Ian Shaw
University of Liverpool, Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, Department Member
- Egypt (Archaeology), Archaeology, Social Archaeology, Archaeology of Mining, Egyptology, Cultural interrelations in the eastern Mediterranean from the BA to the EIA, and 12 moreAfrica (Archaeology), Nubia, Conflict Archaeology, Technology (Archaeology), Landscape Archaeology, Cultural Transmission (Evolutionary Biology), Cognitive archaeology, Ancient Technology (Archaeology), Archaeometry, Urban archaeology, Ancient Quarrying, and Geoarchaeologyedit
The survey, excavations and artefactual studies undertaken by the Gurob Harem Palace Project (GHPP) between 2005 and 2014 were concerned primarily with the New Kingdom settlement and palace areas of the site, but in this paper I examine... more
The survey, excavations and artefactual studies undertaken by the Gurob Harem Palace Project (GHPP) between 2005 and 2014 were concerned primarily with the New Kingdom settlement and palace areas of the site, but in this paper I examine some aspects of the surviving evidence for human burials at Gurob. In fact, a very large proportion of the site of Gurob (perhaps around 80% of the total area) is taken up by cemeteries of various types and dates, ranging from the Predynastic through to the Ptolemaic period.
https://www.lockwoodpressonline.com/index.php/ebooks/catalog/book/74
https://www.lockwoodpressonline.com/index.php/ebooks/catalog/book/74
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Article, co-written with Paul Nicholson, forming the introductory chapter of Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Science of Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technologies (SAEMT), edited by B. Gehad and A. Quiles (Cairo:... more
Article, co-written with Paul Nicholson, forming the introductory chapter of Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Science of Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technologies (SAEMT), edited by B. Gehad and A. Quiles (Cairo: IFAO, 2022).
This article begins by discussing early work on the study of ancient Egyptian materials and technology by such scholars as Flinders Petrie and Alfred Lucas, as well as the historical context from which our edited volume Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology emerged. We then highlight some key areas of the science of ancient Egyptian materials and technologies that we consider to be neglected: 1. obtaining samples for analysis; 2. studying the physical and social contexts of procurement of materials; 3. examining the bigger picture of production and use of materials and artefacts; and 4. undertaking studies of patterns of refuse in settlement sites. The article concludes with a discussion of the importance of the chaîne opératoire to our understanding of ancient Egyptian technological processes.
This article begins by discussing early work on the study of ancient Egyptian materials and technology by such scholars as Flinders Petrie and Alfred Lucas, as well as the historical context from which our edited volume Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology emerged. We then highlight some key areas of the science of ancient Egyptian materials and technologies that we consider to be neglected: 1. obtaining samples for analysis; 2. studying the physical and social contexts of procurement of materials; 3. examining the bigger picture of production and use of materials and artefacts; and 4. undertaking studies of patterns of refuse in settlement sites. The article concludes with a discussion of the importance of the chaîne opératoire to our understanding of ancient Egyptian technological processes.
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This paper focuses on the use and symbolism of ramps and stairways in Egyptian religion during the late Eighteenth Dynasty, particularly at Amarna (site of the ancient city of Akhetaten), in order to explore some of the ways in which... more
This paper focuses on the use and symbolism of ramps and stairways in Egyptian religion during the late Eighteenth Dynasty, particularly at Amarna (site of the ancient city of Akhetaten), in order to explore some of the ways in which ancient Egyptian architecture expresses different kinds of religious ritual and ideology. In particular, it appears that the use of balustrades and stairways highlights the issue of overt and theatrical ‘display’ as a key element of the cult of Atenism. The form and function of stepped/ramped structures in shrines and temples at Amarna can be seen to derive to some extent from the use of bark-shrines and solar altars in earlier religious contexts.
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This paper examines the settlement remains of the turquoise miners of the Old and Middle Kingdoms at Wadi Maghara and the amethyst miners of the Middle Kingdom at Wadi el-Hudi. Each was located in a potentially dangerous border area, and... more
This paper examines the settlement remains of the turquoise miners of the Old and Middle Kingdoms at Wadi Maghara and the amethyst miners of the Middle Kingdom at Wadi el-Hudi. Each was located in a potentially dangerous border area, and the combination of settlement remains and rock-cut images and texts presents aspects of the Egyptians’ pragmatic and ideological responses to the outside world. The paper provides the opportunity to consider whether Lower Nubia and Sinai represented similar types of liminal zones (from the Egyptian point of view) and to what extent mineral procurement expeditions were influenced by military aims in design and practice.
https://www.peeters-leuven.be/detail.php?search_key=9789042941403&series_number_str=304&lang=en
https://www.peeters-leuven.be/detail.php?search_key=9789042941403&series_number_str=304&lang=en
Research Interests: Egyptology, Border Studies, Egyptian Archaeology, Military Architecture, Liminality, and 10 moreAnthropology of Borders, Fortified Settlements (Archaeology), Settlement archaeology, Ancient Egyptian Art and Archaeology, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Mining, Ancient Egyptian Settlement Archaeology, Ancient Egyptian quarries, Ancient Egyptian Military, and Egyptian mining
This chapter discusses a range of current debates into the ways in which Egyptologists are engaging with the problems and demands of moving towards greater collaborations across the social sciences if it is to remain a relevant discipline... more
This chapter discusses a range of current debates into the ways in which Egyptologists are engaging with the problems and demands of moving towards greater collaborations across the social sciences if it is to remain a relevant discipline in its own right. Viewpoints from contributing authors are synthesized into a discussion of recent developments in the field from fresh research across both the archaeological and textual arms of the discipline. The volume considers the extent to which scholars need to be revising and re-thinking their research questions and moving towards greater collaborations within the discipline, and crucially outside of it. Moving the discipline forward is also about including voices outside of western discourses and into volumes such as this. The contributions from Chinese and Egyptian scholars therefore bring a fresh perspective to some current problems in Egyptological research particularly in cultural heritage management, museum curation, and investigating archaeological landscapes.
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Chapter featuring in The Oxford Handbook of Egyptology (OUP, 2020), edited by Ian Shaw and Elizabeth Bloxam. This chapter explores the study of Egyptian settlements and the characteristic range of domestic architecture and artefacts... more
Chapter featuring in The Oxford Handbook of Egyptology (OUP, 2020), edited by Ian Shaw and Elizabeth Bloxam.
This chapter explores the study of Egyptian settlements and the characteristic range of domestic architecture and artefacts found within living spaces and urban contexts. It will focus on the changing approaches to the material culture of sedentism, urbanism and use of domestic artefacts in Egypt over the last 150 years. The main section, discussing settlement archaeology in Egypt, aims both to provide a summary of progress to date and to highlight areas of the topic that are neglected, controversial or disputed. The final section discusses artefacts that derive from ancient Egyptian domestic contexts, with specific emphasis on the study of patterns of production and consumption and the physical locations in which these activities took place.
This chapter explores the study of Egyptian settlements and the characteristic range of domestic architecture and artefacts found within living spaces and urban contexts. It will focus on the changing approaches to the material culture of sedentism, urbanism and use of domestic artefacts in Egypt over the last 150 years. The main section, discussing settlement archaeology in Egypt, aims both to provide a summary of progress to date and to highlight areas of the topic that are neglected, controversial or disputed. The final section discusses artefacts that derive from ancient Egyptian domestic contexts, with specific emphasis on the study of patterns of production and consumption and the physical locations in which these activities took place.
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‘New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period coffin and textile remains from the 2011-12 excavations at Medinet el-Gurob, Faiyum region’, Proceedings: First Vatican Coffin Conference, ed. A. Amenta, C. Greco and H. Guichard (Vatican, 2017),... more
‘New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period coffin and textile remains from the 2011-12 excavations at Medinet el-Gurob, Faiyum region’, Proceedings: First Vatican Coffin Conference, ed. A. Amenta, C. Greco and H. Guichard (Vatican, 2017), pp.181-92.
This article discusses fragments of two items of funerary equipment newly discovered at Medinet el-Gurob: a New Kingdom painted clay coffin and a Third Intermediate Period cartonnage mummy-case. Both of these were excavated and recorded by the Gurob Harem Palace Project in our 2011 and 2012 seasons; they derive from looting presumed to have largely taken place at Gurob during the months immediately following the political events in January-February 2011. The Gurob Harem Palace Project is a multi-disciplinary Anglo-Danish project, which has focused, since 2005, on the study of Gurob’s urban and funerary archaeological remains. The paper aims primarily to place these new coffins in the context of previous work on funerary material at Gurob and other Late Bronze Age sites in the southern Faiyum region.
This article discusses fragments of two items of funerary equipment newly discovered at Medinet el-Gurob: a New Kingdom painted clay coffin and a Third Intermediate Period cartonnage mummy-case. Both of these were excavated and recorded by the Gurob Harem Palace Project in our 2011 and 2012 seasons; they derive from looting presumed to have largely taken place at Gurob during the months immediately following the political events in January-February 2011. The Gurob Harem Palace Project is a multi-disciplinary Anglo-Danish project, which has focused, since 2005, on the study of Gurob’s urban and funerary archaeological remains. The paper aims primarily to place these new coffins in the context of previous work on funerary material at Gurob and other Late Bronze Age sites in the southern Faiyum region.
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‘Technology in transit: the borrowing of ideas in science and craftwork’, Pharaoh's Land and Beyond: Ancient Egypt and its Neighbors, ed. P.P. Creasman and R.H. Wilkinson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), pp.167-80. This paper... more
‘Technology in transit: the borrowing of ideas in science and craftwork’, Pharaoh's Land and Beyond: Ancient Egypt and its Neighbors, ed. P.P. Creasman and R.H. Wilkinson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), pp.167-80.
This paper discusses the many significant developments in Egyptian technology that seem to have emerged directly from migrations of people (whether spontaneous or forced), the exchange of ideas between different ethnic and cultural groups, and major processes of social change brought on by large-scale environmental and political influences. The chronology of all this suggests that a major technological watershed for the Egyptians of the mid to late Bronze Age was probably the explulsion of the Hyksos, who may have represented a significant barrier between the Egyptians and access to more sophisticated weaponry such as chariots, composite bows and body-armour, as well as other, non-military materials and crafts.
This paper discusses the many significant developments in Egyptian technology that seem to have emerged directly from migrations of people (whether spontaneous or forced), the exchange of ideas between different ethnic and cultural groups, and major processes of social change brought on by large-scale environmental and political influences. The chronology of all this suggests that a major technological watershed for the Egyptians of the mid to late Bronze Age was probably the explulsion of the Hyksos, who may have represented a significant barrier between the Egyptians and access to more sophisticated weaponry such as chariots, composite bows and body-armour, as well as other, non-military materials and crafts.
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‘Gneiss for the pharaoh: geology of the third millennium BCE Chephren's Quarries in southern Egypt’, Geoscience Canada: Journal of the Geological Association of Canada 43/1 [2016], pp.79-88 [co-authored with Tom Heldal, Per Storemyr and... more
‘Gneiss for the pharaoh: geology of the third millennium BCE Chephren's Quarries in southern Egypt’, Geoscience Canada: Journal of the Geological Association of Canada 43/1 [2016], pp.79-88 [co-authored with Tom Heldal, Per Storemyr and Elizabeth Bloxam]
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Chapter in Catalogo Collezione Egizia del Castello del Buonconsiglio, ed. S. Malgora (Trento, 2015), pp.44-57.
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Tissot, I., Troalen, L.G., Manso, M., Ponting, M., Radtke, M., Reinholz, U., Barreiros, M.A., Shaw, I., Carvalho, M.L. and M.F. Guerra 2015. “A multi-analytical approach to gold in Ancient Egypt: Studies on provenance and corrosion”,... more
Tissot, I., Troalen, L.G., Manso, M., Ponting, M., Radtke, M., Reinholz, U., Barreiros, M.A., Shaw, I., Carvalho, M.L. and M.F. Guerra 2015. “A multi-analytical approach to gold in Ancient Egypt: Studies on provenance and corrosion”, Spectro Chimica Acta Part B 108: 75-82.
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This paper discusses the surviving traces of the roads linking the Hatnub travertine quarries in Egypt’s Eastern Desert with the Nile Valley from the Old Kingdom to the Late Period. This archaeological evidence is placed in the context of... more
This paper discusses the surviving traces of the roads linking the Hatnub travertine quarries in Egypt’s Eastern Desert with the Nile Valley from the Old Kingdom to the Late Period. This archaeological evidence is placed in the context of texts and images, primarily from the Old and Middle Kingdoms, that relate to transportation of travertine blocks. The paper also uses archaeological and textual evidence to consider the extent to which the quarried stone was already worked into finished objects prior to transportation along the road.
Chapter in The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology, ed. P. Lane and P. Mitchell (Oxford: OUP, 2013) pp.737-50.
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Encyclopedia entry dealing with the basic data on the concept and nature of police in ancient Egypt.
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‘Quarrying and landscape at Gebel el-Asr in the Old and Middle Kingdoms’, Recent Discoveries and Latest Researches in Egyptology: Proceedings of the First Neapolitan Congress of Egyptology, Naples, June 18th-20th 2008, ed. F. Raffaele, M. Nuzzollo, and I. Incordino (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 2010), 293-312.more
This paper presents a short summary of some of the results of a British-Norwegian- Egyptian geoarchaeological expedition to the Gebel el-Asr anorthosite gneiss quarries and chalcedony mines. The site is frequently referred to elsewhere as... more
This paper presents a short summary of some of the results of a British-Norwegian- Egyptian geoarchaeological expedition to the Gebel el-Asr anorthosite gneiss quarries and chalcedony mines. The site is frequently referred to elsewhere as the ‘Chephren diorite quarries’ since it has long been recognized as the source of the blue-grey banded metamorphic rock from which six life-size seated statues of the 4th-Dynasty pharaoh Chephren (2520-2494 BC) were carved.
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‘Socio-economic and iconographic contexts for Egyptian military technology in the east Mediterranean: the knowledge economy and “technology transfer” in Late Bronze Age warfare’, The Knowledge Economy and Technological Capabilities: Egypt, the Near East and the Mediterranean 2nd millennium B.C. -1st millennium A.D. Proceedings of a conference held at the Maison de la Chimie Paris, France 9-10 December 2005, ed. M. Wissa - Supplementa (Barcelona: Aula Orientalis, 2010), pp.77-85.more
This paper examines the evidence surviving from the east Mediterranean for developments in the technology of warfare practised in Anatolia and Egypt during the Late Bronze Age. This is a complex and dynamic period with regard to the... more
This paper examines the evidence surviving from the east Mediterranean for developments in the technology of warfare practised in Anatolia and Egypt during the Late Bronze Age. This is a complex and dynamic period with regard to the development of military equipment, with a great deal of exchange of ideas and technology between the various east Mediterranean and Near Eastern cultures and ethnic groups. The sources of evidence for this process vary from the iconography of warriors depicted in Egyptian temple reliefs to the survival of military artefacts, and the main aim of this paper is to discuss the problems involved in disentangling ethnic stereotyping from the distinct military strategies and technological trajectories of different regions. In addition, the paper examines the role potentially played by royal diplomatic networks in the emergence and transfer of military innovations.
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This paper looks at a combination of different types of evidence from the New Kingdom, including a detailed archaeological case- study at Amarna, and considers possible approaches which may allow us to gain a better understanding of the... more
This paper looks at a combination of different types of evidence from the New Kingdom, including a detailed archaeological case- study at Amarna, and considers possible approaches which may allow us to gain a better understanding of the Egyptians’ ‘occupational identities.’
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This study of five of the major emerald mining localities within the Sikait-Zubara region of Egypt’s Eastern Desert investigates the potential for provenancing emeralds both from specific countries and from specific ancient Egyptian... more
This study of five of the major emerald mining localities within the Sikait-Zubara region of Egypt’s Eastern Desert investigates the potential for provenancing emeralds both from specific countries and from specific ancient Egyptian mines. The gemmological examination of several samples from Sikait-Zubara and elsewhere indicates that much of the geochemical variation in world emeralds is mirrored within single grains of emerald tailings; there are, however, two sources of emerald that can be distinguished from those of Egypt: the Urals and Colombia. These observations provide the potential for investigations of the world emerald market during the time of operation of the Egyptian mines and also the detection of forgeries manufactured from New World emeralds. The analyses also contribute to the general debate concerning the validity of archaeological provenancing, suggesting firstly that analysis must study variation within single grains as well as between grains sampled from different regions, and secondly that purely geochemical definitions of ‘sources’ or ‘provenances’ do not necessarily provide ready-made solutions to archaeological problems concerning the spatial movement of raw materials and artefacts.
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Encyclopedia article on the history of archaeology in Egypt
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The data recorded by excavators at el-Amarna in the 1920s and 1930s may appear flawed or distorted compared with more recently excavated material, but the most valuable contribution of the work of the pre-1979 excavators was their sheer... more
The data recorded by excavators at el-Amarna in the 1920s and 1930s may appear flawed or distorted compared with more recently excavated material, but the most valuable contribution of the work of the pre-1979 excavators was their sheer scale. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to explore some of the ways in which the records of the early excavations can be reanalysed and reinterpreted as a result of an improved understanding of these early excavation strategies and techniques.
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A program simulating artefactual diversity is applied to excavated data from el-Amarna, the largest and best-preserved Egyptian town-site of the pharaonic period, dating to the 14th century B.C. The results of the simulation are used to... more
A program simulating artefactual diversity is applied to excavated data from el-Amarna, the largest and best-preserved Egyptian town-site of the pharaonic period, dating to the 14th century B.C. The results of the simulation are used to reassess the function and history of two unusual areas of settlement at el-Amarna: the Eastern and Central Villages, which are traditionally known as the "Workmen's Village" and the "Clerks' Houses" respectively.
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The fragments of stone balustrades, parapets and screen walling from the city of el-Amarna are an invaluable source of evidence for the idiosyncratic nature of the cult of the Aten and its associated architecture. The presence of ramps... more
The fragments of stone balustrades, parapets and screen walling from the city of el-Amarna are an invaluable source of evidence for the idiosyncratic nature of the cult of the Aten and its associated architecture. The presence of ramps and steps flanked by balustrades in most of the major buildings at el-Amarna suggests that Akhenaten was obliged to devise innovative architectural forms to provide suitable contexts for the worship of the Aten.
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This paper considers the current state of evidence for pharaonic quarrying and mining, including the results of fresh fieldwork at a number of previously neglected sites, such as the Hatnub travertine quarries and the Wadi el-Hudi... more
This paper considers the current state of evidence for pharaonic quarrying and mining, including the results of fresh fieldwork at a number of previously neglected sites, such as the Hatnub travertine quarries and the Wadi el-Hudi amethyst mines. The surviving remains of Egyptian quarrying and mining settlements suggest a pattern of subtle adaptations and versatility in response to changing economic and geographical parameters.
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El-Amarna is the site of the largest surviving ancient Egyptian city, dating to the mid-14th century BC and occupied by a population of over 20,000. Taking as its starting point the question `What would have constituted a desirable... more
El-Amarna is the site of the largest surviving ancient Egyptian city, dating to the mid-14th century BC and occupied by a population of over 20,000. Taking as its starting point the question `What would have constituted a desirable residence or neighbourhood?', this paper attempts to reach an understanding of the social aspirations of the Egyptians of the pharaonic period by analysing the residential areas of el-Amarna in the context of contemporary texts and ethnographic parallels. The results of this analysis suggest that Egyptian attitudes to material success and the `country estate' are eloquently expressed in the variability of their mud-brick housing at different levels of society.
Report on the second Cambridge University Hatnub Survey season, which took place in 1986.
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Report on the first Cambridge University Hatnub Survey season, which took place in 1985.
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This short book onsiders all aspects of ancient Egyptian culture, from tombs and mummies to the discovery of artefacts, and the decipherment of hieroglyphs. It includes information based on personal archaeological research and fieldwork,... more
This short book onsiders all aspects of ancient Egyptian culture, from tombs and mummies to the discovery of artefacts, and the decipherment of hieroglyphs. It includes information based on personal archaeological research and fieldwork, and uses an iconic protodynastic object - the Narmer Palette - to provide a framework for this general discussion of pharaonic Egypt
New to this Edition:
1. New chapter on the impact of the Arab Spring on approaches to Egyptian museums and cultural heritage
2. Takes into account recent archaeological discoveries and the latest scholarship on Ancient Egypt
3. Incorporates new research on chronology, particularly the use of radiocarbon dating
4. Includes a new section dealing with same-sex desire
New to this Edition:
1. New chapter on the impact of the Arab Spring on approaches to Egyptian museums and cultural heritage
2. Takes into account recent archaeological discoveries and the latest scholarship on Ancient Egypt
3. Incorporates new research on chronology, particularly the use of radiocarbon dating
4. Includes a new section dealing with same-sex desire
Research Interests: Egyptology and Egypt
The Oxford Handbook of Egyptology presents a series of articles by colleagues working across the many archaeological, philological and cultural subdisciplines within the study of ancient Egypt from prehistory through to the end of the... more
The Oxford Handbook of Egyptology presents a series of articles by colleagues working across the many archaeological, philological and cultural subdisciplines within the study of ancient Egypt from prehistory through to the end of the Roman period. The volume seeks to place Egyptology within its theoretical, methodological, and historical contexts, both indicating how the subject has evolved and discussing its distinctive contemporary problems, issues and potential. Transcending conventional boundaries between archaeological and ancient textual analysis, it stresses the need for Egyptology to seek multidisciplinary methods and broader collaborations if it is to remain contemporary and relevant. It therefore serves as a reference work not only for those working within the discipline, but also as a gateway into Egyptology for archaeologists, anthropologists, sociologists and linguists.
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Book on Ancient Egyptian Warfare, published in 2019, in the Casemate Short Histories series
ISBN: 978-1-61200-7250
https://www.casematepublishing.co.uk/ancient-egyptian-warfare.html
ISBN: 978-1-61200-7250
https://www.casematepublishing.co.uk/ancient-egyptian-warfare.html
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This book presents the result of fieldwork carried out by the author beween 1984 and 1990 in order to examine travertine quarrying activities at Hatnub, situated in the Eastern Desert, about 25 km southwest of the present day semlement of... more
This book presents the result of fieldwork carried out by the author beween 1984 and 1990 in order to examine travertine quarrying activities at Hatnub, situated in the Eastern Desert, about 25 km southwest of the present day semlement of Mallawi. While the greater part of the book is devoted to quarrying activities during the Old and Middle Kingdoms, as evidenced by a wide variery of archaeological remains, the origins of quarrying activities in the late Predynastic Period, when travertine funerary vessels were first produced, are also discussed. Considerable attention is given to the discovery of the true magnitude of New Kingdom activities, previously underestimated and poorly understood. In Chapter 8, the author delineates the organization of quarry-workers in pharaonic times and attempts a preliminary synthesis of the archaeological and textual evidence. Appendices 2-4 present collections of inscriptions from the site of Hatnub that help to place the archaeological evidence in context.
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This book is intended to give the reader a sense of some of the crucial issues that dominate the modern study of ancient Egypt. Above all, it considers why the culture of the Egyptians is so appealing and fascinating to us now. It begins... more
This book is intended to give the reader a sense of some of the crucial issues that dominate the modern study of ancient Egypt. Above all, it considers why the culture of the Egyptians is so appealing and fascinating to us now. It begins with a discussion of one of the most important artefacts from ancient Egypt: the ‘Narmer Palette’ (c.3100 BC), outlining its significance in terms of our understanding of early Egyptian culture. The subsequent chapters then take different aspects of the Palette as starting points for consideration of key factors in Egyptology, such as hieroglyphs, social and religious practices, and funerary beliefs.
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"This dictionary provides those studying or working in archaeology with a complete reference to the field. The entries, which range from key-word definitions to longer articles, convey the challenges, ambiguities and theoretical context... more
"This dictionary provides those studying or working in archaeology with a complete reference to the field. The entries, which range from key-word definitions to longer articles, convey the challenges, ambiguities and theoretical context of archaeology as well as the surveyed and excavated data. The dictionary is based on the premise that archaeology is a process rather than simply a body of knowledge, and includes contributions from more than forty of the world`s leading archaeologists. Unlike other dictionaries of archaeology, this volume provides comprehensive coverage of recent archaeological theory together with examples of practical applications and cross-references to site entries. "The Dictionary" also incorporates concepts and movements from adjacent fields such as anthropology, sociology, philosophy and human biology. There are also numerous entries on previously neglected areas such as China, Japan and Oceania. The bibliographies that follow virtually every entry enable the reader to easily locate primary or most recent sources.
For review see:
http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ElAnt/V5N3/knoblauch.html"
For review see:
http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ElAnt/V5N3/knoblauch.html"
Translator: Guide de Deir el-Médina by Guillemette Andreu-Lanoe and Dominique Valbelle (IFAO, 2022).
For details see: https://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/catalogue/GIFAO/
For details see: https://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/catalogue/GIFAO/