Muhammad Yunus

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The purpose of this study is: to determine the effect of consumer perceptions on purchasing decisions at Perum Bulog Sub Divre Pematangsiantar. This study uses a library research design and field research. This type of data uses qualitative and quantitative data. Data sources are primary data and secondary data. Data collection was carried out by means of questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. Test the research instrument using the validity test and reliability test. The data analysis technique used is normality test, qualitative descriptive analysis, and quantitative descriptive analysis. The results of this study can be concluded as follows: Consumer perceptions have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions either simultaneously or partially. There is a strong and positive relationship between consumer perceptions of purchasing decisions. The level of purchase decisions can be explained by consumer perceptions. Consumer perceptions have a positive and sign...

The research is the development of Agricultural English teaching materials at Universitas Muslim Indonesia. The purposes of this research are to (1) produce a type of Agricultural English teaching material suitable to be used by the students of Faculty of Agriculture UMI and to (2) discover why the students are learning English. The method used is research and development. The research site was at the Faculty of Agriculture UMI with the number of 50 respondents. The results showed that based on the student responses, 12 out of 42 topics occupy the highest percentage needed for Agricultural English teaching materials. Those 12 topics are as follows: rice, tomatoes, chili,  shallots, eggplant, papaya, rambutan, coconut, coffee, land, disease pest, and seeds. Then, the purposes of the students learning English can be categorized into two major groups, namely to anticipate competition in the workplace where the ability to communicate both oral and written is needed and to prepare themse...

The Prophet's Birthday celebration is a tradition carried out by the Acehnese people in commemoration of the birth of the Great Prophet Muhammad Saw. In Aceh something generally celebrated is usually done with kenduri (food). The results of this study indicate that the Kenduri Maulid (Khanduri Maulod) can be carried out in three months, starting from the month of early Rabiul, Late Rabiul, and Early Jumadil. Selected one of the days between the three months to celebrate the feast of maulid. Each village or village has its own characteristics in the celebration of the feather maulid, both in the form of celebrations or food menus. The hallmark of the maidid feast in Aceh Besar is marked by the existence of the main dish of Kuah Beulangong. According to the Acehnese glorifying the birthday of the Prophet by means of large-scale calms is a must for those who are able, as a form of gratitude for the blessings of faith, Islam and ihsan that have been obtained.

The road conditions in the Fakfak Regency area have suffered a lot of damage, this is related to the subgrade condition of the road in the form of clay. One method that is widely used to improve the characteristics of clay that does not fulfill the requirements as a road subgrade material is to add fly ash. Aim of this study was to determine the value of clay plasticity before and after adding rock ash with the percentage of stone ash 8%, 16%, 32%. From the results of testing on clay soaked for 7 days can reduce the liquid limit value where the largest decrease is 15,24% of the original soil occurs in the addition of 32% fly ash with a value of 66,86%. The plastic limit value also decreased by 20,40% from the original soil with a value of 46,10% at the addition of 32% fly ash. And the plasticity index value experienced the largest decrease in the addition of 32% stone ash with a decrease of 0,97% from the original soil with a value of 20,76%. In clay soil which was brooded for 14 da...

This research is qualitative research in the form of library studies. Data in this study were obtained from sources such as history books and journal articles. Data collection is conducted by summarizing, organizing and formulating expert opinions contained in the written documents of the three books, journals, articles and others. There are five elements that characterize Islamic boarding schools. These five elements are the main requirements for defining a pesantren. (1) Kiyai as leaders of Islamic boarding schools, (2) santri who live in dormitories and study with clerics (3) dormitory as residence for santri (4) recitation as a form of teaching kyai to santri, and (5) mosques as centers of education and boarding school activities.

Intra-articular glenohumeral injections are an important part of orthopedic practices for both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Forty human cadaver shoulders were injected, 20 anteriorly and 20 posteriorly, to assess the accuracy of injections placed in the glenohumeral joint. After the needle was placed, 1 cc of gadolinium was injected into the joint to determine accuracy of position. The radiographic presence of intra-articular contrast was judged as an accurate injection. The anterior approach had an 80% accuracy rate and .75 positive predictive value. The posterior approach had a 50% accuracy rate and a .67 positive predictive value. Anterior injections produce a higher rate of accuracy than posterior injections.

At the end phase of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis, antibody testing may have a role in decision-making for bancroftian filariasis-endemic areas. This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of BLF Rapid, a prototype immunochromatographic IgG4-based test using SXP recombinant protein, for detection of bancroftian filariasis. The test was evaluated using 258 serum samples, comprising 96 samples tested at Universiti Sains Malaysia (in-house) and 162 samples tested independently at three international laboratories in the USA and India, and two laboratories in Malaysia. The independent testing involved 99 samples from microfilaria or antigen positive individuals and 63 samples from people who were healthy or had other infections. The in-house evaluation showed 100% diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. The independent evaluations showed a diagnostic sensitivity of 84-100% and 100% specificity (excluding non-lymphatic filarial infections). BLF Rapid has poten...

Trapezius muscle biopsy was carried out in 21 patients with primary fibromyalgia syndrome (PFS) and 11 healthy controls, and assessed blindly by electron microscopy. Common findings in both the PFS and control groups were mild myofibrillar separation, papillary projections and subsarcolemmal accumulation of glycogen. However, the differences between the 2 groups were not statistically significant in any of the findings.

Although nonspecific musculoskeletal aching of nonarticular origin has been described in European literature since the 17th century under such names as muscular rheumatism, the fibrositis syndrome with generalized musculoskeletal aches or stiffness, fatigue, poor sleep, and multiple tender points as a characteristic rheumatologic entity was not described until the 1960s. Smythe first suggested criteria for this condition based on clinical experience in the 1970s. However, the first data-based criteria of "fibrositis" (appropriately called fibromyalgia) was not published until 1981. Since then other criteria have been published, and in 1989 criteria studies on fibromyalgia with appropriate design and controls were reported. This article critically evaluates current criteria developments in fibromyalgia.

Plasma and urinary catecholamines were measured in a blinded manner among 30 patients with primary fibromyalgia (PF) and 30 healthy controls without significant pain to determine possible elevations of catecholamines in PF, as well as their correlations with psychological and clinical variables in this syndrome. Results showed no significant differences between fibromyalgia and control groups in any of the catecholamines measured, nor was there a correlation between catecholamine levels and any of the clinical features or psychologic measures.

Central sensitivity syndromes (CSS) include fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), irritable bowel syndrome, temporomandibular disorder, restless legs syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, and other similar chronic painful conditions that are based on central sensitization (CS). CSS are mutually associated. In this paper, prevalence of FMS among other members of CSS has been described. An important recent recognition is an increased prevalence of FMS in other chronic pain conditions with structural pathology, for example, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, diabetes mellitus, and inflammatory bowel disease. Diagnosis and proper management of FMS among these diseases are of crucial importance so that unwarranted use of such medications as corticosteroids can be avoided, since FMS often occurs when RA or SLE is relatively mild.

to evaluate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and features of the fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). 211 female patients with FMS seen consecutively in our rheumatology clinic were analyzed. Spearman correlation was used. Further, FMS features were compared at different levels of BMI (kg/m2), e.g., < 25.00 vs > or = 25.00 (normal vs overweight). P value of < or = 0.01 was accepted as significant. A significant positive correlation was found between BMI and age (p<0.001) and a negative correlation between BMI and education (p<0.009). Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score was significantly correlated with BMI (p<0.001), whereas fatigue and number of tender points (TP) showed a trend (p=0.035 and 0.037, respectively). The HAQ score is significantly associated with BMI in FMS with a trend towards significance for fatigue and TP. Weight loss may improve physical functioning in this disorder.

Using a cell-based assay for RNA synthesis by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of noroviruses, we previously observed that VP1, the major structural protein of the human GII.4 norovirus, enhanced the GII.4 RdRp activity but not that of the related murine norovirus (MNV) or other unrelated RNA viruses (C. V. Subba-Reddy, I. Goodfellow, and C. C. Kao, J. Virol. 85:13027–13037, 2011). Here, we examine the mechanism of VP1 enhancement of RdRp activity and the mechanism of mouse norovirus replication. We determined that the GII.4 and MNV VP1 proteins can enhance cognate RdRp activities in a concentration-dependent manner. The VP1 proteins coimmunoprecipitated with their cognate RdRps. Coexpression of individual domains of VP1 with the viral RdRps showed that the VP1 shell domain (SD) was sufficient to enhance polymerase activity. Using SD chimeras from GII.4 and MNV, three loops connecting the central β-barrel structure were found to be responsible for the species-specific enhance...

Some controversy has been generated by the consensus report on fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) published in 1996 (1). The current paper examines this report and offers some additional perspectives on several issues. The consensus report was based primarily on scientific data and provided useful information on various aspects of FMS. However, it is felt that some views, e.g., those on diagnosis in a work or compensation setting, causality, and management may be misinterpreted to the detriment of patient care. Our viewpoint in this paper states that both research data and clinical experience should be used to meaningfully address different aspects of FMS covered in the consensus report. Furthermore, be-cause of continued research in FMS, the finite time limitations of the original report compiled in June of 1994, should be recognized.

Background Amoebic liver abscess (ALA) is the most common clinical manifestation of extraintestinal amoebiasis especially in developing countries, causing up to 100 000 fatal cases annually. Accurate and early diagnosis is important to prevent the disease complications, however its diagnosis still poses many challenges due to the limitations of the available detection tools. Pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK), an excretory-secretory protein of E. histolytica, has been reported as a potential diagnostic marker for ALA, hence it may be exploited in the development of a new test for ALA. Methods Recombinant PPDK (rPPDK) was expressed, purified and evaluated by Western blot. In parallel, recombinant galactose-and-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine inhibitable lectin (Gal/GalNAc lectin) was produced and tested similarly. The protein identity was confirmed by analysis using MALDI-TOF/TOF. A lateral flow dipstick (LFD) test using rPPDK was subsequently developed (rPPDK-LFD) and evaluated for serodia...

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is now a recognized clinical entity causing chronic and disabling pain. For several centuries, muscle pains have been known as rheumatism and then as muscular rheumatism. The term fibrositis was coined by Gowers in 1904 and was not changed to fibromyalgia until 1976. Smythe laid the foundation of modern FMS in 1972 by describing widespread pain and tender points. The first sleep electroencephalogram study was performed in 1975. The first controlled clinical study with validation of known symptoms and tender points was published in 1981. This same study also proposed the first data-based criteria. The important concept that FMS and other similar conditions are interconnected was proposed in 1984. The first American College of Rheumatology criteria were published in 1990 and neurohormonal mechanisms with central sensitization were developed in the 1990s. Serotonergic/norepinephric drugs were first shown to be effective in 1986.

... by Muhammad Yunus Copyright 1999 Scientific American, Inc. Page 2. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN November 1999 115 ... Today Grameen is established in nearly 39,000 villages in Bangladesh. It lends to approximately 2.4 million bor-rowers, 94 percent of whom are women. ...