Duarte Araujo
Universidade de Lisboa, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Faculty Member
This paper considers the study of driving skill and performance of human drivers as a key domain to improve the design and the “expertise” of self-driving cars. Concerted driving with others in roundabouts is a special kind of social... more
This paper considers the study of driving skill and performance of human drivers as a key domain to improve the design and the “expertise” of self-driving cars. Concerted driving with others in roundabouts is a special kind of social expertise —understood as competence in ordinary, mundane activities— deployed by members of society. We illustrate our theoretical arguments about how human cognition works in driving contexts with the analysis of three paradigmatic examples through the lenses of the ecological framework. Based on these analyses, we discuss the need for a more robust and realist theory for developing self-driving cars as potential complications arising from interactions between human drivers and self-driving cars cannot be solved with current socio-cognitive models for decision-making and social coordination. The ecological framework considers that drivers’ exploratory activities rely on the utilization of affordances, rather than on the internal processing of information, which is currently the default assumption guiding self-driving car design. The ecological approach assumes that drivers are embedded agents that act within increasingly complex technological envelopes. Such a framework could be used to investigate how digital driving landscapes may be closely tailored to the drivers’ activities. Finally, future research on driving design should investigate how affordances can be matched with emerging digital technologies for reducing accidents and improving traffic flow.
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Similar to other complex systems in nature (e.g., a hunting pack, flocks of birds), sports teams have been modeled as social neurobiological systems in which interpersonal coordination tendencies of agents underpin team swarming... more
Similar to other complex systems in nature (e.g., a hunting pack, flocks of birds), sports teams have been modeled as social neurobiological systems in which interpersonal coordination tendencies of agents underpin team swarming behaviors. Swarming is seen as the result of agent co-adaptation to ecological constraints of performance environments by collectively perceiving specific possibilities for action (affordances for self and shared affordances). A major principle of invasion team sports assumed to promote effective performance is to outnumber the opposition (creation of numerical overloads) during different performance phases (attack and defense) in spatial regions adjacent to the ball. Such performance principles are assimilated by system agents through manipulation of numerical relations between teams during training in order to create artificially asymmetrical performance contexts to simulate overloaded and underloaded situations. Here we evaluated effects of different nume...
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Here, we report an investigation of the patterned movement behavior of players for a specific sub-phase of the game of futsal, namely when the goalkeeper for the attacking team is substituted with an extra outfield player. The movement... more
Here, we report an investigation of the patterned movement
behavior of players for a specific sub-phase of the game of futsal,
namely when the goalkeeper for the attacking team is substituted
with an extra outfield player. The movement trajectories of the ball
and players were recorded in both lateral and longitudinal direc-
tions and investigated using relative phase analysis. Some differ-
ences in phase relations between different playing dyads were
noted, indicating specificity of phase attractions, or otherwise, for
certain players. In general terms, the defenders demonstrated
strong in-phase attractions with the ball and with each other,
whereas weaker phase attractions, indicated by increased relative
phase variability, were observed for the attackers and ball, as well
as between attackers themselves. These results demonstrate differ-
ent coordination dynamics for the defending and attacking dyads,
from which we interpret evidence for different playing sub-sys-
tems consistent with different team objectives linked together in
an overarching game structure. In keeping with dynamical systems
theory for complex systems, we view this sub-phase of futsal as
being characterized by coordinated behavior patterns that emerge
as a result of self-organizing processes. These dynamic patterns are
generated within functional constraints, with players and teams
exerting mutual influence on each other.
behavior of players for a specific sub-phase of the game of futsal,
namely when the goalkeeper for the attacking team is substituted
with an extra outfield player. The movement trajectories of the ball
and players were recorded in both lateral and longitudinal direc-
tions and investigated using relative phase analysis. Some differ-
ences in phase relations between different playing dyads were
noted, indicating specificity of phase attractions, or otherwise, for
certain players. In general terms, the defenders demonstrated
strong in-phase attractions with the ball and with each other,
whereas weaker phase attractions, indicated by increased relative
phase variability, were observed for the attackers and ball, as well
as between attackers themselves. These results demonstrate differ-
ent coordination dynamics for the defending and attacking dyads,
from which we interpret evidence for different playing sub-sys-
tems consistent with different team objectives linked together in
an overarching game structure. In keeping with dynamical systems
theory for complex systems, we view this sub-phase of futsal as
being characterized by coordinated behavior patterns that emerge
as a result of self-organizing processes. These dynamic patterns are
generated within functional constraints, with players and teams
exerting mutual influence on each other.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
In 2009, Kannekens and colleagues evaluated the development of tactical skills of elite youth football players using a method based on verbal reports. Results showed no improvements in players’ tactical skills over the years of their... more
In 2009, Kannekens and colleagues evaluated the development of tactical skills of elite youth football players using a method based on verbal reports. Results showed no improvements in players’ tactical skills over the years of their longitudinal study. These results are based on an erroneous assumption that tactical skills and verbalizations about tactical skills are equivalent. This note comprises an explanation of why verbal reports are not a valid measure of tactical skills.
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The main goal of performance analysis in team sports has been the identification of data frequencies or sequences of actions in a temporal line, based on the assemblage of numerous discrete variables. This focus may be deemed as not... more
The main goal of performance analysis in team sports has been the identification of data frequencies or sequences of actions in a temporal line, based on the assemblage of numerous discrete variables. This focus may be
deemed as not displaying the foremost team sport feature, i.e., the dynamics of the interaction between two teams. In order to better understand the dynamic patterns of the game, the methods commonly applied must be furthered in a functional perspective. Underpinned in the Ecological Dynamics approach to decision making in sport, this paper regards performance analysis as a process of synthesis and parsimonious explanation of game’s functional nature. Accordingly, we argue the importance of the following three aspects: i) game must be viewed considering different levels of analysis;
ii) there is a functional role of variability in players’ behaviour that must be included in the analysis; iii) human behaviour is better understood if we consider how the dynamics reflects individual and collective perceptual-action couplings.
deemed as not displaying the foremost team sport feature, i.e., the dynamics of the interaction between two teams. In order to better understand the dynamic patterns of the game, the methods commonly applied must be furthered in a functional perspective. Underpinned in the Ecological Dynamics approach to decision making in sport, this paper regards performance analysis as a process of synthesis and parsimonious explanation of game’s functional nature. Accordingly, we argue the importance of the following three aspects: i) game must be viewed considering different levels of analysis;
ii) there is a functional role of variability in players’ behaviour that must be included in the analysis; iii) human behaviour is better understood if we consider how the dynamics reflects individual and collective perceptual-action couplings.
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This study examined the effects of manipulating relative positioning between defenders (initial distance apart) on emergent decision-making and actions in a 1 vs. 2 rugby union performance sub-phase. Twelve experienced youth players... more
This study examined the effects of manipulating relative positioning between defenders (initial distance apart) on emergent decision-making
and actions in a 1 vs. 2 rugby union performance sub-phase. Twelve experienced youth players performed 80 trials of a 1 (attacker) vs. 2
(defenders) practice task in which the starting distance between defenders was systematically decreased. Movement displacement trajectories
of participants were video recorded to obtain 2D positional data. The independent variable was the starting distance between defenders and
dependent variables were: (i) performance outcome (try or tackle), (ii) mean speed of all players during performance, and (iii) time between
the first crossover and the end of the trial. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the effects of different starting distances on
performance. Shorter starting distances between defenders were associated with a higher frequency of effective tackle outcomes, lower mean
speeds of all participants, and a greater time period between the first crossover and the end of the trial. Decision-making behaviours emerged
as a function of changes in participants’ spatial location during performance. This observation supports the importance of manipulating key
spatial-temporal variables in designing representative practice task constraints that induce functional player–environment interactions in team
sports training.
and actions in a 1 vs. 2 rugby union performance sub-phase. Twelve experienced youth players performed 80 trials of a 1 (attacker) vs. 2
(defenders) practice task in which the starting distance between defenders was systematically decreased. Movement displacement trajectories
of participants were video recorded to obtain 2D positional data. The independent variable was the starting distance between defenders and
dependent variables were: (i) performance outcome (try or tackle), (ii) mean speed of all players during performance, and (iii) time between
the first crossover and the end of the trial. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the effects of different starting distances on
performance. Shorter starting distances between defenders were associated with a higher frequency of effective tackle outcomes, lower mean
speeds of all participants, and a greater time period between the first crossover and the end of the trial. Decision-making behaviours emerged
as a function of changes in participants’ spatial location during performance. This observation supports the importance of manipulating key
spatial-temporal variables in designing representative practice task constraints that induce functional player–environment interactions in team
sports training.
Previous research on coordination dynamics of 1 vs. 1 sub-phases in team sports has reported stable emergent patterns of coordination in the displacement trajectories of attackers and defenders. The aim of this study was to use... more
Previous research on coordination dynamics of 1 vs. 1 sub-phases in team sports has reported stable emergent patterns of coordination in the displacement trajectories of attackers and defenders. The aim of this study was to use attacker–defender interactions in competitive team match-play to investigate how the locations of the goal and ball constrain the pattern-forming dynamics of attacker–defender dyadic systems. Ten high-level futsal matches were filmed and 13 goal sequences selected for analysis. Displacements of the players and the ball were filmed and digitized from 52 attacker–defender dyadic system interactions. Results showed that, although attackers and defenders exhibited similar angular orientations to the goal, the latter always remained closer to the goal than attackers. Observations revealed that in-phase patterns of coordination emerged from changes to both the distances and angles of attackers and defenders to the goal. Attackers always remained closer to the ball than defenders, while the latter exhibited a lower angle to the ball than attackers. A pattern of in-phase coordination modes emerged between the attackers and defenders' distances and angles to the ball. This study helps us to understand interpersonal interactions in team sports by explaining how attackers and defenders use information about their relative positioning to the goal and the ball to perform successfully.
Neste estudo tivemos como objectivo investigar se o processo decisional surge através de um processo relacional “on-line” entre indivíduos e ambiente para a concretização de um objectivo. Para tal, utilizámos 35 situações de passe numa... more
Neste estudo tivemos como objectivo investigar se o processo decisional surge através de um processo relacional “on-line” entre indivíduos e ambiente para a concretização de um objectivo. Para tal, utilizámos 35 situações de passe numa tarefa de Futsal onde avaliámos como evolui o contexto decisional até ao momento do passe. Neste estudo utilizámos como variáveis as distâncias interpessoais entre jogadores, as suas velocidades instantâneas e a fase relativa entre as referidas distâncias. Como resultados, verificámos que entre o momento de recepção da bola até à realização do passe, existe uma convergência nas distâncias entre os jogadores para um valor estável e uma divergência das suas velocidades. Estes resultados sugerem que a decisão para passar emerge face à afinação perceptual do indivíduo com bola à informação relevante do ambiente. Esta afinação permite a exploração e detecção de affordances, para passar a bola, definidas por uma janela espácio-temporal entre os jogadores.
This study investigated effects of manipulating the number of action possibilities in a futsal passing task to understand the representativeness of practice tasks designs. Eight male senior futsal players performed a passing task in which... more
This study investigated effects of manipulating the number of action possibilities in a futsal passing task to understand the representativeness of practice tasks designs. Eight male senior futsal players performed a passing task in which uncertainty on passing direction for the player in possession of the ball was increased in four conditions and compared with passing data from a competitive match. Performance during a passing task and competitive futsal performance was compared using ball speed and passing accuracy data. Ball speed data were analysed by approximate entropy (ApEn) to capture their regularity in each of the four conditions and during competitive performance. Significantly high levels of regularity were observed in predetermined passes in comparison with emergent passes (i.e., passes with high number of possibilities for action). Similar results for ball speed regularity were observed between practice tasks with a high number of possibilities for action (i.e., emergent passes) and competitive performance. Similar results were observed for passing accuracy in practice tasks with a high number of possibilities for action compared to competitive performance. Increases in the number of action possibilities during practice improved action fidelity of tasks in relation to competitive performance.
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Complex environments require effective individual/team decision making and adaptation to environmental changes. Salas et al. (2007) consider that this process implies the development of Team Cognition. The aim of this presentation is to... more
Complex environments require effective individual/team decision making and adaptation to environmental changes. Salas et al. (2007) consider that this process implies the development of Team Cognition. The aim of this presentation is to advocate
an Eco-Dynamic approach for developing decision making in teams. Following this approach we considered team behaviour as an emergent process brought by the interaction between the individuals, environmental and task constraints rather than being controlled by individual minds. This means that team cognition should be developed as the capacity of different players to become perceptually attuned to the relevant information of the environment. Relevant means that this information specifies goal achievement. To illustrate our perspective we present an example for training the development of emergent team decision making processes.
an Eco-Dynamic approach for developing decision making in teams. Following this approach we considered team behaviour as an emergent process brought by the interaction between the individuals, environmental and task constraints rather than being controlled by individual minds. This means that team cognition should be developed as the capacity of different players to become perceptually attuned to the relevant information of the environment. Relevant means that this information specifies goal achievement. To illustrate our perspective we present an example for training the development of emergent team decision making processes.
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Objectives: A quantitative review of the effects of requisite responses and methods of stimulus presentation for assessing decision-making expertise in sport was undertaken. Design: An electronic literature search was conducted in the... more
Objectives: A quantitative review of the effects of requisite responses and methods of stimulus presentation for assessing decision-making expertise in sport was undertaken.
Design: An electronic literature search was conducted in the online databases: SPORTDiscus with Full Text and ISI Web Knowledge All Databases. Articles for analysis were selected according to prior defined criteria.
Methods: We considered 111 effect sizes in studies involving 882 expert and non-expert participants. Effect sizes were calculated for six common protocols for measures responses: verbalized knowledge, eye movement measures, decision time, response accuracy, movement accuracy, and movement time. Two moderator variables were also considered to assess effects of research protocols on the dependent variables: “the requisite response” and “stimulus presentation”. A random effect model was used to calculate effect sizes.
Results: Analysis of moderator variables suggested that expertise effects were more apparent for “requisite responses” when participants were required to actually perform sporting actions and for “stimulus presentation” under in situ task constraints than for other conditions.
Conclusions: Future empirical work on expertise and decision-making needs to consider task representativeness in considering requisite responses of participants in simulating performance environment conditions. Use of representative task constraints with performers required to perform sport actions in in situ conditions appeared the most functional empirical protocols to enhance validity of data.
Design: An electronic literature search was conducted in the online databases: SPORTDiscus with Full Text and ISI Web Knowledge All Databases. Articles for analysis were selected according to prior defined criteria.
Methods: We considered 111 effect sizes in studies involving 882 expert and non-expert participants. Effect sizes were calculated for six common protocols for measures responses: verbalized knowledge, eye movement measures, decision time, response accuracy, movement accuracy, and movement time. Two moderator variables were also considered to assess effects of research protocols on the dependent variables: “the requisite response” and “stimulus presentation”. A random effect model was used to calculate effect sizes.
Results: Analysis of moderator variables suggested that expertise effects were more apparent for “requisite responses” when participants were required to actually perform sporting actions and for “stimulus presentation” under in situ task constraints than for other conditions.
Conclusions: Future empirical work on expertise and decision-making needs to consider task representativeness in considering requisite responses of participants in simulating performance environment conditions. Use of representative task constraints with performers required to perform sport actions in in situ conditions appeared the most functional empirical protocols to enhance validity of data.
In this paper we investigated how interpersonal coordination tendencies of players in Futsal constrained performance of passing actions. To achieve this aim, we digitized 24 digital video film clips of attacking phases in competitive... more
In this paper we investigated how interpersonal coordination tendencies of players in Futsal constrained performance of passing actions. To achieve this aim, we digitized 24 digital video film clips of attacking phases in competitive Futsal games. Values of interpersonal distance between players were recorded from the moment at which a teammate performed the pass to the ball carrier, to the moment of pass initiation by the ball carrier. Our results revealed that performance of passing actions was constrained by a convergence in interpersonal distance values between players. Pass efficacy seemed to be constrained by changes in interpersonal distance values between the ball carrier and the 2nd defender without a correspondent adaptation in ball velocity. Based on our results we suggest three training phases for developing passing performance in Futsal by manipulating key constraints in the performance environment relative to the interpersonal distance values between players.
Abstract Team sports represent complex systems: players interact continuously during a game, and exhibit intricate patterns of interaction, which can be identified and investigated at both individual and collective levels. We used Voronoi... more
Abstract Team sports represent complex systems: players interact continuously during a game, and exhibit intricate patterns of interaction, which can be identified and investigated at both individual and collective levels. We used Voronoi diagrams to identify and investigate the spatial dynamics of players' behavior in Futsal. Using this tool, we examined 19 plays of a sub-phase of a Futsal game played in a reduced area (20 m 2) from which we extracted the trajectories of all players.
In this study, we examined the effects of relative positioning of attacker–defender dyads to the basket on interpersonal coordination tendencies in basketball. To achieve this aim, four right-hand dominant basketball players performed in... more
In this study, we examined the effects of relative positioning of attacker–defender dyads to the basket on interpersonal coordination tendencies in basketball. To achieve this aim, four right-hand dominant basketball players performed in a 1 vs. 1 sub-phase, at nine different playing locations relative to the basket (from 0° to 180°, in 20° increments). Performers’ movement displacement trajectories were video-recorded and digitized in 162 trials. Results showed that interpersonal coordination tendencies changed according to the scaling of the relative position of performers to the basket.Stable in-phase modes of coordination were observed between performers’ longitudinal and lateral displacements (50.47% and 43.02%) on the left side of the court. On the right side of the court, a shift in the dominant mode of coordination was observed to a defender lead-lag of −30°, both for longitudinal and lateral displacements (30.51% and 32.65%). These results suggest how information about dribbler hand dominance and relative position to the basket may have constrained attacker–defender coordination tendencies in 1 vs. 1 sub-phases of basketball.
Research Interests: Adolescent, Team Sports, Information, Performance Analysis, Humans, and 12 moreMovement, Male, Basketball, Interpersonal Relations, Sports Sciences, Curriculum and Pedagogy, Athletic performance, Task Performance and Analysis, Right Handed, Video Recording, Relative Position, and Functional Laterality
This study investigated the influence of interpersonal coordination tendencies on performance outcomes of 1-vs-1 sub-phases in youth soccer. Eight male developing soccer players (age: 11.8 ± 0.4 years; training experience: 3.6 ± 1.1... more
This study investigated the influence of interpersonal coordination tendencies on performance outcomes of 1-vs-1 sub-phases in youth soccer. Eight male developing soccer players (age: 11.8 ± 0.4 years; training experience: 3.6 ± 1.1 years) performed an in situ simulation of a 1-vs-1 sub-phase of soccer. Data from 82 trials were obtained with motion-analysis techniques, and relative phase used to measure the space-time coordination tendencies of attacker-defender dyads. Approximate entropy (ApEn) was then used to quantify the unpredictability of interpersonal interactions over trials. Results revealed how different modes of interpersonal coordination emerging from attacker-defender dyads influenced the 1-vs-1 performance outcomes. High levels of space-time synchronisation (47%) and unpredictability in interpersonal coordination processes (ApEn: 0.91 ± 0.34) were identified as key features of an attacking player's success. A lead-lag relation attributed to a defending player (34% around −30° values) and a more predictable coordination mode (ApEn: 0.65 ± 0.27, P < 0.001), demonstrated the coordination tendencies underlying the success of defending players in 1-vs-1 sub-phases. These findings revealed how the mutual influence of each player on the behaviour of dyadic systems shaped emergent performance outcomes. More specifically, the findings showed that attacking players should be constrained to exploit the space-time synchrony with defenders in an unpredictable and creative way, while defenders should be encouraged to adopt postures and behaviours that actively constrain the attacker's actions.
Research Interests: Soccer, Motion Analysis, Sport, Sports, Performance Analysis, and 13 moreHumans, Child, Behaviour, Male, Space Time, Interpersonal Relations, Approximate Entropy, Interpersonal Interaction, Sports Sciences, Curriculum and Pedagogy, Athletic performance, Task Performance and Analysis, and Psychomotor Performance
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This report investigated the behavioural dynamics of teams in futsal game practice when the goalkeeper of the attacking team is substituted for an extra outfield player. To this end, the lateral and longitudinal displacements of the ball... more
This report investigated the behavioural dynamics of teams in futsal game practice when the goalkeeper of the attacking team is substituted for an extra outfield player. To this end, the lateral and longitudinal displacements of the ball and both teams, as well as their kinematics expressed in angles and radial distances from the centre of goal, were obtained and subjected to relative phase analysis. The results demonstrated (a) stronger phase relations with the ball for the defending team than the attacking team for both coordinate systems, (b) phase relations between each team and ball, and, to a lesser extent, between teams themselves, produced greater stabilities in the lateral (side-to-side) direction than the longitudinal (forward-backward) direction, and (c) phase attractions were most pronounced for the defending team and ball when using angles as a measure of association, indicating ball position and goal location as key informational constraints for futsal game behaviour. These findings advance understanding of self-organizing sports game dynamics with implications for sports practice.
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Here, we present several studies that, taken together, point out to the modification of consciousness by the alteration of cerebral activity and vice-versa. The role of attention, although uncertain, should not be forgotten, nor that of... more
Here, we present several studies that, taken together, point out to the modification of consciousness by the alteration of cerebral activity and vice-versa. The role of attention, although uncertain, should not be forgotten, nor that of the relation with one’s own perceptive mean (interior and exterior). Crucially, we realize the potential of the mind and thought, as brain modulators, presage of human free-will. Indeed, we cannot conceive consciousness without its connection to the body and the brain, nor even as an independent entity of the individual’s surroundings.
Over the last two decades there has been increasing interest in identifying properties of sport teams that are more than the sum of the properties of their members (Eccles & Tenenbaum, 2004; Salas et al., 1997). Team behaviors emerge from... more
Over the last two decades there has been increasing interest in identifying properties of sport teams that are more than the sum of the properties of their members (Eccles & Tenenbaum, 2004; Salas et al., 1997). Team behaviors emerge from interactions of three or more players looking to cooperate and compete together to achieve common goals, while communicating through synergetic relations (Riley et al., 2011; Silva et al., 2013). Joint analysis of individual behaviors can translate to group behaviors as all players constrain and, in turn, are constrained by the dynamic, integrated system that they compose (Glazier, 2010). Expert teams are characterized by high levels of performance outcomes, achieved by the team’s effective utilization of member expertise and mastery of group processes (Salas et al., 2006). Research on expert, non-sport team performance (see Salas et al., 2006) has revealed that: i) expert members are able to combine their individual expertise and coordinate action...
The relative space per player formulated in small-sided and conditioned games can be manipulated either by promoting variations in player numbers or by modifying field dimensions. In this study we analysed how the same relative spaces per... more
The relative space per player formulated in small-sided and conditioned games can be manipulated either by promoting variations in player numbers or by modifying field dimensions. In this study we analysed how the same relative spaces per player, obtained through manipulations of player numbers and field dimensions, influenced inter-individual coordination. The positional data (GPS, 10 Hz) of 24 U-15 yrs performing in three different relative spaces per player (118, 133 and 152m2) was used. Inter-individual behavioural measures included: (i) effective relative space per player, (ii) radius of free movement; (iii) numerical relations inside each player's relative space per player; and (iv) players' spatial distribution variability. Magnitude-based inferences were used to analyse the practical significance of the selected variables. Results showed that manipulations of player numbers elicited more free space in the vicinity of each player. However, more advantageous numerical ...
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EWEP ABSTRACT Interpersonal coordination in competitive tasks: a study in tennis João Carvalho 1,2, Vanda Correia 1,2, Elsa Pereira 2,3, Duarte Araújo 1,4 ¹ CIPER, Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudo da Performance Humana, Portugal ² Escola... more
EWEP ABSTRACT Interpersonal coordination in competitive tasks: a study in tennis João Carvalho 1,2, Vanda Correia 1,2, Elsa Pereira 2,3, Duarte Araújo 1,4 ¹ CIPER, Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudo da Performance Humana, Portugal ² Escola Superior de Educação e Comunicação, Universidade do Algarve, Portugal 3 CIEO, Centro de Investigação sobre Espaços e Organizações, Portugal 4 Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal Interpersonal coordination has been studied mainly in cooperative tasks (March et al., 2006). In competitive tasks, such as playing tennis, each player aims to constrain spatiotemporally his/her adversary’s actions and simultaneously facilitate his/her own subsequent actions. We aim to highlight how field boundaries and the relative positioning of players on a tennis court act as constraints in interpersonal coordination. Illustrative empirical evidence of a recent model (PA Index) that measures the spatiotemporal relations established between ...