3rd Seminar on Risk Management by Hygienic Design and Efficient Sanitation Programs; Tallinn; Estonia; 4 May 2009 through 6 May 2009
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Saabunud / Received 05.06.17 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 15.06.17 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 15.06.17 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Mati Roasto ; e-mail: mati.roasto@emu.ee
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The aim of present study was to find out the influence of green manures as winter cover crops and their combination with composted cattle manure on metabolomic fingerprinting and microbiological quality of winter wheat in a crop rotation... more
The aim of present study was to find out the influence of green manures as winter cover crops and their combination with composted cattle manure on metabolomic fingerprinting and microbiological quality of winter wheat in a crop rotation experiment in three organic systems (ORG 0, ORG 1, ORG 2) at the Estonian University of Life Sciences in 2012.
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Parafasciolopsosis is parasitological disease caused by parasitic trematode from the family Fasciolidae. Hepatic trematode Parafasciolopsis fasciolaemorpha is a herbivore parasite and quite commonly cause invasion in elks (Alces alces).... more
Parafasciolopsosis is parasitological disease caused by parasitic trematode from the family Fasciolidae. Hepatic trematode Parafasciolopsis fasciolaemorpha is a herbivore parasite and quite commonly cause invasion in elks (Alces alces). The aim of our study was to investigate the epizootic situation of Parafasciolopsis fasciolaemorpha caused invasion of elks in Latvia. The study was realized in Latvia University of Agriculture Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology. During the study we collected faecal samples from seven elks of different age and gender, located in the five hectare large territory of Latvia. Five grams of faeces were examined for the presence of trematode eggs by McMasters method. Our study showed that Parafasciolopsis fasciolaemorpha were found in three samples from seven elks, with invasion extensity 42%, moderate intensity. Parasite sporocysts with redia were found in the glutinous snail (Myxas glutinosa) what shows possible intermediate host ...
Th is study was supported by the Ministry of Education and Research of Estonia, the Estonian Science Foundation Grant No. 4979, the Finnish Veterinary Foundation, the Walter Ehrstrom Foundation, the measure 1.1.of the European Social... more
Th is study was supported by the Ministry of Education and Research of Estonia, the Estonian Science Foundation Grant No. 4979, the Finnish Veterinary Foundation, the Walter Ehrstrom Foundation, the measure 1.1.of the European Social Fund, project no. 1.0101-0240, and the financing project of Estonian University of Life Sciences “Possibilities for minimizing biological and chemical hazards in food chains”, P 5081 VLVL05.
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Very small amounts of pharmaceuticals present in everyday food may generate strains of resistant microorganisms in human and animal organisms. This study involves the uptake and accumulation of some widely used fluoroquinolones -... more
Very small amounts of pharmaceuticals present in everyday food may generate strains of resistant microorganisms in human and animal organisms. This study involves the uptake and accumulation of some widely used fluoroquinolones - enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin - by plants cultivated in soil augmented with drugs using the microbiological agar diffusion method. Bacillus subtilis was used as the test bacterium. The three plants chosen for the experiment were lettuce (Lactuca sativa), common barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), which were cultivated in a laboratory in soils mixed with enro- or ciprofloxacin at nominal concentrations of 500, 200, 50 and 10 µg/g. The concentrations of fluoroquinolones remained unchanged in the soil during the experiment. The presence of enrofloxacin was detected in all plants grown at enrofloxacin concentrations of 500, 200 and 50 µg/g. The presence of ciprofloxacin was only detected in barley and cucumber grown in soil with a ba...
Saabunud / Received 11.06.2018 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 15.10.2018 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 15.10.2018 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Toomas Kramarenko e-mail: toomas.kramarenko@vetlab.ee
The present study gives a review of the contaminati on and health risks related to Campylobacter spp. and L. monocytogenes in the Estonian and Latvian food supply. Campylobacteriosis and human listeriosis ar e important zoonotic diseases.... more
The present study gives a review of the contaminati on and health risks related to Campylobacter spp. and L. monocytogenes in the Estonian and Latvian food supply. Campylobacteriosis and human listeriosis ar e important zoonotic diseases. Therefore, biosecurity measures at the farm level a nd Good Hygiene Practices at the industry level must be strictly followed. Further i mprovements in the state surveillance and food industry self-control systems are needed b oth in Estonia and Latvia.
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The reservoir and source of human campylobacteriosis is primarily considered to be poultry, but also other such as ruminants, pets and environmental sources are related with infection burden. Multilocus sequence typing is often used for... more
The reservoir and source of human campylobacteriosis is primarily considered to be poultry, but also other such as ruminants, pets and environmental sources are related with infection burden. Multilocus sequence typing is often used for Campylobacter epidemiological studies to determine potential sources of human infections. The collection of 420 Campylobacter jejuni isolates with assigned MLST genotype from poultry (n = 139), cattle (n = 48) and wild birds (n = 101) were used in source attribution analysis. Asymmetric island model with accurate and congruent self-attribution results, was used to determine potential sources of human C. jejuni infections (n = 132) in Baltic States. Source attribution analysis revealed that poultry (88.3%) is the main source of C. jejuni human infections followed by cattle and wild bird with 9.4% and 2.3%, respectively. Our findings demonstrated that clinical cases of C. jejuni infections in Baltic countries are mainly linked to poultry, but also to cattle and wild bird sources.
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Mint flavorings are widely used in confections, beverages, and dairy products. For the first time, mint flavoring composition of mint candies and food supplements (n = 45), originating from 16 countries, as well as their antibacterial... more
Mint flavorings are widely used in confections, beverages, and dairy products. For the first time, mint flavoring composition of mint candies and food supplements (n = 45), originating from 16 countries, as well as their antibacterial properties, was analyzed. The flavorings were isolated by Marcussonʼs type micro-apparatus and analyzed by GC-MS. The total content of the mint flavoring hydrodistilled extracts was in the range of 0.01 – 0.9%. The most abundant compounds identified in the extracts were limonene, 1,8-cineole, menthone, menthofuran, isomenthone, menthol and its isomers, menthyl acetate. The antimicrobial activity of 13 reference substances and 10 selected mint flavoring hydrodistilled extracts was tested on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by broth dilution method. Linalool acetate and (−)-carvone, as most active against both bacteria, had the lowest MIC90 values. (+)-Menthyl acetate, (−)-menthyl acetate, and limonene showed no antimicrobial activity. Three of...
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We sequenced the genome of a multicountry outbreak-related Listeria monocytogenes sequence type 1247 strain (VLTRLM2013) that was isolated from a vacuum-packaged sliced salted salmon product of an Estonian fish-processing company that was... more
We sequenced the genome of a multicountry outbreak-related Listeria monocytogenes sequence type 1247 strain (VLTRLM2013) that was isolated from a vacuum-packaged sliced salted salmon product of an Estonian fish-processing company that was obtained from an Estonian retail outlet in 2013.
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It is a challenge for scientists to find new plant-based food constituents simultaneously possessing antimicrobial and antioxidative properties to prolong the shelf life of meat products. In this study, various plant powders and their... more
It is a challenge for scientists to find new plant-based food constituents simultaneously possessing antimicrobial and antioxidative properties to prolong the shelf life of meat products. In this study, various plant powders and their blends were added to minced pork to carry out a complex study of their effect on sensory characteristics, microbial growth, and lipid oxidation of the meat in raw and cooked forms during storage. Microbiological shelf life parameters were evaluated by determining the total counts of microorganisms, yeasts, and molds. The growth potential of Listeria monocytogenes was estimated by challenge testing. The impact on lipid oxidation processes was assessed using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods. The results showed that the blend of rhubarb petioles and tomato powder added a pleasant color and a combined taste to the product, similar to the taste of salt. In raw samples, considerable mic...
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The prevalence and numbers of Listeria monocytogenes in various categories of ready-to-eat (RTE) food products taken from retail outlets and food industries over a 5-year period are presented. A total of 30,016 RTE food samples were... more
The prevalence and numbers of Listeria monocytogenes in various categories of ready-to-eat (RTE) food products taken from retail outlets and food industries over a 5-year period are presented. A total of 30,016 RTE food samples were analyzed for L. monocytogenes prevalence, and 3.6% were found to be positive. The highest prevalence was found for RTE fish and fish products (11.6%), especially for lightly salted and cold-smoked fish products. The overall prevalence of L. monocytogenes in other food categories was low, within the range of 0 to 3.9%. In addition, 14,342 RTE food samples were analyzed to determine the numbers of L. monocytogenes. A food safety criterion of 100 CFU/g was exceeded for 0.3% of RTE food samples. Samples most often exceeding the legal safety limit were from the RTE salted and cold-smoked fish product categories. High prevalence, 28.6 and 26.5%, respectively, and high numbers of L. monocytogenes among salted fish and cold-smoked fish products indicate a risk o...
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Genotypes of Campylobacter jejuni in Baltic fresh broiler chicken meat and in Estonian human origin samples were determined by using MLST. We observed associations between clonal complexes, sequence types, and antibiotic resistance of C.... more
Genotypes of Campylobacter jejuni in Baltic fresh broiler chicken meat and in Estonian human origin samples were determined by using MLST. We observed associations between clonal complexes, sequence types, and antibiotic resistance of C. jejuni isolates. The detection of high proportions of fluoroquinolone resistance among Latvian (100.0%) and Lithuanian (84.6%) origin broiler chicken meat C. jejuni isolates, found in this study, suggests the wide use of these antibiotics in poultry in these countries. MLST of 48 Baltic origin C. jejuni isolates revealed a total of 22 sequence types belonging to 13 clonal complexes. From the 13 assigned CCs and 22 STs, the most prevalent were ST-353 CC and ST-5 consisting of human, Latvian and Lithuanian chicken meat isolates. Among human and chicken meat isolates the resistance rate was 63.6 and 62.2%, respectively. ST-353 isolated from humans were more often resistant to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin than the other STs. Strain types ST-5, ST-50...
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Acrylamide is formed when certain foods with low moisture are prepared at above 120 ºC, especially those foods containing asparagine and reducing sugars such as glucose and fructose. Acrylamide is a probable carcinogen, and from animal... more
Acrylamide is formed when certain foods with low moisture are prepared at above 120 ºC, especially those foods containing asparagine and reducing sugars such as glucose and fructose. Acrylamide is a probable carcinogen, and from animal evidence the margins of exposure indicate a concern for neoplastic effects. On a body weight basis infants´ acrylamide intakes are often higher than those of adults. The aim of the study was to determine acrylamide levels in different commercially-available foods and to assess dietary acrylamide intakes by infants. The acrylamide content in samples ranged widely, from <LOD to 3,300 µg kg-1 depending on the product category, and the food product within the category. Excluding coffee substitutes, the highest mean acrylamide values were found for potato crisps and snacks. Among baby foods, the highest mean level of acrylamide was found in vegetable-based non-cereal foods (65 µg kg-1), followed by processed cereal-based infant foods (42 µg kg-1). The i...
Research Interests: Humans, Estonia, Infant, Eating, Food Contamination, and 3 moreFood Sciences, Acrylamide, and Infant food
Polyphenols of fruits and vegetables form an important part of human dietary compounds. Relatively little is known about accumulation of phenolics during fruits ripening process. The goal of this work was to study the changes in... more
Polyphenols of fruits and vegetables form an important part of human dietary compounds. Relatively little is known about accumulation of phenolics during fruits ripening process. The goal of this work was to study the changes in antioxidant activity and in content of 30 polyphenols during ripening of tomato fruits. Five organically and conventionally grown tomato cultivars were investigated at three different ripening stages. Phenolic compounds were extracted with methanol and extracts were analyzed by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS. During ripening, four different changing patterns were observed: (1) high level in green fruits with minimal changes; (2) continuous increase with maximum level in red-ripe fruits; (3) decrease; (4) increase and achieving maximum level at half-ripe stage. Similar change patterns were found for organic and conventional fruits. The accumulation patterns of phenolic compounds were similar in standard-type tomatoes but differed in several cases in cherry-type cultivar. Alt...
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The decreased costs of genome sequencing have increased capability to apply whole-genome sequence on epidemiological surveillance of zoonoticCampylobacter jejuni. However, knowledge about how genetically similar epidemiologically linked... more
The decreased costs of genome sequencing have increased capability to apply whole-genome sequence on epidemiological surveillance of zoonoticCampylobacter jejuni. However, knowledge about how genetically similar epidemiologically linked isolates can be is vital for correct application of this methodology. To address this issue inC. jejuniwe investigated the spatial and temporal signals in the genomes of a major clonal complex and generalist lineage, ST-45 CC, by exploiting the population structure and genealogy and applying genome-wide association analysis of 340 isolates from across Europe collected over a wide time-range. The occurrence and strength of the geographical signal varied between sublineages and followed the clonal frame when present, while no evidence of a temporal signal was found. Certain sublineages of ST-45 CC formed discrete and genetically isolated clades to which geography and time had left only negligible traces in the genomes. We hypothesize that these ST-45 C...
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In the current study the microbiological, sensory and chemical properties of 24 kefirs (12 producers) from Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian retail market were determined using gas chromatography (GC), high performance liquid... more
In the current study the microbiological, sensory and chemical properties of 24 kefirs (12 producers) from Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian retail market were determined using gas chromatography (GC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-MS/MS-Q-TOF and LC-ion trap MS/MS), spectrophotometry and other methods. Antihypertensive, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibiting, antioxidant and antibacterial peptides were found in the kefir samples. According to the results of principal component analysis of 200 most abundant compounds obtained with HPLC-MS/MS-Q-TOF analysis, Estonian kefirs differed from the rest. Kefirs of Latvian and Lithuanian origin showed similarities in several characteristics, probably related to the starter cultures and technological processes. The fatty acids composition of all Baltic kefirs was uniform. The antioxidant capacity of the kefirs varied slightly, whereas intermediate positive correlation (r = 0·32, P < 0·05) was found between antioxidati...
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In den Jahren 2000 und 2002 wurde rohes Hühnerfleisch estnischer Herkunft auf die Anwesenheit von thermophilen Campylobacter untersucht. Insgesamt wurden 279 Proben (90 Proben aus einem Kleinbetrieb und 189 Proben aus einem Großbetrieb... more
In den Jahren 2000 und 2002 wurde rohes Hühnerfleisch estnischer Herkunft auf die Anwesenheit von thermophilen Campylobacter untersucht. Insgesamt wurden 279 Proben (90 Proben aus einem Kleinbetrieb und 189 Proben aus einem Großbetrieb stammend) analysiert. 15.8% aller rohen Hühnerfleischprodukte war mit Campylobacter kontaminiert. In den Produkten (Brust, Schlachtkörper, Oberschenkel und Flügel) der Kleinbetriebe wurde ein siginifikant höheres Vorkommen von Campylobacter (35.6%) festgestellt als in Großbetrieben (8.1%) (P < 0.001). Schlachtkörper und Flügel (28 und 31,3%) wiesen eine signifikant höhere Kontamination als Brust und Oberschenkel (0 and 0%) (P < 0.001) auf. Von insgesamt 44 Campylobacter-Stämmen wurden 76% als C. jejuni und 24% als C. coli identifiziert. In dieser Untersuchung konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß estnisches rohes Hühnerfleisch aus Kleinbetrieben stammend eine höhere Campylobacter Kontamination aufweist als gleiche Produkte aus Großbetrieben.
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The objectives of the present study, which was carried out as an addition to the national Campylobacter spp. monitoring program activities, were to: 1) determine Campylobacter spp. in raw retail poultry meat in Estonia in order to provide... more
The objectives of the present study, which was carried out as an addition to the national Campylobacter spp. monitoring program activities, were to: 1) determine Campylobacter spp. in raw retail poultry meat in Estonia in order to provide data for understanding the significance of poultry as a potential source of human Campylobacter infection in Estonia, 2) serotype and PFGE genotype Campylobacter isolates originating from raw retail poultry meat to understand the distribution and diversity of serotypes and PFGE genotypes in Estonia, 3) determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated Campylobacter strains in order to compare it to respective levels in other EU countries and to understand the problem severity in Estonia. Our studies revealed that the proportion of Campylobacter positive samples in fresh chicken products of Estonian origin was 9.1% compared to 15.9% obtained from imported frozen raw poultry products. Analysis of seasonality of Campylobacter positive samples...
The present study investigated the antimicrobial effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum with and without 1 % inulin or 1 % oligofructose on the survival and growth... more
The present study investigated the antimicrobial effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum with and without 1 % inulin or 1 % oligofructose on the survival and growth of antibiotic-resistant as well as susceptible C. jejuni strains (n = 6) using the co-culture experiments in vitro. The pH of the medium and certain organic acids produced by probiotic bacteria were also measured. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the concentrations of lactic and acetic acid. L. acidophilus with 1 % inulin or 1 % oligofructose and Bifidobacteria combined with 1 % oligofructose inhibited the growth of all the tested C. jejuni strains and none of the tested C. jejuni strains were detectable in 48 hours of coincubation. C. jejuni did not affect the growth of the probiotic strains. The antimicrobial activity of probiotics combined with prebiotics against C. jejuni was most probably associated with the r...
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Abstract. Very small amounts of pharmaceuticals present in everyday food may generate strains of resistant microorganisms in human and animal organisms. This study involves the uptake and accumulation of some widely used fluoroquinolones... more
Abstract. Very small amounts of pharmaceuticals present in everyday food may generate strains of resistant microorganisms in human and animal organisms. This study involves the uptake and accumulation of some widely used fluoroquinolones – enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin – by plants cultivated in soil augmented with drugs using the microbiological agar diffusion method. Bacillus subtilis was used as the test bacterium. The three plants chosen for the experiment were lettuce (Lactuca sativa), common barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), which were cultivated in a laboratory in soils mixed with enroor ciprofloxacin at nominal concentrations of 500, 200, 50 and 10 μg/g. The concentrations of fluoroquinolones remained unchanged in the soil during the experiment. The presence of enrofloxacin was detected in all plants grown at enrofloxacin concentrations of 500, 200 and 50 μg/g. The presence of ciprofloxacin was only detected in barley and cucumber grown in soil w...
ABSTRACT Antimicrobial Resistance and Food Safety: Methods and Techniques introduces antimicrobial resistant food-borne pathogens, their surveillance and epidemiology, emerging resistance and resistant pathogens. This analysis is followed... more
ABSTRACT Antimicrobial Resistance and Food Safety: Methods and Techniques introduces antimicrobial resistant food-borne pathogens, their surveillance and epidemiology, emerging resistance and resistant pathogens. This analysis is followed by a systematic presentation of currently applied methodology and technology, including advanced technologies for detection, intervention, and information technologies. This reference can be used as a practical guide for scientists, food engineers, and regulatory personnel as well as students in food safety, food microbiology, or food science.
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The nitrate and nitrite contents were determined in canned vegetable-based infant foods of five varieties. Furthermore, changes in nitrate content during industrial processing were studied. Samples were taken from raw materials,... more
The nitrate and nitrite contents were determined in canned vegetable-based infant foods of five varieties. Furthermore, changes in nitrate content during industrial processing were studied. Samples were taken from raw materials, homogenized mixtures, and final products after sterilization, and then analyzed for nitrate and nitrite content by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Processing steps preceding heat treatment, such as vegetable peeling and washing, decreased the nitrate concentrations in the range of 17 to 52%. During processing, the nitrate content in canned infant foods decreased 39 to 50%, compared with nitrate concentration in the raw-vegetable mixture. The final nitrate concentration in infant foods depends mainly on the initial nitrate content of the raw-vegetable mixture. The effect of storage time (24 and 48 h) and temperature (4 to 6 degrees C and 20 to 22 degrees C) on nitrate and nitrite content in opened canned infant-food samples was studied. After 24 h of sto...
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The development of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli is a matter of increasing concern. Because campylobacteriosis is transmitted to humans usually via food of animal origin, the presence of... more
The development of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli is a matter of increasing concern. Because campylobacteriosis is transmitted to humans usually via food of animal origin, the presence of antimicrobial-resistant campylobacters in broiler chickens has important public health implications. The aim of our study was to analyze resistance patterns of C. jejuni isolated from fecal samples collected at a large Estonian chicken farm, from cecal contents collected at slaughterhouses, and from meat samples collected at the retail establishments in 2005 and 2006. A total of 131 C. jejuni isolates were collected over a 13-month period and tested by the broth microdilution VetMIC method (National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden) to determine the MICs of various antimicrobials. Resistance to one or more antimicrobials was detected in 104 (79.4%) of the 131 isolates. High proportions of the isolates were resistant to enrofloxacin (73.3%) and nalidixic...
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In the present study, four tomato cultivars were grown under organic and conventional conditions in separate unheated greenhouses in three consecutive years. The objective was to assess the influence of the cultivation system on the... more
In the present study, four tomato cultivars were grown under organic and conventional conditions in separate unheated greenhouses in three consecutive years. The objective was to assess the influence of the cultivation system on the content of individual polyphenols, total phenolics, and antioxidant capacity of tomatoes. The fruits were analyzed for total phenolic content by the Folin-Ciocalteau method and antioxidant capacity by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Individual phenolic compounds were analyzed using HPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Among 30 identified and quantified polyphenols, significantly higher contents of apigenin acetylhexoside, caffeic acid hexoside I, and phloretin dihexoside were found in all organic samples. The content of polyphenols was more dependent on year and cultivar than on cultivation conditions. Generally, the cultivation system had minor impact on polyphenols content, and only a few compounds were influenced by the mode of cultivation in all tested cultivars during all three years.
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ABSTRACT a b s t r a c t The main aim of the present study was to estimate the occurrence of zoonotic bacteria in raw milk intended for sale directly to consumers in Estonia. In-line milk filters, bulk milk samples and milk samples from... more
ABSTRACT a b s t r a c t The main aim of the present study was to estimate the occurrence of zoonotic bacteria in raw milk intended for sale directly to consumers in Estonia. In-line milk filters, bulk milk samples and milk samples from selling points were collected from a total of 14 dairy farms and respective retail selling points. The somatic cell counts, total bacterial counts and the presence of Salmonella spp and Listeria monocytogenes were studied from bulk milk samples. Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., L. monoscytogenes and Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) were studied in farms in-line milk filters. The total bacterial counts exceeded 100,000 cfu/ml in three (21.4%) bulk milk samples and in 10 samples (71.4%) collected at the retail level. STEC genes were detected in 64.3% of the in-line milk filter samples. More than one STEC serogroup-specific gene was detected in four dairy farms. L. monocytogenes was found in 36% of the in-line milk filters. Neither Salmonella spp. nor Campylobacter spp. were found in any samples.
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ABSTRACT In the present study Campylobacter species and their antimicrobial resistance in Latvian broiler chicken production was determined. Furthermore, this is the first report on the antimicrobial resistance patterns for Campylobacter... more
ABSTRACT In the present study Campylobacter species and their antimicrobial resistance in Latvian broiler chicken production was determined. Furthermore, this is the first report on the antimicrobial resistance patterns for Campylobacter isolates from broiler chickens at slaughterhouse and retail level in Latvia. Two biggest Latvian broiler chicken meat producing company products were included in the study. Altogether, 74 randomly selected broiler chicken Campylobacter spp. isolates were analysed for species identification. Campylobacter isolates were obtained during a 12-month period within the Latvian Campylobacter prevalence study in 2010. Colony multiplex PCR was used for all isolates to identify Campylobacter species. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for 58 Campylobacter spp. isolates. Resistance to one or more antimicrobials was detected in all 58 isolates (100%). A high proportion of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (100%) and nalidixic acid (87.9%). Multidrug resistance, which was determined as resistance to three or more unrelated antimicrobials, was detected in 39 isolates (67.2%). Moreover, all multiresistant isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid. Analyses of Campylobacter isolates from two Latvian broiler chicken meat producing companies resulted with significant differences in Campylobacter species; from the company A mainly Campylobacter coli were found, while in the company B Campylobacter jejuni.
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Page 1. Part Two Man-made components Bioactive Compounds in Foods Edited by John Gilbert and Hamide Z. Senyuva. © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, ISBN: 978-1-4051-5875-6 Page 2. 9 Naturally Occurring Nitrates and Nitrites in Foods ...