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RESUMEN. Se evaluaron cuatro materiales (papel encerado, tela nylon, bolsa Taiwán y la bolsa de directorio telefónico) para la elaboración de la bolsa que protege los frutos de guayaba de insectos. El ensayo se realizó en el 2007, en... more
RESUMEN. Se evaluaron cuatro materiales (papel encerado, tela nylon, bolsa Taiwán y la bolsa de directorio telefónico) para la elaboración de la bolsa que protege los frutos de guayaba de insectos. El ensayo se realizó en el 2007, en Alajuela, Costa Rica. El porcentaje de fruta protegida fue nylon > Taiwán > encerado > directorio. La duración de la bolsa en campo fue papel encerado < Taiwán < directorio < nylon. El mayor número de frutos caídos se presentó en el control. La calidad poscosecha fue mejor en los frutos embolsados que en el testigo. Los resultados indican que la bolsa de nylon brinda la mejor protección contra Anastrepha spp., no obstante, es muy costosa. Se requieren estudios adicionales que evalúen la reutilización de la bolsa de nylon con el fin de bajar los costos de esta bolsa.
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Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) is the most important insect pest of the Meliaceae in the Neotropics. This paper reviews the information on H. grandella parasitoids in Latin America and the Caribbean. Preliminary data on the parasitoid... more
Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) is the most important insect pest of the Meliaceae in the Neotropics. This paper reviews the information on H. grandella parasitoids in Latin America and the Caribbean. Preliminary data on the parasitoid complex in Turrialba, Costa Rica, are presented, where apparent parasitisation of H. grandella during 1995–1996 reached 36%. The lowest level of parasitisation occurred during the dry season. The parasitoid Apanteles sp. (= Hypomicrogaster hypsipylae de Santis?) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was the most abundant larval parasitoid with a mean of 22 parasitoids per parasitised larva and a sex ratio of 3:1 females to males. Brachymeria conica Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) was found parasitising pupae, but at low frequency
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The main problem in guava production is fruit fly damage; this insect feeds inside the fruit and facilitates the entrance of pathogens and fruit drop. This study evaluated different materials used for making protective bags for guava... more
The main problem in guava production is fruit fly damage; this insect feeds inside the fruit and facilitates the entrance of pathogens and fruit drop. This study evaluated different materials used for making protective bags for guava fruits in order to reduce fruit fly damage and pathogen presence, as well as to extend their life expectancy in the field. The study took place during the dry and rainy seasons in Carrillos, Alajuela, Costa Rica. During the first phase, four different bagging materials were evaluated: waxed paper, nylon fabric, Taiwan bag and telephone book paper, the latter normally used by local farmers; for the second phase, only Taiwan and nylon bags were used. Highly significant differences (F = 66.75; p Taiwan > waxed paper > telephone guide paper. For the second period (F = 38.13; p < 0.0001) nylon bags protected more fruits than Taiwan bags. The longest duration of the bag in the field was obtained with nylon bags followed by telephone book paper, Taiwan and waxed paper bags. During the second phase Taiwan outlasted nylon bags. Telephone book paper and nylon yielded the highest amount of infected fruit during the first and second periods respectively. The highest number of fallen fruit was obtained in the control group during the first phase. During the dry season, the highest number of fruits affected by pathogens was found when the telephone book paper bags were used, while fruits bagged with nylon bags during the rainy season presented the highest number of fruits affected by pathogens. The results of this research show that the use of the nylon bag offered the highest protection against the fruit fly; however, it does not protect against pathogens which also affect guava production.
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The effect of parasitism on the population dynamics of the macadamia nutborer Gymnandrosoma aurantianum (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
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UCR::Vicerrectoria de Investigacion::Unidades de Investigacion::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro de Investigacion en Proteccion de Cultivos (CIPROC)
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Kairomone traps and Coccotrypes carpophagus management in Chrisalidocarpus lutescens var. areca. The coffee berry borer kairomone 98 Vp ® (methanol:ethanol 3:1) (ChemTica International, Costa Rica) was evaluated for its effectiveness as... more
Kairomone traps and Coccotrypes carpophagus management in Chrisalidocarpus lutescens var. areca. The coffee berry borer kairomone 98 Vp ® (methanol:ethanol 3:1) (ChemTica International, Costa Rica) was evaluated for its effectiveness as an attractant for the detection and collection of Coccotrypes carpophagus (Hormung) in a commercial plantation of areca palm (Chrysalidacarpus lutescens var. areca) in Limon, Costa Rica. The life cycle of this insect is completed in the seed, and negatively affects the amount of seed produced. We evaluated three Lindgren trap colors (yellow, white and red), at three heights (1, 2 and 3 m) from the ground. Distance between traps was 20 m. The number of insects collected in each trap was recorded every two weeks during six months. There was a significant difference between the number of insects collected by the different trap colors (P = 0,030), where white traps presented a higher number of insects, followed by red and yellow traps. No significant dif...
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UCR::Investigacion::Unidades de Investigacion::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro de Investigacion en Proteccion de Cultivos (CIPROC)
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Se evaluó el efecto de seis jabones comerciales: Cristalin®, Brasso Antigrasa®, Barra Extra Verde®, Doña Blanca Barra®, Rinso® y Axión Limón® sobre las poblaciones de Aulacaspis yasumatsui. El número de ninfas I vivas fue... more
Se evaluó el efecto de seis jabones comerciales: Cristalin®, Brasso Antigrasa®, Barra Extra Verde®, Doña Blanca Barra®, Rinso® y Axión Limón® sobre las poblaciones de Aulacaspis yasumatsui. El número de ninfas I vivas fue significativamente menor cuando se utilizó Cristalin® que cuando se utilizó Rinso® y el testigo. Se encontraron diferencias altamente significativas (F = 6.89; P < 0.0001) para el promedio de hembras adultas vivas donde los jabones Barra Extra Verde® y Cristalin® presentaron el menor número de estos insectos comparados al Testigo y Rinso®. El número de hembras adultas muertas fue altamente significativo (F = 6.32; P < 0.0001) entre tratamientos donde el Cristalin® presentó un promedio de 1,500 hembras muertas contra 1,000 individuos muertos en promedio de los otros tratamientos. Se concluye que el Cristalin® fue el mejor tratamiento en el control de poblaciones de A. yasumatsui.
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The effect of nitrogen content, the secondary compounds (tannin and proanthocyanidin) content, the dry matter content of 4 clones, and the different developmental stages of macadamia nuts, on the abundance of Gymnandrosoma aurantianum,... more
The effect of nitrogen content, the secondary compounds (tannin and proanthocyanidin) content, the dry matter content of 4 clones, and the different developmental stages of macadamia nuts, on the abundance of Gymnandrosoma aurantianum, was studied. Nitrogen content differed between clones and the stages of development of the nuts, being highest in the most tolerant clones 508>660>344>246. Highest dry matter contents were found in the tolerant clones, 508 and 660, and in the outer layer, than in the susceptible clones 246 and 344 and in the inner layers (2 and 3). Proanthocyanidin content was highest in layer 2 of clones 508 and 660 than in clones 246 and 344. Results show that food quality affects the performance of nutborer larvae, where the larvae have to overcome first a physical barrier, followed by a chemical barrier, to be able to feed on macadamia nuts.
Research Interests: Horticulture, Biology, Costa Rica, Food Quality, Phenolics, and 5 moreDry Matter, Tannin, Tortricidae, nut, and Fenoles
Se evaluaron 6 productos para el control de Dysmicoccus brevipes en piña (Ananas comosus). El ensayo de laboratorio se realizó en el Laboratorio de Biocontroladores de la empresa BioEco Natural S.A., ubicada en Aguas Zarcas, San Carlos,... more
Se evaluaron 6 productos para el control de Dysmicoccus brevipes en piña (Ananas comosus). El ensayo de laboratorio se realizó en el Laboratorio de Biocontroladores de la empresa BioEco Natural S.A., ubicada en Aguas Zarcas, San Carlos, mientras que los ensayos de campo se realizaron en una plantación comercial de piña, en Venecia de San Carlos. En el laboratorio se evaluó Beauveria bassiana (4,0 x 1010 esporas.g-1); Metarhizium anisopliae (1,0 x 1010 esporas.g-1); una mezcla de ambos hongos (0,5 g + 0,5 g.l-1 de agua destilada, de 4,0 x 1010 esporas.g-1 + 1,0 x 1010 esporas.g-1); un jabón líquido de sales potá- sicas, “Goyca”® (7 ml.l-1); el extracto botánico (Biorep®) (mezcla de chile picante, ajo, cebolla, mostaza y gavilana) (7 ml.l-1); y agua destilada como testigo. Los resultados más promisorios fueron con el extracto botánico y el jabón líqui- do, los que causaron una mortalidad más rápida. Los tratamientos evaluados en la plantación comercial de piña, var. MD-2, fueron los m...
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La broca del café Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) es considerada la plaga de mayor importancia en el cultivo del café a nivel mundial. Al igual que muchos otros insectos, el comportamiento de la broca se ve modificado por distintas señales... more
La broca del café Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) es considerada la plaga de mayor importancia en el cultivo del café a nivel mundial. Al igual que muchos otros insectos, el comportamiento de la broca se ve modificado por distintas señales olfativas, lo cual ha impulsado la investigación en el campo de la olfatometría, por medio de una gran variedad de estrategias y alternativas. En este experimento se evaluaron 2 diseños innovadores de olfatómetros de flujo de aire de 4 vías para experimentación en H. hampei. Estos fueron fabricados totalmente en cristal y difieren entre ellos por la distribución angular de los brazos distribuidores de flujos de aire y la zona de ingreso y adaptación de los insectos al olfatómetro. Para evaluar la funcionalidad de estos diseños se utilizó, como atrayente de acción conocida, una mezcla de metanol-etanol 3:1 y se evaluó la cantidad de hembras adultas atraídas al tratamiento en cada olfatómetro. En el olfatómetro de 90° los insectos se vieron claramente...
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The effect of three weed management systems -macadamia husk as a mulch, bare ground and weeds growing freely - on the population ofthe nutborer, Ecdytolopha torticornis, were studied from June to September 1992 at Oriente Farm, Turrialba,... more
The effect of three weed management systems -macadamia husk as a mulch, bare ground and weeds growing freely - on the population ofthe nutborer, Ecdytolopha torticornis, were studied from June to September 1992 at Oriente Farm, Turrialba, Costa Rica. The smallest number of the nutborer's eggs was recorded on the bare ground treatment, followed by the unweeded treatment and the husk treatment. Although the macadamia husk as a mulch has been used to sol ve the problem of residues from nut processing, the results suggest that the use of this practice might increase the nutborer population by concentrating odours which could attract the adults, or by disrupting the parasitoid or predator population. There is a need for testing other mulches such as plastics, other plant residues, sawdust and others, and to study alternative weed management systems, including the use of cover crops in the mid-rows.
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Vertical distribution of eggs of the macadamia nutborer Ecdytolopha torticornis Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and its preference of oviposition sites within and between macadamia cultivars were studied in Turrialba, Cartago, Costa... more
Vertical distribution of eggs of the macadamia nutborer Ecdytolopha torticornis Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and its preference of oviposition sites within and between macadamia cultivars were studied in Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica, in 1992 (N = 6,939). E. torticornis eggs were found throughout the foliar parts of the tree, but fewer eggs were laid in the crown top than in the mid or lower crown. Differences in the horizontal distribution of the eggs were not significant, albeit more eggs were found in the outer positions. The numbers of eggs found within the crowns of different clones were similar, implying that the nutborer has no preference for a particular cultivar.
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The first biological control activities in Costa Rica date from around 1915, but it was only in the 1950s that studies were conducted on the introduction, mass rearing and release of biocontrol agents in crops such as fruit trees, coffee,... more
The first biological control activities in Costa Rica date from around 1915, but it was only in the 1950s that studies were conducted on the introduction, mass rearing and release of biocontrol agents in crops such as fruit trees, coffee, bananas, sugarcane, rice and pineapple. Subsequently, the use of entomopathogens became important in the 1990s as a strategy to be used in integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. From the 1990s, biocontrol laboratories were established and alliances were developed with national and international institutions and universities to strengthen biocontrol activities in the country. Currently, new areas of study have been incorporated in biocontrol research, such as molecular biology, host-plant resistance, identification of new biocontrol agents, the use of X-rays to sterilize hosts of natural enemies and the use of volatile compounds produced by the plant after pest attack to attract natural enemies. All these activities help to develop sustainable...
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Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) is native to South America but has expanded its range and invaded many regions of the world, primarily on flowers and to a lesser extent on horticultural product shipments. As a result of initial... more
Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) is native to South America but has expanded its range and invaded many regions of the world, primarily on flowers and to a lesser extent on horticultural product shipments. As a result of initial invasion into an area, damage caused is usually significant but not necessarily sustained. Currently, it is an economic pest in selected native and invaded regions of the world. Adults cause damage by puncturing abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces for feeding and egg laying sites. Larvae mine the leaf parenchyma tissues which can lead to leaves drying and wilting. We have recorded 365 host plant species from 49 families and more than 106 parasitoid species. In a subset of the Argentinian data, we found that parasitoid community composition attacking L. huidobrensis differs significantly in cultivated and uncultivated plants. No such effect was found at the world level, probably due to differences in collection methods in the different references. We review t...
Research Interests: Zoology, Argentina, Agriculture, Climate, Animals, and 5 moreHerbivory, Introduced species, Larva, Diptera, and Insect Control
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Composition of species of predators and parasitoid, as well as parasitoid abundance between banana farms associated with the spiraIling whitefIy, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell, were studied during 1997 and 1998 in Matina, Limltn, Costa... more
Composition of species of predators and parasitoid, as well as parasitoid abundance between banana farms associated with the spiraIling whitefIy, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell, were studied during 1997 and 1998 in Matina, Limltn, Costa Rica. Four parasitoids, Encarsiella noyesi Hayat, E. aleurodici (Girault), Encarsiella probo nsp. and Encarsia guadeloupae Viggiani were recovered from whitefIy nymphs. Two species of mite belonging to Phytoseiidae fami1y, Nephaspis sp. (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae), Scymnus sp. (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae), and three species of spiders: Plesiometa argyra (Araneida), Gasteracantha cancriformis (Araneida), and Chrysso sp. (Araneida), were the most common predators of whitefIy aduIt and nymphs. Percentage of parasitism betwecn farms was found to differ significantly being highcst in AGRODISA>SEMDEL> Anabel.
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Pheromones and their uses in integrated pest management. Pheromones are organic compounds used for intraspecific communication, which induce a change in behaviour or in the development process. Insects present different types of... more
Pheromones and their uses in integrated pest management. Pheromones are organic compounds used for intraspecific communication, which induce a change in behaviour or in the development process. Insects present different types of pheromones, typical for each species: sexual, trail, defense, aggregation, antimicrobial, etc. The most widely used pheromone in insect control is sexual, followed by the aggregation pheromone. In this article, the characteristics of traps and dispensers used in etological control are presented, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of their use in insect control.
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La agricultura es una actividad fundamental para la humanidad. La producción de alimentos ha sido y siempre será indispensable, y al mismo tiempo es una actividad difícil, caracterizada por el trabajo duro, tesonero y de resultados... more
La agricultura es una actividad fundamental para la humanidad. La producción de alimentos ha sido y siempre será indispensable, y al mismo tiempo es una actividad difícil, caracterizada por el trabajo duro, tesonero y de resultados inciertos. Las personas dedicadas al cultivo de la tierra libran cada día una lucha contra la incertidumbre típica de la agricultura. La incertidumbre por el clima, el ataque de plagas y enfermedades, el mercado, entre otros factores, hacen de la agricultura una actividad de alto riesgo. Por esta razón, el disponer de información veraz, actualizada y fácil de entender resulta un apoyo muy importante, ya que ayuda a tomar las mejores decisiones ante la incertidumbre. Este libro es una importante contribución al sector productor de cebolla. Los productores encontrarán en sus páginas valiosa información sobre el cultivo de cebolla, las plagas, las enfermedades y las malas hierbas asociadas a esta hortaliza. El libro inicia con generalidades sobre la cebolla ...
Research Interests: Agricultura and Cebolla
... Signatura : Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton. Autor : Blanco-Metzler, Helga; Laprade-Coto, Sergio. ... Seasonal variation of the spiralling whitefly Aleurodicus dispersus and its parasitoids in banana plantations, in Matina, Costa Rica.... more
... Signatura : Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton. Autor : Blanco-Metzler, Helga; Laprade-Coto, Sergio. ... Seasonal variation of the spiralling whitefly Aleurodicus dispersus and its parasitoids in banana plantations, in Matina, Costa Rica. P.imprenta: no. 55, p. 43-48. Año 2000. ...
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This project looked to protect the region's biodiversity and to contribute to mitigate the negative environmental effects through the implementation of organic coffee production systems, integrating ecological, social and economic... more
This project looked to protect the region's biodiversity and to contribute to mitigate the negative environmental effects through the implementation of organic coffee production systems, integrating ecological, social and economic factors to offer sustainable and profitable production ...
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Programa Cooperativo Regional de Frijol para Centroamérica, México y el Caribe (PROFRIJOL)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno (EEAFBM