The objective of this study was to evaluate the extent of inhibition of yeast growth and alcohol biosynthesis when spent sulfite liquor (SSL) was incorporated into growth media. The liquor was pretreated by boiling, steam stripping or... more
The objective of this study was to evaluate the extent of inhibition of yeast growth and alcohol biosynthesis when spent sulfite liquor (SSL) was incorporated into growth media. The liquor was pretreated by boiling, steam stripping or aeration in order to eliminate the factors causing growth inhibition. While these treatments did reduce the growth inhibiting effects of SSL, complete elimination of inhibition was not possible.
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Ion exchanger beads are explored as aids in accelerating the development of anaerobic biofilms for use in advanced anaerobic reactors. Initial adhesion and subsequent changes in adhesion and growth of anaerobic biofilms (as reflected in... more
Ion exchanger beads are explored as aids in accelerating the development of anaerobic biofilms for use in advanced anaerobic reactors. Initial adhesion and subsequent changes in adhesion and growth of anaerobic biofilms (as reflected in total supported biomass and metabolic activity) were monitored on different ion exchangers (strong cation, strong anion and weak anion) over a period of 12 days. Metabolic activity was recorded for the first time in this type of study using ATP biolumininescence assays which allowed monitoring of rapid changes in the biofilm development. Results indicate that the strong cation exchanger is a better overall substratum for anaerobic biofilm development due to its favorable property of dialent cation binding and adsorption of volatile fatty acid substrate for methanogens.
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A review of the current literature indicates that freezing drastically alters the dewatering characteristics of alum sludges. However, the degree of alteration varies among different sludges and consequently laboratory experimentation is... more
A review of the current literature indicates that freezing drastically alters the dewatering characteristics of alum sludges. However, the degree of alteration varies among different sludges and consequently laboratory experimentation is necessary to determine its effectiveness in dewatering a specific sludge. The results of the analyses performed on samples collected from the water treatment plant serving the Elgin Area Water System confirm that natural freezing is a satisfactory method for dewatering the alum sludge produced at this plant. It would appear that two lagoons, each having a surface area of one and a quarter acres could be constructed to treat the sludge. One lagoon will store the annual volume of sludge discharged from the sedimentation basins and the other will receive the sludge that will be transferred from the first lagoon during the winter months. The freezing and dewatering process would take place in this second lagoon. The clear water obtained after the frozen...
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Many industrial effluents contain organic wastes which contribute to high pollution loading and which may be toxic to the environment. While there are a number of aerobic processes (e.g. activated sludge) used to treat these waste waters,... more
Many industrial effluents contain organic wastes which contribute to high pollution loading and which may be toxic to the environment. While there are a number of aerobic processes (e.g. activated sludge) used to treat these waste waters, anaerobic processes have some advantages for industrial use. Of particular interest is the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor process (UASBR) which utilizes extremely active granular sludge allowing very low residence times at a high organic and hydraulic loading.
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The utilization of glucose and xylose by K. pneumoniae, was investigated for production of 2,3-butanediol. Experiments were performed by using Nutrient Broth (Bacto) supplemented with 10 g L -1 xylose (mixed medium). The carbon source was... more
The utilization of glucose and xylose by K. pneumoniae, was investigated for production of 2,3-butanediol. Experiments were performed by using Nutrient Broth (Bacto) supplemented with 10 g L -1 xylose (mixed medium). The carbon source was completely utilized in each experiment. The maximum yield of diol was obtained from glucose and the maximum biomass concentration from xylose
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The feasibility of microbial conversion of Jerusalem artichoke by-products, to higher value products, was studied. The pulp obtained after juice extraction and the stillage from alcohol distillation of J. Artichoke fermented broth were... more
The feasibility of microbial conversion of Jerusalem artichoke by-products, to higher value products, was studied. The pulp obtained after juice extraction and the stillage from alcohol distillation of J. Artichoke fermented broth were mixed in a ratio of 1:3 and then fermented with yeast Saccaromyces cerevisiae. The results show that during solid-state fermentation of this mixture, carbohydrates in the medium dropped from about 4% to approximately 1% in a 16 hour period. The protein content increased from about 2% to approximately 3% in the final product, i.e. about a 50% increase from the original value of the starting pulp/stillage mixture
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The utilization of glucose and xylose by Klebsiella pneumoniae was monitored by the redox potential. A nutrient broth complex medium supplemented by ω = 1% glucose or xylose, and synthetic medium with ω = 1% glucose or xylose were used.... more
The utilization of glucose and xylose by Klebsiella pneumoniae was monitored by the redox potential. A nutrient broth complex medium supplemented by ω = 1% glucose or xylose, and synthetic medium with ω = 1% glucose or xylose were used. The investigations were performed in shake flasks and in 1 L fermenter under different aeration conditions. The relationship between the redox potential and the total solvent production, and the productivity of 1,3-butanediol plus acetoin was shown. It was concluded that the redox potential could be used in conjunction with other parameters (pH, etc.) to monitor culture activity and to maintain optimal growth conditions
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20 Litre UASB reactors, operated continuously, were used to study hydrodynamic influences on accumulation and settling characteristics of granules. Two experiments were performed. The effect of liquid upflow velocity in the reactor on... more
20 Litre UASB reactors, operated continuously, were used to study hydrodynamic influences on accumulation and settling characteristics of granules. Two experiments were performed. The effect of liquid upflow velocity in the reactor on granules was investigated in Experiment 1. The effect of liquid inlet port configurations, in terms of the number of inlet ports, their diameter and the direction of influent stream into the reactor (at the same upflow velocity of 1.5 m/h) was investigated in Experiment 2. It was found from Experiment 1 that settling characteristics of granules at lower liquid upflow velocities (0.25 and 0.5 m/h) significantly differed from those observed at higher upflow velocities (1.0 and 1.5 m/h). A wide spectrum of settling velocities was observed at lower liquid upflow velocities while granules became more uniform at higher upflow velocities. It was found from Experiment 2 that settling of granules was little influenced by different inlet port configurations. How...
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The feasilibity of biomass production in the Jerusalem artichoke stillage using yeast culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated. The influence of stillage concentration, ammonia concentration in stillage and incremental feeding... more
The feasilibity of biomass production in the Jerusalem artichoke stillage using yeast culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated. The influence of stillage concentration, ammonia concentration in stillage and incremental feeding on biomass yield have been examined. It was found that the biomass yield from carbohydrate decreases even in stillage concentrated to three-quarters of its original volume
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Part 1 Production: Biosynthetic Mechanisms of Low Molecular Weight Surfactants and Their Precursor Molecules, Rolf K. Hommel and Colin Ratledge Production of Biosurfactants, Jitendra D. Desai and Anjana J. Desai Prospects and Limits for... more
Part 1 Production: Biosynthetic Mechanisms of Low Molecular Weight Surfactants and Their Precursor Molecules, Rolf K. Hommel and Colin Ratledge Production of Biosurfactants, Jitendra D. Desai and Anjana J. Desai Prospects and Limits for the Production of Biosurfactants Using Immobilized Biocatalysts, Martin Siemann and Fritz Wagner Lipopeptide Production by Bacillus licheniformis, Katharina Jenny, V. Deltrieu, and 0. Kappeli Integrated Process for Continuous Rhamnolipid Biosynthesis, Thomas Gruber et al Production, Properties, and Practical Applications of Fungal Polysaccharides, Walter Steiner, Dietmar Haltrich, and Robert M. Lafferty Bioconversion of Oils and Sugars to Glycolipids, Siegmund Lang and Fritz Wagner Part 2 Properties: Genetics of Surface-Active Compounds, Jakob Reiser et al Biological Activities of Biosurfactants, Siegmund Lang and Fritz Wagner The Biophysics of Microbial Surfactants: Growth on Insoluble Substrates, Donald F Gerson Surface Properties and Function of Alveolar and Airway Surfactant, Samuel Schurch, Marianne Geiser, and Peter Gehr Microbial Lipopolysaccharides, Lina Cloutier and Naim Kosaric Part 3 Applications: Factors Influencing the Economics of Biosurfactants, Catherine N. Mulligan and Bernard F Gibbs Biosurfactants for Cosmetics Vaclav Klekner and Naim Kosaric Biosurfactants from Marine Microorganisms, Siegmund Lang and Fritz Wagner Biosurfactants in Food Applications, Joran Velikonja and Naim Kosaric Biosurfactants for Environmental Control, Reinhard Muller-Hurtig et al.
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The froth flotation recovery of titanium, zirconium, iron and rare earth minerals from oil-sand tailings and their further beneficiation are described in this paper. The recovery of rare earth mineral value from these tailings has not... more
The froth flotation recovery of titanium, zirconium, iron and rare earth minerals from oil-sand tailings and their further beneficiation are described in this paper. The recovery of rare earth mineral value from these tailings has not been reported previously due to their low concentrations. The economic value of all of these minerals recovered in this way has been estimated to be almost double the cost of full effective tailings management. Adoption of these processes can eliminate the current unsound practice of simply storing these tailings behind high dykes in large lagoons.
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The dynamics of granule formation were studied using cells from two bench-scale UASB Reactors. The objective was to elucidate factors which influence formation and maintenance of highly active self-agglomerated microbial biomass.... more
The dynamics of granule formation were studied using cells from two bench-scale UASB Reactors. The objective was to elucidate factors which influence formation and maintenance of highly active self-agglomerated microbial biomass. Simultaneous examination of biological and physical parameters was performed during the start-up of a calcium-positive (100 mg/1) reactor and a reactor without added calcium. The influence of carbon nutrients and Ca++ on the cell surface and microbial aggregation was studied. The granules formed in both reactors but were larger in the calcium-positive reactor in which they settled 3-4 times faster. A higher rate of biomass accumulation also was evident in the calcium-positive reactor and this allowed a more frequent increase in the substrate loading rate and earlier development of the granular sludge.
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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 1. Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 0 a) Historical Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 b) Classification of Methane... more
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 1. Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 0 a) Historical Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 b) Classification of Methane Oxidizing Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . 96 2. Liquid Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 pH and Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 3. Composit ion of the Gas Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 4. Oxygen and Methane Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5. Biochemistry of Methane Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 a) Autotrophy-Heterotrophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 b) Methane Oxidation Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 c) Nitrogen Metabolism and Denitrification in Methaneand Methanol Oxidizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 d) Sulfate Reduction in Relation to Methane Oxidation . . . . . . . 112 6. Biosynthesis of Cell Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 t3 7. Present and Possible Future Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 a) Single-Cell Protein Production . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . 115 Quality of the SCP Derivcd from ttydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . 120 b) Removal of Methane from ('otll Nliiacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12t c) Petroleum Prospecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 1 d) Microbial Fuel-Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
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... Maintenance of the intracellular NAD+/NADI-I; balance has been sug-gested by Johansen et aJ.(1975) to be an important role of ... 104 ROBERT I. MAGEE AND NAIM KOSARIC TABLE IV PRODUCT BALANCES IN ANA|: RoaIc DISSIMILATION or G (.... more
... Maintenance of the intracellular NAD+/NADI-I; balance has been sug-gested by Johansen et aJ.(1975) to be an important role of ... 104 ROBERT I. MAGEE AND NAIM KOSARIC TABLE IV PRODUCT BALANCES IN ANA|: RoaIc DISSIMILATION or G (. ucosz Organism Bacillus ...
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Hemicellulose carbohydrates comprise a significant proportion of available biomass resources such as agricultural residues and wood wastes. These sugars, of which D-xylose is the most abundant, can be converted to valuable fuels and... more
Hemicellulose carbohydrates comprise a significant proportion of available biomass resources such as agricultural residues and wood wastes. These sugars, of which D-xylose is the most abundant, can be converted to valuable fuels and chemical feedstocks by bacteria, yeasts and mycelial fungi. Examination of the metabolism of pentoses by these microorganisms, reveals major differences in both the initial reactions of sugar
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... lipids extracted remained the same. Page 8. 80 G. Turcotte and N. Kosaric The effect of initial pH of the medium on the lipid composition of Candida stella-toidea was studied by Guarneri et al. 59). The initial pHs chosen were ...
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Page 1. 4 Ethanol - Potential Source of Energy and Chemical Products NAIM KOSARIC London, Ontario, Canada 1 Yeast Fermentation 123 2 Ethanol Fermentation with Bacteria 125 2.1 Thermophilic Organisms 131 2.2 Bacteria vs. ...
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Abstract Phenol in mixture with more toxic derivatives did not stimulate the degradation of 2,4‐dimethylphenol and 2‐chlorophenol by cells of Chlorella but improved the removal of 2,4‐dichlorophenol. However, these derivatives clearly... more
Abstract Phenol in mixture with more toxic derivatives did not stimulate the degradation of 2,4‐dimethylphenol and 2‐chlorophenol by cells of Chlorella but improved the removal of 2,4‐dichlorophenol. However, these derivatives clearly inhibited biodvegradation of phenol itself.
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Abstract The ability of Candida bombicola ATCC 22214 to produce sophorolipids using Turkish corn oil and honey was investigated. Shake flask experiments were carried out both with and without the addition of glucose as the second carbon... more
Abstract The ability of Candida bombicola ATCC 22214 to produce sophorolipids using Turkish corn oil and honey was investigated. Shake flask experiments were carried out both with and without the addition of glucose as the second carbon source. The organism could ...
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A laboratory bench-scale study was undertaken in order to investigate the anaerobic biological treatment of high-strength acidic organic wastewaters utilizing the Upflow Sludge Blanket (USB) treatment process. A synthetic wastewater was... more
A laboratory bench-scale study was undertaken in order to investigate the anaerobic biological treatment of high-strength acidic organic wastewaters utilizing the Upflow Sludge Blanket (USB) treatment process. A synthetic wastewater was utilized having a pH of 4.2 and consisting primarily of acetic and propionic acids. While operating at substrate loading rates of 1.1 and 2.4 kg COD/kg VSS/d (i.e., 10 and 30 kg COD/m3/d, respectively), the USB treatment process removed in excess of 90 per cent of the total COD present in the raw wastewater, for waste strengths of 2 to 32g COD/L and hydraulic retention times varying between 3.2 and 76.8 hours. The process demonstrated the ability to polish the effluent waste stream to effluent COD concentrations of less than 300 mg/L. The process was able to tolerate hydraulic and waste strength shockloads. No observable deterioration in pH or effluent quality was identified following sudden increases in wastewater concentration (e.g., 4 to 32g COD/L...
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Studies were performed to evaluate cell surface properties of aggregated microbial granules from anaerobic digestion systems. Cell surface properties (hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity) were obtained by contact angle measurements in an... more
Studies were performed to evaluate cell surface properties of aggregated microbial granules from anaerobic digestion systems. Cell surface properties (hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity) were obtained by contact angle measurements in an aqueous phase. The cells’ charges were evaluated by measuring zeta potential and settlability was used as a measure of aggregating of cells under various experimental conditions. Flocculation tests have shown to be a good indicator of aggregation ability between cells. Aggregation can be modulated by changing those environmental and engineering parameters which can be measured by contact angle and zeta potential.
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The recovery of heavy minerals from oilsand tailings by flotation has been studied. The results obtained indicate that the optimum pH is in the range of 8.3–11.7. Pine oil was used as a frother and the optimum concentration was found to... more
The recovery of heavy minerals from oilsand tailings by flotation has been studied. The results obtained indicate that the optimum pH is in the range of 8.3–11.7. Pine oil was used as a frother and the optimum concentration was found to be 0.15% (v/v) while frothing was depressed at its critical micelle concentration (CMC) in the extraction cell water (0.30% v/v). The use of starch to depress iron recovery also resulted in the depression of the heavy minerals. It is therefore suggested that iron removal be accomplished in the subsequent upgrading operations. The residual bitumen in these tailings appears to be associated with the gangue component of the solids. With a feed containing 10–12% TiO2 and 4–5% zircon, a heavy minerals concentrate containing 28–30% TiO2 and 10–12% zircon is obtainable at 85–95% recovery of these minerals if frothers are used. The flotation process under study has been shown to offer significant advantages over other heavy minerals recovery processes that h...
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... One technique (Britton et al. 1988, 1989; Saleem et al. 1989; Park and Nibras 1993) has been to immerse the polymer into the penetrant solu-tion and, by monitoring weight gain, estimate a diffusion coefficient. ... (1988), Saleem et... more
... One technique (Britton et al. 1988, 1989; Saleem et al. 1989; Park and Nibras 1993) has been to immerse the polymer into the penetrant solu-tion and, by monitoring weight gain, estimate a diffusion coefficient. ... (1988), Saleem et al. (1989) and Park and Nibras (1993). ...
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... Recuperation of ethanol is accomplished using a series of distillation tow-ers, with normally four being required for absolute alcohol production. The first tower serves to separate the solid materials and to drive the aldehydes... more
... Recuperation of ethanol is accomplished using a series of distillation tow-ers, with normally four being required for absolute alcohol production. The first tower serves to separate the solid materials and to drive the aldehydes Overhead. ...
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... The only alternative to fulfill the above goals relies upon renewable energy resources. The choices are even more limited when liquid and gaseous fuels for combustion and transportation are in question: biomass energy and water (for... more
... The only alternative to fulfill the above goals relies upon renewable energy resources. The choices are even more limited when liquid and gaseous fuels for combustion and transportation are in question: biomass energy and water (for hydrogen generation). ...
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The review attempts to deal with the state of the art of UHT milk processing, economics, packaging, and quality maintenance. Various methods of processing are covered in detail. A sample system was considered for material and energy... more
The review attempts to deal with the state of the art of UHT milk processing, economics, packaging, and quality maintenance. Various methods of processing are covered in detail. A sample system was considered for material and energy balances. A major factor in UHT milk technology is the economics of the process adopted. This is considered for the major processes currently in operation. Packaging and handling of UHT milk is of vital importance for the maintenance of the quality and flavor of the milk. A review of the different packaging systems describes the advantages and disadvantages of each one. The review is divided into the following sections: (1) major direct and indirect processes, (2) energy requirements and economics, (3) material and energy balances for fluid milk processing, storage, and distribution systems, (4) aseptic packaging, and (5) quality effects.
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Abstract Spirulina maxima, a high protein alga, was grown in effluents from the London municipal waste treatment plant. Optimum growth conditions were developed, the composition of algae and the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus in... more
Abstract Spirulina maxima, a high protein alga, was grown in effluents from the London municipal waste treatment plant. Optimum growth conditions were developed, the composition of algae and the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus in effluents were ...
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Nocardia amarae grown in a liquid medium induced coalescence of emulsions which differed in type, composition of the organic phase, and structure of stabilizing emulsifiers. De-emulsifying activity varied with the type of growth medium,... more
Nocardia amarae grown in a liquid medium induced coalescence of emulsions which differed in type, composition of the organic phase, and structure of stabilizing emulsifiers. De-emulsifying activity varied with the type of growth medium, culture age, and postharvest treatment. Based on extraction and degradation studies, it was concluded that de-emulsifying properties are due to the bacterial cell surface. Thus, bacteria may provide a new source of de-emulsifying agents.
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... Page 2. 2 N. Kosaric et al. 1 Introduction High ... Page 4. 4 N. Kosaric et al. be noted that the accuracy of the analytical methods used in this study is sometimes questionable 2s~, and this may account for the above variations. In ...
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... Goodwin JAS, Wase DAJ and Forster CF (1990) Effects of nutrient fimitation on the anaerobic upflow sludge blanket reactor. ... Paris JM, Vincent T., Balaguer MD, Cassd C, Carl6 J. and Canals J. (1986) Stability and control of UASB... more
... Goodwin JAS, Wase DAJ and Forster CF (1990) Effects of nutrient fimitation on the anaerobic upflow sludge blanket reactor. ... Paris JM, Vincent T., Balaguer MD, Cassd C, Carl6 J. and Canals J. (1986) Stability and control of UASB reactors treating potato-starch wastewater ...