本に到着したことで日本の近代化が始まったことを説明し、19世紀から20世紀にかけて明治天皇と裕仁天皇によって開始された戦争について詳しく説明しています。
この本は、19 世紀末から 20 世紀初頭にかけて日本が実施した拡張主義政策を暴露しています。実際、1889 年に明治憲法が採択されてから昭和初期 (1927 年から 1945 年) にかけて、軍は日本の立憲政府を支配してきました。その結果、内戦、暴力、殺害、暗殺、外国からの侵略、戦争犯罪が増加し、何年にもわたる政治的不安定が続いています。
この本は、太平洋戦争中の日本で、実際の戦争の原動力が大日本帝国陸軍と大日本帝国海軍であったことを示しています。裕仁は最高司令官として軍を全面的に支援した. 何度か、彼は政府の政策を承認しました。彼は戦争と、中国や他の国で日本軍が犯した残虐行為の責任を負っているだけではありません。彼の帝国は細菌学的研究を生み出し、世界がそれまで成文化してきた個人と集団の自由、共存、多様性、自己決定の原則に違反した。
日本: 帝国の台頭は、日本の近代化の歴史に関する教育ツールとして読まなければなりません。この本は、日本が帝国になるためのさまざまな段階を研究しています。 1941 年 12 月 7 日の真珠湾でのアジア系アメリカ人艦隊への攻撃、1941 年 12 月 7 日の対ロシア戦争 (1904 年 - 1905 年) に始まり、日本が世界大戦に参戦することで終結した。
日本：帝国の崩壊は、第二次世界大戦後の日本に何が起こったかを説明しています。 連合国による占領期間が続きました。1947 年、アメリカの関与により、新しい憲法が制定され、大日本帝国は正式に終焉を迎えました。
この本は、19 世紀末から 20 世紀初頭にかけて日本が実施した拡張主義政策を暴露しています。実際、1889 年に明治憲法が採択されてから昭和初期 (1927 年から 1945 年) にかけて、軍は日本の立憲政府を支配してきました。その結果、内戦、暴力、殺害、暗殺、外国からの侵略、戦争犯罪が増加し、何年にもわたる政治的不安定が続いています。
この本は、太平洋戦争中の日本で、実際の戦争の原動力が大日本帝国陸軍と大日本帝国海軍であったことを示しています。裕仁は最高司令官として軍を全面的に支援した. 何度か、彼は政府の政策を承認しました。彼は戦争と、中国や他の国で日本軍が犯した残虐行為の責任を負っているだけではありません。彼の帝国は細菌学的研究を生み出し、世界がそれまで成文化してきた個人と集団の自由、共存、多様性、自己決定の原則に違反した。
日本: 帝国の台頭は、日本の近代化の歴史に関する教育ツールとして読まなければなりません。この本は、日本が帝国になるためのさまざまな段階を研究しています。 1941 年 12 月 7 日の真珠湾でのアジア系アメリカ人艦隊への攻撃、1941 年 12 月 7 日の対ロシア戦争 (1904 年 - 1905 年) に始まり、日本が世界大戦に参戦することで終結した。
日本：帝国の崩壊は、第二次世界大戦後の日本に何が起こったかを説明しています。 連合国による占領期間が続きました。1947 年、アメリカの関与により、新しい憲法が制定され、大日本帝国は正式に終焉を迎えました。
Research Interests:
역사에 대한 열정을 가진 전직 판사인 Jean Sénat Fleury는 아이티에서 태어나 현재 보스턴에 거주하고 있습니다. 그는 여러 역사 책을 썼습니다. 일본: 제국의 몰락은 제2차 세계대전 이후 일본에 일어난 일을 묘사합니다. 연합군의 점령 기간이 이어졌습니다. 1947년 미국의 개입으로 새로운 헌법이 제정되어 공식적으로 일본 제국을 종식시켰습니다.
Research Interests:
2019 年出版一本關於裕仁在昭和初期（1927-1945 年）期間的責任的歷史書（本質上是一本“情景傳記”）之後，我現在正在出版一本名為《日本：帝國的崛起》的非小說類書籍。這本書涵蓋了日本帝國數十年的歷史。它確定了從 1853 年到太平洋戰爭期間日本人的信仰、政策和實踐。它描述了 1853 年準將馬修·卡爾布雷思·佩里 (Matthew Calbraith Perry) 抵達日本後日本走向現代化的歷程，並詳細介紹了明治天皇和裕仁天皇在 19 世紀和 20... more
2019 年出版一本關於裕仁在昭和初期（1927-1945 年）期間的責任的歷史書（本質上是一本“情景傳記”）之後，我現在正在出版一本名為《日本：帝國的崛起》的非小說類書籍。這本書涵蓋了日本帝國數十年的歷史。它確定了從 1853 年到太平洋戰爭期間日本人的信仰、政策和實踐。它描述了 1853 年準將馬修·卡爾布雷思·佩里 (Matthew Calbraith Perry) 抵達日本後日本走向現代化的歷程，並詳細介紹了明治天皇和裕仁天皇在 19 世紀和 20 世紀發動的戰爭。
該書揭露了日本在19世紀末和20世紀初期所實行的擴張主義政策。事實上，自 1889 年明治憲法通過和昭和時代初期（1927-1945 年）以來，軍隊一直控制著日本的憲政政府。結果是多年的政治不穩定，內亂、暴力、殺戮、暗殺、外國侵略和戰爭罪行增多。
這本書展示了太平洋戰爭期間的日本，真正的戰爭引擎是日本帝國陸軍和日本帝國海軍。作為最高統帥的裕仁天皇對這場戰爭給予了全力支持。
《日本：帝國的崛起》必須被視為一部關於日本現代化史的教育工具，該史始於 1853 年海軍準將馬修·卡爾布雷思·佩里 (Matthew Calbraith Perry) 抵達日本。它詳細描述了明治天皇和裕仁天皇在 1905 年至 1942 年間為建立帝國而發動的擴張主義戰爭。最後，本書研究了日本成為帝國的各個階段。 它始於日本第一次對華戰爭（1894-1895）、日本對俄戰爭（1904-1905）、1941年12月7日日本軍隊襲擊珍珠港的亞裔美國艦隊，結束於日本的進入。日本捲入第二次世界大戰。
該書揭露了日本在19世紀末和20世紀初期所實行的擴張主義政策。事實上，自 1889 年明治憲法通過和昭和時代初期（1927-1945 年）以來，軍隊一直控制著日本的憲政政府。結果是多年的政治不穩定，內亂、暴力、殺戮、暗殺、外國侵略和戰爭罪行增多。
這本書展示了太平洋戰爭期間的日本，真正的戰爭引擎是日本帝國陸軍和日本帝國海軍。作為最高統帥的裕仁天皇對這場戰爭給予了全力支持。
《日本：帝國的崛起》必須被視為一部關於日本現代化史的教育工具，該史始於 1853 年海軍準將馬修·卡爾布雷思·佩里 (Matthew Calbraith Perry) 抵達日本。它詳細描述了明治天皇和裕仁天皇在 1905 年至 1942 年間為建立帝國而發動的擴張主義戰爭。最後，本書研究了日本成為帝國的各個階段。 它始於日本第一次對華戰爭（1894-1895）、日本對俄戰爭（1904-1905）、1941年12月7日日本軍隊襲擊珍珠港的亞裔美國艦隊，結束於日本的進入。日本捲入第二次世界大戰。
Research Interests:
讓·塞納特·弗勒里 (Jean Sénat Fleury) 出生於海地，目前居住在波士頓，曾任法官，對歷史充滿熱情。 他寫了幾本歷史書。 《日本：帝國的崛起》描述了 1853 年準將馬修·卡爾布雷思·佩里 (Matthew Calbraith Perry) 抵達日本後，日本走向現代化的歷程。 該書詳細介紹了十九世紀和二十世紀明治天皇和裕仁天皇為建立日本帝國而發動的戰爭歷史。
Research Interests:
2019 年出版一本關於裕仁在昭和初期（1927-1945 年）期間的責任的歷史書（本質上是一本“情景傳記”）之後，我現在正在出版一本名為《日本：帝國的崛起》的非小說類書籍。這本書涵蓋了日本帝國數十年的歷史。它確定了從 1853 年到太平洋戰爭期間日本人的信仰、政策和實踐。它描述了 1853 年準將馬修·卡爾布雷思·佩里 (Matthew Calbraith Perry) 抵達日本後日本走向現代化的歷程，並詳細介紹了明治天皇和裕仁天皇在 19 世紀和 20... more
2019 年出版一本關於裕仁在昭和初期（1927-1945 年）期間的責任的歷史書（本質上是一本“情景傳記”）之後，我現在正在出版一本名為《日本：帝國的崛起》的非小說類書籍。這本書涵蓋了日本帝國數十年的歷史。它確定了從 1853 年到太平洋戰爭期間日本人的信仰、政策和實踐。它描述了 1853 年準將馬修·卡爾布雷思·佩里 (Matthew Calbraith Perry) 抵達日本後日本走向現代化的歷程，並詳細介紹了明治天皇和裕仁天皇在 19 世紀和 20 世紀發動的戰爭。
該書揭露了日本在19世紀末和20世紀初期所實行的擴張主義政策。事實上，自 1889 年明治憲法通過和昭和時代初期（1927-1945 年）以來，軍隊一直控制著日本的憲政政府。結果是多年的政治不穩定，內亂、暴力、殺戮、暗殺、外國侵略和戰爭罪行增多。
這本書展示了太平洋戰爭期間的日本，真正的戰爭引擎是日本帝國陸軍和日本帝國海軍。作為最高統帥的裕仁天皇對這場戰爭給予了全力支持。
《日本：帝國的崛起》必須被視為一部關於日本現代化史的教育工具，該史始於 1853 年海軍準將馬修·卡爾布雷思·佩里 (Matthew Calbraith Perry) 抵達日本。它詳細描述了明治天皇和裕仁天皇在 1905 年至 1942 年間為建立帝國而發動的擴張主義戰爭。最後，本書研究了日本成為帝國的各個階段。 它始於日本第一次對華戰爭（1894-1895）、日本對俄戰爭（1904-1905）、1941年12月7日日本軍隊襲擊珍珠港的亞裔美國艦隊，結束於日本的進入。日本捲入第二次世界大戰。
該書揭露了日本在19世紀末和20世紀初期所實行的擴張主義政策。事實上，自 1889 年明治憲法通過和昭和時代初期（1927-1945 年）以來，軍隊一直控制著日本的憲政政府。結果是多年的政治不穩定，內亂、暴力、殺戮、暗殺、外國侵略和戰爭罪行增多。
這本書展示了太平洋戰爭期間的日本，真正的戰爭引擎是日本帝國陸軍和日本帝國海軍。作為最高統帥的裕仁天皇對這場戰爭給予了全力支持。
《日本：帝國的崛起》必須被視為一部關於日本現代化史的教育工具，該史始於 1853 年海軍準將馬修·卡爾布雷思·佩里 (Matthew Calbraith Perry) 抵達日本。它詳細描述了明治天皇和裕仁天皇在 1905 年至 1942 年間為建立帝國而發動的擴張主義戰爭。最後，本書研究了日本成為帝國的各個階段。 它始於日本第一次對華戰爭（1894-1895）、日本對俄戰爭（1904-1905）、1941年12月7日日本軍隊襲擊珍珠港的亞裔美國艦隊，結束於日本的進入。日本捲入第二次世界大戰。
Research Interests:
日露戦争を理解するには、1895 年の中国に対する勝利以降、日本が国際情勢で果たした新たな役割に焦点を当てる必要があります。1895 年以来、日本はアジアで最も強力で最も成功した陸海軍を擁していました。中国に対する勝利（1894～1895年）の後、日本は1904年に満州と朝鮮の征服のためにロシアと戦争をすることを決定した。... more
日露戦争を理解するには、1895 年の中国に対する勝利以降、日本が国際情勢で果たした新たな役割に焦点を当てる必要があります。1895 年以来、日本はアジアで最も強力で最も成功した陸海軍を擁していました。中国に対する勝利（1894～1895年）の後、日本は1904年に満州と朝鮮の征服のためにロシアと戦争をすることを決定した。
1904年2月8日、日本とロシアの交渉が決裂した後、日本海軍は旅順でロシア東方艦隊を攻撃した。同日、日本はロシアに対して正式に宣戦布告した。東郷平八郎提督が指揮する大日本帝国海軍は、ロシア海軍艦艇を攻撃するために魚雷艇を派遣し、ツェサレヴィチ、レトビザン、パラダの3隻に重大な損害を与えた。1904 年 4 月 12 日、日本軍の攻撃を回避しようとしたロシアの戦艦 2 隻は無傷で逃れられませんでした。日本の魚雷艇によりペトロパブロフスク号が沈没し、ポベダ号は大破して旅順に帰還しました。
1904年8月、旅順の艦隊を支援するために派遣されたロシア北部の部隊は、黄海海戦（1904年8月10日）、蔚山海戦（1904年8月14日）、海戦という一連の戦いで日本軍に敗北した。コルサコフの戦い（1904年8月20日）、遼陽の戦い（1904年8月24日）、沙湖の戦い（1904年10月5日～17日）、三徳浦の戦い（1905年1月25日～29日）、奉天の戦い（2月20日～） 1905 年 3 月 10 日）、日本海海戦（1905 年 5 月 27 ～ 28 日）。1905 年半ばまでに、日本海軍はロシアの太平洋艦隊のすべての艦船を沈めました。敵対関係は、アメリカ大統領セオドア・ルーズベルトの仲介によるポーツマス条約で終結し、1905年9月5日に署名された。
日露戦争 (1904 年から 1905 年) に関する本は、著者らに、太平洋地域における敵対関係の形成における日露戦争の影響について広く考えるよう促しています。分析はアメリカのアジア戦隊によるスペイン太平洋艦隊の破壊から始まり、日露戦争終結から5年後の1910年の日本による韓国併合まで続く。
1898年、カリブ海を制圧し、キューバを勢力下に置くというアメリカの野望により、アメリカとスペインの間で戦争が勃発した。1898 年 4 月 25 日、米国はスペインに対して宣戦布告しました。敵対行為中の1898年5月1日、USSメインがハバナ港で爆発してからわずか10日後、ジョージ・デューイ提督率いるアメリカ・アジア戦隊は香港の基地からフィリピン諸島のマニラ湾に向かった。そこでスペインの太平洋艦隊を探し出して撃沈した。最初の海軍交戦では、合計 1,875 人のスペイン人水兵のうち 167 人が死亡、214 人が負傷した。アメリカ軍には戦闘員1,748名中死者は出ず、負傷者はわずか7名であった。 この勝利の結果、アメリカはスペインからフィリピンを奪い、オランダ領東インドに次ぐこの地域で二番目に大きな群島を獲得した。 この征服により、米国は日本の南の隣国となり、地域的なライバルとなった。
1905年以来、大東アジア問題における両国の立場、特に日露戦争での日本の勝利後の韓国とフィリピンの立場について、日米両国の当局者の間で一連の議論と会合が開催された。 1905 年 7 月 27 日、両国は合意に達しました。米国は朝鮮における日本の勢力圏を承認しました。その代わりに、日本はフィリピンにおける米国の勢力圏を認めた。 この協定は、アメリカ合衆国陸軍長官ウィリアム・ハワード・タフトと日本の桂太郎伯爵によって署名された。タフト・桂協定の下では、日本は韓国を支配し、フィリピンには手を出さないことになっていた。
タフト・桂協定から5年後の1910年8月22日、日本は韓国を併合した。韓国首相の葉完用と日本の初代朝鮮総督となった寺内正毅は「日韓併合条約」に署名した。この条約により、韓国の高宗皇帝はその称号を失った。新たに「徳寿名誉李王」を賜り、日本の皇室の一員として認められた。
韓国併合後、第一次世界大戦によって日本はより多くの領土を獲得する機会が与えられました。国際連盟の委任により、東京はドイツ植民地青島の一時的な指揮権を与えられました。 その後、日本はパラオ、北マリアナ諸島のサイパン、テニアン、ロタ、さらにはマーシャル諸島のトラック礁やクェゼリンなど、ドイツの旧南太平洋領土の多くを支配下に置いた。
西半球の大国、特に米国、英国、フランスとの競争における日本人の帝国主義的行動が、太平洋戦争（1941年～1945年）開始の主な理由となった。1941年の夏までに、日本はナチスによるフランス政府の打倒と、傀儡のヴィシー政権によるそれに取って代わられたことを利用した。彼らはベトナム、カンボジア、ラオスを征服して帝国を拡大しました。その後数カ月にわたり、日本の太平洋領土の征服は段階的に続いた。1941 年 12 月 7 日、日本空軍は米国領土ハワイのオアフ島にある米海軍基地を奇襲攻撃しました。
真珠湾の翌日、日本軍は香港を攻撃し、2日後には英国の主力軍艦2隻、プリンス・オブ・ウェールズと巡洋艦レパルスを沈没させた。同日、山下中将率いる日本軍がマレーとタイの国境にあるコタバルに上陸した。数の点で劣っていたにも関わらず、日本軍は連合軍をどんどん押し進め、ついにシンガポールまで撤退した。フィリピンへの侵攻は、真珠湾攻撃の10時間後の1941年12月8日に始まりました。マッカーサー将軍率いる抵抗にもかかわらず、12月10日、日本軍が同国に上陸した。さらに南西太平洋に進出し、日本軍はオランダ領インド諸島のジャワ島を占領し、続いてニューブリテン島のラバウルにあるオーストラリアの海軍と空軍基地を占領した。日本軍もタイに侵攻し、米国と英国に宣戦布告するよう指導者に圧力をかけた。
エスプリの影響を最大限に受け、ロシアと日本の政治を徹底的にコメントし、ロシアの政治と戦略を強化し、日本とロシアの軍事力を強化し、極端な政治拡大を目指します。 -オリエント。日本は近代においてヨーロッパの大国を破った最初のアジアの大国となった。日露戦争は情報と訓練の本です。著者が教育ツールとして提示する参考資料。 少なくとも、著者は読者が戦争の結果、特に生計手段とインフラストラクチャー（給水と交通システム、性暴力、飢餓）の破壊に激怒することを望んでいます。 この本からの著者のメッセージはシンプルです。「戦争に真の勝者は存在しない。関係者全員が常に双方に多数の死傷者を出し、その結果に苦しまなければならないからだ。」
これらすべてを念頭に置いて、日露戦争に関するこの本は、ロシアが戦術的にも戦略的にもどのようにして戦争に負けたか、そして日本が極東におけるロシアの拡張主義政策をどのように止めたかを探ります。日本は近代においてヨーロッパの大国を破った最初のアジアの大国となった。日露戦争は情報と訓練の本です。著者が教材として提示した参考資料。少なくとも著者は、読者が戦争の結果、特に生計とインフラ（水道と交通システム、性暴力、飢餓）の破壊に激怒することを望んでいる。この本からの著者のメッセージはシンプルです。「戦争に真の勝者は存在しない。なぜなら、すべての当事者が常に双方に多大な死傷者を出し、その結果に苦しまなければならないからである。
1904年2月8日、日本とロシアの交渉が決裂した後、日本海軍は旅順でロシア東方艦隊を攻撃した。同日、日本はロシアに対して正式に宣戦布告した。東郷平八郎提督が指揮する大日本帝国海軍は、ロシア海軍艦艇を攻撃するために魚雷艇を派遣し、ツェサレヴィチ、レトビザン、パラダの3隻に重大な損害を与えた。1904 年 4 月 12 日、日本軍の攻撃を回避しようとしたロシアの戦艦 2 隻は無傷で逃れられませんでした。日本の魚雷艇によりペトロパブロフスク号が沈没し、ポベダ号は大破して旅順に帰還しました。
1904年8月、旅順の艦隊を支援するために派遣されたロシア北部の部隊は、黄海海戦（1904年8月10日）、蔚山海戦（1904年8月14日）、海戦という一連の戦いで日本軍に敗北した。コルサコフの戦い（1904年8月20日）、遼陽の戦い（1904年8月24日）、沙湖の戦い（1904年10月5日～17日）、三徳浦の戦い（1905年1月25日～29日）、奉天の戦い（2月20日～） 1905 年 3 月 10 日）、日本海海戦（1905 年 5 月 27 ～ 28 日）。1905 年半ばまでに、日本海軍はロシアの太平洋艦隊のすべての艦船を沈めました。敵対関係は、アメリカ大統領セオドア・ルーズベルトの仲介によるポーツマス条約で終結し、1905年9月5日に署名された。
日露戦争 (1904 年から 1905 年) に関する本は、著者らに、太平洋地域における敵対関係の形成における日露戦争の影響について広く考えるよう促しています。分析はアメリカのアジア戦隊によるスペイン太平洋艦隊の破壊から始まり、日露戦争終結から5年後の1910年の日本による韓国併合まで続く。
1898年、カリブ海を制圧し、キューバを勢力下に置くというアメリカの野望により、アメリカとスペインの間で戦争が勃発した。1898 年 4 月 25 日、米国はスペインに対して宣戦布告しました。敵対行為中の1898年5月1日、USSメインがハバナ港で爆発してからわずか10日後、ジョージ・デューイ提督率いるアメリカ・アジア戦隊は香港の基地からフィリピン諸島のマニラ湾に向かった。そこでスペインの太平洋艦隊を探し出して撃沈した。最初の海軍交戦では、合計 1,875 人のスペイン人水兵のうち 167 人が死亡、214 人が負傷した。アメリカ軍には戦闘員1,748名中死者は出ず、負傷者はわずか7名であった。 この勝利の結果、アメリカはスペインからフィリピンを奪い、オランダ領東インドに次ぐこの地域で二番目に大きな群島を獲得した。 この征服により、米国は日本の南の隣国となり、地域的なライバルとなった。
1905年以来、大東アジア問題における両国の立場、特に日露戦争での日本の勝利後の韓国とフィリピンの立場について、日米両国の当局者の間で一連の議論と会合が開催された。 1905 年 7 月 27 日、両国は合意に達しました。米国は朝鮮における日本の勢力圏を承認しました。その代わりに、日本はフィリピンにおける米国の勢力圏を認めた。 この協定は、アメリカ合衆国陸軍長官ウィリアム・ハワード・タフトと日本の桂太郎伯爵によって署名された。タフト・桂協定の下では、日本は韓国を支配し、フィリピンには手を出さないことになっていた。
タフト・桂協定から5年後の1910年8月22日、日本は韓国を併合した。韓国首相の葉完用と日本の初代朝鮮総督となった寺内正毅は「日韓併合条約」に署名した。この条約により、韓国の高宗皇帝はその称号を失った。新たに「徳寿名誉李王」を賜り、日本の皇室の一員として認められた。
韓国併合後、第一次世界大戦によって日本はより多くの領土を獲得する機会が与えられました。国際連盟の委任により、東京はドイツ植民地青島の一時的な指揮権を与えられました。 その後、日本はパラオ、北マリアナ諸島のサイパン、テニアン、ロタ、さらにはマーシャル諸島のトラック礁やクェゼリンなど、ドイツの旧南太平洋領土の多くを支配下に置いた。
西半球の大国、特に米国、英国、フランスとの競争における日本人の帝国主義的行動が、太平洋戦争（1941年～1945年）開始の主な理由となった。1941年の夏までに、日本はナチスによるフランス政府の打倒と、傀儡のヴィシー政権によるそれに取って代わられたことを利用した。彼らはベトナム、カンボジア、ラオスを征服して帝国を拡大しました。その後数カ月にわたり、日本の太平洋領土の征服は段階的に続いた。1941 年 12 月 7 日、日本空軍は米国領土ハワイのオアフ島にある米海軍基地を奇襲攻撃しました。
真珠湾の翌日、日本軍は香港を攻撃し、2日後には英国の主力軍艦2隻、プリンス・オブ・ウェールズと巡洋艦レパルスを沈没させた。同日、山下中将率いる日本軍がマレーとタイの国境にあるコタバルに上陸した。数の点で劣っていたにも関わらず、日本軍は連合軍をどんどん押し進め、ついにシンガポールまで撤退した。フィリピンへの侵攻は、真珠湾攻撃の10時間後の1941年12月8日に始まりました。マッカーサー将軍率いる抵抗にもかかわらず、12月10日、日本軍が同国に上陸した。さらに南西太平洋に進出し、日本軍はオランダ領インド諸島のジャワ島を占領し、続いてニューブリテン島のラバウルにあるオーストラリアの海軍と空軍基地を占領した。日本軍もタイに侵攻し、米国と英国に宣戦布告するよう指導者に圧力をかけた。
エスプリの影響を最大限に受け、ロシアと日本の政治を徹底的にコメントし、ロシアの政治と戦略を強化し、日本とロシアの軍事力を強化し、極端な政治拡大を目指します。 -オリエント。日本は近代においてヨーロッパの大国を破った最初のアジアの大国となった。日露戦争は情報と訓練の本です。著者が教育ツールとして提示する参考資料。 少なくとも、著者は読者が戦争の結果、特に生計手段とインフラストラクチャー（給水と交通システム、性暴力、飢餓）の破壊に激怒することを望んでいます。 この本からの著者のメッセージはシンプルです。「戦争に真の勝者は存在しない。関係者全員が常に双方に多数の死傷者を出し、その結果に苦しまなければならないからだ。」
これらすべてを念頭に置いて、日露戦争に関するこの本は、ロシアが戦術的にも戦略的にもどのようにして戦争に負けたか、そして日本が極東におけるロシアの拡張主義政策をどのように止めたかを探ります。日本は近代においてヨーロッパの大国を破った最初のアジアの大国となった。日露戦争は情報と訓練の本です。著者が教材として提示した参考資料。少なくとも著者は、読者が戦争の結果、特に生計とインフラ（水道と交通システム、性暴力、飢餓）の破壊に激怒することを望んでいる。この本からの著者のメッセージはシンプルです。「戦争に真の勝者は存在しない。なぜなら、すべての当事者が常に双方に多大な死傷者を出し、その結果に苦しまなければならないからである。
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歴史に情熱を注ぐ元判事のジャン・セナ・フルーリーはハイチ生まれで、現在ボストンに住んでいます。彼はいくつかの歴史的な本を書きました。『日本: 帝国の勃興』では、1853 年のマシュー・カルブレイス・ペリー提督の来航により日本の近代化が始まったことが描かれています。 この本は、19 世紀と 20 世紀に大日本帝国を建設するために明治天皇と裕仁天皇が始めた戦争の歴史を詳しく説明しています。
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Au milieu de 1905, la marine japonaise avait coulé tous les navires de la flotte russe stationnée dans le Pacifique. Les hostilités ont pris fin avec le traité de Portsmouth négocié par le président américain Theodore Roosevelt et signé... more
Au milieu de 1905, la marine japonaise avait coulé tous les navires de la flotte russe stationnée dans le Pacifique. Les hostilités ont pris fin avec le traité de Portsmouth négocié par le président américain Theodore Roosevelt et signé le 5 septembre 1905. La victoire militaire décisive du Japon a non seulement surpris les experts militaires dans le monde, mais a changé l’équilibre des pouvoirs en Asie de l’Est. C’était la première grande victoire militaire d’une puissance asiatique sur une puissance européenne. En battant la Russie en 1905, le Japon a pris la moitié sud de Sakhaline et la pointe sud de la Mandchourie, connue sous le nom de péninsule de Liaodong. À cette époque, l’empire du Japon se composait des îles d’origine, les Ryukyus et les îles Kouriles, qui s’étendaient sur environ 1 300 kilomètres (810 milles) au nord-est d’Hokkaido, séparant la mer d’Okhotsk de l’océan Pacifique Nord. Le Japon avait trouvé un compromis avec la Russie qui renonçait à ses revendications sur la moitié sud de l’île de Sakhaline. L’étape suivante pour le Japon était donc l’annexion de la Corée.
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On February 8, 1904, after negotiations between Japan and Russia broke down, the Japanese navy attacked the Russian Eastern Fleet at Port Arthur. The same day, Japan formally declared war against Russia. The Imperial Japanese Navy,... more
On February 8, 1904, after negotiations between Japan and Russia broke down, the Japanese navy attacked the Russian Eastern Fleet at Port Arthur. The same day, Japan formally declared war against Russia. The Imperial Japanese Navy, commanded by Adm. Tōgō Heihachirō, sent torpedo boats to attack Russia naval vessels, significantly damaging three of them: Tsesarevich, Retvizan, and Pallada. On April 12, 1904, two Russian battleships that tried to evade the Japanese attack did not escape undamaged. Japanese torpedo boats sank the Petropavlovsk and caused the Pobeda to return to Port Arthur heavily damaged.
The book on the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) prompts the authors to reflect widely on the impact of this war in shaping the hostilities in the Pacific region. The analysis begins with the destruction of the Spanish Pacific fleet by the American Asiatic Squadron and continues with the annexation of Korea by Japan in 1910, five years after the end of the Russo-Japanese War.
The book on the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) prompts the authors to reflect widely on the impact of this war in shaping the hostilities in the Pacific region. The analysis begins with the destruction of the Spanish Pacific fleet by the American Asiatic Squadron and continues with the annexation of Korea by Japan in 1910, five years after the end of the Russo-Japanese War.
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Чтобы понять русско-японскую войну, нам нужно сосредоточиться на новой роли, которую Япония сыграла в международных делах после победы над Китаем в 1895 году. Начиная с 1895 года, Япония имела одну из самых сильных и успешных армий и флот... more
Чтобы понять русско-японскую войну, нам нужно сосредоточиться на новой роли, которую Япония сыграла в международных делах после победы над Китаем в 1895 году. Начиная с 1895 года, Япония имела одну из самых сильных и успешных армий и флот в Азии. После победы над Китаем (1894–1895) японцы в 1904 году решили начать войну против России за завоевание Маньчжурии и Кореи.
8 февраля 1904 года, после срыва переговоров между Японией и Россией, японский флот атаковал Восточный флот России в Порт-Артуре. В тот же день Япония официально объявила войну России. Императорский флот Японии под командованием адмирала Того Хейхачиро направил торпедные катера для атаки кораблей ВМФ России, значительно повредив три из них: «Цесаревич», «Ретвизан» и «Паллада». 12 апреля 1904 года два русских линкора, пытавшиеся уклониться от атаки японцев, не ушли невредимыми. Японские торпедные катера потопили «Петропавловск», и «Победа» вернулась в Порт-Артур с тяжелыми повреждениями.
В августе 1904 г. силы с севера России, посланные на помощь флоту в Порт-Артуре, потерпели поражение от японцев в ряде сражений: Сражении на Желтом море (10 августа 1904 г.), Сражении при Ульсане (14 августа 1904 г.), Сражении Корсаковское сражение (20 августа 1904 г.), битва при Ляояне (24 августа 1904 г.), битва при Шахо (5–17 октября 1904 г.), битва при Сандепу (25–29 января 1905 г.), битва при Мукдене (20 февраля–1904 г.). 10 марта 1905 г.) и Цусимское сражение (27–28 мая 1905 г.). К середине 1905 года японский флот потопил все корабли Тихоокеанского флота России. Военные действия завершились подписанием Портсмутского договора при посредничестве президента США Теодора Рузвельта 5 сентября 1905 года.
Книга о русско-японской войне (1904-1905 гг.) побуждает авторов широко задуматься о влиянии этой войны на формирование боевых действий в Тихоокеанском регионе. Анализ начинается с уничтожения испанского Тихоокеанского флота американской азиатской эскадрой и продолжается аннексией Кореи Японией в 1910 году, через пять лет после окончания русско-японской войны.
В 1898 году стремление американцев контролировать Карибский бассейн и подчинить себе Кубу привело к войне между Соединенными Штатами и Испанией. 25 апреля 1898 года США объявили войну Испании. Во время боев 1 мая 1898 года, всего через десять дней после взрыва авианосца «Мэн» в гавани Гаваны, Азиатская эскадра во главе с коммодором Джорджем Дьюи отплыла со своей базы в Гонконге в Манильский залив на Филиппинских островах. Там он был найден и потоплен испанским Тихоокеанским флотом. В первом морском сражении из 1875 моряков 167 испанских моряков были убиты и 214 ранены. У американцев не было убитых и только семь раненых из 1748 человек в бою. После этой победы Соединенные Штаты отобрали у Испании Филиппины и приобрели второй по величине архипелаг в регионе после Голландской Ост-Индии. С этим завоеванием Соединенные Штаты стали южным соседом Японии и региональным соперником.
С 1905 года между официальными лицами Японии и Соединенных Штатов была проведена серия дискуссий и встреч относительно позиции двух стран в делах Большой Восточной Азии, особенно статуса Кореи и Филиппин после победы Японии в русско-японской войне. 27 июля 1905 г. две страны достигли соглашения: США признали сферу влияния Японии в Корее; взамен Япония признала сферу влияния США на Филиппинах. Это соглашение подписали военный министр США Уильям Ховард Тафт и премьер-министр Японии граф Таро Кацура. Согласно соглашению Тафта-Кацура, Япония будет контролировать Корею и не будет касаться Филиппин.
22 августа 1910 года, через пять лет после соглашения Тафта-Кацура, Япония аннексировала Корею. Е Ванён, премьер-министр Кореи, и Тераучи Масатаке, ставший первым японским генерал-губернатором Кореи, подписали «Договор об аннексии Японии и Кореи». По договору император Кореи Кочжон потерял свой титул. Он получил новое звание «Почетный король Токсу И» и был признан членом императорской семьи Японии.
После аннексии Кореи дальнейшая возможность получить больше территорий была предоставлена Японии Первой мировой войной. Мандат Лиги Наций дал Токио временное управление немецкой колонией Циндау. Затем Япония контролировала многие бывшие территории Германии в южной части Тихого океана, включая Палау, северные Марианские острова Сайпан, Тиниан и Рота, а также лагуну Трук и Кваджалейн на Маршалловых островах.
Поведение японского империализма в соперничестве с великими державами западного полушария, особенно с США, Великобританией и Францией, стало главной причиной начала их войны на Тихом океане (1941-1945). К лету 1941 года японцы воспользовались свержением нацистами французского правительства и его заменой марионеточным режимом Виши. Они расширили свою империю, завоевав Вьетнам, Камбоджу и Лаос. В течение следующих месяцев шаг за шагом продолжалось завоевание Японией территорий в Тихом океане. 7 декабря 1941 года японские ВВС неожиданно нанесли удар по военно-морской базе США на острове Оаху, на американской территории Гавайи.
Через день после Перл-Харбора японские войска атаковали Гонконг, а через два дня потопили два основных британских военных корабля — «Принц Уэльский» и крейсер «Репульс». В тот же день японские войска под командованием генерал-лейтенанта Ямаситы высадились в Кота-Бару на границе Малайи и Таиланда. Несмотря на численное отставание, японцы оттесняли союзные войска все дальше и дальше, пока те не отступили к Сингапуру. Вторжение на Филиппины началось 8 декабря 1941 года, через десять часов после нападения на Перл-Харбор. Несмотря на сопротивление генерала Макартура, 10 декабря в стране высадились японские войска. Продвигаясь дальше в юго-западную часть Тихого океана, японские войска захватили Яву в Голландской Индии, а затем захватили австралийскую военно-морскую и авиабазу в Рабауле в Новой Британии. Японские войска также вторглись в Таиланд и вынудили его лидеров объявить войну Соединенным Штатам и Великобритании.
всем при этом книга о русско-японской войне очень подробно иллюстрирует, как Россия потерпела поражение как в тактическом, так и в стратегическом отношении во время войны и как Япония заставила Россию отказаться от своей экспансионистской политики на Дальнем Востоке. Япония стала первой азиатской державой современности, победившей европейскую державу. Русско-японская война — книга информации и обучения; справочный документ, который авторы представляют в качестве учебного пособия. Как минимум, авторы хотят, чтобы читатели были возмущены последствиями войны, особенно разрушением средств к существованию и инфраструктуры (системы водоснабжения и транспорта, сексуального насилия и голода). Послание авторов книги простое: « Настоящих победителей в войне не бывает, поскольку все вовлеченные стороны должны страдать от последствий с всегда большим числом жертв с обеих сторон ».
8 февраля 1904 года, после срыва переговоров между Японией и Россией, японский флот атаковал Восточный флот России в Порт-Артуре. В тот же день Япония официально объявила войну России. Императорский флот Японии под командованием адмирала Того Хейхачиро направил торпедные катера для атаки кораблей ВМФ России, значительно повредив три из них: «Цесаревич», «Ретвизан» и «Паллада». 12 апреля 1904 года два русских линкора, пытавшиеся уклониться от атаки японцев, не ушли невредимыми. Японские торпедные катера потопили «Петропавловск», и «Победа» вернулась в Порт-Артур с тяжелыми повреждениями.
В августе 1904 г. силы с севера России, посланные на помощь флоту в Порт-Артуре, потерпели поражение от японцев в ряде сражений: Сражении на Желтом море (10 августа 1904 г.), Сражении при Ульсане (14 августа 1904 г.), Сражении Корсаковское сражение (20 августа 1904 г.), битва при Ляояне (24 августа 1904 г.), битва при Шахо (5–17 октября 1904 г.), битва при Сандепу (25–29 января 1905 г.), битва при Мукдене (20 февраля–1904 г.). 10 марта 1905 г.) и Цусимское сражение (27–28 мая 1905 г.). К середине 1905 года японский флот потопил все корабли Тихоокеанского флота России. Военные действия завершились подписанием Портсмутского договора при посредничестве президента США Теодора Рузвельта 5 сентября 1905 года.
Книга о русско-японской войне (1904-1905 гг.) побуждает авторов широко задуматься о влиянии этой войны на формирование боевых действий в Тихоокеанском регионе. Анализ начинается с уничтожения испанского Тихоокеанского флота американской азиатской эскадрой и продолжается аннексией Кореи Японией в 1910 году, через пять лет после окончания русско-японской войны.
В 1898 году стремление американцев контролировать Карибский бассейн и подчинить себе Кубу привело к войне между Соединенными Штатами и Испанией. 25 апреля 1898 года США объявили войну Испании. Во время боев 1 мая 1898 года, всего через десять дней после взрыва авианосца «Мэн» в гавани Гаваны, Азиатская эскадра во главе с коммодором Джорджем Дьюи отплыла со своей базы в Гонконге в Манильский залив на Филиппинских островах. Там он был найден и потоплен испанским Тихоокеанским флотом. В первом морском сражении из 1875 моряков 167 испанских моряков были убиты и 214 ранены. У американцев не было убитых и только семь раненых из 1748 человек в бою. После этой победы Соединенные Штаты отобрали у Испании Филиппины и приобрели второй по величине архипелаг в регионе после Голландской Ост-Индии. С этим завоеванием Соединенные Штаты стали южным соседом Японии и региональным соперником.
С 1905 года между официальными лицами Японии и Соединенных Штатов была проведена серия дискуссий и встреч относительно позиции двух стран в делах Большой Восточной Азии, особенно статуса Кореи и Филиппин после победы Японии в русско-японской войне. 27 июля 1905 г. две страны достигли соглашения: США признали сферу влияния Японии в Корее; взамен Япония признала сферу влияния США на Филиппинах. Это соглашение подписали военный министр США Уильям Ховард Тафт и премьер-министр Японии граф Таро Кацура. Согласно соглашению Тафта-Кацура, Япония будет контролировать Корею и не будет касаться Филиппин.
22 августа 1910 года, через пять лет после соглашения Тафта-Кацура, Япония аннексировала Корею. Е Ванён, премьер-министр Кореи, и Тераучи Масатаке, ставший первым японским генерал-губернатором Кореи, подписали «Договор об аннексии Японии и Кореи». По договору император Кореи Кочжон потерял свой титул. Он получил новое звание «Почетный король Токсу И» и был признан членом императорской семьи Японии.
После аннексии Кореи дальнейшая возможность получить больше территорий была предоставлена Японии Первой мировой войной. Мандат Лиги Наций дал Токио временное управление немецкой колонией Циндау. Затем Япония контролировала многие бывшие территории Германии в южной части Тихого океана, включая Палау, северные Марианские острова Сайпан, Тиниан и Рота, а также лагуну Трук и Кваджалейн на Маршалловых островах.
Поведение японского империализма в соперничестве с великими державами западного полушария, особенно с США, Великобританией и Францией, стало главной причиной начала их войны на Тихом океане (1941-1945). К лету 1941 года японцы воспользовались свержением нацистами французского правительства и его заменой марионеточным режимом Виши. Они расширили свою империю, завоевав Вьетнам, Камбоджу и Лаос. В течение следующих месяцев шаг за шагом продолжалось завоевание Японией территорий в Тихом океане. 7 декабря 1941 года японские ВВС неожиданно нанесли удар по военно-морской базе США на острове Оаху, на американской территории Гавайи.
Через день после Перл-Харбора японские войска атаковали Гонконг, а через два дня потопили два основных британских военных корабля — «Принц Уэльский» и крейсер «Репульс». В тот же день японские войска под командованием генерал-лейтенанта Ямаситы высадились в Кота-Бару на границе Малайи и Таиланда. Несмотря на численное отставание, японцы оттесняли союзные войска все дальше и дальше, пока те не отступили к Сингапуру. Вторжение на Филиппины началось 8 декабря 1941 года, через десять часов после нападения на Перл-Харбор. Несмотря на сопротивление генерала Макартура, 10 декабря в стране высадились японские войска. Продвигаясь дальше в юго-западную часть Тихого океана, японские войска захватили Яву в Голландской Индии, а затем захватили австралийскую военно-морскую и авиабазу в Рабауле в Новой Британии. Японские войска также вторглись в Таиланд и вынудили его лидеров объявить войну Соединенным Штатам и Великобритании.
всем при этом книга о русско-японской войне очень подробно иллюстрирует, как Россия потерпела поражение как в тактическом, так и в стратегическом отношении во время войны и как Япония заставила Россию отказаться от своей экспансионистской политики на Дальнем Востоке. Япония стала первой азиатской державой современности, победившей европейскую державу. Русско-японская война — книга информации и обучения; справочный документ, который авторы представляют в качестве учебного пособия. Как минимум, авторы хотят, чтобы читатели были возмущены последствиями войны, особенно разрушением средств к существованию и инфраструктуры (системы водоснабжения и транспорта, сексуального насилия и голода). Послание авторов книги простое: « Настоящих победителей в войне не бывает, поскольку все вовлеченные стороны должны страдать от последствий с всегда большим числом жертв с обеих сторон ».
Research Interests:
Чтобы понять русско-японскую войну, нам нужно сосредоточиться на новой роли, которую Япония сыграла в международных делах после победы над Китаем в 1895 году. Начиная с 1895 года, Япония имела одну из самых сильных и успешных армий и флот... more
Чтобы понять русско-японскую войну, нам нужно сосредоточиться на новой роли, которую Япония сыграла в международных делах после победы над Китаем в 1895 году. Начиная с 1895 года, Япония имела одну из самых сильных и успешных армий и флот в Азии. После победы над Китаем (1894–1895) японцы в 1904 году решили начать войну против России за завоевание Маньчжурии и Кореи.
8 февраля 1904 года, после срыва переговоров между Японией и Россией, японский флот атаковал Восточный флот России в Порт-Артуре. В тот же день Япония официально объявила войну России. Императорский флот Японии под командованием адмирала Того Хейхачиро направил торпедные катера для атаки кораблей ВМФ России, значительно повредив три из них: «Цесаревич», «Ретвизан» и «Паллада». 12 апреля 1904 года два русских линкора, пытавшиеся уклониться от атаки японцев, не ушли невредимыми. Японские торпедные катера потопили «Петропавловск», и «Победа» вернулась в Порт-Артур с тяжелыми повреждениями.
всем при этом книга о русско-японской войне очень подробно иллюстрирует, как Россия потерпела поражение как в тактическом, так и в стратегическом отношении во время войны и как Япония заставила Россию отказаться от своей экспансионистской политики на Дальнем Востоке. Япония стала первой азиатской державой современности, победившей европейскую державу. Русско-японская война — книга информации и обучения; справочный документ, который авторы представляют в качестве учебного пособия. Как минимум, авторы хотят, чтобы читатели были возмущены последствиями войны, особенно разрушением средств к существованию и инфраструктуры (системы водоснабжения и транспорта, сексуального насилия и голода). Послание авторов книги простое: « Настоящих победителей в войне не бывает, поскольку все вовлеченные стороны должны страдать от последствий с всегда большим числом жертв с обеих сторон ».
8 февраля 1904 года, после срыва переговоров между Японией и Россией, японский флот атаковал Восточный флот России в Порт-Артуре. В тот же день Япония официально объявила войну России. Императорский флот Японии под командованием адмирала Того Хейхачиро направил торпедные катера для атаки кораблей ВМФ России, значительно повредив три из них: «Цесаревич», «Ретвизан» и «Паллада». 12 апреля 1904 года два русских линкора, пытавшиеся уклониться от атаки японцев, не ушли невредимыми. Японские торпедные катера потопили «Петропавловск», и «Победа» вернулась в Порт-Артур с тяжелыми повреждениями.
всем при этом книга о русско-японской войне очень подробно иллюстрирует, как Россия потерпела поражение как в тактическом, так и в стратегическом отношении во время войны и как Япония заставила Россию отказаться от своей экспансионистской политики на Дальнем Востоке. Япония стала первой азиатской державой современности, победившей европейскую державу. Русско-японская война — книга информации и обучения; справочный документ, который авторы представляют в качестве учебного пособия. Как минимум, авторы хотят, чтобы читатели были возмущены последствиями войны, особенно разрушением средств к существованию и инфраструктуры (системы водоснабжения и транспорта, сексуального насилия и голода). Послание авторов книги простое: « Настоящих победителей в войне не бывает, поскольку все вовлеченные стороны должны страдать от последствий с всегда большим числом жертв с обеих сторон ».
Research Interests:
日露戦争を理解するには、1895 年の中国に対する勝利以降、日本が国際情勢で果たした新たな役割に焦点を当てる必要があります。1895 年以来、日本はアジアで最も強力で最も成功した陸海軍を擁していました。中国に対する勝利（1894～1895年）の後、日本は1904年に満州と朝鮮の征服のためにロシアと戦争をすることを決定した。... more
日露戦争を理解するには、1895 年の中国に対する勝利以降、日本が国際情勢で果たした新たな役割に焦点を当てる必要があります。1895 年以来、日本はアジアで最も強力で最も成功した陸海軍を擁していました。中国に対する勝利（1894～1895年）の後、日本は1904年に満州と朝鮮の征服のためにロシアと戦争をすることを決定した。
1904年2月8日、日本とロシアの交渉が決裂した後、日本海軍は旅順でロシア東方艦隊を攻撃した。同日、日本はロシアに対して正式に宣戦布告した。東郷平八郎提督が指揮する大日本帝国海軍は、ロシア海軍艦艇を攻撃するために魚雷艇を派遣し、ツェサレヴィチ、レトビザン、パラダの3隻に重大な損害を与えた。1904 年 4 月 12 日、日本軍の攻撃を回避しようとしたロシアの戦艦 2 隻は無傷で逃れられませんでした。日本の魚雷艇によりペトロパブロフスク号が沈没し、ポベダ号は大破して旅順に帰還しました。
1904年8月、旅順の艦隊を支援するために派遣されたロシア北部の部隊は、黄海海戦（1904年8月10日）、蔚山海戦（1904年8月14日）、海戦という一連の戦いで日本軍に敗北した。コルサコフの戦い（1904年8月20日）、遼陽の戦い（1904年8月24日）、沙湖の戦い（1904年10月5日～17日）、三徳浦の戦い（1905年1月25日～29日）、奉天の戦い（2月20日～） 1905 年 3 月 10 日）、日本海海戦（1905 年 5 月 27 ～ 28 日）。1905 年半ばまでに、日本海軍はロシアの太平洋艦隊のすべての艦船を沈めました。敵対関係は、アメリカ大統領セオドア・ルーズベルトの仲介によるポーツマス条約で終結し、1905年9月5日に署名された。
1904年2月8日、日本とロシアの交渉が決裂した後、日本海軍は旅順でロシア東方艦隊を攻撃した。同日、日本はロシアに対して正式に宣戦布告した。東郷平八郎提督が指揮する大日本帝国海軍は、ロシア海軍艦艇を攻撃するために魚雷艇を派遣し、ツェサレヴィチ、レトビザン、パラダの3隻に重大な損害を与えた。1904 年 4 月 12 日、日本軍の攻撃を回避しようとしたロシアの戦艦 2 隻は無傷で逃れられませんでした。日本の魚雷艇によりペトロパブロフスク号が沈没し、ポベダ号は大破して旅順に帰還しました。
1904年8月、旅順の艦隊を支援するために派遣されたロシア北部の部隊は、黄海海戦（1904年8月10日）、蔚山海戦（1904年8月14日）、海戦という一連の戦いで日本軍に敗北した。コルサコフの戦い（1904年8月20日）、遼陽の戦い（1904年8月24日）、沙湖の戦い（1904年10月5日～17日）、三徳浦の戦い（1905年1月25日～29日）、奉天の戦い（2月20日～） 1905 年 3 月 10 日）、日本海海戦（1905 年 5 月 27 ～ 28 日）。1905 年半ばまでに、日本海軍はロシアの太平洋艦隊のすべての艦船を沈めました。敵対関係は、アメリカ大統領セオドア・ルーズベルトの仲介によるポーツマス条約で終結し、1905年9月5日に署名された。
Research Interests:
יהודים, ברובם במחנות ההשמדה שהגדולים שבהם נמצאו בפולין הכבושה, ביניהם אושוויץ, בלז'ץ, חלמנו, מיידנק, סוביבור וטרבלינקה. ההערכה היא שבין 15-20 מיליון איש בסך הכל נכלאו בעשרים אלף מחנות ריכוז בגרמניה ובשטחים הכבושים. המפלגה הנאצית קראה... more
יהודים, ברובם במחנות ההשמדה שהגדולים שבהם נמצאו בפולין הכבושה, ביניהם אושוויץ, בלז'ץ, חלמנו, מיידנק, סוביבור וטרבלינקה. ההערכה היא שבין 15-20 מיליון איש בסך הכל נכלאו בעשרים אלף מחנות ריכוז בגרמניה ובשטחים הכבושים.
המפלגה הנאצית קראה לחבריה לנהל אג'נדה אנטישמית. אף יהודי לא יכול היה להיות חבר בעם הגרמני. היהודים היו משוללי זכויות ולא הורשו לבצע עבודה משרדית. הם היו כפופים לחוקים אחרים וסיפקו להם מזון רק לאחר שכל האחרים קיבלו אותו. כל מי שנכנס לגרמניה לאחר ה-2 באוגוסט 1914 לא קיבל אזרחות גרמנית. חוקים מיוחדים מ-1933 ואילך הוציאו את יהודי גרמניה מהחיים הציבוריים במדינה. חוקי נירנברג מ-1935 הפכו את היהודים לחסרי אזרחות. חוקים אלה הגדירו את היהודים לא לפי דתם או לפי האופן בו רצו להזדהות, אלא לפי ההשתייכות הדתית של הוריהם. ב-26 באפריל 1938 נכנס לתוקפו "הצו להכרזה על רכוש השייך ליהודים" שחייב את כל היהודים בגרמניה ובאוסטריה לרשום כל רכוש בשווי של יותר מ-5,000 מרק, השווה ל-2,000 $ אז ו-34,000 $ כיום. בעקבות רישום הרכוש, איבדו יהודים רבים הכנסות מקצבאות על ילדים ונאלצו לשלם מיסים גבוהים ללא קשר להכנסה. עסקים רבים בבעלות יהודית הואשמו באופן כוזב בהעלמת מס עוד משנות ה-20 ונאלצו לשלם קנסות על פיגורים. יהודים שרצו לעזוב את גרמניה נאלצו לשלם 50 אחוז מהאחזקות הכספיות שלהם ואז להחליף את המרקים הנותרים למטבע של המדינה אליה היגרו. בסוף 1938, איפשרה ממשלת גרמניה ליהודים שעזבו לשמור רק על 8 אחוז מהמרקים שברשותם במדינה אליה היגרו. רכושן של משפחות יהודיות רבות שהיגרו הוחרם. בנוסף לגזרות נגד היהודים, ניהלה גרמניה הנאצית מדיניות של השמדה נגד אזרחים גרמניים שהוגדרו כנחותים מבחינה גנטית. חוקים שעברו בין 1933-1935 הנהיגו עיקור של אזרחים שהוגדרו נחותים גנטית. בין 320-350 אלף אזרחים בעלי מוגבלויות פיזיות או נפשיות עוקרו באמצעים רדיולוגיים או כירורגיים. בנוסף, עוקרו כ-500 אזרחים ממוצא אפרו-גרמני מעורב. בין 10-15 אלף הומוסקסואלים נכלאו במחנות ריכוז על פי חוק מ-1935. על 25 אלף עדי יהוה נאסר לקיים את דתם כבר באפריל 1933. אלפים מהם נלקחו למחנות ריכוז.
במהלך מלחמת העולם השנייה, הורה היטלר לכוחות מיוחדים בפיקודו של היינריך הימלר לבצע פעולות אכזריות שיטתיות ומתוכננות מראש נגד האוכלוסיה האזרחית באירופה באמצעות האס.אס.. הוא הורה על מותם של מיליוני קורבנות במחנות הריכוז וההשמדה. החל מ-1941, נאסר על יהודים בגרמניה להשתמש בתחבורה הציבורית והם נדרשו לענוד את התלאי הצהוב.
יומיים לאחר הפלישה לברית המועצות, ב-24 ביוני 1941, כתב ריינהארד היידריך מכתב לברלין המתלונן על העדר התמודדות עם הבעיה היהודית. ביום האחרון של יולי, קיבל היידריך צו בחתימת ידו של גרינג המבקש ממנו "לעשות את כל ההכנות הנדרשות בעניינים אירגוניים ופיננסיים כדי להביא לפיתרון מלא לבעיית היהודים באירופה".
שלושה שבועות קודם לכם, הסביר היטלר לוולטר הוול, דיפלומט גרמני שהיה פעיל במפלגה הנאצית וחבר אישי שלו, את מה שהיה בכוונתו לעשות: "אני מרגיש כמו רוברט קוך בפוליטיקה. קוך מצא את הבצילוס ובכך הראה למדע הרפואה דרך חדשה. אני גיליתי את היהודי כחיידק המתסיס כל חברה כדי לפרק אותה. דבר אחד שהוכחתי הוא שמדינה יכולה להתקיים בלי יהודים. הכלכלה, האמנות והתרבות יכולים להתקיים טוב יותר בלי היהודים". בארוחת צהריים שקיים עם הימלר ב-23 בינואר 1942, אמר היטלר: "עלינו לפעול בצורה קיצונית. כשאתה עוקר שן, אתה עושה הכל בבת אחת והכאב חולף במהירות. על היהודים לעזוב את אירופה. הם אלה שמונעים הכל". בנאום שנשא ב-30 בינואר 1942 ביום השנה לעלייתו לשלטון, הוא הציג את מטרותיו: "התוצאה של מלחמה זו תהיה השמדה מוחלטת של היהודים".
המפלגה הנאצית קראה לחבריה לנהל אג'נדה אנטישמית. אף יהודי לא יכול היה להיות חבר בעם הגרמני. היהודים היו משוללי זכויות ולא הורשו לבצע עבודה משרדית. הם היו כפופים לחוקים אחרים וסיפקו להם מזון רק לאחר שכל האחרים קיבלו אותו. כל מי שנכנס לגרמניה לאחר ה-2 באוגוסט 1914 לא קיבל אזרחות גרמנית. חוקים מיוחדים מ-1933 ואילך הוציאו את יהודי גרמניה מהחיים הציבוריים במדינה. חוקי נירנברג מ-1935 הפכו את היהודים לחסרי אזרחות. חוקים אלה הגדירו את היהודים לא לפי דתם או לפי האופן בו רצו להזדהות, אלא לפי ההשתייכות הדתית של הוריהם. ב-26 באפריל 1938 נכנס לתוקפו "הצו להכרזה על רכוש השייך ליהודים" שחייב את כל היהודים בגרמניה ובאוסטריה לרשום כל רכוש בשווי של יותר מ-5,000 מרק, השווה ל-2,000 $ אז ו-34,000 $ כיום. בעקבות רישום הרכוש, איבדו יהודים רבים הכנסות מקצבאות על ילדים ונאלצו לשלם מיסים גבוהים ללא קשר להכנסה. עסקים רבים בבעלות יהודית הואשמו באופן כוזב בהעלמת מס עוד משנות ה-20 ונאלצו לשלם קנסות על פיגורים. יהודים שרצו לעזוב את גרמניה נאלצו לשלם 50 אחוז מהאחזקות הכספיות שלהם ואז להחליף את המרקים הנותרים למטבע של המדינה אליה היגרו. בסוף 1938, איפשרה ממשלת גרמניה ליהודים שעזבו לשמור רק על 8 אחוז מהמרקים שברשותם במדינה אליה היגרו. רכושן של משפחות יהודיות רבות שהיגרו הוחרם. בנוסף לגזרות נגד היהודים, ניהלה גרמניה הנאצית מדיניות של השמדה נגד אזרחים גרמניים שהוגדרו כנחותים מבחינה גנטית. חוקים שעברו בין 1933-1935 הנהיגו עיקור של אזרחים שהוגדרו נחותים גנטית. בין 320-350 אלף אזרחים בעלי מוגבלויות פיזיות או נפשיות עוקרו באמצעים רדיולוגיים או כירורגיים. בנוסף, עוקרו כ-500 אזרחים ממוצא אפרו-גרמני מעורב. בין 10-15 אלף הומוסקסואלים נכלאו במחנות ריכוז על פי חוק מ-1935. על 25 אלף עדי יהוה נאסר לקיים את דתם כבר באפריל 1933. אלפים מהם נלקחו למחנות ריכוז.
במהלך מלחמת העולם השנייה, הורה היטלר לכוחות מיוחדים בפיקודו של היינריך הימלר לבצע פעולות אכזריות שיטתיות ומתוכננות מראש נגד האוכלוסיה האזרחית באירופה באמצעות האס.אס.. הוא הורה על מותם של מיליוני קורבנות במחנות הריכוז וההשמדה. החל מ-1941, נאסר על יהודים בגרמניה להשתמש בתחבורה הציבורית והם נדרשו לענוד את התלאי הצהוב.
יומיים לאחר הפלישה לברית המועצות, ב-24 ביוני 1941, כתב ריינהארד היידריך מכתב לברלין המתלונן על העדר התמודדות עם הבעיה היהודית. ביום האחרון של יולי, קיבל היידריך צו בחתימת ידו של גרינג המבקש ממנו "לעשות את כל ההכנות הנדרשות בעניינים אירגוניים ופיננסיים כדי להביא לפיתרון מלא לבעיית היהודים באירופה".
שלושה שבועות קודם לכם, הסביר היטלר לוולטר הוול, דיפלומט גרמני שהיה פעיל במפלגה הנאצית וחבר אישי שלו, את מה שהיה בכוונתו לעשות: "אני מרגיש כמו רוברט קוך בפוליטיקה. קוך מצא את הבצילוס ובכך הראה למדע הרפואה דרך חדשה. אני גיליתי את היהודי כחיידק המתסיס כל חברה כדי לפרק אותה. דבר אחד שהוכחתי הוא שמדינה יכולה להתקיים בלי יהודים. הכלכלה, האמנות והתרבות יכולים להתקיים טוב יותר בלי היהודים". בארוחת צהריים שקיים עם הימלר ב-23 בינואר 1942, אמר היטלר: "עלינו לפעול בצורה קיצונית. כשאתה עוקר שן, אתה עושה הכל בבת אחת והכאב חולף במהירות. על היהודים לעזוב את אירופה. הם אלה שמונעים הכל". בנאום שנשא ב-30 בינואר 1942 ביום השנה לעלייתו לשלטון, הוא הציג את מטרותיו: "התוצאה של מלחמה זו תהיה השמדה מוחלטת של היהודים".
Research Interests:
To understand the Russo-Japanese War, we need to focus on the new role that Japan has played in the international affairs after its victory against China in 1895. Starting in 1895, Japan had one of the strongest and most successful armies... more
To understand the Russo-Japanese War, we need to focus on the new role that Japan has played in the international affairs after its victory against China in 1895. Starting in 1895, Japan had one of the strongest and most successful armies and navy in Asia. Following its victory over China (1894–1895), the Japanese decided, in 1904, to go to war against Russia, for the conquest of Manchuria and Korea.
The book on the Russo-Japanese War illustrates with great details how Russia was outfought both tactically and strategically during the war and how Japan forced Russia to abandon its expansionist policy in the Far East. Japan became the first Asian power in modern times to defeat a European power. The Russo-Japanese War is a book of information and training; a reference document that the authors present as an educational tool. At minimum, the authors like readers to be outraged at the consequences of war, particularly destruction of livelihoods and infrastructure (water supply and transportation system, sexual violence, and hunger). The authors’ message from the book is simple, “There are no real victors in war, as all parties involved have to suffer the consequences with always high numbers of causalities on both sides.”
The book on the Russo-Japanese War illustrates with great details how Russia was outfought both tactically and strategically during the war and how Japan forced Russia to abandon its expansionist policy in the Far East. Japan became the first Asian power in modern times to defeat a European power. The Russo-Japanese War is a book of information and training; a reference document that the authors present as an educational tool. At minimum, the authors like readers to be outraged at the consequences of war, particularly destruction of livelihoods and infrastructure (water supply and transportation system, sexual violence, and hunger). The authors’ message from the book is simple, “There are no real victors in war, as all parties involved have to suffer the consequences with always high numbers of causalities on both sides.”
Research Interests:
Japan’s road to war began many decades before the attack at Pearl Harbor. At the end of 1800, the Japanese decided to expand Japan’s territory in Asia. According to the Japanese officials, this decision would help the country to get... more
Japan’s road to war began many decades before the attack at Pearl Harbor. At the end of 1800, the Japanese decided to expand Japan’s territory in Asia. According to the Japanese officials, this decision would help the country to get resources that it would need, particularly oil. Japan’s desire to build a modern industrial civilization drove it through politics of extension. Near the turn of the twentieth century, the Japanese embarked on a period of aggressive expansion to change the trajectory of their nation isolated from the rest of the world for much of its history. Nationalist Japanese leaders believed that Western powers such as United States, Britain, France, and Russia had enacted tariffs that prevented Japan from accessing natural resources that it needed to develop its industrial capacity. At the end of July 1894, Japanese troops attacked Chinese forces that out posted the peninsula of Korea. Four days later, on August 1, 1894, Japan declared war on China.
Research Interests:
La guerre déclenchée par le Japon dans le Pacifique a commencé plusieurs décennies avant l’attaque contre la flotte américaine à Pearl Harbor. À la fin de 1800, les Japonais avaient décidé d’étendre leur territoire en Asie. Selon les... more
La guerre déclenchée par le Japon dans le Pacifique a commencé plusieurs décennies avant l’attaque contre la flotte américaine à Pearl Harbor. À la fin de 1800, les Japonais avaient décidé d’étendre leur territoire en Asie. Selon les responsables japonais, cette décision aiderait le pays à obtenir les ressources dont il avait besoin, en particulier le pétrole. Le désir du Japon de construire une civilisation industrielle moderne l’a conduit vers une politique d’extension. Vers le tournant du XXe siècle, les Japonais se sont lancés dans une période d’expansion agressive pour changer la trajectoire de leur nation isolée du reste du monde pendant une grande partie de son histoire. Pour les dirigeants nationalistes japonais, les puissances occidentales telles que les États-Unis, la Grande-Bretagne, la France et la Russie avaient adopté des tarifs qui empêchaient le Japon d’accéder aux ressources naturelles dont il avait besoin pour développer sa capacité industrielle. À la fin de juillet 1894, les troupes japonaises ont attaqué les forces chinoises postées dans la péninsule de Corée. Quatre jours plus tard, le 1er août 1894, le Japon déclara la guerre à la Chine.
Research Interests:
Jean Sénat Fleury 是一位对历史充满热情的前法官，出生于海地，目前居住在波士顿。他写了几本历史书。纽伦堡审判是一本信息和培训书。这本书分析了盟军对战败的纳粹德国的代表进行的审判，以策划和实施对其他国家的入侵。 在本书中，作者回顾并分析了 1945 年 11 月 14 日在纽伦堡对第三帝国主要政治和军事领导人开庭的审判。 东京审判是一本信息和培训书。这本书分析了远东国际军事法庭对 28... more
Jean Sénat Fleury 是一位对历史充满热情的前法官，出生于海地，目前居住在波士顿。他写了几本历史书。纽伦堡审判是一本信息和培训书。这本书分析了盟军对战败的纳粹德国的代表进行的审判，以策划和实施对其他国家的入侵。
在本书中，作者回顾并分析了 1945 年 11 月 14 日在纽伦堡对第三帝国主要政治和军事领导人开庭的审判。
东京审判是一本信息和培训书。这本书分析了远东国际军事法庭对 28 名日本高级军官的审判，即所谓的“东京审判”，这是继纽伦堡之后国际社会对二战期间犯下的罪行作出回应的第二次尝试 . 它突出了远东国际军事法庭工作中的程序弱点和政治谈判。
在本书中，作者回顾并分析了 1945 年 11 月 14 日在纽伦堡对第三帝国主要政治和军事领导人开庭的审判。
东京审判是一本信息和培训书。这本书分析了远东国际军事法庭对 28 名日本高级军官的审判，即所谓的“东京审判”，这是继纽伦堡之后国际社会对二战期间犯下的罪行作出回应的第二次尝试 . 它突出了远东国际军事法庭工作中的程序弱点和政治谈判。
Research Interests:
1910 年に韓国を併合し、1931 年に満州を侵略し、1942 年から 1945 年にかけて太平洋と東南アジアのいくつかの領土を占領したことで、日本はアジアの植民地勢力として英国に対抗することができました。 しかし、隣国との戦争によって帝国を獲得するという全体の概念は、欠陥があり、費用がかかりました。 この何十年もの間、日本は破産の危機に瀕していました。 1945 年 8 月 6 日、米国の最初の原子爆弾が広島に投下された後、合計 9 万人から 12... more
1910 年に韓国を併合し、1931 年に満州を侵略し、1942 年から 1945 年にかけて太平洋と東南アジアのいくつかの領土を占領したことで、日本はアジアの植民地勢力として英国に対抗することができました。 しかし、隣国との戦争によって帝国を獲得するという全体の概念は、欠陥があり、費用がかかりました。 この何十年もの間、日本は破産の危機に瀕していました。
1945 年 8 月 6 日、米国の最初の原子爆弾が広島に投下された後、合計 9 万人から 12 万人の日本人が死亡しました。 3 日後の 8 月 9 日、長崎に投下された 2 度目の米国の原爆により、15 万人から 20 万人の日本人が死亡しました。 裕仁が日本の降伏を連合国に発表したとき、日本人はショックを受けた.
1937 年から 1945 年までの期間に太平洋で戦争による荒廃を引き起こした責任を負っていた日本帝国は、太平洋と東南アジアでの武力紛争を通じて陸軍と海軍がより不安定な道を開いたため、大惨事でした。
1945 年 8 月 6 日、米国の最初の原子爆弾が広島に投下された後、合計 9 万人から 12 万人の日本人が死亡しました。 3 日後の 8 月 9 日、長崎に投下された 2 度目の米国の原爆により、15 万人から 20 万人の日本人が死亡しました。 裕仁が日本の降伏を連合国に発表したとき、日本人はショックを受けた.
1937 年から 1945 年までの期間に太平洋で戦争による荒廃を引き起こした責任を負っていた日本帝国は、太平洋と東南アジアでの武力紛争を通じて陸軍と海軍がより不安定な道を開いたため、大惨事でした。
Research Interests:
Jean Sénat Fleury 是一位对历史充满热情的前法官，出生于海地，目前居住在波士顿。他写了几本历史书。裕仁：末代神皇回顾了昭和时代，尤其是太平洋战争之前裕仁的统治。该书详述了裕仁天皇在规划日本扩张主义政策方面所扮演的角色：入侵中国、轰炸珍珠港，以及最终发动太平洋战争。
Research Interests:
歴史に情熱を傾ける元判事を務めたジャン-セナ フルーリーは、ハイチで生まれ、現在はボストンに住んでいます。 彼はいくつかの歴史書を書いた。 NUREMBERG TRIAL は、情報とトレーニングの本です。 この本は、敗戦したナチス・ドイツの代表に対して連合国が行った裁判を分析しています。 この本では、著者は、1945 年 11 月 14 日にニュルンベルクで行われた、第三帝国の主要な政治的および軍事的指導者の裁判を再開し、分析しています。... more
歴史に情熱を傾ける元判事を務めたジャン-セナ フルーリーは、ハイチで生まれ、現在はボストンに住んでいます。 彼はいくつかの歴史書を書いた。 NUREMBERG TRIAL は、情報とトレーニングの本です。 この本は、敗戦したナチス・ドイツの代表に対して連合国が行った裁判を分析しています。
この本では、著者は、1945 年 11 月 14 日にニュルンベルクで行われた、第三帝国の主要な政治的および軍事的指導者の裁判を再開し、分析しています。
2冊目の本では、フルーリー裁判官が、「東京裁判」として知られる極東国際軍事裁判での28人の日本人将校の裁判を分析しています。 第二次世界大戦中に犯行。 この本は、極東国際軍事法廷の仕事における手続き上の弱点と政治的交渉を浮き彫りにしています。
この本では、著者は、1945 年 11 月 14 日にニュルンベルクで行われた、第三帝国の主要な政治的および軍事的指導者の裁判を再開し、分析しています。
2冊目の本では、フルーリー裁判官が、「東京裁判」として知られる極東国際軍事裁判での28人の日本人将校の裁判を分析しています。 第二次世界大戦中に犯行。 この本は、極東国際軍事法廷の仕事における手続き上の弱点と政治的交渉を浮き彫りにしています。
Research Interests:
Jean Sénat Fleury 是一位对历史充满热情的前法官，出生于海地，目前居住在波士顿。他写了几本历史书。纽伦堡审判是一本信息和培训书。这本书分析了盟军对战败的纳粹德国的代表进行的审判，以策划和实施对其他国家的入侵。 在本书中，作者回顾并分析了 1945 年 11 月 14 日在纽伦堡对第三帝国主要政治和军事领导人开庭的审判。 东京审判是一本信息和培训书。这本书分析了远东国际军事法庭对 28... more
Jean Sénat Fleury 是一位对历史充满热情的前法官，出生于海地，目前居住在波士顿。他写了几本历史书。纽伦堡审判是一本信息和培训书。这本书分析了盟军对战败的纳粹德国的代表进行的审判，以策划和实施对其他国家的入侵。
在本书中，作者回顾并分析了 1945 年 11 月 14 日在纽伦堡对第三帝国主要政治和军事领导人开庭的审判。
东京审判是一本信息和培训书。这本书分析了远东国际军事法庭对 28 名日本高级军官的审判，即所谓的“东京审判”，这是继纽伦堡之后国际社会对二战期间犯下的罪行作出回应的第二次尝试 . 它突出了远东国际军事法庭工作中的程序弱点和政治谈判。
在本书中，作者回顾并分析了 1945 年 11 月 14 日在纽伦堡对第三帝国主要政治和军事领导人开庭的审判。
东京审判是一本信息和培训书。这本书分析了远东国际军事法庭对 28 名日本高级军官的审判，即所谓的“东京审判”，这是继纽伦堡之后国际社会对二战期间犯下的罪行作出回应的第二次尝试 . 它突出了远东国际军事法庭工作中的程序弱点和政治谈判。
Research Interests:
歴史に情熱を傾ける元判事を務めたジャン-セナ フルーリーは、ハイチで生まれ、現在はボストンに住んでいます。 彼はいくつかの歴史書を書いた。 NUREMBERG TRIAL は、情報とトレーニングの本です。 この本は、敗戦したナチス・ドイツの代表に対して連合国が行った裁判を分析しています。 著者は、1945 年 11 月 14 日にニュルンベルクで行われた、第三帝国の主要な政治および軍事指導者の裁判を再開し、分析します。... more
歴史に情熱を傾ける元判事を務めたジャン-セナ フルーリーは、ハイチで生まれ、現在はボストンに住んでいます。 彼はいくつかの歴史書を書いた。 NUREMBERG TRIAL は、情報とトレーニングの本です。 この本は、敗戦したナチス・ドイツの代表に対して連合国が行った裁判を分析しています。
著者は、1945 年 11 月 14 日にニュルンベルクで行われた、第三帝国の主要な政治および軍事指導者の裁判を再開し、分析します。
2冊目の本では、フルーリー裁判官が、「東京裁判」として知られる極東国際軍事裁判での28人の日本人将校の裁判を分析しています。 第二次世界大戦中に犯行。 この本は、極東国際軍事法廷の仕事における手続き上の弱点と政治的交渉を浮き彫りにしています。
著者は、1945 年 11 月 14 日にニュルンベルクで行われた、第三帝国の主要な政治および軍事指導者の裁判を再開し、分析します。
2冊目の本では、フルーリー裁判官が、「東京裁判」として知られる極東国際軍事裁判での28人の日本人将校の裁判を分析しています。 第二次世界大戦中に犯行。 この本は、極東国際軍事法廷の仕事における手続き上の弱点と政治的交渉を浮き彫りにしています。
Research Interests:
Jean Sénat Fleury 是一位对历史充满热情的前法官，出生于海地，目前居住在波士顿。他写了几本历史书。纽伦堡审判是一本信息和培训书。这本书分析了盟军对战败的纳粹德国的代表进行的审判，以策划和实施对其他国家的入侵。 在本书中，作者回顾并分析了 1945 年 11 月 14 日在纽伦堡对第三帝国主要政治和军事领导人开庭的审判。 东京审判是一本信息和培训书。这本书分析了远东国际军事法庭对 28... more
Jean Sénat Fleury 是一位对历史充满热情的前法官，出生于海地，目前居住在波士顿。他写了几本历史书。纽伦堡审判是一本信息和培训书。这本书分析了盟军对战败的纳粹德国的代表进行的审判，以策划和实施对其他国家的入侵。
在本书中，作者回顾并分析了 1945 年 11 月 14 日在纽伦堡对第三帝国主要政治和军事领导人开庭的审判。
东京审判是一本信息和培训书。这本书分析了远东国际军事法庭对 28 名日本高级军官的审判，即所谓的“东京审判”，这是继纽伦堡之后国际社会对二战期间犯下的罪行作出回应的第二次尝试 . 它突出了远东国际军事法庭工作中的程序弱点和政治谈判。
在本书中，作者回顾并分析了 1945 年 11 月 14 日在纽伦堡对第三帝国主要政治和军事领导人开庭的审判。
东京审判是一本信息和培训书。这本书分析了远东国际军事法庭对 28 名日本高级军官的审判，即所谓的“东京审判”，这是继纽伦堡之后国际社会对二战期间犯下的罪行作出回应的第二次尝试 . 它突出了远东国际军事法庭工作中的程序弱点和政治谈判。
Research Interests:
歴史に情熱を傾ける元判事であるジャン・セナ・フルーリーは、ハイチで生まれ、現在はボストンに住んでいます。彼はいくつかの歴史書を書いた。 フルーリー判事はこの本で、「東京裁判」として知られる極東国際軍事裁判で行われた 28 人の日本軍将校の裁判を分析している。第二次世界大戦中に犯行。この本は、極東国際軍事法廷の仕事における手続き上の弱点と政治的交渉を浮き彫りにしています。 NUREMBERG TRIAL... more
歴史に情熱を傾ける元判事であるジャン・セナ・フルーリーは、ハイチで生まれ、現在はボストンに住んでいます。彼はいくつかの歴史書を書いた。 フルーリー判事はこの本で、「東京裁判」として知られる極東国際軍事裁判で行われた 28 人の日本軍将校の裁判を分析している。第二次世界大戦中に犯行。この本は、極東国際軍事法廷の仕事における手続き上の弱点と政治的交渉を浮き彫りにしています。
NUREMBERG TRIAL は、情報とトレーニングの本です。この本は、敗戦したナチス・ドイツの代表に対して連合国が行った裁判を分析しています。
この本では、著者は、1945 年 11 月 14 日にニュルンベルクで開かれた、第三帝国の主要な政治的および軍事的指導者に対する裁判を再開し、分析しています。
NUREMBERG TRIAL は、情報とトレーニングの本です。この本は、敗戦したナチス・ドイツの代表に対して連合国が行った裁判を分析しています。
この本では、著者は、1945 年 11 月 14 日にニュルンベルクで開かれた、第三帝国の主要な政治的および軍事的指導者に対する裁判を再開し、分析しています。
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歴史に情熱を傾ける元判事であるジャン・セナ・フルーリーは、ハイチで生まれ、現在はボストンに住んでいます。彼はいくつかの歴史書を書いた。日本：帝国の崩壊は、第二次世界大戦後の日本に何が起こったかを説明しています。 連合国による占領期間が続きました。1947 年、アメリカの関与により、新しい憲法が制定され、大日本帝国は正式に終焉を迎えました。
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Jean Sénat Fleury 是一位对历史充满热情的前法官，出生于海地，目前居住在波士顿。他写了几本历史书。 日本：帝国的没落描述了二战后日本发生的事情。随后盟军占领了一段时间。 1947 年，在美国的参与下，颁布了一部新宪法，正式结束了日本帝国。
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裕仁天皇的长子，1901年4月29日出生于日本东京的皇宫。 1926 年父亲去世后，25 岁的裕仁成为日本第 124 代天皇。 他的登基标志着日本进入了昭和时代，意为“光辉的和平”。 裕仁天皇从小就接受了军事原则、神道教和对帝国神圣品质的尊重，在日益强大的日本军队的领导下，裕仁将... more
裕仁天皇的长子，1901年4月29日出生于日本东京的皇宫。 1926 年父亲去世后，25 岁的裕仁成为日本第 124 代天皇。 他的登基标志着日本进入了昭和时代，意为“光辉的和平”。
裕仁天皇从小就接受了军事原则、神道教和对帝国神圣品质的尊重，在日益强大的日本军队的领导下，裕仁将 作为一个有争议的人物，裕仁被描绘成不情愿支持导致第二次中日战争的满洲占领，同时也是太平洋战争的坚定支持者。许多历史学家将他描绘成一位被动支持日本参战的立宪君主，以免违背他的政府，尤其是陆军和海军指挥官的多数意见，支持战争。
明治宪法的结构将裕仁置于国家之首。他是陆军和海军的最高统帅。除了作为国家的统治者和日本皇军的总司令之外，他的神圣地位使他成为国家、文化认同和日本人民团结的象征。从 1926 年开始担任日本天皇直至 1989 年去世，他是历史上在位时间最长的日本天皇，也是世界上在位时间最长的君主之一。1946年的新宪法使他成为日本最后一位天皇。
裕仁天皇从小就接受了军事原则、神道教和对帝国神圣品质的尊重，在日益强大的日本军队的领导下，裕仁将 作为一个有争议的人物，裕仁被描绘成不情愿支持导致第二次中日战争的满洲占领，同时也是太平洋战争的坚定支持者。许多历史学家将他描绘成一位被动支持日本参战的立宪君主，以免违背他的政府，尤其是陆军和海军指挥官的多数意见，支持战争。
明治宪法的结构将裕仁置于国家之首。他是陆军和海军的最高统帅。除了作为国家的统治者和日本皇军的总司令之外，他的神圣地位使他成为国家、文化认同和日本人民团结的象征。从 1926 年开始担任日本天皇直至 1989 年去世，他是历史上在位时间最长的日本天皇，也是世界上在位时间最长的君主之一。1946年的新宪法使他成为日本最后一位天皇。
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義仁天皇の長男である裕仁は、1901 年 4 月 29 日に日本の東京の王宮で生まれました。1926 年に父が亡くなると、裕仁は 25 歳で日本の第 124 代天皇になりました。彼の即位は、日本が「輝く平和」を意味する昭和時代に突入したことを示しています。 幼い頃から軍事原則、神道、そしてその帝国の状態の神聖な性格に対する敬意、大元帥、ますます強力な日本軍の長である裕仁は、彼の国を戦争と拡張主義に駆り立てました。... more
義仁天皇の長男である裕仁は、1901 年 4 月 29 日に日本の東京の王宮で生まれました。1926 年に父が亡くなると、裕仁は 25 歳で日本の第 124 代天皇になりました。彼の即位は、日本が「輝く平和」を意味する昭和時代に突入したことを示しています。
幼い頃から軍事原則、神道、そしてその帝国の状態の神聖な性格に対する敬意、大元帥、ますます強力な日本軍の長である裕仁は、彼の国を戦争と拡張主義に駆り立てました。
物議を醸す人物である裕仁は、第二次日中戦争につながった満州占領の消極的な支持者として、また太平洋戦争の強力な支持者としても描かれました。多くの歴史家は、彼を戦争に賛成する政府、特に陸軍と海軍の司令官からの多数意見に逆らわないために、日本の戦争への参入を受動的に支持した立憲君主のように彼を描いています.
幼い頃から軍事原則、神道、そしてその帝国の状態の神聖な性格に対する敬意、大元帥、ますます強力な日本軍の長である裕仁は、彼の国を戦争と拡張主義に駆り立てました。
物議を醸す人物である裕仁は、第二次日中戦争につながった満州占領の消極的な支持者として、また太平洋戦争の強力な支持者としても描かれました。多くの歴史家は、彼を戦争に賛成する政府、特に陸軍と海軍の司令官からの多数意見に逆らわないために、日本の戦争への参入を受動的に支持した立憲君主のように彼を描いています.
Research Interests:
歴史に情熱を傾ける元判事であるジャン・セナ・フルーリーは、ハイチで生まれ、現在はボストンに住んでいます。彼はいくつかの歴史書を書いた。 フルーリー判事はこの本で、「東京裁判」として知られる極東国際軍事裁判で行われた 28 人の日本軍将校の裁判を分析している。第二次世界大戦中に犯行。この本は、極東国際軍事法廷の仕事における手続き上の弱点と政治的交渉を浮き彫りにしています。
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在二战期间日本人犯下的反人类罪行中，对占领区平民犯下的罪行占有突出地位。1937 年，裕仁批准日军攻占南京，屠杀了这座中国城市的数十万平民。 日本于 1937 年入侵中国北方。上海沦陷后，日军挺进南京，并于 1937 年 12 月 13 日占领南京。日军抵达前帝国首都南京，在松井岩根将军的指挥下，从事 一场大屠杀，造成 250,000 至 300,000 名平民丧生。... more
在二战期间日本人犯下的反人类罪行中，对占领区平民犯下的罪行占有突出地位。1937 年，裕仁批准日军攻占南京，屠杀了这座中国城市的数十万平民。
日本于 1937 年入侵中国北方。上海沦陷后，日军挺进南京，并于 1937 年 12 月 13 日占领南京。日军抵达前帝国首都南京，在松井岩根将军的指挥下，从事 一场大屠杀，造成 250,000 至 300,000 名平民丧生。 人们在残酷的条件下被处决：妇女被强奸，男人被勒死，儿童被活埋。这座城市遭到洗劫和焚烧。屠杀在该市及其邻近的六个农村持续了三个月。在日本军队进入首都的第一天，Kesago Nakajima 将军的第 16 师就杀死了大约 30,000 名中国战俘。
日本于 1937 年入侵中国北方。上海沦陷后，日军挺进南京，并于 1937 年 12 月 13 日占领南京。日军抵达前帝国首都南京，在松井岩根将军的指挥下，从事 一场大屠杀，造成 250,000 至 300,000 名平民丧生。 人们在残酷的条件下被处决：妇女被强奸，男人被勒死，儿童被活埋。这座城市遭到洗劫和焚烧。屠杀在该市及其邻近的六个农村持续了三个月。在日本军队进入首都的第一天，Kesago Nakajima 将军的第 16 师就杀死了大约 30,000 名中国战俘。
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1941 年 12 月 7 日、日本軍はハワイの真珠湾でアメリカ艦隊を攻撃しました。 合計で、2, 4000 人のアメリカ人が死亡し、数百人が負傷しました。188 機の飛行機と 3 隻のアメリカ艦艇の破壊もあります。船舶11隻、航空機約130機が被害を受けた。この攻撃は、米国の第二次世界大戦への参入につながりました。1941 年 12 月 11 日、フランクリン D. ルーズベルト大統領は、日本に対して宣戦布告します。 その後、1,600... more
1941 年 12 月 7 日、日本軍はハワイの真珠湾でアメリカ艦隊を攻撃しました。 合計で、2, 4000 人のアメリカ人が死亡し、数百人が負傷しました。188 機の飛行機と 3 隻のアメリカ艦艇の破壊もあります。船舶11隻、航空機約130機が被害を受けた。この攻撃は、米国の第二次世界大戦への参入につながりました。1941 年 12 月 11 日、フランクリン D. ルーズベルト大統領は、日本に対して宣戦布告します。 その後、1,600 万人のアメリカ兵が、フランス、イギリス、カナダを含む連合軍と共に戦うために動員されました。
真珠湾については、今日でも多くの問題が議論されています。ワシントン当局者は、1941 年 12 月 7 日にアメリカ太平洋艦隊が日本海軍に攻撃されることを知っていたのか、知らなかったのか? ロバート・スティネットは著書「欺瞞の日：FDRと真珠湾に関する真実」の中で、米国は真珠湾の前に日本海軍の作戦メッセージを読んだと主張した. スティネットは、フランクリン・ルーズベルトと彼の政権が、米国を第二次世界大戦に引き込むために、意図的に攻撃を誘発し、可能にしたと主張した.
真珠湾については、今日でも多くの問題が議論されています。ワシントン当局者は、1941 年 12 月 7 日にアメリカ太平洋艦隊が日本海軍に攻撃されることを知っていたのか、知らなかったのか? ロバート・スティネットは著書「欺瞞の日：FDRと真珠湾に関する真実」の中で、米国は真珠湾の前に日本海軍の作戦メッセージを読んだと主張した. スティネットは、フランクリン・ルーズベルトと彼の政権が、米国を第二次世界大戦に引き込むために、意図的に攻撃を誘発し、可能にしたと主張した.
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日本的战争之路始于袭击珍珠港之前的几十年。1800年底，日本人决定在亚洲扩张版图。据日本官员称，这一决定将有助于该国获得所需的资源，尤其是石油。日本建立现代工业文明的愿望推动了它通过扩展政治。在二十世纪之交，日本人开始了一段侵略扩张的时期，以改变他们国家在其大部分历史上与世界其他地区隔绝的轨迹。日本民族主义领导人认为，美国、英国、法国和俄罗斯等西方列强制定了关税，阻止日本获得发展其工业能力所需的自然资源。1894 年 7... more
日本的战争之路始于袭击珍珠港之前的几十年。1800年底，日本人决定在亚洲扩张版图。据日本官员称，这一决定将有助于该国获得所需的资源，尤其是石油。日本建立现代工业文明的愿望推动了它通过扩展政治。在二十世纪之交，日本人开始了一段侵略扩张的时期，以改变他们国家在其大部分历史上与世界其他地区隔绝的轨迹。日本民族主义领导人认为，美国、英国、法国和俄罗斯等西方列强制定了关税，阻止日本获得发展其工业能力所需的自然资源。1894 年 7 月下旬，日本军队袭击了驻守朝鲜半岛的中国军队。四天后，即 1894 年 8 月 1 日，日本对中国宣战。
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La guerre du Pacifique a été engagée sur une vaste zone englobant l’océan Pacifique et la région de l’Asie du Sud-Est. Le Japon a enrôlé de nombreux soldats de ses colonies (Corée et Taïwan) pour l’aider à mener la guerre. Son principal... more
La guerre du Pacifique a été engagée sur une vaste zone englobant l’océan Pacifique et la région de l’Asie du Sud-Est. Le Japon a enrôlé de nombreux soldats de ses colonies (Corée et Taïwan) pour l’aider à mener la guerre. Son principal allié était le gouvernement autoritaire de Thaïlande, avec lequel il formait une alliance stratégique. Plaek Phibunsongkhram, le chef du pouvoir en Thaïlande, envoya son armée pour aider le Japon. D’autres pays membres de la Sphère de coprospérité de la Grande Asie de l’Est ont également aidé le Japon dans la guerre, tels que l’armée nationale indienne antibritannique de l’Inde libre, l’armée nationale birmane de l’État de Birmanie, l’armée impériale du Mandchoukouo. Des sous-marins et des navires de guerre allemands et italiens déployés dans les océans Indien et Pacifique ont apporté une aide limitée au Japon.
De l’autre côté, un groupe de pays, dirigé par les États-Unis, a formé une coalition contre le Japon. Du nombre, on trouvait la Chine, l’Australie, la Nouvelle-Zélande, le Canada et le Royaume-Uni (principalement des troupes coloniales britanniques des forces armées de l’Inde, de la Birmanie, de la Malaisie, des Fidji et des Tonga). Ces pays étaient tous membres du « Pacific War Council ». Le Mexique a fourni un soutien aérien et la France libre a envoyé un soutien naval. Des guérilleros pro-alliés actifs en Asie, notamment l’armée antijaponaise du peuple malais, l’armée de libération coréenne, le mouvement thaïlandais libre et le Viêt Minth, ont lutté aux côtés des Alliés.
De l’autre côté, un groupe de pays, dirigé par les États-Unis, a formé une coalition contre le Japon. Du nombre, on trouvait la Chine, l’Australie, la Nouvelle-Zélande, le Canada et le Royaume-Uni (principalement des troupes coloniales britanniques des forces armées de l’Inde, de la Birmanie, de la Malaisie, des Fidji et des Tonga). Ces pays étaient tous membres du « Pacific War Council ». Le Mexique a fourni un soutien aérien et la France libre a envoyé un soutien naval. Des guérilleros pro-alliés actifs en Asie, notamment l’armée antijaponaise du peuple malais, l’armée de libération coréenne, le mouvement thaïlandais libre et le Viêt Minth, ont lutté aux côtés des Alliés.
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In the six months following Pearl Harbor nothing seemed to stop Japan’s advance in the Pacific.2 As tensions rose between Tokyo and Washington, Japanese troops invaded several islands, looking to take control of their natural resources.... more
In the six months following Pearl Harbor nothing seemed to stop Japan’s advance in the Pacific.2 As tensions rose between Tokyo and Washington, Japanese troops invaded several islands, looking to take control of their natural resources. On December 8, 1941, they attacked Guam in the Mariana Islands.
On December 8, 1941, Japanese troops then attacked the Philippines. The same day, they attacked British territories in Hong Kong, Malaya, Singapore, and Burma, a total of 260,000 square miles. That was the beginning of the Pacific War.
On December 8, 1941, Japanese troops then attacked the Philippines. The same day, they attacked British territories in Hong Kong, Malaya, Singapore, and Burma, a total of 260,000 square miles. That was the beginning of the Pacific War.
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Since the beginning of 2016 newspapers around the world have repeatedly proclaimed that “U.S.-China Tensions are Increasing; Relations are Worsening.” These two largest economies have been embroiled in costly and failed trade relations.... more
Since the beginning of 2016 newspapers around the world have repeatedly proclaimed that “U.S.-China Tensions are Increasing; Relations are Worsening.” These two largest economies have been embroiled in costly and failed trade relations. The two largest navies have begun testing each other in the so-called “South China Sea,” many of whose islands China claims for its own and much of whose waters have historically been shared by several nations.
As many viewed Japan as a case in point more than a century ago, today many view China as another case in point. And as it takes at least two to make a war, the world’s eyes have turned to the chain of events —begun in the 1970s— between China and the United States. Considering the deterioration of the situation, the idea of having a world conflict is more present day after day. Our leaders must work together to avoid World War III.
As many viewed Japan as a case in point more than a century ago, today many view China as another case in point. And as it takes at least two to make a war, the world’s eyes have turned to the chain of events —begun in the 1970s— between China and the United States. Considering the deterioration of the situation, the idea of having a world conflict is more present day after day. Our leaders must work together to avoid World War III.
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Après les deux guerres mondiales, les vainqueurs ont créé de nouvelles institutions pour favoriser la surveillance et la réduction des agressions entre les pays. Après la Première Guerre mondiale, il y a eu la Société des Nations, et... more
Après les deux guerres mondiales, les vainqueurs ont créé de nouvelles institutions pour favoriser la surveillance et la réduction des agressions entre les pays. Après la Première Guerre mondiale, il y a eu la Société des Nations, et après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les Nations Unies. Aujourd'hui, sans les Nations Unies, il y aurait peut-être déjà eu la Troisième Guerre mondiale.
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Dans les Philippines, sur la péninsule de Bataan, les troupes américaines et philippines, sous la direction du général MacArthur, livrèrent une bataille acharnée contre les troupes japonaises dirigées par le général Masaharu Homma. Après... more
Dans les Philippines, sur la péninsule de Bataan, les troupes américaines et philippines, sous la direction du général MacArthur, livrèrent une bataille acharnée contre les troupes japonaises dirigées par le général Masaharu Homma. Après trois mois d'affrontements violents, l'armée américaine se rendit le 10 avril 1942. Homma se trouva avec un problème logistique sérieux : il devait gérer plus de 70 000 prisonniers pour la plupart malades et blessés. Il adressa le cas au haut état-major de l'armée à Tokyo. Le chef d'état-major, Hajime Sugiyama, par un ordre transmis par le biais du colonel Masanobu Tsuji, lui intima l'ordre de se débrouiller et d'appliquer une « sélection naturelle » parmi les prisonniers. Il fut donc décidé de les transférer à pied, sans boire ni manger, vers un camp situé 98 kilomètres plus loin. Le transfert commença le 9 avril 1942, peu de temps après la reddition du général Edward (« Ned ») King, commandant américain des troupes terrestres sur Bataan. 18 000 Philippins morts et 500 à 650 américains ont péri au cours de la marche.
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Being responsible for causing war-ravaged in the Pacific during the period from 1937 to 1945, Japan’s empire was a disaster because its army and navy had opened the road to more instability through armed conflicts in the Pacific and... more
Being responsible for causing war-ravaged in the Pacific during the period from 1937 to 1945, Japan’s empire was a disaster because its army and navy had opened the road to more instability through armed conflicts in the Pacific and Southeast Asia. On June 25, 1950, five years after Japan’s surrender by accepting its defeat in World War II, the Soviet-backed North Korean People’s Army invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and insurrection in the south. The United Nations Security Council condemned the move as an invasion and authorized the formation of the United Nations Command and the dispatch of forces to Korea to repel it. Twenty-one countries of the United Nations contributed to the UN force with the United States taking the lead of the coalition. On the other side, North Korea with the support of China and Russia fought the war.
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Established in 1935 by imperial mandate, Unit 731 was a military bacteriological research unit of the Japanese army. The main goal of Unit 731 was to create biological and chemical weapons for implementation on the battlefield. Here,... more
Established in 1935 by imperial mandate, Unit 731 was a military bacteriological research unit of the Japanese army. The main goal of Unit 731 was to create biological and chemical weapons for implementation on the battlefield. Here, methods in delivering bubonic plague, cholera, and smallpox were developed. Under the direction of Gen. Shirō Ishii, this special army unit conducted bacteriological warfare experiments and vivisections of death-row inmates and prisoners of war near Harbin, Manchuria. 1 These experiments were carried out on human guinea pigs without anesthesia for research on various diseases such as the plague, typhus, and cholera, with a view to using them as bacteriological weapons during World War II. Vivisection on humans was routinely performed without anesthetic. Researchers believed that use of anesthesia would create interference with the disease process that they were studying.
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May 2018, I received an email from my daughter Jennifer inviting me to Seoul for her college graduation. She had just finished her degree in global finance at Dongguk University. Two days later, I called her to confirm that I would... more
May 2018, I received an email from my daughter Jennifer inviting me to Seoul for her college graduation. She had just finished her degree in global finance at Dongguk University. Two days later, I called her to confirm that I would attend. I was excited. First, I could see my oldest daughter years after she left our home in Boston. Second, a visit to South Korea would offer me the opportunity to learn more about the part of World War II that happened in the Far East and the Pacific.
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Déclenchant la guerre qui a ravagé le Pacifique au cours de la période allant de 1937 à 1945, l’Empire du Japon a été un désastre parce que son armée et sa marine avaient ouvert la voie à plus d’instabilité dans le Pacifique et le... more
Déclenchant la guerre qui a ravagé le Pacifique au cours de la période allant de 1937 à 1945, l’Empire du Japon a été un désastre parce que son armée et sa marine avaient ouvert la voie à plus d’instabilité dans le Pacifique et le Sud-Est asiatique. Le 25 juin 1950, cinq ans après la capitulation du Japon à la suite de sa défaite durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l’armée populaire nord-coréenne soutenue par les troupes soviétiques a envahi la Corée du Sud. Le Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies a condamné cette invasion et a autorisé la formation du Commandement des Nations Unies et l’envoi de forces en Corée du Sud pour combattre les troupes nord-coréennes et leurs alliés1. 21 pays des Nations Unies ont contribué à la force de l’ONU avec les États-Unis à la tête de la coalition. De l’autre côté, la Corée du Nord, avec le soutien de la Chine et de la Russie, a mené la guerre. La guerre de Corée a été l’un des conflits les plus destructeurs de l’ère moderne2. Jusqu’à 4 millions de personnes sont mortes au cours des trois années de conflit, y compris le massacre de dizaines de milliers de communistes présumés par le gouvernement sud-coréen et la torture et la famine de milliers de prisonniers de guerre par le commandement nord-coréen. Presque toutes les grandes villes en Corée ont été détruites. Les combats ont pris fin le 27 juillet 1953. L’Accord d’armistice coréen a été signé entre les Nations Unies, la Chine, et la Corée du Nord.
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Créée en 1935 par mandat impérial, l'Unité 731 était une unité militaire de recherche bactériologique de l'Armée impériale japonaise. Le principal objectif de l'Unité 731 était de créer des armes biologiques et chimiques destinées à être... more
Créée en 1935 par mandat impérial, l'Unité 731 était une unité militaire de recherche bactériologique de l'Armée impériale japonaise. Le principal objectif de l'Unité 731 était de créer des armes biologiques et chimiques destinées à être utilisées sur le champ de bataille. Dans l'enceinte des baraques, des méthodes de distribution de la peste bubonique, du choléra et de la variole ont été développées. Sous la direction du général Shirō Ishii, cette unité spéciale de l'armée japonaise a mené des expériences de guerre bactériologique et des vivisections sur des condamnés à mort et des prisonniers de guerre près de Harbin, en Mandchourie. Ces expériences ont été menées sur des cobayes humains sans anesthésie pour la recherche de diverses maladies comme la peste, le typhus et le choléra, en vue de les utiliser comme armes bactériologiques pendant la guerre.
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Au mois de mai 2018, j'ai reçu un courrier de ma fille Jennifer. Elle m'invitait à Séoul pour assister à sa graduation. Jennie terminait ses études en finance internationale à l'Université Dongguk. Deux jours plus tard, je l'ai appelée... more
Au mois de mai 2018, j'ai reçu un courrier de ma fille Jennifer. Elle m'invitait à Séoul pour assister à sa graduation. Jennie terminait ses études en finance internationale à l'Université Dongguk. Deux jours plus tard, je l'ai appelée pour confirmer ma présence. J'étais tout excité. Premièrement, j'allais voir ma fille aînée des années après qu'elle ait quitté la maison à Boston. Deuxièmement, une visite en Corée du Sud me donnerait l'occasion d'en apprendre davantage sur cette tranche d'histoire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale déroulée en Extrême-Orient et dans le Pacifique. Mon intérêt et mon inquiétude concernant la guerre étaient plus qu'une curiosité. Mon partenaire au jeu de bridge Richard Silverman, décédé il y a 12 ans, fut un vétéran de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il avait 19 ans lorsqu'il a été déployé en Europe pour participer à l'invasion de la Normandie dans « Operation Overlord». Richard me racontait des histoires sur la guerre et ensuite sur ce qu'était sa vie quand le conflit se termina.
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On the Bataan Peninsula in the Philippines, American and Filipino troops led by General MacArthur fought a fierce battle against Japanese forces led by Gen. Masaharu Homma. After three months of major clashes with the Japanese, the U.S.... more
On the Bataan Peninsula in the Philippines, American and Filipino troops led by General MacArthur fought a fierce battle against Japanese forces led by Gen. Masaharu Homma. After three months of major clashes with the Japanese, the U.S. Army surrendered the first week of April 1942. Homma had to manage 76,000 prisoners including 12,000 Americans, most of them sick and wounded. He referred the case to the Army High Staff in Tokyo. The chief of staff, Hajime Sugiyama, via Col. Masanobu Tsuji, ordered Homma to find a solution. Homma was, therefore, decided to apply "natural selection" among the prisoners. He transferred them on foot, without food or drink to a camp located 98 kilometers away. The transfer began soon after Gen. Edward ("Ned") King, U.S. commander of all ground troops on Bataan, surrendered on April 9, 1942.
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On the night of July 7, 1937, Japanese units stationed at Fengtai, twenty miles south of Peking, crossed the border to conduct military exercises. A Japanese soldier failed to return to his post. The Japanese requested permission from... more
On the night of July 7, 1937, Japanese units stationed at Fengtai, twenty miles south of Peking, crossed the border to conduct military exercises. A Japanese soldier failed to return to his post. The Japanese requested permission from Chinese commander Ji Xingwen to enter Wanping to search for the missing soldier. Ji refused. Although the soldier returned to his unit, the Japanese deployed reinforcements to surround Wanping. The commander of the Chinese 37th Division, Gen. Feng Zhi'an, following an order from Qin Dechen, the acting commander of the Chinese 39th Route Army, placed his troops on heightened alert. The battle quickly degenerated into an excessive war, which had provided Japan the pretext for opening a second round of hostilities against China.
On July 8, 1937, the Japanese troops deployed in northern China opened fire on the Chinese troops and attacked them at the Marco Polo Bridge. Col. Ji Xingwen led the Chinese defenses with about one hundred men with orders to hold the bridge at all costs.
On July 8, 1937, the Japanese troops deployed in northern China opened fire on the Chinese troops and attacked them at the Marco Polo Bridge. Col. Ji Xingwen led the Chinese defenses with about one hundred men with orders to hold the bridge at all costs.
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Japan's opening to military expansion began with the notorious Mukden Incident. On September 18, 1931, Japanese troops sabotaged with explosives a section of track belonging to Japan's South Manchuria Railway. The explosion was "heard" in... more
Japan's opening to military expansion began with the notorious Mukden Incident. On September 18, 1931, Japanese troops sabotaged with explosives a section of track belonging to Japan's South Manchuria Railway. The explosion was "heard" in Washington. A few days later, U.S. secretary of state, Henry Stimson, wrote in his diary: "Trouble has flared up again in Manchuria. The Japanese, apparently their military elements, have suddenly made a coup." Stimson was correct. The Japanese army officers who wanted to be more powerful than the cabinet had launched this attack. A group of active officers, linked to the nationalistic Nichiren movement, and influenced by the millenarianism of Tanaka's Kokuchūkai, decided to start a war during which Japan would expand its territory through the Pacific and East Asia by taking advantage of increasing ultra-nationalism in the Japanese society.
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Among the crimes against humanity committed by Japanese during World War II, those committed against the civilian population in the occupied territories played a prominent place. In 1937, Hirohito gave his approval for the Japanese army... more
Among the crimes against humanity committed by Japanese during World War II, those committed against the civilian population in the occupied territories played a prominent place. In 1937, Hirohito gave his approval for the Japanese army to conquer Nanking, slaughtering hundreds of thousands of civilians in this Chinese city. Japan invaded northern China in 1937. When Shanghai fell, the Japanese army advanced on Nanking and occupied it on December 13, 1937. Arriving in Nanking, the former imperial capital, the Japanese troops, under the command of Gen. Iwane Matsui, engaged in a general massacre, killing between 250,000 and 300,000 civilians. People were executed in atrocious conditions: women were raped, men were strangled, and children were buried alive. The city was ransacked and burned. The slaughter continued in the city and its six adjacent rural villages for three months. Gen. Kesago Nakajima's 16th Division killed approximately 30,000 Chinese prisoners of war during the first day Japanese troops entered the capital.
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The Okinawa Battle had raged for eighty-two days. While America had air superiority in terms of its fighter aircraft and better-trained pilots, the Japanese used kamikaze tactics to destroy the American’s 5th Fleet by a mass of 400 planes... more
The Okinawa Battle had raged for eighty-two days. While America had air superiority in terms of its fighter aircraft and better-trained pilots, the Japanese used kamikaze tactics to destroy the American’s 5th Fleet by a mass of 400 planes (conventional and kamikaze) flying from Kyushu, the south westernmost of Japan’s main islands. By the end of Okinawa campaign, some 1,465 kamikaze pilots sank 29 U.S. ships and damaged 120 more, killing more than 3,000 sailors and wounding another 6,000 or so more. Casualties were enormous on both sides. American troops finally took Shuri Castle in late May. The battle was finally won on June 22, 1945, four months after the Battle of Iwo Jima. Almost 21,000 Japanese soldiers died or were missing in action at Okinawa. The approximately three-month battle was the last and the bloodiest confrontation between Japanese and U.S. forces in the Pacific during World War II.
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The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War. It was signed on September 5, 1905, after negotiations lasting from August 6 to August 30, at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, United States. U.S.... more
The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War. It was signed on September 5, 1905, after negotiations lasting from August 6 to August 30, at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, United States. U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was instrumental in the negotiations and won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts. The Japanese delegation to the Portsmouth Peace Conference was led by Foreign Minister Komura Jutarō, assisted by former Ambassador to Washington, Takahira Kogorō. The Russian delegation was led by former Finance Minister Sergei Witte, assisted by former ambassador to Japan Roman Rosen and international law and arbitration specialist Friedrich Martens. A total of twelve sessions were held between August 9 and August 30. The Treaty of Portsmouth was signed on September 5. The treaty was ratified by the privy council of Japan on October 10 and in Russia on October 14, 1905.
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Le 6 août 1945, les États-Unis ont largué la première bombe atomique sur Hiroshima. À exactement 8h15 et 17 secondes du matin, le colonel Paul Tibbets, commandant du 509ème régiment des forces d’armée des États-Unis, pilotant le Boeing... more
Le 6 août 1945, les États-Unis ont largué la première bombe atomique sur Hiroshima. À exactement 8h15 et 17 secondes du matin, le colonel Paul Tibbets, commandant du 509ème régiment des forces d’armée des États-Unis, pilotant le Boeing B-29 au nom d’Enola Gay, a laissé tomber « Little Boy » sur Hiroshima. L’explosion a anéanti 90% de la ville et tué immédiatement 80 000 personnes. Des dizaines de milliers d’autres mourraient plus tard de l’exposition aux radiations.
Le 9 août 1945, à 11h02 du matin heure locale, à une altitude de 1 540 pieds, le « Fat Man », transporté par l’avion militaire américain surnommé « Bockscar », a explosé juste au-dessus du nord-est du stade dans la vallée d’Urakami. En quelques secondes, la ville Nagasaki est devenue un cimetière. Des milliers de personnes gisaient dans les rues, dans les champs. Ils criaient à l’aide. Au total, entre 50 000 et 80 000 personnes ont été tuées dans l’explosion avec des conséquences immédiates.
Le 9 août 1945, à 11h02 du matin heure locale, à une altitude de 1 540 pieds, le « Fat Man », transporté par l’avion militaire américain surnommé « Bockscar », a explosé juste au-dessus du nord-est du stade dans la vallée d’Urakami. En quelques secondes, la ville Nagasaki est devenue un cimetière. Des milliers de personnes gisaient dans les rues, dans les champs. Ils criaient à l’aide. Au total, entre 50 000 et 80 000 personnes ont été tuées dans l’explosion avec des conséquences immédiates.
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Japan’s longest-reigning monarch, Emperor Hirohito, was born Michinomiya Hirohito, on April 29, 1901, in the Aoyama Palace in Tokyo. Hirohito was the first grandson of Emperor Mutsuhito and the first son of Crown Prince Yoshihito (later... more
Japan’s longest-reigning monarch, Emperor Hirohito, was born Michinomiya Hirohito, on April 29, 1901, in the Aoyama Palace in Tokyo. Hirohito was the first grandson of Emperor Mutsuhito and the first son of Crown Prince Yoshihito (later Emperor Taishō) and Princess Sadako (later Empress Teimei). Being the first male child in the family, Hirohito was destined to carry on the tradition of an imperial line whose descent is traced in legend from Amaterasu Omikami, the sun goddess in the pantheon of Shinto.
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On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima. At precisely eight fifteen and seventeen seconds, Col. Paul Tibbets, commander of the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Forces, who piloted the... more
On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima. At precisely eight fifteen and seventeen seconds, Col. Paul Tibbets, commander of the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Forces, who piloted the Boeing B-29 Super fortress Enola Gay, pulled the B-29 over a sixty-degree bank and dropped the “Little Boy” on Hiroshima.
On August 9, at 11:02 a.m. local time, at an altitude of 1,540 feet, the Fat Man, carried by the U.S. military plane nicknamed “Bockscar,” was detonated just over the northeast of the stadium in the Uramaki Valley, an area that included industry as well as schools, hospitals and a cathedral. With the equivalent of 22 kilotons of power, the “Fat Man” plutonium bomb was far more powerful than the “Little Boy” used on Hiroshima three days earlier. From 100 miles away, people could hear the explosion of the bomb while an intense bluish-white flash illuminated the sky over Nagasaki. In a few seconds, the city became a graveyard. People by thousands lay on the streets, in the fields, screaming for help.
On August 9, at 11:02 a.m. local time, at an altitude of 1,540 feet, the Fat Man, carried by the U.S. military plane nicknamed “Bockscar,” was detonated just over the northeast of the stadium in the Uramaki Valley, an area that included industry as well as schools, hospitals and a cathedral. With the equivalent of 22 kilotons of power, the “Fat Man” plutonium bomb was far more powerful than the “Little Boy” used on Hiroshima three days earlier. From 100 miles away, people could hear the explosion of the bomb while an intense bluish-white flash illuminated the sky over Nagasaki. In a few seconds, the city became a graveyard. People by thousands lay on the streets, in the fields, screaming for help.
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Japan's road to war began many decades before the attack at Pearl Harbor. At the end of 1800, the Japanese decided to expand Japan's territory in Asia. According to the Japanese officials, this decision would help the country to get... more
Japan's road to war began many decades before the attack at Pearl Harbor. At the end of 1800, the Japanese decided to expand Japan's territory in Asia. According to the Japanese officials, this decision would help the country to get resources that it would need, particularly oil. Japan's desire to build a modern industrial civilization drove it through politics of extension. Near the turn of the twentieth century, the Japanese embarked on a period of aggressive expansion to change the trajectory of their nation isolated from the rest of the world for much of its history.
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In the late afternoon of July 8, 1853, Perry’s four “black ships” —the steamers Susquehanna and Mississippi, and the sloops Saratoga and Plymouth— anchored off the town of Uraga, in the bay of Shimoda. Perry’s mission was to force Japan... more
In the late afternoon of July 8, 1853, Perry’s four “black ships” —the steamers Susquehanna and Mississippi, and the sloops Saratoga and Plymouth— anchored off the town of Uraga, in the bay of Shimoda. Perry’s mission was to force Japan to accede to diplomatic and trade relations with the United States.
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As many viewed Hitler as a monster and a tyrant eighty years ago, today many view Putin as another war criminal. Both men had developed the same intent. Hitler had an overriding ambition for territorial expansion, which was largely driven... more
As many viewed Hitler as a monster and a tyrant eighty years ago, today many view Putin as another war criminal. Both men had developed the same intent. Hitler had an overriding ambition for territorial expansion, which was largely driven by his desire to occupy Europe. In his diabolic mind, Hitler launched the war in Europe. He allowed Germany to become economically strong and military secure. He extorted the capital from the Jews. He killed several millions of them in the concentration camps. He invaded Poland, France, Belgium, and many other territories during WWII.
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Written at a time when efforts are being made to condemn crimes against peace and crimes against humanity, the book Vladimir Putin on Trial, is a timely opportunity to question the justice efforts to condemn criminals of war and to raise... more
Written at a time when efforts are being made to condemn crimes against peace and crimes against humanity, the book Vladimir Putin on Trial, is a timely opportunity to question the justice efforts to condemn criminals of war and to raise awareness among governments to pass legislation that would allow the prosecution of those who are collaborating with the government of Russia during the war.
These laws would facilitate the judgment of those who participated indirectly at the launching of the invasion in Ukraine, and would offer new opportunities to try suspects in regard of their collaboration to the war. Inventing Putin’s trial is a way of honoring the memory of many thousands' deaths during Russia’s military attack on Ukraine.
These laws would facilitate the judgment of those who participated indirectly at the launching of the invasion in Ukraine, and would offer new opportunities to try suspects in regard of their collaboration to the war. Inventing Putin’s trial is a way of honoring the memory of many thousands' deaths during Russia’s military attack on Ukraine.
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On February 8, 1904, after negotiations between Japan and Russia broke down, the Japanese navy surprise-attacked the Russian Eastern Fleet at Port Arthur. The same day, Japan formally declared war against Russia. The Imperial Japanese... more
On February 8, 1904, after negotiations between Japan and Russia broke down, the Japanese navy surprise-attacked the Russian Eastern Fleet at Port Arthur. The same day, Japan formally declared war against Russia. The Imperial Japanese Navy, commanded by Adm. Tōgō Heihachirō, sent torpedo boats to attack Russia naval vessels, significantly damaging three of them: Tsesarevich, Retvizan, and Pallada.
By mid-1905, the Japanese navy had sunk every ship in Russia’s Pacific fleet. The hostilities ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth mediated by American President Theodore Roosevelt and signed on September 5, 1905.
By mid-1905, the Japanese navy had sunk every ship in Russia’s Pacific fleet. The hostilities ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth mediated by American President Theodore Roosevelt and signed on September 5, 1905.
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The invasion of Ukraine by Russian troops on February 24, 2022, was one of the most-damaging military aggressions of the last decades. Frustrated by their failure to take down Kyiv and other large cities in Ukraine, Russian forces... more
The invasion of Ukraine by Russian troops on February 24, 2022, was one of the most-damaging military aggressions of the last decades. Frustrated by their failure to take down Kyiv and other large cities in Ukraine, Russian forces executed men, women, and adolescents. An estimated of 167 children have died as a consequence of the invasion. Burned buildings, bombing of hospitals, air strikes in the encircled city of Mariupol, tortured of civilians, bodies of people lying in the streets after they have been shot at close range…. All of those have shown that Russia's forces in Ukraine under Vladimir Putin's command have committed not only war crimes but also crimes against humanity.
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We must eliminate Putin before he becomes Hitler "Revisiting history: it is not the privilege of a few, or a negotiable right poorly granted or questioned by the State. It is, first of all, a necessity. It is also the inescapable... more
We must eliminate Putin before he becomes Hitler
"Revisiting history: it is not the privilege of a few, or a negotiable right poorly granted or questioned by the State. It is, first of all, a necessity. It is also the inescapable current brought by the evolutionary points of view of the successive generations. It is, at the same time, an indispensable step if one wants to keep alive the memory of the Peoples.
"Revisiting history: it is not the privilege of a few, or a negotiable right poorly granted or questioned by the State. It is, first of all, a necessity. It is also the inescapable current brought by the evolutionary points of view of the successive generations. It is, at the same time, an indispensable step if one wants to keep alive the memory of the Peoples.
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The first question we might ask is: “Why a fictitious trial to judge and condemn Vladimir Putin”? This simple question itself makes me ask more questions, for example, Putin is a war criminal, but could he be prosecuted for war crimes... more
The first question we might ask is: “Why a fictitious trial to judge and condemn Vladimir Putin”? This simple question itself makes me ask more questions, for example, Putin is a war criminal, but could he be prosecuted for war crimes before the International Criminal Court?
The question is how could Putin be prosecuted for war crimes in Ukraine, when he is still in power? The chance of success is zero. Prosecuting those crimes and holding Putin accountable would be not only complicated, by I would say impossible at the present time. Not only Russia and Ukraine are not parties to the ICC, which means the Court does not have jurisdiction, Russia has veto power as a member of the United Nations Security Council, and it can prevent that body from taking action.
Also, knowing that, like many high profile political leaders who had escaped justice after committing war crimes, Vladimir Putin would not be prosecuted for the invasion in Ukraine, therefore, I invented the trial.
The question is how could Putin be prosecuted for war crimes in Ukraine, when he is still in power? The chance of success is zero. Prosecuting those crimes and holding Putin accountable would be not only complicated, by I would say impossible at the present time. Not only Russia and Ukraine are not parties to the ICC, which means the Court does not have jurisdiction, Russia has veto power as a member of the United Nations Security Council, and it can prevent that body from taking action.
Also, knowing that, like many high profile political leaders who had escaped justice after committing war crimes, Vladimir Putin would not be prosecuted for the invasion in Ukraine, therefore, I invented the trial.
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Japan decision-making to go to war with China was motivated by the nation’s interest to become a great power. The First Sino-Japanese War occurred for diverse reasons. First, Japan and China competed for influence in Korea. Second, the... more
Japan decision-making to go to war with China was motivated by the nation’s interest to become a great power. The First Sino-Japanese War occurred for diverse reasons. First, Japan and China competed for influence in Korea. Second, the Japanese wanted to add the island of Formosa in their territory. On July 23, 1894, the Japanese invaded the King of Korea’s Palace in Seoul and forced him to sign an agreement that would push the Chinese out of the peninsula. Two days later, in July 25, during the Battle of Pungdo, off Asan Chungcheongnam-do, the Japanese Cruiser “Naniwa Kan” commanded by Tōgō Heihachirō sank a British-owned steamship, the Kowshing, as it transported Chinese troops and officers to Korea. After that tragedy, war was officially declared between China and Japan. This was the starting point of the First Sino-Japanese War.
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How the Nazi regime, which had been built on the principle of deprivation of psychological, ideological and social enjoyments, was represented in Nuremberg by only twenty-four Accused. While in the Tokyo trial, only a group of... more
How the Nazi regime, which had been built on the principle of deprivation of psychological, ideological and social enjoyments, was represented in Nuremberg by only twenty-four Accused. While in the Tokyo trial, only a group of twenty-eight senior Japanese dignitaries faced justice?
Ending a war by setting up an exceptional court and opening a judicial process to try some leaders of the defeated belligerent power is a political decision than a legal one.
Ending a war by setting up an exceptional court and opening a judicial process to try some leaders of the defeated belligerent power is a political decision than a legal one.
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La révolution haïtienne a eu un impact extraordinaire dans les Amériques. C’est la révolution la plus totale de l’histoire qui a créé un impact énorme dans les luttes d’indépendance d’Amérique latine et des Caraïbes. Cette révolution a... more
La révolution haïtienne a eu un impact extraordinaire dans les Amériques. C’est la révolution la plus totale de l’histoire qui a créé un impact énorme dans les luttes d’indépendance d’Amérique latine et des Caraïbes. Cette révolution a mis une fin aux pratiques de la traite et l’esclavage. Comme l’a souligné Aimé Césaire dans la collection des Portraits de l’histoire : “Saint-Domingue est le premier pays des temps modernes à avoir posé le problème colonial dans la réalité et à avoir proposé à la réflexion des hommes, et cela dans toute sa complexité, sociale, économique, raciale, ce grand problème que le vingtième siècle s’essouffle à résoudre.”
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Le Noir ne transige jamais sur sa liberté. Le jour qu'il sortit de ses liens, il se présente devant ses maîtres auxquels, il ne doit rien, avec la force morale d'un être envers lequel on a été injuste et qui reprend des droits qu'il... more
Le Noir ne transige jamais sur sa liberté. Le jour qu'il sortit de ses liens, il se présente devant ses maîtres auxquels, il ne doit rien, avec la force morale d'un être envers lequel on a été injuste et qui reprend des droits qu'il n'avait jamais consenti à aliéner. C'est le martyr des premiers siècles du christianisme, qui, après avoir été torturé, mutilé, est demeuré homme.-
Thomas Madiou
Thomas Madiou
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Je suis né dans l’esclavage, mais je n’ai jamais été esclave, parce que je refusais d’obéir aux ordres d’un maître.” —Jean-Jacques Dessalines Il y a des hommes qui sont des représentants de leur race, de leur nation, et de leur... more
Je suis né dans l’esclavage, mais je n’ai jamais été esclave, parce que je refusais d’obéir aux ordres d’un maître.” —Jean-Jacques Dessalines
Il y a des hommes qui sont des représentants de leur race, de leur nation, et de leur génération. Ils sont des êtres exceptionnels qui sont des échantillons de leur société ou encore ils sont à l’avant-garde de l’humanité. Ils ont non seulement laissé leurs empreintes sur leur époque, mais bien plus, ils ont laissé leurs marques dans l’histoire universelle des peuples et des nations. Ils ont la grandeur et la qualité d’une vie éternelle. Ils appartiennent à toute époque et à tout temps. Ce sont des gens qui ont accompli des faits uniques et qui ont changé le cours de l’histoire par leurs actions. À un moment de leur vie, ils se sont mis debout, et ils ont défié un système. Ils ont mené le combat qui ouvre le sentier étroit de la justice, de la liberté, et l’égalité pour tous. Ces hommes sont appelés héros, ayant une puissance de pensée et une force d’âmes peu communes. Dieu les a créés pour en faire des forgeurs de conscience, des révolutionnaires, des meneurs d’hommes, des leaders. Ce sont eux qui sont les vrais rois de ce monde ! Dessalines est l’un de ces hommes : un génie de sa race. Un géant dans l’histoire de l’humanité.
Il y a des hommes qui sont des représentants de leur race, de leur nation, et de leur génération. Ils sont des êtres exceptionnels qui sont des échantillons de leur société ou encore ils sont à l’avant-garde de l’humanité. Ils ont non seulement laissé leurs empreintes sur leur époque, mais bien plus, ils ont laissé leurs marques dans l’histoire universelle des peuples et des nations. Ils ont la grandeur et la qualité d’une vie éternelle. Ils appartiennent à toute époque et à tout temps. Ce sont des gens qui ont accompli des faits uniques et qui ont changé le cours de l’histoire par leurs actions. À un moment de leur vie, ils se sont mis debout, et ils ont défié un système. Ils ont mené le combat qui ouvre le sentier étroit de la justice, de la liberté, et l’égalité pour tous. Ces hommes sont appelés héros, ayant une puissance de pensée et une force d’âmes peu communes. Dieu les a créés pour en faire des forgeurs de conscience, des révolutionnaires, des meneurs d’hommes, des leaders. Ce sont eux qui sont les vrais rois de ce monde ! Dessalines est l’un de ces hommes : un génie de sa race. Un géant dans l’histoire de l’humanité.
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This African never compromises on his freedom. The day he leaves his bonds, he presents himself before his masters, to whom he owes nothing, with the moral strength of a being to whom he has been unjust and who takes back rights he has... more
This African never compromises on his freedom. The day he leaves his bonds, he presents himself before his masters, to whom he owes nothing, with the moral strength of a being to whom he has been unjust and who takes back rights he has never consented to alienate. He is the martyr of the first centuries of Christianity who, after being tortured and mutilated, remained a man-Thomas Madiou. The Battle of Vertières unfolded in the north of the country, near Cap-Haïtien, on November 18, 1803, between the troops of Rochambeau and those of the native army. This was the last battle of the Santo Domingo expedition. The resistance of the native troops, particularly the contribution of the Ninth Brigade-commanded by François Capois, nicknamed Capois-La-Mort-forced the French to surrender. During the fight, Capois accomplished one of the most extraordinary feats of arms on a battle field. Vertières was the last point of retreat for the French Army. I ordered Capois to attack the fort. The latter launched a first assault, and the demi-brigade he commanded was partly decimated by firing guns from the fort. He launched a new assault, but his men were still mown at the foot of the hill by grapeshot. For the third time, he sent the troops to reinforce the assault of the fort; it was in vain, and this attack left once more many dead. During the fourth assault, Capois asked his men to follow him, shouting, "Forward! Forward!"
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I was judged a tyrant. I was a visionary. A reading of the imperial constitution of May 20, 1805, would show the depth of my thoughts, what was my societal project for Haiti. Its principle was based on a policy of emancipation of the... more
I was judged a tyrant. I was a visionary. A reading of the imperial constitution of May 20, 1805, would show the depth of my thoughts, what was my societal project for Haiti. Its principle was based on a policy of emancipation of the masses. I wanted real emancipation for all Haitiansblacks and mulattoes, rich and poor, peasants and townspeople. I started my agrarian reform project in the South. The revolutionary dimension of this approach showed that my vision was based on a social justice policy. It was a project aimed at the interests of the masses, who had been injured by delirious and pretentious elite.
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I can be murdered and maimed. But they can never kill my dream that leaves its roots in the deepest social reality in my country. I have led the fight against semi feudalism, colonialism, and imperialism that stifle the emancipation of... more
I can be murdered and maimed. But they can never kill my dream that leaves its roots in the deepest social reality in my country. I have led the fight against semi feudalism, colonialism, and imperialism that stifle the emancipation of peoples in the poor nations of the planet. I have rejected any form of domination from one class to another. That is why I have fought with extreme severity the attitude of the mulattoes who have sought to monopolize all the property of the state.
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Haitian people, throughout the history of humanity, no one has contributed more than me, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, your emperor, to the emergence and implementation of human rights around the world. I am the first revolutionary, the first... more
Haitian people, throughout the history of humanity, no one has contributed more than me, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, your emperor, to the emergence and implementation of human rights around the world. I am the first revolutionary, the first emperor to offer as a model to humanity both the abolition of slavery and the renunciation of colonialism. I have dedicated this rupture first in the Haitian Act of Independence on January 1, 1804, and then in the imperial constitution on May 20, 1805. Indeed, Haiti has become the first country to develop an antislavery and anticolonialist policy on the American continent. In favor of the Haitian Revolution, the Haitians have proved to themselves and to the whole world that the exploitation of the black by the white man, the slave by the master, through the colonial system based on the exclusive formula "The colonies are founded by and for the metropolis" is inadmissible.
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I am a humanist. I am the inspiration of the Latin American revolutionaries, especially Francisco de Miranda and Simón Bolívar. Indeed, my mind, my thoughts, and my methods have profoundly guided these revolutionaries and guaranteed the... more
I am a humanist. I am the inspiration of the Latin American revolutionaries, especially Francisco de Miranda and Simón Bolívar. Indeed, my mind, my thoughts, and my methods have profoundly guided these revolutionaries and guaranteed the triumph of their struggle.
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Dessalines is the greatest man of all Haitians. -Dr. Georges Michel Born on September 20, 1758, in Cormiers in the municipality of Grande-Rivière-du-Nord, I grew up and evolved amid the privations, the fierce racism, and all the... more
Dessalines is the greatest man of all Haitians. -Dr. Georges Michel
Born on September 20, 1758, in Cormiers in the municipality of Grande-Rivière-du-Nord, I grew up and evolved amid the privations, the fierce racism, and all the horrible atrocities of slavery. On my body, I bore the scars of blows received as a slave of the fields. My first master spat in my face. He deprived me of food for days to punish my rebellion. Returning to the house after the trials, always reckless, rebellious in spirit, and impulsive, finally, my master sold me. Upon arrival at the place of my new master, Dessalines, I received a more humane treatment; and in my new environment, I became an apprentice carpenter. I was then in my thirties. I witnessed all the abuse of man on man: removal of teeth, ears, arms, and legs; branding (fleur-de-lis); slapping; insults; slow death, with the head covered with syrup and exposed to ants and other insects; hanging; drowning; shooting; rape; and others. In my heart, I carried the painful and torturing memories of the humiliations suffered during my contacts with the white settlers.
Born on September 20, 1758, in Cormiers in the municipality of Grande-Rivière-du-Nord, I grew up and evolved amid the privations, the fierce racism, and all the horrible atrocities of slavery. On my body, I bore the scars of blows received as a slave of the fields. My first master spat in my face. He deprived me of food for days to punish my rebellion. Returning to the house after the trials, always reckless, rebellious in spirit, and impulsive, finally, my master sold me. Upon arrival at the place of my new master, Dessalines, I received a more humane treatment; and in my new environment, I became an apprentice carpenter. I was then in my thirties. I witnessed all the abuse of man on man: removal of teeth, ears, arms, and legs; branding (fleur-de-lis); slapping; insults; slow death, with the head covered with syrup and exposed to ants and other insects; hanging; drowning; shooting; rape; and others. In my heart, I carried the painful and torturing memories of the humiliations suffered during my contacts with the white settlers.
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HAITI IS A GREAT NATION
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The Haitian Revolution radically changed a world built on slavery and colonialism. For historian David Brion Davis, “the Haitian revolution is a turning point in history. Like the Hiroshima bomb, its meaning can be rationalized or... more
The Haitian Revolution radically changed a world built on slavery and colonialism. For historian David Brion Davis, “the Haitian revolution is a turning point in history. Like the Hiroshima bomb, its meaning can be rationalized or stifled, but it cannot really be forgotten, because it shows the possible fate of all slave societies in the New World.”
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Haiti has achieved this extraordinary marvel of launching a revolutionary movement against the backdrop of history
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Haiti has achieved this extraordinary marvel of launching a revolutionary movement against the backdrop of history.
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According to the studies of Ralph Austin reported by the Senegalese anthropologist and economist Tidiane N'Diaye "only for the Sahara, more than 9 million African captives have been transported in inhumane conditions of which 2 million... more
According to the studies of Ralph Austin reported by the Senegalese anthropologist and economist Tidiane N'Diaye "only for the Sahara, more than 9 million African captives have been transported in inhumane conditions of which 2 million perished or remained on the edge of the desert. As for the eastern slave trade, which took place in the regions near the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea, the number of victims is estimated at more than 8 million. We arrive at an assessment close to 17 million deaths or deportees, most of whom were survivors castrated by the Arabs."
As Tidiane N'Diane says in his book The Veiled Genocide (2008): "To get an idea of the evil, we must know that observers had found that to hunt down and forcibly remove five hundred thousand individuals, it was necessary to perish nearly two million others (resistant or fugitives). Colonial-style slavery appeared in the middle of the 15th century while the Portuguese, under the direction of Henry the Navigator, captured or bought African captives to deport them to the colonies of Madeira and Cape Verde. The Atlantic Treaty began in 1441 with the deportation of African captives to the Iberian Peninsula, which lasted several decades. This traffic was authorized by Pope Nicholas V. In the 16th century, companies in Spain were involved in the trade trafficking. In the Spanish Crown, Catholic Queen Isabel repressed slavery, but allowed it when it came to the Taino Indians anthropophagi. Slavery was accepted as part of a just war. Thus, it is to the discovery of America that the origin of the black slave trade originated. The Spaniards, led by Christopher Columbus, having exhausted the mines and destroyed the immense population that contained the occupied lands, decided to call foreign hands to cultivate a soil they looted for two centuries for its mineral resources. After the decimation of the indigenous populations, to replace this lost workforce, the conquistadors brought African captives from the Arab slave trade. The slave trade that became widespread following the Valladolid controversy of 1550 and 1551 was soon to be practiced by several European countries. The European nations, especially Portugal,
As Tidiane N'Diane says in his book The Veiled Genocide (2008): "To get an idea of the evil, we must know that observers had found that to hunt down and forcibly remove five hundred thousand individuals, it was necessary to perish nearly two million others (resistant or fugitives). Colonial-style slavery appeared in the middle of the 15th century while the Portuguese, under the direction of Henry the Navigator, captured or bought African captives to deport them to the colonies of Madeira and Cape Verde. The Atlantic Treaty began in 1441 with the deportation of African captives to the Iberian Peninsula, which lasted several decades. This traffic was authorized by Pope Nicholas V. In the 16th century, companies in Spain were involved in the trade trafficking. In the Spanish Crown, Catholic Queen Isabel repressed slavery, but allowed it when it came to the Taino Indians anthropophagi. Slavery was accepted as part of a just war. Thus, it is to the discovery of America that the origin of the black slave trade originated. The Spaniards, led by Christopher Columbus, having exhausted the mines and destroyed the immense population that contained the occupied lands, decided to call foreign hands to cultivate a soil they looted for two centuries for its mineral resources. After the decimation of the indigenous populations, to replace this lost workforce, the conquistadors brought African captives from the Arab slave trade. The slave trade that became widespread following the Valladolid controversy of 1550 and 1551 was soon to be practiced by several European countries. The European nations, especially Portugal,
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According to the studies of Ralph Austin reported by the Senegalese anthropologist and economist Tidiane N'Diaye "only for the Sahara, more than 9 million African captives have been transported in inhumane conditions of which 2 million... more
According to the studies of Ralph Austin reported by the Senegalese anthropologist and economist Tidiane N'Diaye "only for the Sahara, more than 9 million African captives have been transported in inhumane conditions of which 2 million perished or remained on the edge of the desert. As for the eastern slave trade, which took place in the regions near the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea, the number of victims is estimated at more than 8 million. We arrive at an assessment close to 17 million deaths or deportees, most of whom were survivors castrated by the Arabs."
As Tidiane N'Diane says in his book The Veiled Genocide (2008): "To get an idea of the evil, we must know that observers had found that to hunt down and forcibly remove five hundred thousand individuals, it was necessary to perish nearly two million others (resistant or fugitives). Colonial-style slavery appeared in the middle of the 15th century while the Portuguese, under the direction of Henry the Navigator, captured or bought African captives to deport them to the colonies of Madeira and Cape Verde. The Atlantic Treaty began in 1441 with the deportation of African captives to the Iberian Peninsula, which lasted several decades. This traffic was authorized by Pope Nicholas V. In the 16th century, companies in Spain were involved in the trade trafficking. In the Spanish Crown, Catholic Queen Isabel repressed slavery, but allowed it when it came to the Taino Indians anthropophagi. Slavery was accepted as part of a just war. Thus, it is to the discovery of America that the origin of the black slave trade originated.
The Spaniards, led by Christopher Columbus, having exhausted the mines and destroyed the immense population that contained the occupied lands, decided to call foreign hands to cultivate a soil they looted for two centuries for its mineral resources. After the decimation of the indigenous populations, to replace this lost workforce, the conquistadors brought African captives from the Arab slave trade. The slave trade that became widespread following the Valladolid controversy of 1550 and 1551 was soon to be practiced by several European countries. The European nations, especially Portugal,
As Tidiane N'Diane says in his book The Veiled Genocide (2008): "To get an idea of the evil, we must know that observers had found that to hunt down and forcibly remove five hundred thousand individuals, it was necessary to perish nearly two million others (resistant or fugitives). Colonial-style slavery appeared in the middle of the 15th century while the Portuguese, under the direction of Henry the Navigator, captured or bought African captives to deport them to the colonies of Madeira and Cape Verde. The Atlantic Treaty began in 1441 with the deportation of African captives to the Iberian Peninsula, which lasted several decades. This traffic was authorized by Pope Nicholas V. In the 16th century, companies in Spain were involved in the trade trafficking. In the Spanish Crown, Catholic Queen Isabel repressed slavery, but allowed it when it came to the Taino Indians anthropophagi. Slavery was accepted as part of a just war. Thus, it is to the discovery of America that the origin of the black slave trade originated.
The Spaniards, led by Christopher Columbus, having exhausted the mines and destroyed the immense population that contained the occupied lands, decided to call foreign hands to cultivate a soil they looted for two centuries for its mineral resources. After the decimation of the indigenous populations, to replace this lost workforce, the conquistadors brought African captives from the Arab slave trade. The slave trade that became widespread following the Valladolid controversy of 1550 and 1551 was soon to be practiced by several European countries. The European nations, especially Portugal,
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, the International Criminal Court was under siege. That day, the opening of the Court, the interrogation of Napoleon Bonaparte and others accused in the traffic of the slave trade and slavery began. Even before the Court called the first... more
, the International Criminal Court was under siege. That day, the opening of the Court, the interrogation of Napoleon Bonaparte and others accused in the traffic of the slave trade and slavery began. Even before the Court called the first accused of questioning, Mr. Savès intervened.
President-
The defense has the floor.
Me. Savès-
Your Honor, it is of rule in a penal process that the first duty of the judge is to rule on his competence. The judge may decide ex officio or decide on the request of a party. This is the reason why I intervene before the questioning of my clients to raise the incompetence of the International Criminal Court to decide in the trial. The objection of incompetence may be raised at any time during the proceedings. The defense did not raise it at the beginning of the hearing because it wanted the Court to have all the evidence in hand in order to make a fair and equitable decision. I believe that the evidence gathered during the particular debates with the testimony of the witnesses, and that of the complainants, offers the Court a more or less complete view of the case, and, beyond the Honorable Chairman, the court may make a fair and just decision. on the exception request that I raise. To better orient you, Honorable Chair, allow me to expand my arguments on the objection of incompetence raised.
President-
The defense has the floor.
Me. Savès-
Your Honor, it is of rule in a penal process that the first duty of the judge is to rule on his competence. The judge may decide ex officio or decide on the request of a party. This is the reason why I intervene before the questioning of my clients to raise the incompetence of the International Criminal Court to decide in the trial. The objection of incompetence may be raised at any time during the proceedings. The defense did not raise it at the beginning of the hearing because it wanted the Court to have all the evidence in hand in order to make a fair and equitable decision. I believe that the evidence gathered during the particular debates with the testimony of the witnesses, and that of the complainants, offers the Court a more or less complete view of the case, and, beyond the Honorable Chairman, the court may make a fair and just decision. on the exception request that I raise. To better orient you, Honorable Chair, allow me to expand my arguments on the objection of incompetence raised.
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Mr. Dessalines, your name is not written in French dictionaries, and the story of your life is not told in history books in France. Do you think you have made a contribution to the promotion of the rights of the human person, as general... more
Mr. Dessalines, your name is not written in French dictionaries, and the story of your life is not told in history books in France. Do you think you have made a contribution to the promotion of the rights of the human person, as general and emperor, and therefore your name deserves to be mentioned?
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The International Criminal Court, which since a week ago is the rallying point of all the major media in the world, is still hosting, Wednesday, August 10, 2016, a crowd eager to know all the facts surrounding this historic trial. The... more
The International Criminal Court, which since a week ago is the rallying point of all the major media in the world, is still hosting, Wednesday, August 10, 2016, a crowd eager to know all the facts surrounding this historic trial. The statements of the various witnesses throughout the first week of the hearing, the testimony of the first complainants, and the presence of the famous people in the box of the accused, quickly found the case, among the largest trials that took place in the world.
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The Hearing of the Complainants
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Premier fils du prince héritier Yoshihito (plus tard l'empereur Taishō) et de la princesse Sadako (plus tard l'impératrice Teimei), Michinomiya Hirohito est né le 29 avril 1901, au palais Aoyama à Tokyo. Étant le premier enfant mâle de la... more
Premier fils du prince héritier Yoshihito (plus tard l'empereur Taishō) et de la princesse Sadako (plus tard l'impératrice Teimei), Michinomiya Hirohito est né le 29 avril 1901, au palais Aoyama à Tokyo. Étant le premier enfant mâle de la famille, le jeune Hirohito était destiné à perpétuer la tradition d'une lignée impériale dont la descendance est tracée dans la légende d'Amaterasu Omikami, la déesse du soleil dans le panthéon de Shinto.
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Japan's Empire Disaster provides an understanding of the expansionist policy practiced by Japan during the end of the nineteenth and the first period of the twentieth century. From the adoption of the Meiji constitution in 1889 and the... more
Japan's Empire Disaster provides an understanding of the expansionist policy practiced by Japan during the end of the nineteenth and the first period of the twentieth century. From the adoption of the Meiji constitution in 1889 and the first period of the Showa era (1927-1945), the military controlled the new Japanese constitutional government. The result was years of political instability, assassinations, overseas aggression, and war crimes in occupied territories.
Japan's Empire Disaster is a book of information and training, a reference document that should be read as an educational tool on the history of the modernization of Japan and the war launched by Emperor Meiji and Emperor Hirohito in the Pacific and East Asia.
Japan's Empire Disaster is a book of information and training, a reference document that should be read as an educational tool on the history of the modernization of Japan and the war launched by Emperor Meiji and Emperor Hirohito in the Pacific and East Asia.
Le procès des vingt-huit officiers supérieurs japonais devant le Tribunal militaire international pour l'Extrême-Orient, connu sous le nom de « procès de Tokyo », était la deuxième tentative après Nuremberg d'une réponse internationale... more
Le procès des vingt-huit officiers supérieurs japonais devant le Tribunal militaire international pour l'Extrême-Orient, connu sous le nom de « procès de Tokyo », était la deuxième tentative après Nuremberg d'une réponse internationale aux crimes commis pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Dès 1941, par la déclaration du palais Saint-James, les représentants des 18 nations qui formaient le groupe allié avaient affirmé leur volonté de poursuivre les criminels de guerre dans la juridiction internationale. Mais cette déclaration, en principe, n'avait à l'esprit que les crimes commis par les troupes nazies sur le continent européen. Le 30 octobre 1943, la déclaration de Moscou a été signée par les ministres des Affaires étrangères des États-Unis, de Grande-Bretagne et de l'Union soviétique. Elle a établi la compétence sous laquelle les personnes qui ont commis des crimes de guerre seront jugées. Elle stipulait que, les crimes commis dans un seul pays, y seraient jugés dans ce pays; si, au contraire, les actes ont eu lieu dans plusieurs territoires, ils seront jugés et condamnés en vertu d'une décision commune des Alliés.
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Created on January 19, 1946, on MacArthur’s orders to try crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity committed by Japanese leaders between January 1, 1928, to September 1, 1945, and inaugurated in accordance with Point... more
Created on January 19, 1946, on MacArthur’s orders to try crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity committed by Japanese leaders between January 1, 1928, to September 1, 1945, and inaugurated in accordance with Point 10 of the Potsdam’s request of July 26, 1945, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East indicted Japanese war criminals of the Second World War. It is made up of eleven countries, one for each victorious country of Japan.
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Depuis l’adoption de la Constitution Meiji en 1889 et la première période de l’ère Shōwa (1927–1945), les militaires contrôlaient le nouveau gouvernement constitutionnel japonais. Le résultat a été des années d’instabilité politique,... more
Depuis l’adoption de la Constitution Meiji en 1889 et la première période de l’ère Shōwa (1927–1945), les militaires contrôlaient le nouveau gouvernement constitutionnel japonais. Le résultat a été des années d’instabilité politique, davantage de conflits internes, de violence, de meurtres, d’assassinats, d’agression à l’étranger et de crimes de guerre dans les territoires occupés. En 1900, dans l’une de ces querelles internes avec le prince Itō Hirobumi, le général Aritomo Yamagata persuada l’empereur d’ordonner que seuls les généraux et les amiraux en service actif puissent occuper des fonctions au Japon en tant que ministres de la Guerre et de la Marine. Par cette décision, l’armée et la marine ont obtenu de plus en plus de pouvoir pour décider de l’avenir de la nation.
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At the end of the 1800s, the internal fight for political and economic power in Japan took an ugly turn, including riots and tax revolts, and even plots to assassinate high government officials. From 1881 to 1888, corporate moguls... more
At the end of the 1800s, the internal fight for political and economic power in Japan took an ugly turn, including riots and tax revolts, and even plots to assassinate high government officials. From 1881 to 1888, corporate moguls quarreled among themselves, jockeyed for personal gain, and maneuvered to achieve their political and moral goals. On February 11, 1889, at the Imperial Palace in Tokyo, Emperor Meiji proclaimed the new Constitution called the Meiji constitution. It was a despotic charter that vested absolute power in the emperor. The people's right to vote was limited to property owners, approximately 500,000 men, thus only slightly more than 1 percent of the population at the time. The legislature limited personal freedom by voting special laws. For example, the courts considered a man guilty if arrested, unless he could prove his innocence.
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From the adoption of the Meiji constitution in 1889 and the first period of the Shōwa era (1927–1945), the military controlled the new Japanese constitutional government. The result was years of political instability, more internal... more
From the adoption of the Meiji constitution in 1889 and the first period of the Shōwa era (1927–1945), the military controlled the new Japanese constitutional government. The result was years of political instability, more internal conflicts, violence, murders, assassinations, overseas aggression, and war crimes in occupied territories. In 1900, in one of those internal quarrels with Prince Itō Hirobumi, Gen. Aritomo Yamagata persuaded the emperor to order that only generals and admirals on active duty could hold office in Japan as ministers of war and navy. By this ruling, the army and navy obtained more and more power to decide on the future of the nation.
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At the end of the 1800s, the internal fight for political and economic power in Japan took an ugly turn, including riots and tax revolts, and even plots to assassinate high government officials. From 1881 to 1888, corporate moguls... more
At the end of the 1800s, the internal fight for political and economic power in Japan took an ugly turn, including riots and tax revolts, and even plots to assassinate high government officials. From 1881 to 1888, corporate moguls quarreled among themselves, jockeyed for personal gain, and maneuvered to achieve their political and moral goals. On February 11, 1889, at the Imperial Palace in Tokyo, Emperor Meiji proclaimed the new Constitution called the Meiji constitution. It was a despotic charter that vested absolute power in the emperor. The people's right to vote was limited to property owners, approximately 500,000 men, thus only slightly more than 1 percent of the population at the time. The legislature limited personal freedom by voting special laws. For example, the courts considered a man guilty if arrested, unless he could prove his innocence.
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The political issue that roiled the Japanese political scene during the middle and end of the 1950s was to renew amicable relations with China, Korea, and other countries in the Pacific that Japan had invaded during World War II. Starting... more
The political issue that roiled the Japanese political scene during the middle and end of the 1950s was to renew amicable relations with China, Korea, and other countries in the Pacific that Japan had invaded during World War II. Starting in the early and mid-1950s, several efforts had been made to maintain strong diplomatic relations between Japan and its neighboring countries affected by the war. The first major decision came out when Hirohito had stopped visiting Yasukuni after 1975, and the museum removed all Shōwa-era exhibits. All objects connected to the wars of the late 1930s and early 1940s were taken away. Visitors could come and depart the museum without ever seeing a trace that Hirohito had been the leader of the war. Following that decision, officials in Japan continued more and more to apologize for the war.
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L’enjeu politique qui a agité la scène politique japonaise au cours des années 1950 était de renouer des relations amicales avec la Chine, la Corée et avec d’autres pays que le Japon avait envahis pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.... more
L’enjeu politique qui a agité la scène politique japonaise au cours des années 1950 était de renouer des relations amicales avec la Chine, la Corée et avec d’autres pays que le Japon avait envahis pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Depuis le début et le milieu des années 50, plusieurs efforts ont été faits pour maintenir de solides relations diplomatiques entre le Japon et ses pays voisins touchés par la guerre. La première décision majeure a été prise lorsqu’Hirohito a cessé de visiter Yasukuni après 1975, et le musée a supprimé toutes les expositions de l’ère Shōwa. Tous les objets liés aux guerres de la fin des années 1930 et du début des années 1940 ont été emportés. Les visiteurs pouvaient venir et quitter le musée sans jamais voir la trace qu’Hirohito avait été le chef de la guerre. À la suite de cette décision, le gouvernement japonais continua de plus en plus à s’excuser pour la guerre.
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Jusqu'en 1995, le gouvernement japonais continua à nier le comportement brutal de l'Armée impériale japonaise et de la Marine impériale japonaise pendant la guerre du Pacifique. Les crimes de guerre commis par l'armée japonaise et la... more
Jusqu'en 1995, le gouvernement japonais continua à nier le comportement brutal de l'Armée impériale japonaise et de la Marine impériale japonaise pendant la guerre du Pacifique. Les crimes de guerre commis par l'armée japonaise et la marine japonaise n'étaient pas mentionnés dans les manuels scolaires du pays. Pendant des décennies, les responsables japonais ont refusé de s'excuser pour les actions de leurs troupes pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. L'accusation selon laquelle les forces japonaises ont assassiné des centaines de milliers de soldats et de civils pendant le massacre de Nankin a été également démentie par de nombreux historiens et intellectuels au Japon. Le massacre de la ville de Nankin pendant la seconde guerre sino-japonaise est encore aujourd'hui un épisode très controversé dans les relations sino-japonaises.
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Up until 1995, the Japanese government denied Japan’s brutal behavior during the Pacific War. The crimes of war committed by the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy were not mentioned in textbooks in the country. For... more
Up until 1995, the Japanese government denied Japan’s brutal behavior during the Pacific War. The crimes of war committed by the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy were not mentioned in textbooks in the country. For decades the Japanese officials had refused to apologize for the actions of their troops during World War II. The accusation that Japanese forces murdered hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians during the Nanking Massacre was also denied by many historians and intellectuals in Japan. The massacre in the city of Nanking during the Second Sino-Japanese War is still today a highly controversial episode in Sino-Japanese relations.
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Le 7 janvier 1989, la mort d’Hirohito signait la fin d’un règne de 63 ans, le règne le plus long et controversé de l’histoire du Japon au sortir d’une période chargée de troubles et de changements importants. La mort de l’empereur a... more
Le 7 janvier 1989, la mort d’Hirohito signait la fin d’un règne de 63 ans, le règne le plus long et controversé de l’histoire du Japon au sortir d’une période chargée de troubles et de changements importants. La mort de l’empereur a également nourri un long débat controversé à propos de sa responsabilité, réelle ou supposée, dans les guerres menées par le Japon dans le Pacifique entre 1931 et 1945. La littérature rapporte l’image d’Hirohito comme celle d’un monarque constitutionnel ayant passivement entériné l’entrée en guerre du Japon pour de ne pas aller à l’encontre de l’avis majoritaire des généraux et des amiraux dans l’armée. En effet, la plupart des officiers japonais étaient en faveur des guerres pour établir l’empire japonais dans le Pacifique et en Asie du Sud-Est jusqu’à une expansion mondiale.
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By the year of 2002, Germany had paid out 102 billion deutschmarks in restitution and compensation to the victims of the Nazi regime. Germany has largely faced up to its legal and moral obligations and admitted its guilt, but not so... more
By the year of 2002, Germany had paid out 102 billion deutschmarks in restitution and compensation to the victims of the Nazi regime. Germany has largely faced up to its legal and moral obligations and admitted its guilt, but not so Japan. For more than seventy years, Japan had denied its abuses of human rights and refused to pay compensation to its victims, especially the survivors of its 250,000 sex slave programs, as well as to survivors or families of those killed in experiments conducted by Japanese doctors particularly those engaged by Unit 731. At the start of the twenty-first century, Japan had paid to Asian countries a total of 1/40th of the amount paid by Germany as damages of war.
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The structure of the Meiji constitution placed Hirohito at the top of the state with a wider range of authority and influence that made him the most powerful political figure in Japan. He had the authority to enact constitutional... more
The structure of the Meiji constitution placed Hirohito at the top of the state with a wider range of authority and influence that made him the most powerful political figure in Japan. He had the authority to enact constitutional amendments, determine administrative organizations, grant pardons, and determine military organization. Chief priest of the nation, he could issue imperial ordinances without legislative check. He could conclude treaties and no parliamentary consent was required. He was able to declare war and make peace, and the Diet was not allowed to intervene. As stated in, Article 11 of the constitution, the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy were under the emperor’s direct control. Articles 11 to 13 took away matters from the civilian government and placed them under the responsibility of the emperor. The military was outside of the authority of the civil government, and consequently before any action or operation by military troops, the emperor was to be advised most notably by the Chief of the General Staff Office of the Army and the Chief of the Naval Staff Board.
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La déclaration de Potsdam du 26 juillet 1945, fut signée par les États-Unis, la Chine et le Royaume-Uni. Le document énumérait les conditions de reddition imposées au Japon. La déclaration mentionnait les conditions fixées dans la... more
La déclaration de Potsdam du 26 juillet 1945, fut signée par les États-Unis, la Chine et le Royaume-Uni. Le document énumérait les conditions de reddition imposées au Japon. La déclaration mentionnait les conditions fixées dans la déclaration du Caire qui avait limité la souveraineté japonaise sur les îles de Hondo, Hokkaido, Kouilou, Si Kok et d'autres petites îles que les Alliés avaient déterminées. Le Japon serait complètement désarmé et ses forces démobilisées, lisait-on dans le document. L'autorité de l'empereur serait subordonnée au commandement suprême des puissances alliées.
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The Potsdam declaration of July 26, 1945, signed by the governments of the United States, China, and the United Kingdom listed the conditions of surrender imposed on Japan. The declaration mentioned the conditions set by the declaration... more
The Potsdam declaration of July 26, 1945, signed by the governments of the United States, China, and the United Kingdom listed the conditions of surrender imposed on Japan. The declaration mentioned the conditions set by the declaration of Cairo which had limited Japanese sovereignty over the islands of Hondo, Hokkaido, Kouilou, Si Kok, and such other small islands that the Allies determined. Japan would be completely disarmed, and its forces demobilized. The authority of the emperor and the Japanese government would be subordinated to the supreme command of the Allied powers.
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la bataille d'Okinawa. Après toutes ces défaites, la reddition paraissait être la décision ultime des responsables japonais afin d'éviter la destruction de leur nation. Hirohito, en tant qu'empereur divin, était le seul à pouvoir ordonner... more
la bataille d'Okinawa. Après toutes ces défaites, la reddition paraissait être la décision ultime des responsables japonais afin d'éviter la destruction de leur nation. Hirohito, en tant qu'empereur divin, était le seul à pouvoir ordonner à l'état-major de l'armée d'arrêter la guerre. Seul l'empereur pouvait demander au premier ministre Kantarō Suzuki d'entamer des négociations avec les Alliés pour mettre fin au conflit. Au contraire, loin de prendre cette sage résolution qui aurait épargné la vie de centaines de milliers de ses sujets, Hirohito décida de soutenir la position de l'amiral Osami Nagano, ancien chef d'état-major de la marine (février 1944 jusqu'à la fin de la guerre). Conseiller naval personnel de l'empereur, Nagano voulait continuer la guerre à tout prix 1 .
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The successive defeats of the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy continued toward the Battle of Manila, the Battle of Luzon, the Battle of Iwo Jima, the Battle of the Irrawaddy River, and finally the Battle of Okinawa.... more
The successive defeats of the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy continued toward the Battle of Manila, the Battle of Luzon, the Battle of Iwo Jima, the Battle of the Irrawaddy River, and finally the Battle of Okinawa. After all those defeats, surrender should be the ultimate decision of the Japanese officials in order to avoid the destruction of the homeland. Hirohito, as divine emperor, was the only one who could order the Army General Staff to stop the war. Only the emperor could ask Prime Minister Kantarō Suzuki to begin negotiations with the Allies to end the conflict. On the contrary, far from making this wise resolution that would have spared the lives of hundreds of thousands of his subjects, Hirohito decided to support the position of Adm. Osami Nagano, former chief of the Navy General Staff, and from Feb. 1944 to the end of the war, Emperor’s Hirohito personal naval advisor, who wanted to continue the war at any cost.
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Plusieurs mois de travail acharné ont permis au capitaine Rochefort et à son équipe de briser le code n° 25 (JN-25) de la marine japonaise. Cette opération réussie a permis aux Américains de déchiffrer environ 5% des messages japonais.... more
Plusieurs mois de travail acharné ont permis au capitaine Rochefort et à son équipe de briser le code n° 25 (JN-25) de la marine japonaise. Cette opération réussie a permis aux Américains de déchiffrer environ 5% des messages japonais. Cela a changé le cours de la guerre. Le bureau de renseignement américain à Washington était maintenant en mesure de découvrir où la flotte japonaise frapperait après l'attaque de Pearl Harbor. Cette connaissance des faits avait facilité les choses pour les forces alliées pendant la bataille de la mer de Corail. Les Américains connaissaient la cible d'invasion de Yamamoto et ses dispositions de force ont été découvertes.
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Several months of hard work allowed Captain Rochefort and his team to break the Japan Navy Code No-25 (JN-25). This successful operation facilitated the Americans to decrypt about 5 percent of all Japanese messages. This was a... more
Several months of hard work allowed Captain Rochefort and his team to break the Japan Navy Code No-25 (JN-25). This successful operation facilitated the Americans to decrypt about 5 percent of all Japanese messages. This was a "game-changer." The intelligence HO in Washington was now able to discover where the Japanese fleet would strike next after Pearl Harbor, which had facilitated the Allied forces during the Battle of the Coral Sea. The Americans knew Yamamoto's invasion target and his force dispositions were discovered. To strengthen their defensive positions in the South Pacific, the Japanese decided to invade and occupy Port Moresby in New Guinea and Tulagi in the southeastern Solomon Islands. The plan to accomplish both operations was called Operation MO. It involved several major units of Japan's combined fleet. Through signals intelligence, the United States learned of the Japanese plan. Under the overall command of U.S. Adm. Frank J. Fletcher, the Americans sent two navy carrier task forces and a joint Australian-U.S. cruiser force to oppose the offensive. On May 3 and 4, 1942, aware of the presence of U.S. carriers in the area, the Japanese fleet carriers advanced toward the Coral Sea with the intention of locating and destroying the Allied naval forces. Although the battle was a tactical victory for the Japanese in terms of American ships sunk or damaged (Lexington, Yorktown), it marked the first time since the start of the war that the two sides were engaged in airstrikes over two consecutive days. With the United States sinking the Japanese light carrier Shōhō and causing heavy damage to the Japanese fleet carrier Shōkaku; these two Japanese fleet carriers were unable to participate in the Battle of Midway the following month.
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Alors que la guerre tournait en faveur des Alliés, les troupes japonaises commettaient de plus en plus de crimes sans faire de différence entre les civils et les soldats engagés au combat. Le terme « crime de guerre » a été défini pour la... more
Alors que la guerre tournait en faveur des Alliés, les troupes japonaises commettaient de plus en plus de crimes sans faire de différence entre les civils et les soldats engagés au combat. Le terme « crime de guerre » a été défini pour la première fois en 1945, par le Tribunal de Nuremberg pour le procès des criminels nazis : « Meurtres, mauvais traitements ou expulsion pour travaux forcés, ou à d'autres fins, populations civiles dans les territoires occupés, meurtre ou les mauvais traitements infligés aux prisonniers de guerre ou aux personnes en mer, l'exécution d'otages, le pillage de propriétés publiques ou privées, la destruction injustifiée de villes et de villages ou la dévastation non justifiée pour des exigences militaires ». .
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COMPORTEMENT CRIMINEL Alors que la guerre tournait en faveur des Alliés, les troupes japonaises commettaient de plus en plus de crimes sans faire de différence entre les civils et les soldats engagés au combat. Le terme « crime de guerre... more
COMPORTEMENT CRIMINEL Alors que la guerre tournait en faveur des Alliés, les troupes japonaises commettaient de plus en plus de crimes sans faire de différence entre les civils et les soldats engagés au combat. Le terme « crime de guerre » a été défini pour la première fois en 1945, par le Tribunal de Nuremberg pour le procès des criminels nazis : « Meurtres, mauvais traitements ou expulsion pour travaux forcés, ou à d'autres fins, populations civiles dans les territoires occupés, meurtre ou les mauvais traitements infligés aux prisonniers de guerre ou aux personnes en mer, l'exécution d'otages, le pillage de propriétés publiques ou privées, la destruction injustifiée de villes et de villages ou la dévastation non justifiée pour des exigences militaires ».
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As the war turned in favor of the Allies, Japanese troops committed more and more war crimes without making a difference between civilians and soldiers engaged in combat. The term "war crime" was first defined in 1945, by the Nuremberg... more
As the war turned in favor of the Allies, Japanese troops committed more and more war crimes without making a difference between civilians and soldiers engaged in combat. The term "war crime" was first defined in 1945, by the Nuremberg Tribunal for the trial of Nazi criminals: "Murders, ill-treatment or deportation for forced labor, or for other purposes, civilian populations in the occupied territories, the murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war or persons at sea, the execution of hostages, the looting of public or private property, the unjustified destruction of towns and villages, or the devastation not justified by military requirements."
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WAR CRIMES As the war turned in favor of the Allies, Japanese troops committed more and more war crimes without making a difference between civilians and soldiers engaged in combat. The term "war crime" was first defined in 1945, by the... more
WAR CRIMES
As the war turned in favor of the Allies, Japanese troops committed more and more war crimes without making a difference between civilians and soldiers engaged in combat. The term "war crime" was first defined in 1945, by the Nuremberg Tribunal for the trial of Nazi criminals: "Murders, ill-treatment or deportation for forced labor, or for other purposes, civilian populations in the occupied territories, the murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war or persons at sea, the execution of hostages, the looting of public or private property, the unjustified destruction of towns and villages, or the devastation not justified by military requirements." War crimes are considered serious violations in the Geneva Convention.
As the war turned in favor of the Allies, Japanese troops committed more and more war crimes without making a difference between civilians and soldiers engaged in combat. The term "war crime" was first defined in 1945, by the Nuremberg Tribunal for the trial of Nazi criminals: "Murders, ill-treatment or deportation for forced labor, or for other purposes, civilian populations in the occupied territories, the murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war or persons at sea, the execution of hostages, the looting of public or private property, the unjustified destruction of towns and villages, or the devastation not justified by military requirements." War crimes are considered serious violations in the Geneva Convention.
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agression du Japon en Chine, l'alliance militaire avec Hitler et la proclamation d'une grande sphère de coprospérité de l'Asie de l'Est incluant une Asie du Sud-Est
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In the six months following Pearl Harbor nothing seemed to stop Japan’s advance in the Pacific. As tensions rose between Tokyo and Washington, Japanese troops invaded several islands, looking to take control of their natural resources. On... more
In the six months following Pearl Harbor nothing seemed to stop Japan’s advance in the Pacific. As tensions rose between Tokyo and Washington, Japanese troops invaded several islands, looking to take control of their natural resources. On December 8, 1941, they attacked Guam in the Mariana Islands. Japanese troops then attacked the Philippines. The Japanese launched the invasion by sea from Formosa, over 200 miles (320 km) north of the Philippines, and on December 8, 1941, landed on Luzon.
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À l'été 1941, les Japonais profitant du renversement du gouvernement français par les Nazis et son remplacement par le régime fantoche de Vichy ont envahi l'Indochine française. Ils ont élargi leur empire avec la conquête du Vietnam, du... more
À l'été 1941, les Japonais profitant du renversement du gouvernement français par les Nazis et son remplacement par le régime fantoche de Vichy ont envahi l'Indochine française. Ils ont élargi leur empire avec la conquête du Vietnam, du Cambodge et du Laos. L'occupation de l'Indochine française a non seulement mis l'armée japonaise juste en face de Luzon, mais a également permis de couper tout approvisionnement au gouvernement du Kuomintang de Chiang Kai-shek, basé à Chongqing. Au cours des mois suivants, étape par étape, la conquête japonaise des territoires du Pacifique s'est poursuivie. La prochaine décision majeure a été l'exécution du plan d'attaquer la flotte américaine du Pacifique à Pearl Harbor.
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By the summer of 1941, the Japanese took advantage of the overthrow of the French government by the Nazis and its replacement by the puppet Vichy regime. They expanded their empire with the conquest of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. The... more
By the summer of 1941, the Japanese took advantage of the overthrow of the French government by the Nazis and its replacement by the puppet Vichy regime. They expanded their empire with the conquest of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. The occupation of French Indochina not only put the Japanese army just across the water from Luzon, but also threatened to cut all supply to Chiang Kai-shek’s Kuomintang government based in Chongqing. For the next months, step-by-step, Japan’s conquest of territories in the Pacific continued. The next major decision was the attack of the American Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor.
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By the summer of 1941, the Japanese took advantage of the overthrow of the French government by the Nazis and its replacement by the puppet Vichy regime. They expanded their empire with the conquest of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. The... more
By the summer of 1941, the Japanese took advantage of the overthrow of the French government by the Nazis and its replacement by the puppet Vichy regime. They expanded their empire with the conquest of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. The occupation of French Indochina not only put the Japanese army just across the water from Luzon, but also threatened to cut all supply to Chiang Kai-shek’s Kuomintang government based in Chongqing. For the next months, step-by-step, Japan’s conquest of territories in the Pacific continued. The next major decision was the attack of the American Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor.
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Peu de temps après le retrait du Japon de la Société des Nations, son agression armée a commencé à se propager à travers tout le continent asiatique. L’armée japonaise a commencé l’invasion de Jehol et a continué vers la Mandchourie... more
Peu de temps après le retrait du Japon de la Société des Nations, son agression armée a commencé à se propager à travers tout le continent asiatique. L’armée japonaise a commencé l’invasion de Jehol et a continué vers la Mandchourie voisine6. Les forces japonaises ont occupé Hopei et ont créé une zone démilitarisée dans le nord de cette région. Elles ont ensuite pris le contrôle de nombreuses régions proches de la Grande Muraille de Chine tout en maintenant leurs principales garnisons autour de Tianjin7. Les Japonais ont commencé à concrétiser leurs objectifs politiques: expansion militaire sur le continent asiatique.
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Soon after Japan withdrew from the League of Nations, its armed aggression began to spread across the subcontinent. Its army began the invasion of Jehol and continued to neighboring Manchuria.6 The Japanese forces occupied Hopei and... more
Soon after Japan withdrew from the League of Nations, its armed aggression began to spread across the subcontinent. Its army began the invasion of Jehol and continued to neighboring Manchuria.6 The Japanese forces occupied Hopei and created a demilitarized zone in the North of this region. They then took control of many regions near the Great Wall of China while maintaining their main garrisons around Tianjin.7 The Japanese began to concretize their policy goals: military expansion on the continent, naval control of the western Pacific, Southeast Asian sea lanes, and equalization of relations with the Great Powers.
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On January 3, 1932, Japanese forces occupied Chinchow. The following day, they occupied Shanhaiguan, completing their military takeover of southern Manchuria. With southern Manchuria secure, the Japanese turned north to complete the... more
On January 3, 1932, Japanese forces occupied Chinchow. The following day, they occupied Shanhaiguan, completing their military takeover of southern Manchuria. With southern Manchuria secure, the Japanese turned north to complete the occupation of Manchuria. Col. Kenji Doihara requested collaborationist Gen. Xi Qia to advance his forces in order to take Harbin. The Chinese soldiers resisted and repulsed Japanese forces until the arrival of the IJA 2nd Division under Gen. Jirō Tamon. The Japanese troops had completed the occupation of Harbin on February 4, 1932.
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Plusieurs émeutes antichinoises ont éclaté dans toute la Corée, commençant à Incheon le 3 juillet et se propageant rapidement dans d’autres villes, le pire se produisant à Pyongyang le 5 juillet. Le gouvernement chinois a allégué que 146... more
Plusieurs émeutes antichinoises ont éclaté dans toute la Corée, commençant à Incheon le 3 juillet et se propageant rapidement dans d’autres villes, le pire se produisant à Pyongyang le 5 juillet. Le gouvernement chinois a allégué que 146 personnes avaient été tuées, 546 blessées et que des biens considérables avaient été détruits. En Chine, les Chinois ont attaqué des résidents japonais et ont pris d’assaut un hôpital japonais. Il a été rapporté qu’à Jilin, l’une des trois provinces du nord-est de la Chine, des émeutiers chinois ont massacré 10 000 Coréens en représailles et brûlé ou pillé des maisons coréennes dans toute la province, ainsi qu’à Changchun, la capitale de la province. Les Japonais ont alors décidé d’envahir la Chine, en commençant par la Mandchourie.
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Au début de son règne Hirohito évita de s'impliquer dans des débats liés à la politique de défense du Japon. Il relégua ce rôle aux généraux et aux amiraux de l'armée et de la marine. L'empereur préféra se concentrer sur les affaires... more
Au début de son règne Hirohito évita de s'impliquer dans des débats liés à la politique de défense du Japon. Il relégua ce rôle aux généraux et aux amiraux de l'armée et de la marine. L'empereur préféra se concentrer sur les affaires internes du pays. Arrivé à la tête de l'empire, il trouva le Japon au stade d'une crise politique d'influence sans précédente avec les commandants militaires qui s'emparaient de plus en plus du pouvoir sur les membres de l'exécutif. Le premier ministre avait un pouvoir limité et ne pouvait pas prendre de décisions importantes qui allaient à l'encontre des intérêts des généraux et des amiraux. Ces derniers étaient plus puissants que le cabinet. Ils avaient un accès direct à l'empereur, et ils pouvaient mettre leur veto à toute politique qui leur était défavorable, par exemple s'opposer à des coupes dans le budget militaire et autres. Les officiers de l'armée et de la marine intervenaient très souvent pour imposer leur choix lorsqu'il s'agissait de nommer un membre du cabinet.
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At the start of his reign on December 25, 1926, Hirohito avoided implicating himself in the defense of the country. He relegated this role to the generals and admirals in the army and navy. With his entourage, he preferred to concentrate... more
At the start of his reign on December 25, 1926, Hirohito avoided implicating himself in the defense of the country. He relegated this role to the generals and admirals in the army and navy. With his entourage, he preferred to concentrate on domestic affairs. As he assumed control of the empire, Japan was at the stage of a crisis with a military-industrial complex that was seizing more and more executive power. The Diet had limited power and could not make important decisions. Generals and admirals were more powerful than the rest of the Diet. They had direct access to the emperor and could veto any policies that were unfavorable to them, for example opposing cuts to the military budget by the Diet, and more. The officers in the army and navy very often intervened to impose their choice when it came to governmental cabinet picks. As time passed, although Hirohito maintained a very low interest in military affairs, generals and admirals wanted him to participate more and more in questions related to the plan to strengthen Japan's military capability.
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Le 25 décembre 1926, l’empereur Taishō mourut. Le 10 novembre 1928, à 25 ans, Hirohito accéda au trône. Il est devenu officiellement le 124ème empereur du Japon. Cela a marqué l’entrée du Japon dans l’ère Shōwa, qui signifie « paix... more
Le 25 décembre 1926, l’empereur Taishō mourut. Le 10 novembre 1928, à 25 ans, Hirohito accéda au trône. Il est devenu officiellement le 124ème empereur du Japon. Cela a marqué l’entrée du Japon dans l’ère Shōwa, qui signifie « paix radieuse ou éclairée ». Selon la tradition vieille de 2600 ans, l’empereur était considéré comme un monarque d’essence divine. L’article 3 de la Constitution du 11 février 1889 consacrait le caractère « sacré et inviolable » de sa personne8. La structure de la Constitution Meiji et le statut divin de facto hérité par la naissance plaçaient Hirohito au sommet de l’État. Il était la plus haute autorité spirituelle du pays et le commandant en chef des forces armées. Toutes les branches du gouvernement, y compris la Diète et le cabinet, devaient se référer à lui avant de prendre toute décision importante.
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On December 25, 1926, Emperor Taishō died. On November 10, 1928, at twenty-five years old, Hirohito came to the throne. He became officially the 124th emperor of Japan. This marked Japan’s entry into the Shōwa era, meaning “radiant or... more
On December 25, 1926, Emperor Taishō died. On November 10, 1928, at twenty-five years old, Hirohito came to the throne. He became officially the 124th emperor of Japan. This marked Japan’s entry into the Shōwa era, meaning “radiant or enlightened peace.” According to the 2,600-year-old tradition, the emperor was regarded as a monarch of divine essence, for whom Article 3 of the constitution of February 11, 1889, enshrined the “sacred and inviolable” character of his person.8 The structure of the Meiji constitution and the de facto divine status inherited by birth placed Hirohito at the top of the state. He was the nation’s highest spiritual authority and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. All branches of government, including the Diet and the cabinet, had to refer to him before making any important decision.
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Japan’s longest-reigning monarch, Emperor Hirohito, was born Michinomiya Hirohito, on April 29, 1901, in the Aoyama Palace in Tokyo. Hirohito was the first grandson of Emperor Mutsuhito and the first son of Crown Prince Yoshihito (later... more
Japan’s longest-reigning monarch, Emperor Hirohito, was born Michinomiya Hirohito, on April 29, 1901, in the Aoyama Palace in Tokyo. Hirohito was the first grandson of Emperor Mutsuhito and the first son of Crown Prince Yoshihito (later Emperor Taishō) and Princess Sadako (later Empress Teimei). Being the first male child in the family, Hirohito was destined to carry on the tradition of an imperial line whose descent is traced in legend from Amaterasu Omikami, the sun goddess in the pantheon of Shinto.
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Après l’annexion de la Corée, une nouvelle opportunité d’obtenir plus de territoires fut fournie au Japon. Après la Première Guerre mondiale, un mandat de la Société des Nations donna au Japon le commandement temporaire de la colonie... more
Après l’annexion de la Corée, une nouvelle opportunité d’obtenir plus de territoires fut fournie au Japon. Après la Première Guerre mondiale, un mandat de la Société des Nations donna au Japon le commandement temporaire de la colonie allemande de Tsingtau. Ensuite, l’empire japonais prit le contrôle de plusieurs territoires allemands du Pacifique Sud, notamment Palau, les îles Mariannes du nord de Saipan, Tinion et Rota, ainsi que la lagune de Truk et Kwajalein dans les îles Marshall.
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Japan's road to war began many decades before the attack at Pearl Harbor. At the end of 1800, the Japanese decided to expand Japan's territory in Asia. According to the Japanese officials, this decision would help the country to get... more
Japan's road to war began many decades before the attack at Pearl Harbor. At the end of 1800, the Japanese decided to expand Japan's territory in Asia. According to the Japanese officials, this decision would help the country to get resources that it would need, particularly oil. Japan's desire to build a modern industrial civilization drove it through politics of extension. Near the turn of the twentieth century, the Japanese embarked on a period of aggressive expansion to change the trajectory of their nation isolated from the rest of the world for much of its history. Nationalist Japanese leaders believed that Western powers such as United States, Britain, France, and Russia had enacted tariffs that prevented Japan from accessing natural resources that it needed to develop its industrial capacity. At the end of July 1894, Japanese troops attacked Chinese forces that out posted the peninsula of Korea. Four days later, on August 1, 1894, Japan declared war on China.
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À partir de 1879, le Japon a conquis un groupe de petites îles non loin de sa frontière sans avoir à se battre pour elles. Les îles Ryukyu, des États vassaux de Chine, ont cessé de rendre hommage à la dynastie chinoise Qing en 1874 et les... more
À partir de 1879, le Japon a conquis un groupe de petites îles non loin de sa frontière sans avoir à se battre pour elles. Les îles Ryukyu, des États vassaux de Chine, ont cessé de rendre hommage à la dynastie chinoise Qing en 1874 et les îles ont été annexées par le Japon en 1879. Okinawa a été officiellement établie en tant que préfecture, mettant fin aux 450 ans du royaume de Ryukyu.
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Déterminé à défier l’isolement commercial séculaire du Japon, le commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, 59 ans, quitta Norfolk, Virginie, le 24 novembre 1852, aux commandes de l’Est India Squadron. Frère d’Olivier Perry, le héros du lac Érié,... more
Déterminé à défier l’isolement commercial séculaire du Japon, le commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, 59 ans, quitta Norfolk, Virginie, le 24 novembre 1852, aux commandes de l’Est India Squadron. Frère d’Olivier Perry, le héros du lac Érié, Matthew s’est fait un nom pendant la guerre du Mexique. Pour toutes ses réalisations, il était l’homme idéal pour la mission d’ouvrir le Japon au commerce.
En fin d’après-midi du 8 juillet 1853, les quatre « navires noirs » de Perry – les paquebots Susquehanna et Mississippi, et les sloops Saratoga et Plymouth – ont jeté l’ancre au large de la ville d’Uraga, dans la baie de Shimoda. La mission de Perry était de forcer le Japon à adhérer aux relations diplomatiques et commerciales avec les États-Unis.
En fin d’après-midi du 8 juillet 1853, les quatre « navires noirs » de Perry – les paquebots Susquehanna et Mississippi, et les sloops Saratoga et Plymouth – ont jeté l’ancre au large de la ville d’Uraga, dans la baie de Shimoda. La mission de Perry était de forcer le Japon à adhérer aux relations diplomatiques et commerciales avec les États-Unis.
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Starting in 1879, Japan conquered several groups of small islands not far from its homelands without having to fight for them. The Ryukyu Islands, nominally vassal states of China, ceased paying tribute to the Chinese Qing Dynasty in... more
Starting in 1879, Japan conquered several groups of small islands not far from its homelands without having to fight for them. The Ryukyu Islands, nominally vassal states of China, ceased paying tribute to the Chinese Qing Dynasty in 1874, and the islands were annexed by Japan in 1879. Okinawa was officially established as a prefecture bringing an end to the 450 years of the Ryukyu Kingdom. Like the Ainu in Hokkaido, the Ryukyuan people had their own culture and traditions, many of them suppressed by the Meiji government.
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Determined to challenge Japan’s centuries-old trade isolation, Matthew Calbraith Perry, fifty-nine years old, commodore of the United States Navy, left Norfolk, Virginia, on November 24, 1852, in command of the East India Squadron.1... more
Determined to challenge Japan’s centuries-old trade isolation, Matthew Calbraith Perry, fifty-nine years old, commodore of the United States Navy, left Norfolk, Virginia, on November 24, 1852, in command of the East India Squadron.1 Brother of Olivier Hazard Perry, the hero of Lake Erie, Matthew made his name in the Mexican War. For all his achievements, he was the right man for the mission of opening Japan to trade.
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Tthe United States dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima. At precisely eight fifteen and seventeen seconds, Col. Paul Tibbets, commander of the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Forces, who piloted the Boeing B-29 Super... more
Tthe United States dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima. At precisely eight fifteen and seventeen seconds, Col. Paul Tibbets, commander of the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Forces, who piloted the Boeing B-29 Super fortress Enola Gay, pulled the B-29 over a sixty-degree bank and dropped the "Little Boy" on Hiroshima. A black and orange shape weighting nearly five tons fell down on the 255,000 people living in the city. At an altitude of 1,870 feet, the 9.5 pounds of cordite drove the uranium chunks into each other, and the equivalent of 13,500 tons of TNT exploded in the sky. The explosion wiped out 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80,000 people; tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure.
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After both world wars, the victors created new institutions to prevent monitoring and reducing aggression between and among countries. Post WWW-I, there was the League of Nations, and post WWW-II, the United Nations. Today, were it not... more
After both world wars, the victors created new institutions to prevent monitoring and reducing aggression between and among countries. Post WWW-I, there was the League of Nations, and post WWW-II, the United Nations. Today, were it not for the United Nations, there may already have been World War III.
While World War III has not occurred, the world has nevertheless been chronically on the brink of many regional wars, primarily due to the spawning of new tyrants, heir enablers and profiteers, who are obsessed with empire-destiny and all that means - repression, bullying uniformity, obedience, exploitation, impunity, insatiable materialism, militarism, puppet governing, authoritarianism, answering prejudice and subjugation, etc.
As many viewed Japan as a case in point more than a century ago, today many view China as another case in point. And as it takes at least two to make a war, the world's eyes have turned to the chain of events -begun in the 1970s- between China and the United States. Broadly put, it is an asymmetric tension. As Japan as the beginning of 1940s, China's goal seems to be world territorial domination through state-sponsored "mergers and acquisitions" along the paths of least resistance into other continents. America's goal is self-centered money-making and accumulation of material wealth, with only a token of regard to who buys (and uses) what it has to sell. The core of the former is a belief system, the core of the latter is a business plan. As they are both superpowers in terms of mutually assured destruction, such asymmetry is dangerous. No WWW-I style assassination attempt and no WWW-II style sneak attack come close to alluding how World War III could begin (and even end the same day). No one has the slightest grasp of how sudden and total it would be. Nevertheless, for at least fifty years, the potential combatants continue to behave as if historical convention is sufficient to regulate the chain of events.... a treaty here, a treaty there, a military feint here, a daring takeover of Tibet there, a pipeline there, and on and on.
Since the beginning of 2016 newspapers around the world have repeatedly proclaimed that "U.S.-China Tensions are Increasing, Relations are Worsening". These two largest economies have been embroiled in costly and failed trade relations. The two largest navies have begun testing each other in the so-called "South China Sea," many of whose islands China claims for its own and much of whose waters have historically been shared by several nations.
There is no doubt the tensions between the United States and China are about China's attempt to build an empire. China's model is quite different to Britain, France, Germany, Russia during the last centuries. These countries have built their empire on the model of state-control, while Chinese model is a blend between national control and ownership of resources and economic activities dominated by private entrepreneurs. As one said, what's distinctive about China's bid is that it doesn't (so far) involved spilled blood. However, another would say, as the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, had driven the US and Japan to war in 1941, an armed conflict between the United States and China or the United States and Russia, is today a real concern. ...
While World War III has not occurred, the world has nevertheless been chronically on the brink of many regional wars, primarily due to the spawning of new tyrants, heir enablers and profiteers, who are obsessed with empire-destiny and all that means - repression, bullying uniformity, obedience, exploitation, impunity, insatiable materialism, militarism, puppet governing, authoritarianism, answering prejudice and subjugation, etc.
As many viewed Japan as a case in point more than a century ago, today many view China as another case in point. And as it takes at least two to make a war, the world's eyes have turned to the chain of events -begun in the 1970s- between China and the United States. Broadly put, it is an asymmetric tension. As Japan as the beginning of 1940s, China's goal seems to be world territorial domination through state-sponsored "mergers and acquisitions" along the paths of least resistance into other continents. America's goal is self-centered money-making and accumulation of material wealth, with only a token of regard to who buys (and uses) what it has to sell. The core of the former is a belief system, the core of the latter is a business plan. As they are both superpowers in terms of mutually assured destruction, such asymmetry is dangerous. No WWW-I style assassination attempt and no WWW-II style sneak attack come close to alluding how World War III could begin (and even end the same day). No one has the slightest grasp of how sudden and total it would be. Nevertheless, for at least fifty years, the potential combatants continue to behave as if historical convention is sufficient to regulate the chain of events.... a treaty here, a treaty there, a military feint here, a daring takeover of Tibet there, a pipeline there, and on and on.
Since the beginning of 2016 newspapers around the world have repeatedly proclaimed that "U.S.-China Tensions are Increasing, Relations are Worsening". These two largest economies have been embroiled in costly and failed trade relations. The two largest navies have begun testing each other in the so-called "South China Sea," many of whose islands China claims for its own and much of whose waters have historically been shared by several nations.
There is no doubt the tensions between the United States and China are about China's attempt to build an empire. China's model is quite different to Britain, France, Germany, Russia during the last centuries. These countries have built their empire on the model of state-control, while Chinese model is a blend between national control and ownership of resources and economic activities dominated by private entrepreneurs. As one said, what's distinctive about China's bid is that it doesn't (so far) involved spilled blood. However, another would say, as the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, had driven the US and Japan to war in 1941, an armed conflict between the United States and China or the United States and Russia, is today a real concern. ...
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The literary inventory concerning Hirohito is not very voluminous, unlike that on Adolf Hitler, where the research done on the Führer does not fail to report the heinous crimes of the Nazis against a well-defined category of men, the... more
The literary inventory concerning Hirohito is not very voluminous, unlike that on Adolf Hitler, where the research done on the Führer does not fail to report the heinous crimes of the Nazis against a well-defined category of men, the Jews. Here, it is not a question of conducting any debate on the two main figures of the Second World War. They were two monsters. The only difference is that there are a lot of writings on Hitler, while very few books have been published on Hirohito. History has always presented Hitler as a monster, a fierce dictator, responsible for the deaths of millions of soldiers and civilians during the Second World War. On the other hand, we have long been forced to believe in a false speech, namely, that Hirohito has no responsibility for the war crimes committed by the Japanese imperial forces between 1937 and 1945 in the Pacific. Having his power totally limited by ministers and the military, it is therefore normal that the emperor be absolved of the war crimes of the Japanese Imperial Army and the Japanese Imperial Navy during the Shōwa era. The Meiji Constitution of February 11, 1889, certainly gives him the authority to choose the prime minister and the members of the High Staff of the Army. However, the emperor in Japan has symbolic power. Before the new constitution of 1946, he was a living god, and therefore he should not interfere in political matters. Our opinion on the matter is very different. In our eyes, Hitler was a sadistic criminal, one of the most bloodthirsty in human history. Hirohito, for his part, was a cunning and perverse monarch. Hidden in the shadows, he directed the actions of Japanese troops who occupied, during the Second World War, almost all of the territories in the Pacific and in the Southeast Asia.
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歴史に情熱を傾ける元判事であるジャン・セナ・フルーリーは、ハイチで生まれ、現在はボストンに住んでいます。 彼はいくつかの歴史書を書いた。NUREMBERG TRIAL は、情報とトレーニングの本です。この本は、敗戦したナチス・ドイツの代表に対して連合国が行った裁判を分析しています。 この本では、著者は、1945 年 11 月 14 日にニュルンベルクで開かれた、第三帝国の主要な政治的および軍事的指導者に対する裁判を再開し、分析しています。 彼はいくつかの歴史書を書いた。... more
歴史に情熱を傾ける元判事であるジャン・セナ・フルーリーは、ハイチで生まれ、現在はボストンに住んでいます。 彼はいくつかの歴史書を書いた。NUREMBERG TRIAL は、情報とトレーニングの本です。この本は、敗戦したナチス・ドイツの代表に対して連合国が行った裁判を分析しています。
この本では、著者は、1945 年 11 月 14 日にニュルンベルクで開かれた、第三帝国の主要な政治的および軍事的指導者に対する裁判を再開し、分析しています。
彼はいくつかの歴史書を書いた。 フルーリー判事はこの本で、「東京裁判」として知られる極東国際軍事裁判で行われた 28 人の日本軍将校の裁判を分析している。第二次世界大戦中に犯行。この本は、極東国際軍事法廷の仕事における手続き上の弱点と政治的交渉を浮き彫りにしています。
この本では、著者は、1945 年 11 月 14 日にニュルンベルクで開かれた、第三帝国の主要な政治的および軍事的指導者に対する裁判を再開し、分析しています。
彼はいくつかの歴史書を書いた。 フルーリー判事はこの本で、「東京裁判」として知られる極東国際軍事裁判で行われた 28 人の日本軍将校の裁判を分析している。第二次世界大戦中に犯行。この本は、極東国際軍事法廷の仕事における手続き上の弱点と政治的交渉を浮き彫りにしています。
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On February 24, 2022, Putin decided to invade Ukraine to stop the West for taking control military of that territory via NATO. Attacks by Russian forces were reported in major cities across Ukraine, including, Berdyansk, Chernihiv,... more
On February 24, 2022, Putin decided to invade Ukraine to stop the West for taking control military of that territory via NATO. Attacks by Russian forces were reported in major cities across Ukraine, including, Berdyansk, Chernihiv, Kharkiv, Odesa, Sumy, and the capital Kyiv. The office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) verified several thousand deaths of civilians and soldiers. The war resulted in a humanitarian crisis, as thousands of Ukrainians fled to the west of their country and abroad.
As Hitler and Hirohito, Putin has an overriding ambition for territorial expansion. He aims to reassert Russia’s domination in East Europe by building a Russian empire. His long-term goal is to disrupt American politics in Europe. Then, he can bring down United States’ influence as a world power.
Would he be successful in his plan? I do not know for sure. However, as Mahatma Gandhi, I can say: “there have been tyrants and murderers and for a time they seem invincible, but in the end, they always fall – think of it, always. – Mahatma Gandhi
As Hitler and Hirohito, Putin has an overriding ambition for territorial expansion. He aims to reassert Russia’s domination in East Europe by building a Russian empire. His long-term goal is to disrupt American politics in Europe. Then, he can bring down United States’ influence as a world power.
Would he be successful in his plan? I do not know for sure. However, as Mahatma Gandhi, I can say: “there have been tyrants and murderers and for a time they seem invincible, but in the end, they always fall – think of it, always. – Mahatma Gandhi
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As many viewed Hitler and Hirohito as two monsters eighty years ago, today many view Putin as another war criminal. The three men had developed the same intent. Hitler had an overriding ambition for territorial expansion, which was... more
As many viewed Hitler and Hirohito as two monsters eighty years ago, today many view Putin as another war criminal. The three men had developed the same intent. Hitler had an overriding ambition for territorial expansion, which was largely driven by his desire to occupy Europe. In his
diabolic mind, he launched the war in Europe to allow Germany to become economically strong and military secure. To do so, he extorted the capital from the Jews after killing several millions of them in the concentration camps. He invaded Poland, France, Belgium, and many other territories during WWII.
diabolic mind, he launched the war in Europe to allow Germany to become economically strong and military secure. To do so, he extorted the capital from the Jews after killing several millions of them in the concentration camps. He invaded Poland, France, Belgium, and many other territories during WWII.
Research Interests:
As many viewed Hitler and Hirohito as two monsters eighty years ago, today many view Putin as another war criminal. The three men had developed the same intent. Hitler had an overriding ambition for territorial expansion, which was... more
As many viewed Hitler and Hirohito as two monsters eighty years ago, today many view Putin as another war criminal. The three men had developed the same intent. Hitler had an overriding ambition for territorial expansion, which was largely driven by his desire to occupy Europe. In his
diabolic mind, he launched the war in Europe to allow Germany to become economically strong and military secure. To do so, he extorted the capital from the Jews after killing several millions of them in the concentration camps. He invaded Poland, France, Belgium, and many other territories during WWII.
diabolic mind, he launched the war in Europe to allow Germany to become economically strong and military secure. To do so, he extorted the capital from the Jews after killing several millions of them in the concentration camps. He invaded Poland, France, Belgium, and many other territories during WWII.
Research Interests:
As many viewed Hitler as a monster and a tyrant eighty years ago, today many view Putin as another war criminal. Both men had developed the same intent. Hitler had an overriding ambition for territorial expansion, which was largely driven... more
As many viewed Hitler as a monster and a tyrant eighty years ago, today many view Putin as another war criminal. Both men had developed the same intent. Hitler had an overriding ambition for territorial expansion, which was largely driven by his desire to occupy Europe. In his diabolic mind, Hitler launched the war in Europe to allow Germany to become economically strong and military secure. To do so, he extorted the capital from the Jews after killing several millions of them in the concentration camps. He invaded Poland, France, Belgium, and many other territories during WWII.
Putin wants to occupy Ukraine to stop the West for taking control military of this territory via NATO. His long term goal is to disrupt American politics in Europe. As Hitler, Putin has an overriding ambition for territorial expansion. He wants to secure Russia by building a Russian empire.
Putin wants to occupy Ukraine to stop the West for taking control military of this territory via NATO. His long term goal is to disrupt American politics in Europe. As Hitler, Putin has an overriding ambition for territorial expansion. He wants to secure Russia by building a Russian empire.
Research Interests:
As many viewed Hitler as a monster and a tyrant eighty years ago, today many view Putin as another war criminal. Both men had developed the same intent. Hitler had an overriding ambition for territorial expansion, which was largely driven... more
As many viewed Hitler as a monster and a tyrant eighty years ago, today many view Putin as another war criminal. Both men had developed the same intent. Hitler had an overriding ambition for territorial expansion, which was largely driven by his desire to occupy Europe. In his diabolic mind, Hitler launched the war in Europe to allow Germany to become economically strong and military secure. To do so, he extorted the capital from the Jews after killing several millions of them in the concentration camps. He invaded Poland, France, Belgium, and many other territories during WWII.
Putin wants to occupy Ukraine to stop the West for taking control military of this territory via NATO. His long term goal is to disrupt American politics in Europe. As Hitler, Putin has an overriding ambition for territorial expansion. He wants to secure Russia by building a Russian empire.
Putin wants to occupy Ukraine to stop the West for taking control military of this territory via NATO. His long term goal is to disrupt American politics in Europe. As Hitler, Putin has an overriding ambition for territorial expansion. He wants to secure Russia by building a Russian empire.
Research Interests:
Declaring war is a project with multiple dimensions. It is a whole mechanism encompassing the contribution of several areas of expertise just as it must have colossal financial contributions. In Nuremberg Trials, German businessmen -... more
Declaring war is a project with multiple dimensions. It is a whole mechanism encompassing the contribution of several areas of expertise just as it must have colossal financial contributions. In Nuremberg Trials, German businessmen - bankers, shopkeepers, industrialists - who had financed the war and helped Hitler to win power were spared. In return, these industrialists gained huge profits during the course of the war. Yet, while accepting that Hitler was seconded by powerful economic forces in his macabre project to unleash the Second World War; however, in the Nuremberg trial, no charge has been laid against the individuals or firms that had financed the war.
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Present or absent during the trial, judging Putin before an international court would give the legal right to not only seize all his assets but also would prevent him to leave Russia. The trial must put accountable all the commercial... more
Present or absent during the trial, judging Putin before an international court would give the legal right to not only seize all his assets but also would prevent him to leave Russia. The trial must put accountable all the commercial groups which had financed the war. Judging Putin in person or in absentia would have opened a public debate on senior officials and businessmen in Russia who had participated or cooperated with the Kremlin in order to launch the war in Ukraine.
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The first question we might ask is: "Why a fictitious trial to judge and condemn Vladimir Putin"? This simple question itself makes me ask more questions, for example, Putin is a war criminal, but could he be prosecuted for war crimes... more
The first question we might ask is: "Why a fictitious trial to judge and condemn Vladimir Putin"? This simple question itself makes me ask more questions, for example, Putin is a war criminal, but could he be prosecuted for war crimes before the International Criminal Court?
Knowing that, like many high-profile political leaders who had escaped justice after committing war crimes, Vladimir Putin would not be prosecuted for the invasion in Ukraine, therefore, I invented the trial.
Knowing that, like many high-profile political leaders who had escaped justice after committing war crimes, Vladimir Putin would not be prosecuted for the invasion in Ukraine, therefore, I invented the trial.
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Written at a time when efforts are being made to condemn crimes against peace and crimes against humanity, the book Vladimir Putin on Trial, is a timely opportunity to question the justice efforts to condemn criminals of war and to raise... more
Written at a time when efforts are being made to condemn crimes against peace and crimes against humanity, the book Vladimir Putin on Trial, is a timely opportunity to question the justice efforts to condemn criminals of war and to raise awareness among governments to pass legislation that would allow the prosecution of those who are collaborating with the government of Russia during the war. These laws would facilitate the judgment of those who participated indirectly at the launching of the invasion and would also offer new opportunities to try suspects in regard of their collaboration to the war in Ukraine.
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On doit éliminer Putin avant qu'il devienne Hitler « Revisiter l'histoire : ce n'est ni le privilège de quelques-uns ou un droit négociable, chichement octroyé ou remis en cause par l'État. C'est d'abord une nécessité. C'est aussi le... more
On doit éliminer Putin avant qu'il devienne Hitler « Revisiter l'histoire : ce n'est ni le privilège de quelques-uns ou un droit négociable, chichement octroyé ou remis en cause par l'État. C'est d'abord une nécessité. C'est aussi le courant inéluctable apporté par les points de vue évolutifs des générations successives. C'est en même temps une démarche indispensable si l'on entend garder vivante la mémoire des Peuples ». • Le Procès du Maréchal Pétain Durant l'été 1931, un jeune avocat juif allemand du nom de Hans Litten força Hitler à témoigner au tribunal de Berlin. Dans un contre-interrogatoire, Hitler a été contraint pendant trois heures, devant une audience publique, de défendre ses croyances, ses ambitions, ses méthodes et l'essence même du nazisme. Litten déclara à l'époque qu'Hitler est un monstre et arrivé au pouvoir, il imposerait en Allemagne une dictature féroce et sanglante, et le monde entier souffrirait de ses actions. Mais les avertissements de Litten n'avaient pas été pris au sérieux. Une fois les nazis au pouvoir, il a été arrêté et emprisonné au camp de concentration de Dachau où il s'est finalement suicidé. Au-delà du suicide de Litten, l'autre fait important à retenir est sa prédiction sur Hitler. Comme il a prévu au cours de l'audience à Berlin, avec Hitler comme chancelier d'Allemagne, un monstre est créé… En effet, le 30 janvier 1933 à Berlin, l'idéologue et homme d'État allemand Adolf Hitler a pris le pouvoir. Fondateur et figure centrale du nazisme, Hitler instaura une dictature totalitaire impérialiste et raciste désignée sous le nom de Troisième Reich. Dans les années 1920, dans un climat de violence politique, Hitler s'imposa à la tête du Parti nationalsocialiste des travailleurs allemands (NSDAP, le parti nazi), et tenta en 1923 un coup d'État qui échoua. Placé en prison, il rédigea dans sa cellule le livre Mein Kampf dans lequel il exposa ses conceptions racistes et ultranationalistes. Sorti de prison, et après que les élections au Reichstag du 31 juillet 1932 eurent comme résultat un accroissement considérable de la puissance du parti nazi, von Papen offrit le poste de vice-chancelier à Hitler qui refusa, il exigea le poste de chancelier. Après le refus d'Hitler du 16 novembre, von Papen donna sa démission et fut remplacé par le général von Schleicher, mais il n'en continua pas moins les démarches en vue de porter Hitler au pouvoir. Von Papen eut, le 4 janvier 1932, une entrevue avec Hitler chez un banquier de Cologne, von Schröder, et assista, ainsi que Göring et quelques autres dirigeants, à une réunion qui se tint le 22 janvier chez von Ribbentrop. Il rencontra également, le 9 janvier 1932, le président von Hindenburg et, à partir du 22 janvier, discuta officiellement avec lui de la formation d'un cabinet avec Hitler comme chancelier. En novembre 1932, un certain nombre de personnalités de l'industrie et de la finance signèrent et adressèrent au président von Hindenburg une pétition lui demandant de confier à Hitler le poste de chancelier. Schacht contribua activement à réunir les signatures qui figuraient au bas de cette pétition.
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We must eliminate Putin before he becomes Hitler "Revisiting history: it is not the privilege of a few or a negotiable right poorly granted or questioned by the State. It is, first of all, a necessity. It is also the inescapable current... more
We must eliminate Putin before he becomes Hitler "Revisiting history: it is not the privilege of a few or a negotiable right poorly granted or questioned by the State. It is, first of all, a necessity. It is also the inescapable current brought by the evolutionary points of view of the successive generations. It is, at the same time, an indispensable step if one wants to keep alive the memory of the Peoples.
Research Interests:
On doit éliminer Putin avant qu'il devienne Hitler « Revisiter l'histoire : ce n'est ni le privilège de quelques-uns ou un droit négociable, chichement octroyé ou remis en cause par l'État. C'est d'abord une nécessité. C'est aussi le... more
On doit éliminer Putin avant qu'il devienne Hitler « Revisiter l'histoire : ce n'est ni le privilège de quelques-uns ou un droit négociable, chichement octroyé ou remis en cause par l'État. C'est d'abord une nécessité. C'est aussi le courant inéluctable apporté par les points de vue évolutifs des générations successives. C'est en même temps une démarche indispensable si l'on entend garder vivante la mémoire des Peuples ».
• Le Procès du Maréchal Pétain
Durant l'été 1931, un jeune avocat juif allemand du nom de Hans Litten força Hitler à témoigner au tribunal de Berlin. Dans un contre-interrogatoire, Hitler a été contraint pendant trois heures, devant une audience publique, de défendre ses croyances, ses ambitions, ses méthodes et l'essence même du nazisme. Litten déclara à l'époque qu'Hitler est un monstre et arrivé au pouvoir, il imposerait en Allemagne une dictature féroce en sanglante, et le monde entier souffrirait de ses actions. Mais les avertissements de Litten n'avaient pas été pris au sérieux. Une fois les nazis au pouvoir, il a été arrêté et emprisonné au camp de concentration de Dachau où il s'est finalement suicidé. Au-delà du suicide de Litten, l'autre fait important à retenir est sa prédiction sur Hitler.
• Le Procès du Maréchal Pétain
Durant l'été 1931, un jeune avocat juif allemand du nom de Hans Litten força Hitler à témoigner au tribunal de Berlin. Dans un contre-interrogatoire, Hitler a été contraint pendant trois heures, devant une audience publique, de défendre ses croyances, ses ambitions, ses méthodes et l'essence même du nazisme. Litten déclara à l'époque qu'Hitler est un monstre et arrivé au pouvoir, il imposerait en Allemagne une dictature féroce en sanglante, et le monde entier souffrirait de ses actions. Mais les avertissements de Litten n'avaient pas été pris au sérieux. Une fois les nazis au pouvoir, il a été arrêté et emprisonné au camp de concentration de Dachau où il s'est finalement suicidé. Au-delà du suicide de Litten, l'autre fait important à retenir est sa prédiction sur Hitler.
Research Interests:
We must eliminate Putin before he becomes Hitler "Revisiting history: it is not the privilege of a few or a negotiable right poorly granted or questioned by the State. It is, first of all, a necessity. It is also the inescapable current... more
We must eliminate Putin before he becomes Hitler
"Revisiting history: it is not the privilege of a few or a negotiable right poorly granted or questioned by the State. It is, first of all, a necessity. It is also the inescapable current brought by the evolutionary points of view of the successive generations. It is, at the same time, an indispensable step if one wants to keep alive the memory of the Peoples.
"Revisiting history: it is not the privilege of a few or a negotiable right poorly granted or questioned by the State. It is, first of all, a necessity. It is also the inescapable current brought by the evolutionary points of view of the successive generations. It is, at the same time, an indispensable step if one wants to keep alive the memory of the Peoples.
Research Interests:
On April 7, 1933, the Law for the Re-establishment of the professional Civil Service, which provided for the dismissal of “non-Aryans”, was promulgated. A series of laws and administrative orders were promulgated and issued between April... more
On April 7, 1933, the Law for the Re-establishment of the professional Civil Service, which provided for the dismissal of “non-Aryans”, was promulgated. A series of laws and administrative orders were promulgated and issued between April and October 1933. Jews were excluded from such occupations as assessors, jurors, and commercial judges; a numerus clausus law limiting Jewish students in institutions of higher learning to 1,5 percent of new admission was promulgated on April 25. In the professional sphere, the establishment of a Reich Chamber of Culture (September 29, 1933) provided a means for excluding Jews from entertainment enterprises (art, literature, theatre, movies). The National Press Law (October 4, 1933) excluded Jews from the press. Jewish ritual slaughter was forbidden; Jews could no longer farm land, and on July 14, 1934, the Law on the Revocation of Naturalization and Annulment of German Citizenship deprived relatively recent Jewish immigrants, especially those of East European background, of German citizenship.