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In this study, Hume's theory of justice is examined critically with respect to morality, politics, and society. In addition to that, Hume's account of justice is questioned owing to the free rider problem. First, the relationship... more
In this study, Hume's theory of justice is examined critically with respect to morality, politics, and society. In addition to that, Hume's account of justice is questioned owing to the free rider problem. First, the relationship between morality and justice is investigated. Although Hume takes sympathy seriously in his early works, he does not take sympathy to be a sure foundation in his later works. Then, circumstances of justice are explained to find exact place and necessity of the virtue of justice. With the way of deconstruction, Hume shows the cases that the virtue of justice is needed. Justice is largely concerned with the environment and dispositions of persons. Next, the artificial character of justice will be explained. Then, Hume's laws of justice will be given and assessed: stability of property, exchange of property by agreement, and performance of promises. It is argued that Hume's laws of justice mostly relate to economic justice. The chief drive that...
Bu çalışma, John Rawls'un adalet teorisinin tarihi ve felsefi bağlamda eleştirel bir analizidir. Bu amaçla Bir Adalet Teorisi'nden (1971) İnsaf olarak Adalet: Yeni bir İfade (2001)'ye kadar olan eserleri incelenmiştir. Sadece Rawls'un... more
Bu çalışma, John Rawls'un adalet teorisinin tarihi ve felsefi bağlamda eleştirel bir analizidir. Bu amaçla Bir Adalet Teorisi'nden (1971) İnsaf olarak Adalet: Yeni bir İfade (2001)'ye kadar olan eserleri incelenmiştir. Sadece Rawls'un adalet teorisi değil, aynı zamanda metafizik ve metaetiğe olan yaklaşımı da insaf olarak adaleti derinlemesine anlamak için ele alınmıştır. Rawls'un ana argümanları ve tezlerini ortaya koyarken, en önde gelen eleştirmenleriyle birlikte eleştirel bir yaklaşım benimsenmiştir. Bunun için bu çalışma, Rawls'un teorisinin çalışılabilir olup olmadığı, tam olarak neyi savunduğu, insaf olarak adalet ile neyi hedeflediği ve tutarlı olup olmadığı gibi soruların cevabını aramaktadır. Maalesef, Rawls'un tutarlı bir eşitlikçi ve aynı zamanda liberal bir adalet teorisi öneremediği görülmektedir. Dolayısıyla, o özgürlük ve eşitlik fikirlerini uzlaştıramamıştır.
In this study, Hume’s theory of justice is examined critically with respect to morality, politics, and society. In addition to that, Hume’s account of justice is questioned owing to the free rider problem. First, the relationship between... more
In this study, Hume’s theory of justice is examined critically with respect to morality, politics, and society. In addition to that, Hume’s account of justice is questioned owing to the free rider problem. First, the relationship between morality and justice is investigated. Although Hume takes sympathy seriously in his early works, he does not take sympathy to be a sure foundation in his later works. Then, circumstances of justice are explained to find exact place and necessity of the virtue of justice. With the way of deconstruction, Hume shows the cases that the virtue of justice is needed. Justice is largely concerned with the environment and dispositions of persons. Next, the artificial character of justice will be explained. Then, Hume’s laws of justice will be given and assessed: stability of property, exchange of property by agreement, and performance of promises. It is argued that Hume’s laws of justice mostly relate to economic justice. The chief drive that causes individuals to act justly is disciplined self-interest. Self-interest should be organized for public utility. Laws of justice are created by human conventions. The primary sources of the investigation are: Hume’s A Treatise of Human Nature, [1739] 1978; An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, [1751] 1998 and Political Essays, 1994.
MAJOR INTERPRETATIONS OF PLATONIC JUSTICE* BAŞLICA PLATONCU ADALET YORUMLARI Enes Eryılmaz** Geliş Tarihi: (Editör tarafından doldurulacak) Kabul Tarihi: ………. (Received) (Accepted)... more
MAJOR INTERPRETATIONS OF PLATONIC JUSTICE*
BAŞLICA PLATONCU ADALET YORUMLARI
Enes Eryılmaz**
Geliş Tarihi: (Editör tarafından doldurulacak) Kabul Tarihi: ……….
(Received)                                   (Accepted)

DERLEME MAKALESİ/ REVIEW ARTICLE
ÖZ: Günümüzde “Adalet nedir?” sorusu ihmal edilmektedir. Çağdaş filozoflar, adaletin yapısını anlamadan adaleti gerçekleştirmeye çalışmaktadır.  Fakat Platon, Devlet’inde oldukça kapsamlı bir adalet tanımı vermeye çalışmıştır. İlk bakışta tanımın değeri anlaşılamayabilir; fakat dikkatlice incelendiğinde onun kapsamlı karakteristikleri görülecektir. Bu amaçla, Platon’un Devlet’indeki adaletin başlıca okumaları gösterilecektir. Platoncu adalet yorumları ana hatlarıyla üç gurupta sınıflandırılabilir. İlk gurup Platon’un formel adalet tanımına odaklanır ve Platoncu adaleti iyi-işleyiş olarak anlamaktadır. Gerasimos Santas bu işlevselci yorumu sistematik olarak savunmaktadır. İkinci olarak, Gregory Vlastos işlevselci okumayı eleştirir ve adalet tanımının ikinci formülasyonuna kulak verir: “birisinin kendisinin olana sahip olması ve [kendine düşeni] yapması” (433e-434a). Son olarak, sıra dışı ancak elverişli olan bir adalet yorumu verilecektir: Platoncu adaletin Aristotelesçi okuması. Kenneth Dorter, Platoncu adaleti Aristotelesçi bir çerçeve içinden yorumlamaktadır. Dorter, Platon’un adalet anlayışına Nikomakhos’a Etik’in merceğinden bakmaktadır. Dorter, Aristotelesçi orta yol öğretisinin Platoncu adalet anlayışı ile uyumlu olduğunu iddia eder; böylece, Platon için adalet ifratla tefrit arasındaki orta yoldur. Makalede, bu üç farklı yorum değerlendirilecek ve Vlastos’un okumasının en doğru ve meşru okuma olduğu öne sürülecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Platon, Aristoteles, Adalet Tanımı, Devlet, etik, siyaset, şehir-devleti.

ABSTRACT: The question, “What is justice?” is ignored in our time. Contemporary philosophers seek to realize justice without understanding the nature of justice. In the Republic, however, Plato attempted to give a definition of justice which is comprehensive enough. At first sight, the definition may not be appreciated; but if it is examined with caution, its far-reaching characteristics would be seen. To this end, main readings of justice will be shown in Plato’s Republic. Interpretations of Platonic justice can mainly be classified in three groups. The first group focuses on Plato’s formal definition of justice and understands Platonic justice as well-functioning. Gerasimos Santas systematically defends this functionalist interpretation. Secondly, Gregory Vlastos criticizes the functionalist reading and pays attention to the second formulation of the definition of justice: “the having and doing of one’s own” (433e-434a). Finally, an unusual but favorable interpretation of justice would be given: an Aristotelian reading of Platonic justice. Kenneth Dorter interprets Platonic justice within an Aristotelian framework. Dorter observes Plato’s conception of justice through the lens of Nicomachean Ethics. Dorter asserts that the Aristotelian doctrine of the mean is in accordance with Platonic justice; so, for Plato, justice is the mean between excess and deficiency. In this paper, these three different kinds of interpretations would be assessed and proposed Vlastos’ reading as the most accurate and legitimate.
Research Interests:
1971 yılında analitik siyaset felsefecisi John Rawls'un A Theory of Justice 1 kitabı ile başlattığı adalet tartışmasına son olarak The Idea of Justice kitabı ile Hindistanlı iktisatçı Amartya Sen katıldı. İlk bakışta kitapla-rın... more
1971 yılında analitik siyaset felsefecisi John Rawls'un A Theory of Justice 1 kitabı ile başlattığı adalet tartışmasına son olarak The Idea of Justice kitabı ile Hindistanlı iktisatçı Amartya Sen katıldı. İlk bakışta kitapla-rın başlıklarından da anlaşılacağı üzere Sen'in adalet düşüncesi Rawls'un adalet kuramından farklı bir yaklaşım ortaya koymaktadır. Sen, Rawls gibi dört başı mamur bir adalet sistemi ortaya koyma çabasından ziyade yer-yüzündeki mevcut adaletsizliklerin nasıl azaltılabileceğini ve adalet fikri-nin nasıl hâkim kılınabileceğini araştırmaktadır. Rawls ve takipçilerinin yaptığı gibi ideal adil düzene ve kurumlara odaklanmak yerine Sen, pratik meselelere ve günlük yaşamdaki adaletsiz davranışlara odaklanmayı tercih etmektedir. Dolayısıyla Sen'in, hareket noktası adalet değil adaletsizliktir.
Research Interests:
In this study, Hume’s theory of justice is examined critically with respect to morality, politics, and society. In addition to that, Hume’s account of justice is questioned owing to the free rider problem. First, the relationship between... more
In this study, Hume’s theory of justice is examined critically with respect to morality, politics, and society. In addition to that, Hume’s account of justice is questioned owing to the free rider problem. First, the relationship between morality and justice is investigated. Although Hume takes sympathy seriously in his early works, he does not take sympathy to be a sure foundation in his later works. Then, circumstances of justice are explained to find exact place and necessity of the virtue of justice. With the way of deconstruction, Hume shows the cases that the virtue of justice is needed. Justice is largely concerned with the environment and dispositions of persons. Next, the artificial character of justice will be explained. Then, Hume’s laws of justice will be given and assessed: stability of property, exchange of property by agreement, and performance of promises. It is argued that Hume’s laws of justice mostly relate to economic justice. The chief drive that causes individuals to act justly is disciplined self-interest. Self-interest should be organized for public utility. Laws of justice are created by human conventions. The primary sources of the investigation are: Hume’s A Treatise of Human Nature, [1739] 1978; An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, [1751] 1998 and Political Essays, 1994.
This dissertation is a critical analysis of John Rawls’s theory of justice in its historical and philosophical context. To that end, his works from A Theory of Justice (1971) to Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (2001) are examined. Not... more
This dissertation is a critical analysis of John Rawls’s theory of justice in its historical and philosophical context. To that end, his works from A Theory of Justice (1971) to Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (2001) are examined. Not only Rawls’s theory of justice but also his approach to metaphysics and metaethics are also tackled to understand justice as fairness deeply. While setting out Rawls’s main arguments and theses, a critical approach is adopted with his foremost critics. This study thus searches for answers to the questions such as whether Rawls’s theory is workable, what does he precisely defends, what does he aim at with justice as fairness, and whether it is consistent or not. Unfortunately, it is seen that Rawls fails to propose a coherent egalitarian as well as liberal theory of justice. Hence, he could not reconcile the ideas of freedom and equality.