Claudio Morrison

For almost 20 years, since the early 1990s, Professor Simon Clarke led multiple international research projects in Russia, China and Vietnam studying labour relations, enterprise restructuring and household economics under post-socialist transition. Breaking out of postsocialist scholarship's narrow confines, both social and ideological, he led an exploration of the void opened by FSU disintegration reconnecting with those who brought the brunt of it. Equally unique among western scholars was his promotion of a vast network of FSU researchers and activists, later formalised in the Institute for Comparative Research in Labour Relations (ISITO). Here, for the first time, some of its leading scholars reflect on his legacy, methods, and everlasting contribution to the advancement of sociology and social activism in Russia. Their accounts convey the radically alternative character of the overall project, returning both achievements and limitations. The emerging picture confirms the indeterminacy and complexity of Clarke's original findings: no linear development from 'subsumption of labour under capital' to 'familiar patterns of class conflict' has occurred. Instead, growing labour protests follow labour degradation and restructuring, a strong state becoming the arbiter in the stand-off between neoliberalism and workers' resistance.

... 10 A Russian factory enters the market economy managers' offices allowed me to reformulate ... material and parallel theoretical elaboration has developed in an iterative fashion (see Clark, E ... Participation in the activities of the Russian Research Projects run by Professor Clarke,1 ...

ABSTRACT This paper explores the role of memory in the emergence of a new working class identity in the post-Soviet space. Intellectuals have looked at popular nostalgia for socialism with disdain: the legacy of ‘totalitarian mentality’ preventing democratic citizenship and reproducing passive dependency from the state. On the basis of findings from case study research, this paper argues that workers have developed memories of the Soviet past which are distinct from official discourse. These have become a yardstick for critically engaging with the new social reality of ‘market democracy’ as well as an important tool to legitimise mobilisation in the workplace. Beyond the simplistic ‘before it was better’ argument there is more understanding of the social constraints of both Stalinism and the new capitalist order than the unsuspecting liberal intellectual would admit.

ABSTRACT Outside ownership has been long praised by mainstream transition economics for providing the context for effective enterprise restructuring. On the basis of two case studies in the Ivanovo-based textile industry, this article analyses the impact of this new corporate structure on management and production. An account of the developments in the 1990s argues for the rationality of survival strategies by inside owners and reveals how new economic agents played a primary role in the collapse of the industry. The analysis of holding company strategies indicates that little has changed so far in market strategies and organisation of production. Reliance on traditional Soviet practices prevents restructuring and undermines co-operation between managers and new owners. Findings, corroborated by existing case study research, indicate that the way to successful restructuring lies in overcoming Soviet-type personnel and production management. This is unlikely to happen without thorough technological change at enterprise level and organisational change in holding companies' command structure. Experience of restructuring reveals how building trust between managers and owners represents an essential precondition for pursuing these goals.

ABSTRACT This article analyses the issue of discipline violations in a Russian textile company. Discipline violations proliferated in Soviet times and were tolerated by managers. The cause has been identified in the limited form of control exercised over the production process, resulting from the social relations existing in the Soviet Union. Evidence from the case study indicates that no fundamental change has occurred in this area since the transition. The research documents the material and psychological hardships experienced by workers, the relational practices constraining line managers, and it tries to discern the conceptual and operative limits of disciplinary campaigns by top management.

ABSTRACT Scholarship on international migration has shown how structural features of the global capitalist economy contribute to labour mobility. This paper looks into labour migrants’ recruitment and employment systems to identify their forms of resistance. The study is based on qualitative research involving workers from Moldova and Ukraine working in the Russian and Italian construction sector. Fieldwork has been carried out in Russia, Italy and Moldova. Overcoming methodological nationalism, this study recognises transnational spaces as the new terrain, where antagonistic industrial relations are rearticulated. Labour turnover is posited as key explanatory factor and understood not simply as the outcome of capital recruitment strategies but also as workers’ agency.

ABSTRACT This paper intends to explore changes occurred to employment relations in Russia in the last decade, in order to understand how agents in production will react to the crisis. The paper focuses on issues of trust and control in management. The dominant narrative maintains that post-socialist industrial relations have been marked by strong continuity with the soviet past due to institutional legacies. On the basis of both secondary and case-study research the paper will investigate social relations in the workplace in order to understand whether the experience of work has fundamentally changed for agents. The main thrust of the article is that institutions of industrial relations have remained unchallenged but terms and conditions of employment have not; this have exacerbated contradictions in the labour process but not generated change because of the peculiar nature of social relations in production. Institutionalism like transition theories, lacking theoretical space for contradictions in their model, fails to recognise both the constraints and challenges the latter pose to agency [Aslund, 1995; Schwartz et al., 2007]. Our study of the Russian enterprise as a social organisation has identified two distinct but interrelated set of relations, namely owner-manager relationship, the managerial process [Armstrong, 1984, 1989, 1991; Willmott, 1997], and the labour process proper [Knights et al., 1990; Thompson et al., 2000]. This paper focuses on the former. Critical accounts of the managerial process in the «West» suggest that managers sustain a trustful relationship with owners by developing control strategies for their subordinates [Armstrong, 1984]. The employment of soviet managerial tactics achieves social control but generates strained and ultimately mistrustful relationship with superiors [Ticktin, 1992]. Evidence from case studies indicates how failure in restructuring perpetuates this «economy of mistrust» based on administrative controls and petty tutelage. To the contrary, in cases where restructuring has been achieved, managerial co-operation with owners and tighter control over workers are present.

Строители в России: мобильность, наём и стабильность рабочих мест постсоветских мигрантов-строителей Трудовая миграция до сих пор объяснялась такими причинами как различия в заработной плате, относительная легкость или трудность переезда в другую страну и присутствие или отсутствие сетей поддержки1. Мы рассматриваем это явление в связи с исторической потребностью капитала в постоянном расширении социо-географического пространства поиска рабочей силы, чтобы избежать промышленного конфликта и избавиться от текучести.Эмпирически данная статья обращена к не- достаточному освещению в литературе трудовой миграции из стран СНГ и среди них. Она также затрагивает связанные с этим аналитические и методологические ограничения в области знаний о миграции.Следуя за траекториями перемещения мигрантов по рынкам труда и рабочим местам, исследование раскрывает их индивидуальные и коллективные формы организации. Ключевая цель исследования состоит в определении ожиданий и надежд мигрантов, форм сопрот...

Scholarship on international migration has shown how structural features of the global capitalist economy contribute to labour mobility. This paper looks into labour migrants’ recruitment and employment systems to identify their forms of resistance. The study is based on qualitative research involving workers from Moldova and Ukraine working in the Russian and Italian construction sector. Fieldwork has been carried out in Russia, Italy and Moldova. Overcoming methodological nationalism, this study recognises transnational spaces as the new terrain, where antagonistic industrial relations are rearticulated. Labour turnover is posited as key explanatory factor and understood not simply as the outcome of capital recruitment strategies but also as workers’ agency.

... 10 A Russian factory enters the market economy managers' offices allowed me to reformulate ... material and parallel theoretical elaboration has developed in an iterative fashion (see Clark, E ... Participation in the activities of the Russian Research Projects run by Professor Clarke,1 ...

... the second shift has been abolished because “women arrive already tired: they are mothers, they do cleaning”: Maria, senior shop ... rhetoric of the working mother sustains paternalism in the form of a non-conflictual, apparently solidaristic female collective (Zhidkova, 2006) but ...

ABSTRACT This article analyses management–union–worker relations in a foreign-owned Moldovan clothing factory. Studies of post-socialist industrial relations have focused on explaining labour quiescence, advancing ‘path dependence’ and ‘Soviet legacy’ arguments. These draw attention to strong links between management and unions, and weak relations between the latter and workers. We show how the union has, in one case, drawn creatively on Soviet legacies to develop strong articulation between itself and women workers. This was part of a wider adaptive strategy within which the union transformed the meaning of previous functions and developed novel ones. The outcome is a well-organized representative union capable of challenging management at the negotiating table, as well as on the shop floor. This seems unlikely to be universal but equally unlikely to be unique.

This chapter analyses current trends, main institutional features and employment practices in the Russian construction sector. Based on ethnographic research in Russia and Moldova, the study adopts a bottom-up approach privileging the point of view of migrant labor which dominates shop-floor trades in the sector. The chapter focuses on recruitment, employment relations and work organization to understand their impact on the quality of the labor process and workers’ well-being.

We investigate migrant construction workers’ experiences in the Former Soviet Union, examining their attitudes to other ethno‐national groups, unions and collective action. Industrial relations and migration studies view migrant workers’ hypermobility and diversity, under conditions of low union coverage and rising nationalism, as potentially obstructing consciousness‐raising and mobilizing. Workers in our study faced union indifference, ethno‐national segregation and discrimination. However, managerial abuses, informality and contestation from below led to spontaneous mobilization. Lack of institutional channels to solve these disputes drove workers’ further mobility. Complex mobility trajectories and collective action translated into increased awareness of collective interests and rejection of nationalist ideologies. The outcome is ‘multinational workers’ potentially resistant to nation‐state politics and capital's logics but also aware of the value and usefulness of collective solidarities. Thus, previous arguments solely associating exit with individualistic attitudes, and post‐socialist legacies with workers’ quiescence present only partial pictures.

La migrazione all'interno dell'Unione Sovietica è stata a lungo ignorata sia a causa dei severi controlli messi in atto sulla mobilità fino almeno al 1991 sia per le tendenze disgregatrici del periodo di transizione che hanno largamente dominato le narrazioni dell'area, La mobilità dei lavoratori, tuttavia, è stata una caratteristica fondamentale della società sovietica, attraverso la quale i lavoratori esprimevano la propria autonomia e l'insoddisfazione verso il sistema del socialismo realizzato. Sulla base di un'etnografia multisituata con alcuni lavoratori edili e le loro comunità in Russia e in Moldova, questo studio evidenzia come la rottura dello spazio sovietico in Stati nazionali indipendenti non ha affatto fermato i flussi migratori, ma ne ha influenzato la natura a danno dei lavoratori. Affrontando lo sradicamento, la segregazione nel mercato del lavoro e i processi di discriminazione, i lavoratori migranti sembrano rifiutare il nazionalismo e la xenofobia, abbracciando piuttosto una prospettiva multinazionale. Questo studio si basa su concetti – quali il " mobility power " , l'uscita transnazionale e il multinazionalismo dei lavoratori – recentemente elaborati da alcuni sociologi del lavoro per comprendere i modelli di migrazione europea dal punto di vista dei lavoratori. Si suggerisce che, per rendere conto dell'allargamento spaziale e temporale vissuto dai lavoratori migranti, sia necessario contemplare una prospettiva transnazionale. Guardando lo sviluppo delle loro soggettività attraverso i campi sociali transnazionali la ricerca dimostra l'importanza continua della questione della classe rispetto all'identità etnica o nazionale.

Questo capitolo analizza le forme di resistenza operaia nell’industria dell’Europa sud-orientale, al fine di individuare possibilità e limiti di riforma del sindacato post-comunista e di ripresa del conflitto sociale. Il movimento operaio e sindacale in quest’area è stato il grande assente nel processo di trasformazione capitalistica. Lo studio delle relazioni industriali di carattere istituzionalista, pur attento alle trasformazioni sociali, ha messo a fuoco il tema della spiegazione degli ostacoli alla riemersione del movimento operaio. Da una prospettiva diversa, di tipo micro, le ricerche qui presentate analizzano studi di caso dove il conflitto è diventato realtà in forme collettive e organizzate, con la partecipazione più o meno attiva del sindacato. La tesi principale del saggio è che forme di resistenza collettiva sono possibili e di fatto presenti, anche se su scala ridotta. Lo studio di questi casi può aiutare a comprendere condizioni e forme, così come limiti e potenziali...

Outside ownership has been long praised by mainstream transition economics for providing the context for effective enterprise restructuring. On the basis of two case studies in the Ivanovo based textile industry, this article analyses the impact of this new corporate structure on management and production. An account of the developments in the 1990s argues for the rationality of survival strategies by inside owners and reveals how new economic agents played a primary role in the collapse of the industry. The analysis of holding strategies indicates that little has changed so far in market strategies and organisation of production. Reliance on traditional soviet practices prevents restructuring and undermine cooperation between managers and new owners. Findings, corroborated by existing case study research, indicate that the way to successful restructuring lays in overcoming soviet-type personnel and production management. This is unlikely to happen without thorough technological change at enterprise level and organisational change in holdings' command structure. Experience of restructuring reveal how building trust between managers and owners represent an essential precondition for pursuing these goals.

This article analyses the issue of discipline violations in a Russian textile company. Discipline violations proliferated in Soviet times and were tolerated by managers. The cause has been identified in the limited form of control exercised over the production process, resulting from the social relations existing in the Soviet Union. Evidence from the case study indicates that no fundamental change has occurred in this area since the transition. The research documents the material and psychological hardships experienced by workers, the relational practices constraining line managers, and it tries to discern the conceptual and operative limits of disciplinary campaigns by top management.

This paper aims to identify the role of informal economic relations in the day-to-day working of organizations, thereby opening a way to theorizing and informed practice. We will present and discuss about the manifestation of informality in ‘everyday’ reality of Soviet and transformation economies. Informed by Cultural Theory and in particular the work of Gerald Mars, we are taking account ontologically and methodologically of Labor Process theory
Design/methodology/approach
Through presentation of ethnographic data of detailed accounts and case vignettes in production and retail in the Soviet period of the late 1970s and 1980s and from the construction sector in contemporary Russia, with a focus on the labor process, we inform and discuss key processes in the informal working of organizations.
In the Soviet system the informal economy co-existed in symbiosis with the formal command economy, implicitly adopting a ‘live and let live’ attitude. In addition, informal relations were essential to the working of work organizations, sustaining workers’ ‘negative control’ and bargaining power. Contemporary Russian capitalism, while embracing informal economic activities, a legacy of the Soviet period, advocates an ‘each to his own’ approach which retains the flexibility but not the bargaining space for employees. That facilitates exploitation, particularly of the most vulnerable workers, with dire consequences for the work process.
The paper provides a platform for theorizing about the role and place of informal economic relations in organizations. Of importance to managerial practice, the paper informs on those aspects of the work routine that remain hidden from view and are often excluded from academic discourse. The social implications are profound, shedding light on central issues such as recruitment, income distribution, health & safety and ’deregulated forms of employment.

This paper intends to explore changes occurred to employment relations in Russia in the last decade, in order to understand how agents in production will react to the crisis. The paper focuses on issues of trust and control in management. The dominant narrative maintains that post-socialist industrial relations have been marked by strong continuity with the soviet past due to institutional legacies. On the basis of both secondary and case-study research the paper will investigate social relations in the workplace in order to understand whether the experience of work has fundamentally changed for agents. The main thrust of the article is that institutions of industrial relations have remained unchallenged but terms and conditions of employment have not; this have exacerbated contradictions in the labour process but not generated change because of the peculiar nature of social relations in production. Institutionalism like transition theories, lacking theoretical space for contradictions in their model, fails to recognise both the constraints and challenges the latter pose to agency [Aslund, 1995; Schwartz, G. Et al., 2007].
Our study of the Russian enterprise as a social organisation has identified two distinct but interrelated set of relations, namely owner-manager relationship, the managerial process [Armstrong, 1984, 1989, 1991; Willmott 1997] , and the labour process proper [Knights et al., 1990; Thompson et al, 2000]. This paper focuses on the former. Critical accounts of the managerial process in the ‘West’ suggest that managers sustain a trustful relationship with owners by developing control strategies for their subordinates Armstrong, 1984]. The employment of soviet managerial tactics achieves social control but generates strained and ultimately mistrustful relationship with superiors [Ticktin, 1992]. Evidence from case studies indicates how failure in restructuring perpetuates this ‘economy of mistrust’ based on administrative controls and petty tutelage. To the contrary, in cases where restructuring has been achieved, managerial co-operation with owners and tighter control over workers are present.

This paper intends to explore issues of trust and control, as they emerged from the labour process debate, in the context of management restructuring in Transformation Economies. On the basis of ethnographic research in post-soviet manufacturing industry, the paper will present problems faced by managers and owners in carrying out restructuring, unveil the contradictions that constrain their relationship and identify the nature of the social transformation at work in the process. The paper will contend that critical agency theory (Armstrong 1984, 1989, 199) is the best suited tool in problematising the ownership-management relationship in this context. The post- soviet context in turn, with capitalist transition still in its early stages, represents an ideal field for operationalising this approach.

This paper explores the role of memory in the emergence of a new working class identity in the post-Soviet space. Intellectuals have looked at popular nostalgia for socialism with disdain: the legacy of ‘totalitarian mentality’ preventing democratic citizenship and reproducing passive dependency from the state. On the basis of findings from case study research, this paper argues that workers have developed memories of the Soviet past which are distinct from official discourse. These have become a yardstick for critically engaging with the new social reality of ‘market democracy’ as well as an important tool to legitimise mobilisation in the workplace. Beyond the simplistic ‘before it was better’ argument there is more understanding of the social constraints of both Stalinism and the new capitalist order than the unsuspecting liberal intellectual would admit.

In February 2014 a rebellion broke out across Bosnia and Herzegovina .  The protests across the country included demands for payment of delayed wages, for renationalisation of privatised industries, an end to asset stripping by oligarchs, and for the reduction of salaries of local political elites. Plenums, or peoples’ assemblies, began to reject the nationalist and ‘ethnic’ division of the country. Led by the displaced workers in the industrial town of Tuzla it appeared that  a class-based anti-nationalist mood was developing. In this paper we locate the story of these protests within the wider politics of nationalism and class conflict in post-socialist states. Our theoretical framework rests on the concept of trasformismo and passive revolution formulated by Gramsci. We refer to the importance of this theoretical approach in assessing the complications of nationalism, nations and state in the post-Soviet and post-Socialist space as they might impact on events not only in the former Yugoslavia but also in newer conflict arenas such as Ukraine. In analysing our central case study of Bosnia we record debates which took place in Yugoslavia during the Tito years and after leading up to the civil wars in the 1990s. We then move on to assess the impact of neoliberal market reform induced by the international financial institutions (IFIs) on the economy and politics of the region. The assessment of the Bosnian case will show how the dynamic interplay between nationalism and the economics of market democracy provides a paradigm that can be applied to similar processes occurring in the former Soviet Union.

Alla base di questa ricerca vi era, inizialmente, l' osservazione di un comune approccio alle forme dello sviluppo industriale, rispettivamente, nella neo-nata Repubblica Sovietica e nell' area dei paesi capitalistici industrialmente avanzati. Ci si e’ chiesti quindi : Quanto questo continuo rapporto può aver condizionato l' organizzazione della produzione e del lavoro sovietiche e Quali fattori e a che livello possono essere stati assimilati, nell' organizzazione della fabbrica sovietica, alla produzione di massa fordista? In questo lavoro si analizzano quali furono le rispettive modalità di assunzione, sperimentazione e sistematizzazione dell' esperienza fordista e taylorista. In questo modo si sono potuti tracciare percorsi paralleli di evoluzione dei sistemi di organizzazione del lavoro, nell' esperienza FIAT ed in quella sovietica. L' interesse dei sovietici per la produzione di massa si é rivelata una costante che ha oltrepassato la fase di più intensa sperimentazione. Questo giustifica il permanere di un trasferimento di tecnologie dall' Occidente ed il confronto competitivo su obbiettivi omogenei. Puttuttavia, l' evidenza storica, che risalta da questa ricerca, porta a scartare un semplicistico raffronto dei due modelli di organizzazione del lavoro, segnalando come si sono evoluti in base a principi diametralmente opposti. La tesi offre una critica radicale alle ipotesi della tendenziale convergenza tra i due sistemi fondate sul mito di una produzione burocratizzata. Qui si dimostra come le differenze si fanno tanto più evidenti quanto piu’ ci si avvicina ai luoghi della produzione materiale. La tesi offre un’ analisi esaustiva dei passaggi cruciali nella formazione, nei luoghi di lavoro sovietici, dei rapporti sociali nella produzione. Si include uno studio dei principali protagonisti e dei loro contributi al dibattito su cultura proletaria ed etica del lavoro socialista, a partire da Lenin e Bogdanov fino a A. Gastev, al movimento stakanovista e al "compromesso" staliniano. La tesi rappresenta un contributo allo studio storico comparato dell’impresa e dei rapporti di lavoro nell’economia socialista e pertanto anche alla comprensione delle attuali specificita’ delle realta’ sociali ed economiche delle repubbliche post-sovietiche.

The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the rationality of the continued use of soviet management practices in post-soviet industrial enterprises a decade after the 'transition to a market economy' on the basis of a detailed case study of a textile enterprise in Ivanovo oblast' in Russia. The thesis consists of two parts. The first part of the thesis comprises a critical review of the western literature on the management-controlled enterprise and the literature on the ·soviet industrial enterprise. The thrust of the critique is that the dominant management discourses abstract the enterprise from its social context and present western management practice as the epitome of rationality. Against this, Marxist-inspired approaches emphasise the embeddedness of the enterprise in a particular form of social relations, and so the embeddedness of management rationality. This provides the underlying theoretical thread of the analysis of the case study material. The second part of the thesis comprises a detailed case study of one textile enterprise. The analysis; of the case study material is presented in three chapters, covering management structures and practices, the wage and payment system and labour discipline. The analysis of the case study data shows that the rationality of soviet management practices is underpinned by the peculiar character of the social relations in the workplace which were characteristic of the soviet system of production and which have been sustained, and even strengthened, in the chaotic and unstable circumstances of the market economy as managers put a priority on maintaining social stability as a condition for maintaining the stability of production. The central findings of the thesis are briefly summarised in the conclusion.

CLAUDIO MORRISON. Interview by UGO ROSSI
In this interview we talk with Claudio Morrison, a sociologist investigating labour, migration and social conflicts in post-socialist Europe. conflicts in post-socialist are explained as the long term outcome of its distinctive path to capitalism. the dominant political form of post-socialist oligarchic capitalism, is argued, is ethno-nationalism which allows a transfer of its economic contradictions and unresolved conflicts into aggressive tensions towards the ‘other’, a mechanism already observed in the case of the disintegration of ex-Yugoslavia or western right-wing populism.

Intervista di UGO ROSSI con CLAUDIO MORRISON per Euronomade.
- http://www.euronomade.info/?p=14948 - In questa intervista dialoghiamo con Claudio Morrison, studioso di sociologia del lavoro, migrazioni e conflitti sociali con specializzazione nell'area post-socialista.

This study has sought to investigate student work life and its impact on learning at a post-92 HE institution. Previous research, including a small-scale study at Middlesex University, established that disadvantaged, first-in-family students may be exposed to the detrimental effects of precarity when financial hardship forces them into part-time low-pay/low-skilled jobs. Debates have ensued about student agency overcoming challenges and generating resilience. A significant amount of research has been built on student employment primarily in the education and management fields. Interest reflects a global rise in working students’ and worked hours’ numbers, raising concerns about work-study balance. Issues of inequality have been related to the differential impact of work and financial pressures, primarily affecting ‘atypical’, ‘first-in-family’ and working-class students. Management studies focus on youth’s transition to work and labour market impact in employing industries like hospitality and retail with concerns about growing precarity, generational work attitudes, retention and turnover. HR and employment studies have been less forthcoming as student jobs are considered short-term or amalgamated into the wider fold of precarity. Unlike the above, this study focuses on the student workplace experience exploring task performance. It aims to learn about the subjective and objective constraints and opportunities to their labour power and its impact on learning. Findings should lay the basis for renewing teaching and learning practices framed by critical pedagogy and recommendations to educational and industry institutions to pursue compatibility between work and higher education.