Arup Majumder

This papers aims to analyse an aspect of Marxist feminism and its practice or applicability in the families of Gokulpur village, West Midnapore district of West Bengal after the land acquisition. This paper shows how the economic turmoil forced women to come out of their domestic sphere breaking free from patriarchal dominance and got employed in wage work and changed the social and economic structure that men have been taking advantage of throughout ages otherwise.

This paper attempts to examine and understand the low literacy level and education among Bhumij tribal community in the state of Jharkhand, India. The paper discusses the present scenario of educational level of Bhumij Tribal community as well as the role of government institutions and their programmes and the link between education and development. Various programmes and schemes have been initiated but very few of them have reached the tribal children and benefited them. Many of the programmes did not benefit the tribal community because the programmes were not contextualized and localized considering regional, geographical and physical differences and barriers. Other reasons of not getting the benefits of the programs by the tribals are lack of political will, corruption, and lesser attention on development of tribal areas. The paper highlights the need for special focus on tribal education, which is includes context specific traditional and innovative interventions.

It is commonly found in agricultural societies that there is a direct relationship between occupation and landholding. In this paper, we have undertaken an anthropological field based study among a group of peasant families in the village under Kharagpur- I Block in Paschim Medinipur district, on the changes that have been taking place after the acquisition of agricultural land of some families in a village for the establishment of a heavy industry. The findings revealed that acquisition of agricultural land for industry leads to occupational change among the landloser families who depended on agriculture for their livelihood. Quantitative and qualitative data from the field showed that the landloser families have undergone in their occupational pattern and the type of occupation, the landloser families chose was also found to be related to the amount of compensation money received.

The acquisition of agricultural land for industrialisation leads to a number of socio-economic consequences. The Paschim Medinipur district in the state of West Bengal is chiefly an agricultural district where more than seventy per cent of the population lives in the rural area and among them majority depends on agriculture and agriculture related occupations. In this paper, we have presented some empirical data on the socioeconomic consequences of women of the establishment of the industry on the fertile agricultural land in the Kharagpur subdivision of Paschim Medinipur district in the early 1990s with the cooperation of West Bengal government.The findings revealed that acquisition of agricultural land for industry leads to change among the women as well as children of landloser families who depended on agriculture for their livelihood. Field data showed that the school dropout rate among female members of landloser families have been increased than nonlandloser families. This stu...

Kinship is not only symbolic, it is also one of the most important organizing principles of human society which channels concrete productive activities, for example, agriculture in tribal as well as peasant societies. In this paper, we have undertaken an anthropological field based study among a group of peasant families in the village under Kharagpur- I Block in Paschim Medinipur district, on the changes of kinship based cooperation for agricultural activity in the context of acquisition of fertile agricultural land by the government for a private industry during the 1990s. The findings revealed that the Sadgope community of the study area is primarily engaged in agriculture and the main crop is paddy and potato. They also cultivate their land throughout the year for various other crops. Our field data showed that after the land acquisition of agricultural land the landloser families of this community have to depend more on their kins to carry out the different tasks of agriculture...

Languages die due to various reasons. These are often related to social and economic factors e.g. many cultures have lost their language because they have been colonised or dominated by another community which holds a higher position in the social hierarchy.  More than often more powerful (economically powerful or socially more prestigious) community dominates over the less advantaged community which results in language shift. This shift from one language to another leads to language endangerment. In this study we have tried to identify the socio- economic factors or variables which directs language towards endangerment. We are establishing the factors which lead to language endangerment through a case study based on Kurmi community of Purulia, West Bengal. We have used statistical method to study various socio-economic variables like educational background, occupation, social status etc of the informant. By using the statistical method we have found a direct correlation between the...

ABSTRACT The analysis of workplace safety must consider a diverse set of factors including work processes, equipment, safeguards, training, standards, and policies. Organizational safety culture has been recognized as another important factor in the analysis of workplace safety. The safety culture present in any organization can have a profound influence upon safety practices and probability of mishaps. The assessment of safety culture has been the focus of numerous research projects because the ability to identify the pathologies within safety culture can effectively address root causes of accidents. Development of tools to understand and effectively assess safety culture continues to be a topic of great interest in the safety sciences. Understanding the social factors that lead to conflicts within organizations and result in mishaps is critical to injury and illness prevention. Commonly used conflict analysis strategies were examined for their potential application as safety analysis tools. The Ishikawa Fishbone Dispersion Analysis strategy and the Social Cubism Conflict Analysis Model were identified as potentially effective tools for mishap root-cause-analysis and assessment of organizational safety culture as part of safety investigations.

India is a habitat of people belonging to diverse indigenous. They are known as by their simple but unique life style. The extensive move towards modernization notwithstanding their tradition, culture and identified social organisation, embodies tremendous knowledge of herbal plants and its medicinal values. In this paper, an attempt has been made to highlight the traditional beliefs of the tribal people in a particular hilly rural setting of Jharkhand in respect of their healing practices by using the anthropological fieldwork methods. Various common health problems of the people and their respected remedies have been brought into consideration. Besides, megico- religious and other supernatural beliefs have been evaluated here in addition to the discussion on the herbal medicine that have been practised by the people concerned, through generations, as they have developed an idea on the medicinal aspects of variegated herbs that have a wild growth in the jungle and these have been patterned into their cultural traditions.

In this paper we have made an attempt to study the pattern of disease and their treatment. This study was conducted in a village inhabited by Santal and Munda tribes. These data was collected from 32 families by using simple open-ended question and case history method. In my findings revealed that the occurrence of the disease forms patterns in terms of age and sex. The frequency of disease is less early ages but the boys and girls become affected by various diseases like fever, cough, diarrhea, etching etc. as soon as they reach ten years old. The girls come across menstrual problems during their teens. Serious disease like Tuberculosis, Gastric ulcers, urine blockage and Hypertension begin to occur after 40 years old among the male. The treatment of disease also are flows a pattern. In our study area very few families were found to apply the traditional herbal medicine in case of fever, dysentery and sores. A good number of families were also found rush to hospital and a primary h...

The New Industrial Policy (NIP) adopted by the Left Front Government (LFG) in 1994 envisaged rapid economic growth through huge industrial investment mainly by private enterprises. The said policy assumed that since land reforms and agricultural production in West Bengal showed a fair amount of success, these two factors would pave the way towards industrialization in the state. Accordingly, large and medium industries were allowed to be installed on fertile agricultural land, even before the official announcement of the policy. In this paper we have presented some empirical data on the socio-economic consequences of the establishment of one heavy industry on fertile agricultural land in the Kharagpur subdivision of Paschim Medinipur district in the early 1990s. In fact this paper is a follow-up study of an earlier one done by the second author of this paper. In the earlier study done during 1995- 97, only the first order consequences of land acquisition for Tata Metaliks was studied in terms of landlessness and utilization of compensation money by the acquisition affected families. The findings disclosed that acquisition of agricultural land for industry may lead to several adverse socio-economic impacts on the land loser families who depended on agriculture for their livelihood. The empirical data specifically revealed that the land loser families rarely utilized the compensation money for purchasing new land and suffered from food insecurity. On the social level, we have found nuclearisation of extended families, although land acquisition might not be the sole factor, but loosening of intra- familial ties was found to be one of the adverse consequence. lThe study pointed out that macro level policies of industrialization may not go well with micro level ground realities of peasant life of Bengal in the long term under the present mechanisms of land acquisition without planned rehabilitation backed by law.

Background: The development debate around the world is showing trends of changing scenarios. With introspection of the ongoing model of development, the world community has started advocating for an alternative development paradigm. Enlisting 'sustainability' as the core of this new paradigm, the idea is to shift towards sustainable development' models. As we adopt the 'sustainable development' model with the imperatives of optimism, it becomes essential to reflect upon the unsustainable characteristics of the past and ongoing development processes. A reflection of this nature will be instrumental in the avoidance of previous mistakes in the impending era of sustainable development.

In this study the kinship terms of Kurmali has been explored from both linguistic and anthropological point of view. Kurmali is an Indo-Aryan language which has not been studied to a great extent. This paper explores the area of kinship terms in kurmali language, and its outlines the standard kinship relations, associated set of terms in the language. The formations of such terms are also elaborated with grammatical analysis. Kurmali is a morphologically rich language and Kinship terms form an important aspect in morphology of Kurmali Language. There is less number of morphological studies in Kurmali kinship terms also. The study also showed that that the prefixes and suffixes play a major role in formation of the kinship terms in Kurmali language. Moreover for the formation of kinship terms, it follows a unified pattern or paradigm in Kurmali language.

মানুষের মুক্তি আন্দোলোনের ইতিহাসের একটি প্রধান ভীত নারী চেতনার মন্ত্র,সত্তর দশকের পর থেকে নারী চেতনার প্রভাবে সারা পৃথিবীতেই নারী পুরুষ ও সমাজ সম্মন্ধে প্রচলিত তত্ত্ব ও ধারাগুলির আমূল পরিবর্তন হতে থাকে। নারী আন্দোলন ও নারী তত্ত্বের বিস্তার এর সঙ্গে সঙ্গে সমাজতত্ত্বের আঙিনাতেও পরিবর্তনের ছোঁয়া লেগেছে,নারীর দৃষ্টিকোণ কে গুরুত্ব দিয়ে মূলস্রোতের সমাজতত্ত্বে বহুদিন পর্যন্ত গুরুত্ব না পাওয়া বিষয়গুলির বিশ্লেষণ শুরু হয়েছে, এবং ক্রমশ নারীবাদ সমাজতত্ত্বের একটি স্বতন্ত্র সমাজতত্ত্বের তত্ত্ব বিশ্বে জায়গা করে নিয়েছে।

The average annual dropout rate was the highest for secondary schools in India was about 17.06 percent in 2016, highest in India. To clear the secondary level of education in India, students are required to write a common board examination set conducted by the government (https://www.statista.com/statistics/661218/average-annual-drop-outs-in-schools-india/).

India’s infant mortality rates in India have decreased over the years with the help of government initiatives. The government launched “Anganwadis” in 1975, to provide adequate medical care and to combat hunger and malnutrition in children. These government-funded childcare centers enroll children as young as six months old. Across India, there are more than a million Anganwadis that deliver early education, health, and nutrition services. These centers also provide pre-primary education for children below five years.

India is a great and vast country with diverse and multiple caste, ethnic group, religions, occupations, economic strata, languages, socio-cultural traditions, genetic heritages and life styles and practices. Moreover this country has absorbed in so many racial, religious, socio-cultural linguistics and genetic elements that have given rise to amalgamation, conglomeration of all the constituent features, representing the cohesive unity in diversity in true sense. Within these wide ranges of diversity, there exist mixed populations with various genetic disorders, which through time gradually dispersed throughout the country though not uniformly, but to some extent clustered in some population.

College or University education is important for many reasons, including long-term financial gain, job stability, career satisfaction and success outside the workplace. With more and more occupation requiring advanced education, a college or university degree is significant to one’s success in today's workforce. But, the rate of spread of corona virus is speeding rapidly in India, though a nation-wide lockdown was imposed for the past two months, all the attempts to stop the growth were in vain. Some are of the view that community transmission have already started in India as a result of which India ranked rapidly upward in the International graph (Singha,2020).

This is just an instance. If we take a look around, we can find a large number of incidents in different parts of the villages as well as ci es especially in the families of the migrant labourers. The impact of Corona virus does not only disrupts the country's economy but also led to the breach of a number of families.

Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARSCoV) (WHO 2020). An epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) has spread rapidly since December 8, 2019 in China (Paules, Marston, Fauci 2020). The most recently discovered coronavirus causes the infec ous, coronavirus disease COVID-19. Person-to person contact is thought to be the main method of transmission of the virus according to the Centers for Disease Control and Preven on (CDC). People infected with COVID-19, let out ny droplets containing the virus, on breathing out or coughing.

In India, displacement of human population took place in ancient and
medieval periods but its intensity and spread increased during the colonial period. The all-embracing nature of the colonial state power found one of its successful expressions through the enactment of the Land Acquisition Act in 1894. However, in 2013 that is after 120 years,
the Government of India has enacted in the Parliament a new Land Acquisition Act named Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act 2013. The new Land Acquisition Act has specific provisions for carrying out a social impact assessment before the acquisition of land by competent specialists. In our study,
we have undertaken a micro-level field based anthropological study among a group of peasant
families who have lost their cultivable land for the establishment of a heavy industry, in the village Gokulpur under Kharagpur-I block, in Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, India, during 1991-92. In this study, we have discussed changing of the social structure of the land
loser families, primarily from the event of land acquisition caused by the loss of agricultural land owing by governmental land acquisition for the establishment of this industry. This paper also pays attention to the social relations of the land loser with their non- land loser neigbours.

The paper focuses on the anthropo-linguistic characteristics of the Clan names of Koda. Apart from the description of the clans, the paper discusses a few morphological properties of the lexical items related to clans. Koda is one of the little known Schedule Tribe in West Bengal. They have concentrations in the adjoining states of Bhihar and Orissa. The Kodas speak an Australo-Asiatic language of Mundari group. Koda does not have any written literature or a script. In terms of the population, Koda is one of the smallest language communities in our country. This study is based on the direct intensive observation and interviews with the members of Koda community at the village of Ranbania, Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal. Generally, the clan names in have descended through the male line i.e. from father to son and they belong to bird semantic domain predominantly. The community believes that its relation with these totemic objects is unexplained.

Development-induced displacement has become
controversial because millions of people have been displaced or
deprived of their livelihood all over India in the name of greater
good or national development. Those who are thus affected
rarely get to decide whose good it is. However, use of agricultural
land for industrialisation leads to a number of adverse socioeconomic and cultural impacts in the rural societies. The district
of Paschim Medinipur in West Bengal is chiefly an agro-based
district where more than seventy percent of the population lives
in rural area and majority of whom depends on agriculture and
related activities.
In this micro-level study, we would present some empirical
data on the socio-economic and cultural consequences of land
acquisition for the establishment of a heavy industry (Tata
Metaliks) on the fertile agricultural land in the Kharagpur
subdivision of Paschim Medinipur district in the early 1990s by
the West Bengal government.
The findings revealed that land acquisition, which took
place about two decades ago has worsened the socio-economic
condition of the affected sadgope families and the people are also
making attempts to cope up with the situation by adopting various
strategies, some of which have further adverse effects on their
socio-economic condition. Largely, land acquisition in the absence
of proper rehabilitation and pre-project impact assessment has
shown a downward spiralling effect in the study area.

Linguistic anthropology can be given a broader remit and consider questions of language and culture and/or ethnicity rather than just of language and society. This broader approach is labeled as anthropological linguistics/ linguistic anthropology. Anthropology is a holistic science which encompasses every aspect of human society and culture at present. In this paper, I have been shown about kinship terms, clan, colour terms, the system of address, honorific, politeness etc of the Koda who are physical labour comprising of earth digging, agriculture and some other allied fields in the village of Ranbonia, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal. This study is based on the direct intensive observation and interviews with the members of Koda community at the Ranbania village of Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal on 20th to 26th March, 2018.

This paper attempts to examine and understand the low literacy level and education among Bhumij tribal
community in the state of Jharkhand, India. The paper discusses the present scenario of educational level of
Bhumij Tribal community as well as the role of government institutions and their programmes and the link
between education and development. Various programmes and schemes have been initiated but very few of
them have reached the tribal children and benefited them. Many of the programmes did not benefit the tribal
community because the programmes were not contextualized and localized considering regional,
geographical and physical differences and barriers. Other reasons of not getting the benefits of the programs
by the tribals are lack of political will, corruption, and lesser attention on development of tribal areas. The
paper highlights the need for special focus on tribal education, which is includes context specific traditional
and innovative interventions.

One  of  the  principal  fundamentals  of  post‐independence
development  projects in  India  has  been land  acquisition. Most  of
these projects have caused major changes in land use, leading to dispossession and displacement of a large number of people
and  their  involuntary  resettlement  in  other  areas.  Development  induced  displacement  brings  loss  of  productive  assets,
dismantling of social networks, destruction of ancestral property, and even increased morbidity and mortality rates in some
instances. Therefore, this paper seeks to explore further the micro‐level impact of agricultural land acquisition on livelihood
pattern of both genders  to  the establishment of  the industry on  the  fertile agricultural land in  the Kharagpur subdivision of
Paschim Medinipur district in the early 1990s with the cooperation of West Bengal Government, India. Land acquisition without
any policy of rehabilitation caused not only landlessness but also created joblessness among the affected population and at
the  family level, it has  resulted  food insecurity and increased workload among  the women. The women on  the other hand
made desperate attempts to cope up the burden by working within and outside the domestic domain.

India is a habitat of people belonging to diverse indigenous. They
are known as by their simple but unique life style. The extensive
move towards modernization notwithstanding their tradition,
culture and identified social organisation, embodies tremendous
knowledge of herbal plants and its medicinal values. In this paper,
an attempt has been made to highlight the traditional beliefs of
the tribal people in a particular hilly rural setting of Jharkhand
in respect of their healing practices by using the anthropological
fieldwork methods. Various common health problems of the
people and their respected remedies have been brought into
consideration. Besides, megico- religious and other supernatural
beliefs have been evaluated here in addition to the discussion
on the herbal medicine that have been practised by the people
concerned, through generations, as they have developed an idea on
the medicinal aspects of variegated herbs that have a wild growth
in the jungle and these have been patterned into their cultural
traditions.

Languages die due to various reasons. These are often related to social
and economic factors e.g. many cultures have lost their language
because they have been colonised or dominated by another community
which holds a higher position in the social hierarchy. More than often
more powerful (economically powerful or socially more prestigious)
community dominates over the less advantaged community which
results in language shift. This shift from one language to another leads
to language endangerment.
In this study we have tried to identify the socio- economic factors or
variables which direct language towards endangerment. We are
establishing the factors which lead to language endangerment through a
case study based on Kurmi community of Purulia, West Bengal. We
have used statistical method to study various socio-economic variables
like educational background, occupation, social status etc of the
informant. By using the statistical method we have found a direct
correlation between the variables and the language shift present in the
particular speech community. The study shows that there is a direct
relation between language shift and economic development.

In this study the kinship terms of Kurmali has been explored from both
linguistic and anthropological point of view. Kurmali is an Indo-Aryan
language which has not been studied to a great extent. This paper explores the area of kinship terms in kurmali language, and its outlines the standard kinship relations, associated set of terms in the language. The formations of such terms are also elaborated with grammatical analysis. Kurmali is a morphologically rich language and Kinship terms form an important aspect in morphology of Kurmali Language. There is less number of morphological studies in Kurmali kinship terms also. The study also showed that that the prefixes and suffixes play a major role in formation of the kinship terms in Kurmali language. Moreover for the formation of kinship terms, it follows a unified pattern or paradigm in Kurmali language.

Education is the basic way for accelerating the human development process of a country. Under the sphere of education system, primary education gets the highest priority regarding itself as the base of formal education. Primary education in West Bengal, as all over the country, suffers from many deficiencies including problems of infrastructure, shortage of schools, shortage of teachers, the financial handicap of the parents, and so on. These deficiencies have long been recognised and formed part of the popular discourse on the shortcomings of primary education in the state. The student teacher ratio have been an effect on school management where the number of student is very low in number, but according to our Right to Education Act 2009, it have been clear by our general observation that the 30: 01 pupil teacher ratio (PTR) effect on the primary school in both rural and urban areas. In where, mainly two or three teachers primary school, situated in different parts of India as well as West Bengal. Directly or indirectly our educational system means student teacher ratio has been effect on school management. There are so many works which are very essential to do for a head teacher as well as teacher-in-charge to maintain the official works which are also effect on the class as well as the teaching learning process in a primary school. Beside this also effect on the student achievement, it is also leads to minimize the learning quality in a primary school. Mainly by this study we would try to understand the effect of student teacher ratio on the primary school management in North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, according to Right to Education Act, 2009. On the basis of this background we would try to understand the original effect of Student teacher ratio on the primary level. The main objectives of this anthropological study were to know the effect of pupil teacher ratio in the maintenance the school daily time table, effects on the classroom management by the Head teacher/ Teacher in charge, to coordinating school management at the primary level as well as the student achievement. The study reveals that the pupil teacher ratio is important but number of teacher against each class is equally important for preserving and increasing the standard of the primary school education. Background Primary education in West Bengal, as all over the country, suffers from many deficiencies including problems of infrastructure, shortage of schools, shortage of teachers, the financial handicap of the parents, and so on. These deficiencies have long been recognised and formed part of the popular discourse on the shortcomings of primary education in the state. Our study, however, has fo-cused on the qualitative aspect of the delivery of primary education and it is clear that here too,

Arup Majumdar in this paper, has tried to present the results of an anthropological field based study among a group of peasant families in the villages under Kharagpur- I Block in Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal. He specifically put focus on the comparative conditions of the women of landloser and non- landloser families subsequent to the
acquisition of agricultural land for the establishment of a heavy industry. He showed that after the acquisition, livelihood pattern have changed among the female members of landloser families.

In this paper we have made an attempt to study the pattern of disease and their treatment. This study was conducted in a village inhabited by Santal and Munda tribes. These data was collected from 32 families by using simple open-ended question and case history method. In my findings revealed that the occurrence of the disease forms patterns in terms of age and sex. The frequency of disease is less early ages but the boys and girls become affected by various diseases like fever, cough, diarrhea, etching etc. as soon as they reach ten years old. The girls come across menstrual problems during their teens. Serious disease like Tuberculosis, Gastric ulcers, urine blockage and Hypertension begin to occur after 40 years old among the male. The treatment of disease also are flows a pattern. In our study area very few families were found to apply the traditional herbal medicine in case of fever, dysentery and sores. A good number of families were also found rush to hospital and a primary health centre whoever they were affected by any aliments. There are also few families who are going to costly private clinics in the Jhargram town. The whole scenario reveals a varied and varied condition rather than a uniform consistent pattern.

The Rural development generally refers to the process of improving the quality of life and economic well-being of people living in relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is considered as a “Silver Bullet” for eradicating rural poverty and unemployment, by way of generating demand for productive labour force in villages. It provides an alternative source of livelihood which will have an impact on reducing migration, restricting child labour, alleviating poverty, and making villages self-sustaining through productive assets creation such as road construction, cleaning up of water tanks, soil and water conservation work, etc. For which it has been considered as the largest anti-poverty programme in the world. In this paper, based on the secondary data, an attempt has been made to comprehensively understand the development effort to rebuild the rural life and livelihood on the basis of various secondary data.

Development induced displacement is a contesting issue throughout the world. Deprivation of
common people in the name of national development is not a new thing but on the other hand to
ensure national growth development is extremely necessary. All the development issues have
been initiated for the sake of the growth of the entire nation but in reality it only ensures the
growth of a particular portion of the whole population by depriving another part of population
from their natural environment.
In this paper, we have undertaken an anthropological field based study among a group of peasant
families in the village under Kharagpur- I Block in Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal,
on a comparative study among the women as well as children of the landloser and non- landloser
families which have been taking place after the acquisition of agricultural land for the
establishment of a heavy industry.
The findings revealed that acquisition of agricultural land for industry leads to change among the
women as well as children of landloser families who depended on agriculture for their
livelihood. Field data showed that the school dropout rate among female members of landloser
families have been increased than non-landloser families. This study is also showed that after the
acquisition, livelihood pattern have been changed among the female members of landloser
families. And the “age at marriage” have been decreased among the girls of landloser families
than non- landloser families.

The acquisition of agricultural land for industrialisation leads to a number of socio-economic consequences. The Paschim Medinipur district in the state of West Bengal is chiefly an agricultural district where more than seventy per cent of the population lives in the rural area and among them majority depends on agriculture and agriculture related occupations.
In this paper we have presented some empirical data on the socio- economic consequences of women of the establishment of an industry on the fertile agricultural land in the Kharagpur subdivision of Paschim Medinipur district in the early 1990s by the help of West Bengal government.
The findings revealed that acquisition of agricultural land for industry leads to change among the women of landloser families who depended on agriculture for their livelihood. Our field data showed that the school dropout rate among female members of landloser families have been increased than non-landloser families. This study is also showed that after the acquisition, livelihood pattern have been changed among the female members of landloser families. And the “age at marriage” have been decreased among the girls of landloser families than non- landloser families.

Background and Objectives
In this paper I have discussed the clan terms of Kurmali on the basis of linguistic & anthropological approaches and tried to illustrate morphological properties of the clans in Kurmali as well as their meanings and domain on the basis of clan totem and taboos. Kurmali is a member of Indo- Aryan language family, spoken mainly in the western parts of the State of West Bengal in India.
A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent. Even if lineage details are unknown, clan members can be organized around a founding member or apical ancestor. The kinship-based bonds may be symbolic, whereby the clan shares a "stipulated" common ancestor that is a symbol of the clan's unity. When this "ancestor" is non-human, it is referred to as a totem, which is frequently an animal (Chisholm, 1911).
Clans are an important social grouping in many indigenous societies around the world. Among the Kurmis of Purulia, West Bengal, clans (known as gosthi), play a very important role in the various social institutions (like marriage) and social norms (like totem, taboo etc). In the next section,  data and methodology of data collection is elucidated.
Data and Methodology
This study is based on the direct intensive observation and interviews with the  members of Kurmi community. The linguistic anthropological surveys were conducted among all the households of the Shyampur village of Purulia, West Bengal with the help of structured and open-ended questionnaire schedules. The qualitative information regarding the activities like marriage, taboo and totem of the clan were collected through repeated conversations.
Apart from the above mentioned methods employed in the field, the earlier published and unpublished field materials have also been used in this study.
Observations
There are 81 clans among the kurmi community (like /ɔʃurar/, /ut͡ʃariar/, /kanbĩdha/, /adhit͡ʃipa/ etc.). These clans are exogamous in nature. In Kurmali I found that they can’t marry within his/ her clan groups. i.e a woman/ man of the /ɔʃurar/ clan group cannot marry  another /ɔʃurar/  clan member. Every clan follows a totem. These clan totems can be categorized in to various domains on the basis of its meaning. In the following way some examples are given.
IPA Totem Domain
/kudri-ar/ One type of Vegetable vegetable
/kãt͡ʃi-ar/ Green grass fauna
/kãʃi-ar/ Kassi grass fauna
/kanbĩdh-a/ Holes on the ears body parts
/kɛʃri-ar/ Meadow grass fauna
/khɛɽhɔ-ar/
One type of grass fauna
/khɛʃu-ar/ Pulses vegetable

Beside theses I have also statistically analyzed the data of different domains among their totemic believe (fig. 1).
 
Morphological aspects
The clan names show a combination of totem name + the suffix /-ar/ or /-a/ which is used to denote genericity. In Bangla, the generic classifier is /–ra/ as in pakhi-ra ‘birds’ and Kurmali seems to have borrowed it as /–ar/ to show the generic nature of the clans. Lexical borrowing from Bangla is quite common in case of clan names such as from ɔʃur (demon), ɔʃurar and from bæra (fence), bærar etc.
References
Chisholm, Hugh, (1911). "Clan". Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 419–421.
McLennan, J. F. (1888). "The Origin of Exogamy". The English Historical Review. 3 (9):94–104. doi:10.1093/ehr/iii.ix.94.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online. "Taboo." Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 2012. Retrieved 21 Mar. 2017.

This paper attempts to examine and understand the low literacy level and education among Bhumij tribal community in state of Jharkhand, India. The paper discusses the present scenario of educational level of Bhumij Tribal community as well as the role of government, institutions, programmes and linkages between education and development. Various programmes and schemes have been initiated but very few of them have reached the tribal children and benefited them. Many of the programmes did not benefit the tribal community because the programmes were not contextualised and localised considering regional, geographical and physical differences and barriers. Other reasons for not reaching the benefits of the programs to the tribals are lack of political will, corruption, and lesser attention on development in tribal areas. The paper highlights the need for special focus on tribal education, which is inclusive of context specific traditional and innovative interventions.

Education is the basic way for accelerating the human development process of a country. Under the sphere of education system, primary education gets the highest priority regarding itself as the base of formal education. Primary education in West Bengal, as all over the country, suffers from many deficiencies including problems of infrastructure, shortage of schools, shortage of teachers, the financial handicap of the parents, and so on. These deficiencies have long been recognised and formed part of the popular discourse on the shortcomings of primary education in the state.
The student teacher ratio have been an effect on school management where the number of student is very low in number, but according to our Right to Education Act 2009, it have been clear by our general observation that the 30: 01 pupil teacher ratio (PTR) effect on the primary school in both rural and urban areas. In where, mainly two or three teachers primary school, situated in different parts of India as well as West Bengal. There are so many works which are very essential to do for a head teacher as well as teacher-in- charge to maintain the official works which are also effect on the class as well as the teaching learning process in a primary school. Beside this also effect on the student achievement, it is also leads to minimize the learning quality in a primary school.
Mainly by this study we would try to understand the effect of student teacher ratio on the primary school management in North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, according to Right to Education Act, 2009. On the basis of this background we would try to understand the original effect of Student teacher ratio on the primary level.

Effect of Student Teacher Ratio on School Management at Primary Level in a District of West Bengal: A Study Based on Implementation of RTE, 2009.

Organised by M.P Institute of Social Science Research (An Institute of ICSSR, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. Of India, New Delhi), Ujjain, M.P- 456010, during 25-26 th March 2015

‘প্রান্তীয়’-অর্থাৎ সীমান্তবর্তী । প্রান্তীয় উত্তরবঙ্গ বলতে উত্তরবঙ্গের সীমান্তবর্তী তিনটি অঞ্চল–জলপাইগুড়ি, আলিপুরদুয়ার, কোচবিহার জেলাকে চিহ্নিত করা হয়েছে। এই গবেষণায় প্রান্তীয় উত্তরবঙ্গের একটি বিশেষ জনজাতি রাভা সম্প্রদায়ের ভাষারভাষাতাত্ত্বিক বিশ্লেষণ করা হয়েছে। রাভারা পূর্ব ভারতে বসবাসকারী এক বিশিষ্ট জনজাতি। এই জনজাতির আছে একঐতিহাসিক পরিচয়। তাই মূলগবেষণায় প্রবেশের আগে রাভাজন গোষ্ঠীরএকটি সংক্ষিপ্ত পরিচয়ের আলোচনা প্রয়োজন।
রাভাদের বর্তমান বসতি বিস্তারের অঞ্চল গুলিতে  বসতি স্থাপনের ইতিহাস তিব্বত-বর্মী -ভাষা ব্যবহারকারী মঙ্গোলীয় বা কিরাত জনগোষ্ঠীর ভারতে আগমনের বৃত্তান্তের সঙ্গে অতপ্রোতভাবে জড়িয়ে রয়েছে। জানা গেছে, চীনা তিব্বতীয় ভাষা ব্যবহারকারী জনগোষ্ঠী থেকে তিব্বত-বর্মী ভাষা ব্যবহারকারী মঙ্গোলীয় বা কিরাত জনগোষ্ঠী খৃষ্টপূর্ব ৩০০০ বছর আগে সম্ভবত বর্তমান চীনের সি-কিয়াং প্রদেশের কোনো একস্থানে আলাদা হয়ে পড়ে। উত্তরকালে রাভারা দীর্ঘপথ অতিক্রম করে খৃষ্টপূর্ব ১০০০-বছরের বহু আগেই অসমের ভেতর দিয়ে অথবা হিমালয়ের দক্ষিণ ঢাল অতিক্রম করে ভারতে প্রবেশ করে। অসম থেকে পশ্চিম কুমায়ুন পর্যন্ত পুরো হিমালয় পর্বতের দক্ষিণ অংশ ও নেপাল, বিহার, বাংলা অঞ্চলে বসতি গড়ে তোলে (চট্টোপাধ্যায়:১৭৯:২৬)।

আজ থেকে প্রায় ৬৫ হাজার বৎসর আগে, আফ্রিকা থেকে নরগোষ্ঠীর একটি বিশাল অংশ ধীরে ধীরে অন্যান্য মহাদেশের দিকে যাত্রা শুরু করেছিল। পরবর্তীতে, ঐ নরগোষ্ঠীর একটি দল এশিয়া মহাদেশে ঢুকে পড়ে। আর এরমধ্যের একটি দলকে প্রোটো-অস্ট্রালয়েড নামে বিজ্ঞানীরা চিহ্নিত করেছেন। এদের গায়ের রং কালো, নাক অনুচ্চ, চুল কালো ও কুঞ্চিত, উচ্চতা মাঝারি।
এই নরগোষ্ঠীর ভাষাটি হল অস্ট্রো-এশিয়াটিক ভাষা পরিবার-এর অন্তরর্গত। যাইহোক, “কোড়া” (কোডা) ভাষাটি মুন্ডাদের একটি বিছিন্ন শাখা। সাধারণভাবে এদের ভাষাকে অস্ট্রিক ভাষা গোষ্ঠীর অন্তর্গত ভাষা হিসেবে বিবেচনা করা হয়। 
অনুমান করা হয়, অস্ট্রিক ভাষাভাষী মানুষদের একটি বড় অংশ ভারতবর্ষের প্রবেশ করেছিল খাইবার বোলান গিরিপথ দিয়ে, গ্রিক ঐতিহাসিক হেরোডাস-এর বিবরণ থেকে এসকল তথ্য জানা যায়।

“কচি হাতে লেখা” নামাঙ্কিত বইটি কেবলমাত্র প্রাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ের শিক্ষার্থীদের  সৃজনশীলতার রসাস্বাদন করা যাবে, সেটাই শুধু নয়। এই বইটিতে পাঠক- পাঠিকারা ও আজকের শিশুরা, সমাজকে তাদের শিশুমন এবং তাদের মাতৃভাষা বা দ্বিতীয় ভাষার মাধ্যমে কিভাবে পর্যবেক্ষণ করে, তারও একটা ধারনা তৈরি করতে পারবেন। বইটিতে শিক্ষার্থীরা তাদের চিন্তা ভাবনায় সমাজ, পূজা- পার্বণ, প্রকৃতি, ব্যাধি ইত্যাদিকে কি ভাবে ব্যক্ত  করেছে, তার একটা সর্বাঙ্গ ধারনা করতে পারবেন। আর অনেক অভিভাবক,অভিভাবিকা, শিক্ষক, শিক্ষিকা এবং গবেষক, শিশুর চিন্তনকে এবং তার লেখনিকে বিশ্লেষণ করে প্রকৃত শিশু বিকাশকে নির্ধারিত করতে পারবেন।

School education is effected by various kinds of external factors, like government funding and policy apart from internal factors like parental education. Development caused displacement is one of the most important external factors which affects the status of school education among the peasant families in a rural area. In this book we have undertaken a field based study in an anchal (Ramnagar) which is situated near the Indo- Bangladesh Border of East site of India. The findings of this study mainly revealed that the primary level school dropout have been caused some social as well as economic factor. Beside this, our study have been showed that there is a difference between male and female school dropout rates as well as parents occupations also have been affected the children dropouts in our study area.

Education is the basic way for accelerating the human development process of a country. Under the sphere of education system, primary education gets the highest priority regarding itself as the base of formal education. Primary education in West Bengal, as all over the country, suffers from many deficiencies including problems of infrastructure, shortage of schools, shortage of teachers, the financial handicap of the parents, and so on. These deficiencies have long been recognised and formed part of the popular discourse on the shortcomings of primary education in the state.

The student teacher ratio have been an effect on school management where the number of student is very low in number, but according to our Right to Education Act 2009, it have been clear by our general observation that the 30: 01 Student Teacher Ratio (STR) effect on the primary school in both rural and urban areas. In where, mainly two or three teachers primary school, situated in different parts of India as well as West Bengal. There are so many works which are very essential to do for a head teacher as well as teacher-in- charge to maintain the official works which are also effect on the class as well as the teaching learning process in a primary school. Beside this also effect on the student achievement, it is also leads to minimize the learning quality in a primary school.

The objective of this questionnaire is to elicit the data on Anthropo-linguistics which is closely associated with social-cultural anthropology.  As a field of interdisciplinary studies the, anthropo- linguistics is concerned with how a language influences the culture. This can include how the language makes impacts on social interactions, beliefs, cultural identity, and other important aspects of the culture. The main goal of linguisticanthropology or anthropo-linguistics is to better understand human culture. A linguistic anthropologist could ask many questions (https://explorable.com/linguistic-anthropology), including: 1. Why does one language or language variety show preference over another? 2. Why do different geographic regions have different language accents? 3. What types of values and ideologies are communicated through language? 4. Does language vary according to age, gender, beliefs, and other such socio-linguistic parameters?