Prof CHAKKA G O P I N A T H M.Pharm., Ph. D., M.Sc.,(Psychology)., PGDY.(Yoga)

The preformulation studies deals with physical; chemical properties of Nifedipine for the generation of bi-layer heterogeneous tablets formulation development studies. Solubility studies for saturated solutions were carried out over the pH range of 1.2-6.8. The solubility of Nifedipine in water at 37°C was 436.3mg/L. Further the solubility is not affected significantly (P < 0.05) in the buffer solutions in a pH range of 1.2 to 6.8. The PSD histograms represents the presence of Dv (50) 7.18µm; Dv (90) 19.3µm µm particles of Nifedipine. From the p-XRD studies; the diffraction line profiles are 2θ values for diffraction peaks at 11.7504°, 11.9178°, 12.9763° confirms to form D for Nifedipine. By the UV-Visible; FTIR; NMR and Mass spectroscopy studies Characterized to Nifedipine. The DSC thermo gram conforms to of Nifedipine at 172.77°C. The Assay content results of three APIs were within 99%-101%. The Nifedipine contains nitro phenyl pyridine, nitroso phenyl pyridine analogues, and methyl 3-amino but-2enoate is <0.1% with >99.9% purity and all other unknown impurities were not detected in the drug substance. The compatibility of binary mixtures of drug and excipients, stored at 40°C ± 2°C/ 75% ± 5% RH for 1 month was assessed and the % results of Assay and impurities from initial period to after 30 th day not have significant difference; P<0.01. The preformulation results conforms, the Excipients PVP K-30; Croscarmellose Sodium; HPMC K-15/E-5, Carbomer 974p, Ethyl cellulose, Xanthan gum, ZnO, and SiO 2 were compatible with Nifedipine and selected for development of control release bilayer tablets.

56 new 1-thiocarbamoyl-3-(4-substituted anilino)-5-(3',4'-disubstituted aryl) pyrazolines were synthesized by microwave irradiation (560 w) of 3-phenyl or substituted phenyl-1-anilino or substituted anilino-2-propene-1-ones with thiosemicarbazide(0.01mole)and sodium hydroxide(0.02moles) in presence of 2% sodium hydroxide solution. The structures of the compounds were proved by means of their I R,

some new 2-(aryl or substitued aryl)-3-(3 fluoro-4-chloro phenyl) thiazolidinones were synthesized by cyclocondensationof anils with thioglycollic acid. The synthesized compounds were established by spectral analysis and evaluaed for antimicrobial properties.

Lornoxicam is an effective NSAID used in the treatment of arthritis. Being a weak acidic drug it is well absorbed in the lower GIT, and has a short biological half-life of 3-5 hrs. The objective of the present study was to formulate a sustained drug delivery system of Lornoxicam to prolong its duration of action, reduce the frequency of dosage and to improve patient compliance. Microspheres of Lornoxicam were prepared by ionic-gelation technique using HPMC K100M, Methylcellulose and Ethyl cellulose. In the present study formulations each were formulated at various drug:polymer ratios. They were subjected to Angle of repose, Bulk density and Tapped density, Carr's Index, Hausner ratio, Drug content, Drug entrapment efficiency and In-vitro drug release studies. A maximum of 77.00% was obtained in the Lornoxicam microspheres (HPMC K100M). The IN VITRO performance of Lornoxicam microspheres showed sustained release depending on the polymer concentration. The present study conclusively demonstrates the feasibility of effectively encapsulating Lornoxicam into different polymers to form potential sustained drug delivery systems.

In an effort to develop antibacterial agent, a series of chalcones are synthesized by claisent Schmidt condensation, with involves cross aldol condensation of appropriate aldehydes by base catalyzed reaction. Chalcone is common natural pigment and one of the important intermediate in the biosynthesis of flavanoids .The structure of the synthesized compounds were established by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods (FT-IR). The synthesized compound was evaluated for their antibacterial activity as compound do ciprofloxacin is Standard drug.

The present investigation concerned the development of extended
release dosage form of diclofenac to achieve a slow, controlled and complete
release of the drug. Solid dispersions of diclofenac sodium in HPMC were
prepared by solvent evaporation technique with different drug to carrier ratio
SD3 (1:05) SD2 (1:03), SD1 (1:02). The solid dispersions were evaluated for invitro release kinetics. Among the three drugs to carrier ratio SD3 (1:05) showed
maximum drug dissolution in diclofenac- HPMC solid dispersion. The
formulations were incorporated with egg albumin spheres by suspending the
solid dispersions in phosphate buffer. To this suspensions egg albumin was
added. Dried microspheres were microencapsulated. Different core: coat ratios
were used. The prepared microcapsules were evaluated for morphological
characters, drug content, drug release and various other parameters that may
affect the flow properties were also studied. The microcapsules obtained were
spherical, discrete free flowing & exhibited a slow, sustained and complete
release of the drug from matrix type reservoir system over a period of 12 hours.
The release depends on core: coat ratio and size of the microspheres. Whereas
uncoated microspherules were found to be smooth and spherical in the liquid
manufacturing vehicle. After drying the surface of the microspheres became
rough & spherical. In the In vitro release study formulations ME1showed
maximum drug release and found to be sustained.

Metaxalone, a muscle relaxant used to relax muscles and relieve pain caused by strains, sprains and other musculoskeletal conditions a simple, sensitive, rapid and cost effective extraction spectrophotometric method was described for the assay of Metaxalone in bulk samples and pharmaceutical formulations. The method was based on the formation of chloroform soluble ion-pair complexes of Bromophenol blue with Metaxalone, formed pink colored chromogen in a phosphate buffer of pH 4 with absorbance maximum at 630nm. The developed spectrophotometric method was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines. Linearity of the method was found to be 10-50µg/ml and obeyed Beer's law. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.6757µg/ml and2.389µg/ml respectively. The results of analysis for the method have been validated statistically and by recovery studies. The proposed method was simple, sensitive, accurate and suitable for quality control applications.

To develop simple, sensitive, selective and accurate UV Spectrophotometric methods for the determination of Cephalexin in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations (Capsules). The absorbances were measured at 261(Method A) and 257 nm (Method B). The methods was found to be linear from a quantitation ranges of 5µg/ml to 40µg/ml (Method A) in Phosphate Buffer pH 2.0 and 5µg/ml to 50µg/ml (Method B) in 0.1 N HCl. The regression of the curves was Y = 0.020x-0.021 (Method A) and Y = 0.014x-0.102 (Method B). The methods gave satisfactory results in terms of repeatability and intermediate precision (RSD<1.010%) (Method A) and (RSD<0.589%) (Method B) 0.855 µg/mL and 2.85 µg/mL (Method A) and 2.357 µg/mL and 7.857 µg/mL were the LOD and LOQ values, respectively. The methods was validated and proved to be robust and rugged. The results of analysis for these methods have been validated statistically and by recovery studies.

Objective: The objective of the present work was to formulate and evaluate controlled release Octreotide acetate microspheres for subcutaneous administration for treating symptoms associated with metastatic carcinoid and vasoactive intestinal peptide tumors (VIP-secreting tumors) and acromegaly effectively and also to improve patient compliance with fewer side effects. Octreotide is a long acting cyclic octapeptide with pharmacologic properties mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin. It in hibits growth hormone, glucagon, and leutinizing hormone response to Gonadotropin releasing hormone, serotonin gastrin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, motilin and pancreatic polypeptide. Method: Different formulations were prepared by following solvent evaporation technique (double emulsion) using biodegradable poly (Lactide-co-Glycolide) acid and evaluated for percentage yield, entrapment efficiency, surface morphology (SEM), particle size analysis, in-vitro drug release and stability studies. Results: The prepared microspheres were white, free flowing and spherical in shape. The mean Particle size of the microspheres was found in the range of 26 to 206μm. The drug-loaded microspheres showed 70-86% of entrapment and release was extended up to 6 to 8 h releasing 93% of the total drug from the microspheres. The infrared spectra showed stable character of octreotide in the drug-loaded microspheres and revealed the absence of drug-polymer interactions. Scanning electron microscopy study revealed that the microspheres were spherical and porous in nature. Conclusion: The octreotide is uniformly distributed within the microspheres which are made of a biodegradable D,L-lactic and glycolic acids copolymer. The optimized formulations of Octreotide acetate microspheres with controlled release were attempted for a release upto atleast one month.

Herbs have always been the principal form of medicine in India. Ficus religiosa (L.), commonly known as pepal belonging to the family Moraceae, is used traditionally as antiulcer, antibacterial, antidiabetic, in the treatment of gonorrhea and skin diseases. The plant was subjected to extraction and also fractionated with two various solvent like diethyl ether and n-butanol. The Phytochemical test, TLC and HPTLC reports shows presence of compound only in n-butanol fraction.So this fraction subjected to structural elucidation. The identified compound was stigmasterol.

A simple, rapid, stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the quantitation of Zaltoprofen was developed using water-alliance HPLC system equipped with PDA and UV Detectors. The Analysis performed using Inertsil ODS-2 column (150 x 4.6 mm, 5µm) as stationary phase and 45:55 v/v 0.01 M KH 2 PO 4 Buffer (pH: 3.0) and Acetonitrile as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8mL/min for 30min. The effluent containing Zaltoprofen was detected with UV detector at 240 nm at ambient temperature. The method was validated as per ICH Guidelines with respect to system suitability, specificity, precision, sensitivity, accuracy, linearity, and robustness. Specificity is assessed by injecting all the stressed samples of Zaltoprofen were spiked with its three process impurities (0.15 % with respect to Zaltoprofen concentration). The method demonstrates that it provides excellent separation of Zaltoprofen from the impurities. Linearity was observed in the range from 50-150mcg/ml for with a correlation coefficient 0.999. Parameters of validation prove the precision and stability of the method and it's applicability for the Assay of Zaltoprofen. The assay of Zaltoprofen was unaffected by the presence of its impurities and degradation products and thus confirms the stability-indicating power of the developed method. The method is suitable for routine analysis of the drug.

A simple, new, specific, sensitive, rapid, and economical procedure has been developed for the assay of Tramadol HCl in its capsule formulation. The method is based on the measurement of ultraviolet absorbance maxima of the above drug at 271nm using 0.1N Acetic acid as diluent, which does not shows any interference in spectrophotometric estimations. Beer's law was obeyed in concentration range 0-130mcg/ml having line equation y = 0.00683 x + 0.01167 with correlation coefficient value 0.99953. The drug obeyed Beer's law in the concentration range of 5-130 mcg/ml. All the parameters of the analysis were chosen according to ICH [Q2 (R1)] guidelines and validated statistically.

A simple, specific, accurate, and precise RP HPLC method has been developed for the assay of Tramadol HCl in capsule dosage form using C18 column (Hypersil BDS, 250 X 4.6mm, 5.0µm). The sample was analyzed using 29.5 Volumes of Acetonitrile and 79.5 volumes of 0.2%v/v Trifluroacetic acid as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and detection at 270nm. The retention time for Tramadol Hydrochloride was found to be 6.327 min. The developed method was validated for accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity, and sensitivity in accordance with ICH guidelines. Validation revealed that the method is specific, rapid, precise, reliable, and reproducible. Calibration plots were linear over the concentration ranges 6-120mcg/ml. The method can be used for estimation of Tramadol Hydrochloride drug in capsules dosage form.

The present research work has been undertaken with both Mussaendaphilippica and
Mussaendaincana for antioxidant screening and to investigate the anti-inflammatory
activity. Anti-inflammatory activity was done by carrageenan induced Hind paw edema
method using a plethysmometer. Diclofenac used as a standard drug and control receive
saline. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH assay method. For both of these activity
test groups received methanolic extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg). Phytochemical
screening of extracts of Mussaendaphilippica and Mussaendaincanarevealed the presence
of carbohydrates, Saponins, phytosterols, fix oil and fat,tannins, flavanoids and glycoside.
In acute oral toxicity study, it was observed that there was no mortality at any doses up to 2
gm/kg. Both methanolic extract shows anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. The
present studies support traditional use of Mussaendaphilippica and Mussaendaincanafor its
anti-inflammatory activity

A simple, specific, sensitive, accurate, precise and economical Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopic method was developed for the quantitation of Atenolol
in bulk and tablet dosage form. The method is based on the determination of Atenolol by
the measurement of absorption of radiation at absorption band corresponding to C–O
stretch of ether (Ar-O-R) centred at 1242cm−1, which is typically in the range 1274.95 –
1195.87 cm-1 because those absorption bands did not occur in excipients present in
pharmaceutical preparation. The proposed method was validated as per ICH guidelines.
The linearity of ATE was obtained in the concentration range of 10 – 70μg with
correlation coefficient value (r2
) 0.9989. The mean percentage recovery was 99.76 ±
0.185. The recovery studies confirmed the accuracy of the proposed method and low
values of standard deviation confirmed precision of the method

Objective: Acute coronary syndrome is a clinical condition encompassing ST segments elevation myocardial infraction, Non ST segment is elevation myocardial infraction and un stable angina is characterized by ruptured coronary plaque, stress and myocardial injury. Angina pectoris is a pressure like pain in the chest that is induced by exertion or stress and relived with in the minute after cessation of effort or using sublingual nitroglycerin. The present research was undertaken to study the drug utilization pattern of antiplatelet drugs for the ischemic heart disease in a tertiary care hospital. Method: The present study is retrospective drug utilization study and study period is 6months. The data is collected from the discharge case sheet of general medicine department from medical department Rajiv Gandhi institute of medical sciences, Kadapa. The tentative sample size fixed was 250 patients. Out of 250 cases 19 cases was excluded because of unrelated data. Results: A total of 250 prescriptions were collected for the study according to the inclusion criteria 233 prescriptions were diagnosed with ischemic heart disease 17 prescriptions were excluded due to unrelated information. out of 233 prescriptions 128 are male (54.9%) and 105 patients are were female (45%). According to the gender distribution, the prevalence of ischemic heart disease in males are 90 (70.31%) and females are 39 (37.1%). In the same way the prevalence of ischemic heart disease along with cerebrovascular disease in males are 39 (29.6%) and females are 66 (62.6%). Conclusion: We found that 94.8% of drug utilization of antiplatelet drugs was achieved in the Rajiv Gandhi institute of medical sciences, Kadapa from 2011-2012.

Aim The aim of the study was to measure awareness of pregnant women about folic acid supplementation during pregnancy to reduce neural tube defects. Methods A prospective observational cross sectional study was conducted for a period of six months. The study included all the women who are pregnant and who are planned to be pregnant in the study site after satisfying the inclusion criteria. Data was collected with the help of a self-prepared questionnaire and interview. Statistical analysis was performed to test the differences between variables by using Chi square analysis. The value of p<0.05 was considered as significant level. Results The present study was conducted on 200 pregnant women to assess their knowledge regarding folic acid supplementation during pregnancy. The results of our study revealed that 8.5% with high level of knowledge, 32% with intermediate level, and 38.5% with low level knowledge, and 21% with no knowledge. There was no association between the knowledge scores and the socio demographic variables like level of education, Gestational age, number of previous pregnancies. Pregnant women with a past history of previous pregnancies had poor knowledge when compared with the present first pregnant women. Conclusion Awareness of folic acid role and its requirements during pregnancy is low among interviewed women. There is a need to increase the awareness of the importance of folic acid among females of childbearing age. The different strategies are required to elevate the knowledge about folic acid among the women in reproductive age and provide them with some information about the benefits of this supplement. Further counseling programs would increase the level of awareness among this group and increase the consumption of folic acid in the correct time to prevent Neural tube defects.

Aim: The aim of the study is to assess of pregnant women's knowledge on medications. Methods: It is an observational cross sectional study done for six months. Data was gathered on the basis of questionnaire and interview. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed to analyze the results. Results and discussion: Generally, most women believed that physicians prescribes too many medicines (Q7; 66%) and some of pregnant women have only believed that medication using during pregnancy can save the many of unborn lives of children's (Q3; 31%). All of the pregnant women having poor knowledge (21.6%) regarding the risk of awareness. Most of the pregnant women (70%) have known the use of their prescribed drugs and only (1%) of the people can identify the drugs that should be avoided in pregnancy. Vitamins (63.25%) are the most commonly prescribed drugs during pregnancy. In our study majority of drugs were prescribed from FDA category A (77.3%). Conclusion: Employees have shown the positive beliefs towards the medication when compared to the illiterates. The number of pregnancy can be influential in increase the positive beliefs and risk awareness