- +982182884694
Saeed Amirhajloo
Tarbiat Modares University, Archaeology, Faculty Member
- Archaeology of Iran, Islamic Cities, Urbanization during Islamic period, Landscape Archaeology, Pottery and ceramics ... moreArchaeology of Iran, Islamic Cities, Urbanization during Islamic period, Landscape Archaeology, Pottery and ceramics during the Islamic period, Architecture of Iran during the Islamic period.edit
The main question of this article is: What is the pattern of distribution, structure and ornaments of monuments during Seljuq period? To answer this question, primary data have been collected and categorized in field observation and... more
The main question of this article is: What is the pattern of distribution, structure and ornaments of monuments during Seljuq period? To answer this question, primary data have been collected and categorized in field observation and library research method, while cities, villages and architectural evidence of Barkhar from Seljuq period have been introduced. Elements of architecture and the function of monuments have been presented by studying their maps and the prevailing pattern of their structure and ornaments are explained based on comparative comparison. Then central and satellite habitation of Barkhar field have been identified and the process of interplay between these habitation centers in aforementioned period have been studied according to Cristaler's Central Place Theory. The most important accomplishments and results of this article is a specific pattern in building Seljuq caravansaries and mosques of Barkhar. It means that the structure pattern of caravansaries in Ba...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Abstract Sirjan was one of the great provinces of Kerman and expanded in Qala-Sang from the sixth century AH. However, during the ninth century, it was gradually abandoned. The question is what variables have influenced the growth and... more
Abstract
Sirjan was one of the great provinces of Kerman and expanded in Qala-Sang from the sixth century AH. However, during the ninth century, it was gradually abandoned. The question is what variables have influenced the growth and decline of Sirjan in the middle Islamic centuries? The data are the result of historical sources and archaeological excavations in the Qala-Sang and analytical research has been done. According to the results, leaving the early city of Sirjan was probably due to a consequence of the invasion of the Oguzs, and the actions of the Shabankareh kings in the late sixth century led to its transfer to the Qala-Sang. Sirjan's position on the southern highways as a “middle city”, with suitable minerals and biological resources, led to its development, especially in the shadow of the powerful governments of the Qarakhtais and Muzaffarids. In addition, the characteristics of “location, security and strategy of the rulers” made Sirjan an economic center. However, the late Muzaffarids dispute, the invasion of Timur and Sultan Hosayn Bayqara, led to its decline and abandonment.
Keywords: Old City of Sirjan, Qala-Sang, Islamic City, Formation and Expansion of the City, Decline of the City.
Sirjan was one of the great provinces of Kerman and expanded in Qala-Sang from the sixth century AH. However, during the ninth century, it was gradually abandoned. The question is what variables have influenced the growth and decline of Sirjan in the middle Islamic centuries? The data are the result of historical sources and archaeological excavations in the Qala-Sang and analytical research has been done. According to the results, leaving the early city of Sirjan was probably due to a consequence of the invasion of the Oguzs, and the actions of the Shabankareh kings in the late sixth century led to its transfer to the Qala-Sang. Sirjan's position on the southern highways as a “middle city”, with suitable minerals and biological resources, led to its development, especially in the shadow of the powerful governments of the Qarakhtais and Muzaffarids. In addition, the characteristics of “location, security and strategy of the rulers” made Sirjan an economic center. However, the late Muzaffarids dispute, the invasion of Timur and Sultan Hosayn Bayqara, led to its decline and abandonment.
Keywords: Old City of Sirjan, Qala-Sang, Islamic City, Formation and Expansion of the City, Decline of the City.
Research Interests:
Abstract Due to the existence of fertile alluvial soil and more than one hundred aqueducts (Qanats), agriculture and horticulture were prosperous in the Borkhar plain, north of Isfahan during the Qajar period. Furthermore, its location on... more
Abstract
Due to the existence of fertile alluvial soil and more than one hundred aqueducts (Qanats), agriculture and horticulture were prosperous in the Borkhar plain, north of Isfahan during the Qajar period. Furthermore, its location on the Isfahan highway to the capital of government made it easy to export products to other regions. Accordingly, livelihood in the Borkhar plain was affected by agriculture and horticulture. The questions are: how was the exploitation and management of resources in the Borkhar during the Qajar period? What were the strategies of livelihood based on agriculture and horticulture in the Borkhar during that time? What were the characteristics of the architecture of gardens and farms in the Borkhar? Data were collected via documentary and field methods, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. Based on the archaeological data such as gardens with the irregular plan and vast gardens with the designed and regular plan, it can be concluded that the type of agriculture and horticulture in the Borkhar plain was subsistence agriculture and agribusiness. In the early Qajar era, subsistence agriculture was common in the Borkhar plain. But in the second half of the Qajar era, agribusiness became common in this region like in other parts of Iran. Therefore, the income of agribusiness was allocated to livelihood and biological needs in the second period. If historical sources are also studied through content analysis, the above two strategies of livelihood are concluded. There was subsistence agriculture in this plain, such as wheat, barley, watermelon, carrots, pomegranates, apples, legumes, turmeric, and beets, as well as commercial cultivation of melons and cotton. This agribusiness helped to strengthen economic power and livelihoods based on agricultural incomes.
Keywords: Strategies of Livelihood, Agriculture During Qajar Period, Architecture of Qajar Period, Borkhar in Isfahan, Khan’s Gardens.
Introduction
Livelihood means human assets, behaviors, and activities that determine the standard of living of an individual, family, or community (Ellis, 2000: 10). According to Chambers and Conway, livelihood also means the capabilities and necessary activities to survive and determine lifestyle (Chambers and Conway, 1992: I-II). The strategies of livelihood were developed in different communities to increase social welfare and public health (Gaillard et al., 2009: 120). These strategies were included agricultural and horticultural livelihood, animal husbandry, fisheries, industrial activities, road services, and trade. In this article, the architectural features of gardens and buildings related to agriculture in the Borkhar plain were explained. Then, the strategies of livelihood in this plain during the Qajar period were analyzed.
As the entrance passage of Isfahan from the north, Borkhar plain was a strategic area on the north-south communication route of the country. This plain was considered an agricultural and horticultural area on the periphery of Isfahan.
The questions are how was the exploitation of resources in the Borkhar during the Qajar period? What were the strategies of livelihood based on agriculture and horticulture in the Borkhar during that time? What were the characteristics of the architecture of gardens and farms in the Borkhar?
The importance of this research is that it recognizes the systems of management and exploitation of natural resources in the past, especially with an emphasis on the methods of achieving sustainable livelihoods based on the capabilities of the region. While today, some cities and villages in the region are facing serious risks in terms of conservation of natural resources and livelihood, due to incorrect policies in local and regional development and lack of attention to local capabilities.
Data were collected via documentary and field methods, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. Analyzes were performed by “content analysis” of historical sources and “spatial analysis” of architectural monuments related to horticulture and agriculture.
Exploitation and Resource Management in Borkhar
Geologically, the Borkhar plain is an alluvial plain and its settlements were developed in these alluviums (Shafaqi, 2002: 97). These alluvial soils cause fertility in this plain. The fertility of the Borkhar plain on the one hand, and the rise of the landowners class in the Qajar period on the other, led to the division of ownership of agricultural lands and gardens between lords and large landowners. Accordingly, the number of lords increased and they gained higher social prestige during the Qajar period. In addition to building residential castles on their agricultural lands and gardens, the lords and employers hired several farmers and settled them to increase the production and use of the land (Amirhajloo et al., 2012b: 115).
Despite the fertile soil, the amount of rainfall in Borkhar plain was low. Therefore, groundwater extraction methods were important and aqueducts were created in the plain for this reason. The remains of “Pang-khaneh” buildings as a place for the distribution of aqueduct water in the Borkhar plain are important. Factors affecting the water distribution of aqueducts in Borkhar plain were: the features of the place, the amount of water of aqueducts, the number of households using water resources, type of cultivation, and laws governing the region. Exceptionally, for private aqueducts located on lord’s farms, all aqueduct water belonged only to the landowner.
The Strategies of Horticulture and Agriculture Livelihood in Borkhar
If we want to analyze the livelihood strategies of horticulture and agriculture in the Borkhar plain, we must pay attention to “subsistence agriculture” and “Agribusiness”. Subsistence agriculture is a type of agriculture that aims to produce as much as the needs of the family, tribe, or village and does not pay attention to foreign markets and earnings (Mosher, 2008: 6). While Agribusiness means specialized cultivation, production over subsistence needs, and product sales in the various markets (Amini, 2016: 549). While from the middle of the Qajar era, especially from the time of Mohammad Shah and Nasser al-Din Shah, “Agribusiness” also became popular (Mansour Bakht, 2009: 123, 147).
Archaeological evidence of the Qajar era in the Borkhar plain indicates both of the above farming strategies. Archaeological remains show the subsistence agriculture strategy in this period; For example, small enclosed gardens, scattered and irregular gardens with an organic plan on the periphery of the villages of Morchekhort, Gaz, Gorgab, Sin, Dormian, Zaman Abad, Dastgerd, Dolatabad, Dombi, and Margh. While there is other evidence that shows the strategy of Agribusiness in Borkhar in the Qajar era, such as regular lordly gardens with a pre-designed plan and residential spaces for lords and farmers, as well as castles of landlords.
The content analysis of Qajar sources also confirms the existence of the above two livelihood strategies in Borkhar. For example, crops such as wheat, barley, watermelon, carrots, pomegranates, apples, legumes, summer vegetables, turmeric, and beets were grown for local consumption. But crops such as melons and cotton were grown commercially and then exported.
Conclusion
Based on the archaeological data and historical sources, subsistence agriculture was common in the Borkhar plain during the early Qajar era. But in the second half of the Qajar era, agribusiness became common in this region like in other parts of Iran. Therefore the income of agribusiness was allocated to livelihood and biological needs in the second period. If historical sources are also studied through content analysis, the above two strategies of livelihood are concluded. There was subsistence agriculture of wheat, barley, watermelon, carrots, pomegranates, apples, legumes, turmeric, and beets in this plain, as well as commercial cultivation of melons and cotton. This agribusiness helped to strengthen economic power and livelihoods based on agricultural incomes.
Due to the existence of fertile alluvial soil and more than one hundred aqueducts (Qanats), agriculture and horticulture were prosperous in the Borkhar plain, north of Isfahan during the Qajar period. Furthermore, its location on the Isfahan highway to the capital of government made it easy to export products to other regions. Accordingly, livelihood in the Borkhar plain was affected by agriculture and horticulture. The questions are: how was the exploitation and management of resources in the Borkhar during the Qajar period? What were the strategies of livelihood based on agriculture and horticulture in the Borkhar during that time? What were the characteristics of the architecture of gardens and farms in the Borkhar? Data were collected via documentary and field methods, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. Based on the archaeological data such as gardens with the irregular plan and vast gardens with the designed and regular plan, it can be concluded that the type of agriculture and horticulture in the Borkhar plain was subsistence agriculture and agribusiness. In the early Qajar era, subsistence agriculture was common in the Borkhar plain. But in the second half of the Qajar era, agribusiness became common in this region like in other parts of Iran. Therefore, the income of agribusiness was allocated to livelihood and biological needs in the second period. If historical sources are also studied through content analysis, the above two strategies of livelihood are concluded. There was subsistence agriculture in this plain, such as wheat, barley, watermelon, carrots, pomegranates, apples, legumes, turmeric, and beets, as well as commercial cultivation of melons and cotton. This agribusiness helped to strengthen economic power and livelihoods based on agricultural incomes.
Keywords: Strategies of Livelihood, Agriculture During Qajar Period, Architecture of Qajar Period, Borkhar in Isfahan, Khan’s Gardens.
Introduction
Livelihood means human assets, behaviors, and activities that determine the standard of living of an individual, family, or community (Ellis, 2000: 10). According to Chambers and Conway, livelihood also means the capabilities and necessary activities to survive and determine lifestyle (Chambers and Conway, 1992: I-II). The strategies of livelihood were developed in different communities to increase social welfare and public health (Gaillard et al., 2009: 120). These strategies were included agricultural and horticultural livelihood, animal husbandry, fisheries, industrial activities, road services, and trade. In this article, the architectural features of gardens and buildings related to agriculture in the Borkhar plain were explained. Then, the strategies of livelihood in this plain during the Qajar period were analyzed.
As the entrance passage of Isfahan from the north, Borkhar plain was a strategic area on the north-south communication route of the country. This plain was considered an agricultural and horticultural area on the periphery of Isfahan.
The questions are how was the exploitation of resources in the Borkhar during the Qajar period? What were the strategies of livelihood based on agriculture and horticulture in the Borkhar during that time? What were the characteristics of the architecture of gardens and farms in the Borkhar?
The importance of this research is that it recognizes the systems of management and exploitation of natural resources in the past, especially with an emphasis on the methods of achieving sustainable livelihoods based on the capabilities of the region. While today, some cities and villages in the region are facing serious risks in terms of conservation of natural resources and livelihood, due to incorrect policies in local and regional development and lack of attention to local capabilities.
Data were collected via documentary and field methods, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. Analyzes were performed by “content analysis” of historical sources and “spatial analysis” of architectural monuments related to horticulture and agriculture.
Exploitation and Resource Management in Borkhar
Geologically, the Borkhar plain is an alluvial plain and its settlements were developed in these alluviums (Shafaqi, 2002: 97). These alluvial soils cause fertility in this plain. The fertility of the Borkhar plain on the one hand, and the rise of the landowners class in the Qajar period on the other, led to the division of ownership of agricultural lands and gardens between lords and large landowners. Accordingly, the number of lords increased and they gained higher social prestige during the Qajar period. In addition to building residential castles on their agricultural lands and gardens, the lords and employers hired several farmers and settled them to increase the production and use of the land (Amirhajloo et al., 2012b: 115).
Despite the fertile soil, the amount of rainfall in Borkhar plain was low. Therefore, groundwater extraction methods were important and aqueducts were created in the plain for this reason. The remains of “Pang-khaneh” buildings as a place for the distribution of aqueduct water in the Borkhar plain are important. Factors affecting the water distribution of aqueducts in Borkhar plain were: the features of the place, the amount of water of aqueducts, the number of households using water resources, type of cultivation, and laws governing the region. Exceptionally, for private aqueducts located on lord’s farms, all aqueduct water belonged only to the landowner.
The Strategies of Horticulture and Agriculture Livelihood in Borkhar
If we want to analyze the livelihood strategies of horticulture and agriculture in the Borkhar plain, we must pay attention to “subsistence agriculture” and “Agribusiness”. Subsistence agriculture is a type of agriculture that aims to produce as much as the needs of the family, tribe, or village and does not pay attention to foreign markets and earnings (Mosher, 2008: 6). While Agribusiness means specialized cultivation, production over subsistence needs, and product sales in the various markets (Amini, 2016: 549). While from the middle of the Qajar era, especially from the time of Mohammad Shah and Nasser al-Din Shah, “Agribusiness” also became popular (Mansour Bakht, 2009: 123, 147).
Archaeological evidence of the Qajar era in the Borkhar plain indicates both of the above farming strategies. Archaeological remains show the subsistence agriculture strategy in this period; For example, small enclosed gardens, scattered and irregular gardens with an organic plan on the periphery of the villages of Morchekhort, Gaz, Gorgab, Sin, Dormian, Zaman Abad, Dastgerd, Dolatabad, Dombi, and Margh. While there is other evidence that shows the strategy of Agribusiness in Borkhar in the Qajar era, such as regular lordly gardens with a pre-designed plan and residential spaces for lords and farmers, as well as castles of landlords.
The content analysis of Qajar sources also confirms the existence of the above two livelihood strategies in Borkhar. For example, crops such as wheat, barley, watermelon, carrots, pomegranates, apples, legumes, summer vegetables, turmeric, and beets were grown for local consumption. But crops such as melons and cotton were grown commercially and then exported.
Conclusion
Based on the archaeological data and historical sources, subsistence agriculture was common in the Borkhar plain during the early Qajar era. But in the second half of the Qajar era, agribusiness became common in this region like in other parts of Iran. Therefore the income of agribusiness was allocated to livelihood and biological needs in the second period. If historical sources are also studied through content analysis, the above two strategies of livelihood are concluded. There was subsistence agriculture of wheat, barley, watermelon, carrots, pomegranates, apples, legumes, turmeric, and beets in this plain, as well as commercial cultivation of melons and cotton. This agribusiness helped to strengthen economic power and livelihoods based on agricultural incomes.
Research Interests:
Passive defense in architecture and urban planning was formed based on the defense strategies of human societies. Passive defense includes principles that increase the defensive power of societies and reduce the vulnerability of humans,... more
Passive defense in architecture and urban planning was formed based on the defense strategies of human societies. Passive defense includes principles that increase the defensive power of societies and reduce the vulnerability of humans, buildings, and facilities to crises.
Today, the principles of passive defense were changed due to the development of societies and the dangers they face. But some of the principles that were conceived in historical periods for the design of cities, villages, and architectural elements share commonalities with today's principles of passive defense. These principles were also used in the old Mourcheh Khort Citadel. This citadel, as one of the vast and complete historical contexts, makes it possible to study the principles of passive defense in the Islamic period. The questions are: what are the passive defense measures in the old Mourcheh Khort Citadel? How have these
measures affected the spatial organization and architectural elements of the Mourcheh Khort Citadel? The purpose of this article is to explain the principles of passive defense in the design of the spatial organization and the architectural elements of the old Mourcheh Khort citadel. The architectural features of Mourcheh Khort citadel were collected in the archaeological field survey of the citadel in 2009 and 2017 and then, these features were documented. Data related to the principles of passive defense were also obtained through documentary methods. This research as qualitative research was done in a descriptive-analytical method. Then, data analysis was performed separately for the spatial organization and architectural features. The results show that the spatial organization of the old Mourcheh Khort citadel was influenced by factors such as the ease of meeting vital needs during natural and unnatural hazards, the decentralized design of residential quarters, the enclosed and defensive elements, and the creation of escape routes. winding passages leading to dead ends is an example of the principle of deception in the spatial organization of the citadel. In terms of the characteristics of the architectural elements, some measures were considered, such as angled access to the spaces, a room above the entrances to control the movement of people, gated and dead-end alleys, the lower floor level of the yard, windows and doors in high elevations, and strengthening of buildings through connection and proximity of structures to reduce vulnerability and maintain the safety of residents in the old Mourcheh Khort citadel. Introversion and simple facades are examples of the principle of deception in architectural features. Also, features such as hiding places, angled entrances, and the same color of the materials with the environment are examples of the camouflage principles in the architectural features of the old Mourcheh Khort citadel.
Today, the principles of passive defense were changed due to the development of societies and the dangers they face. But some of the principles that were conceived in historical periods for the design of cities, villages, and architectural elements share commonalities with today's principles of passive defense. These principles were also used in the old Mourcheh Khort Citadel. This citadel, as one of the vast and complete historical contexts, makes it possible to study the principles of passive defense in the Islamic period. The questions are: what are the passive defense measures in the old Mourcheh Khort Citadel? How have these
measures affected the spatial organization and architectural elements of the Mourcheh Khort Citadel? The purpose of this article is to explain the principles of passive defense in the design of the spatial organization and the architectural elements of the old Mourcheh Khort citadel. The architectural features of Mourcheh Khort citadel were collected in the archaeological field survey of the citadel in 2009 and 2017 and then, these features were documented. Data related to the principles of passive defense were also obtained through documentary methods. This research as qualitative research was done in a descriptive-analytical method. Then, data analysis was performed separately for the spatial organization and architectural features. The results show that the spatial organization of the old Mourcheh Khort citadel was influenced by factors such as the ease of meeting vital needs during natural and unnatural hazards, the decentralized design of residential quarters, the enclosed and defensive elements, and the creation of escape routes. winding passages leading to dead ends is an example of the principle of deception in the spatial organization of the citadel. In terms of the characteristics of the architectural elements, some measures were considered, such as angled access to the spaces, a room above the entrances to control the movement of people, gated and dead-end alleys, the lower floor level of the yard, windows and doors in high elevations, and strengthening of buildings through connection and proximity of structures to reduce vulnerability and maintain the safety of residents in the old Mourcheh Khort citadel. Introversion and simple facades are examples of the principle of deception in architectural features. Also, features such as hiding places, angled entrances, and the same color of the materials with the environment are examples of the camouflage principles in the architectural features of the old Mourcheh Khort citadel.
Research Interests:
Abstract Qal’eh Dokhtar site is located on the eastern outskirts of Kerman, with an area of about 10 hectares. It has been an important part of the spatial organization of the ancient city of Kerman. The range of architectural works... more
Abstract
Qal’eh Dokhtar site is located on the eastern outskirts of Kerman, with an area of about 10 hectares. It has been an important part of the spatial organization of the ancient city of Kerman. The range of architectural works and material culture in it, especially ceramic pieces, indicate the cultural and historical importance of this site. The questions are what are the most important types of ceramics in the Qal’eh Dokhtar? What were the ups and downs of Kerman’s cultural relations with other areas, especially in the cities of southeastern Iran and close to the Persian Gulf? and, what role has this city played in the economic and social developments of southeastern Iran? In this article, the types of ceramics in Qal’eh Dokhtar were studied and they were compared with the ceramics from other sites. Then, the position and role of Kerman in the continuous process of cultural interactions or “social dynamics” and, consequently, the "economic dynamics" of Kerman were explained. The data collection method in this article is documentary and field study and the research approach and method is descriptive-analytical. The field data is the result of archaeological survey and excavation in Qal’eh Dokhtar in 2019. The results show the various types of ceramics including imported unglazed and glazed wares and local types. These ceramics are divided into many subgroups and they are very similar to the ceramics in the Islamic sites of Sistan, the shores of the Makran Sea, and the sites of the Persian Gulf. The chronology of Qal’eh Dokhtar in Kerman and in comparison, with the bordering lands in the east and south and the study of historical texts also indicate the existence of cultural interactions with the aforementioned areas. Therefore, Kerman during the Islamic era, especially from the Seljuk to Safavid eras, was one of the communication crossings of the Persian Gulf and the Makran Sea with the northern areas and has acted as a mediator in the network of economic and cultural interactions between the south and southeast.
Introduction
Considering the geographical location, size, name of the site, and archeological features, Qal’eh Dokhtar is probably the same as “ Qal’eh Kohan” in historical books and historical geography of the sixth century AH onwards. In the restoration project of Qal’eh Dokhtar in 2019 by our colleague, Reza Riahiyan, new finds from the historical and Islamic period were identified in this site, which include various architectural spaces and different types of ceramics and other cultural materials.
Despite the importance of Qal’eh Dokhtar in the eastern part of the ancient city of Kerman, this monument is not well researched. In other words, the location of this site in the city of Kerman and among the cultures of the Islamic era in southeastern and southern Iran has not been considered and it has been neglected in the network of interactions between the northern and southern coasts of the Makran Sea and the Persian Gulf. Considering that understanding the cultural interactions of ancient societies is possible through analysis and comparison of cultural materials with each other (Shirazi and Dahmardeh Pahlavan, 2014: 43) and typology and stylistics of ceramics (Heidari et al., 2018: 58), The study of the ceramics obtained from the excavation and study in Qal’eh Dokhtar will clarify the neglected aspects of this site. Therefore, in the present study, the typology of ceramics obtained from excavation and survey in Qal’eh Dokhtar was studied and they were compared with contemporaneous sites. This study creates a clear understanding of the cultural relations of these sites, especially from the era Seljuk to Safavid.
Research questions and hypotheses: What are the types of ceramics in the site of Qal’eh Dokhtar? What were the ups and downs of Kerman’s cultural relations with other areas, especially the cities of southeastern Iran and the Persian Gulf? what role did this city play in the economic and social developments of southeastern Iran during the Seljuk to Safavid eras?
Research Method
The data of this research have been collected through library studies and field activities. The research is descriptive-analytical. First, more than 500 pieces of ceramics obtained from the archaeological project in Qal’eh Dokhtar in 2019 have been typified. The analysis of regional and trans-regional links has been done based on stylistic similarities of ceramics. Simultaneously with these studies, historical sources have been studied in order to analyze archeological cultural materials in a historical context.
discussion
After examining and classifying the significant ceramic pieces in Qal’eh Dokhtar, samples were selected that are comparable to the ceramics of Sistan Basin, the shores of the Makran Sea, and the Persian Gulf. The basis of comparison in this study was “ceramic style and motifs”. Of course, one should not expect a complete copy of all the compared samples. Therefore, it seems that in some cases, the similarity of the samples of Qal’eh Dokhtar with the ceramics of the proposed areas is more in general, not in detail. But in most cases, there are many similarities.
On the other hand, the purpose of comparing the typology of the ceramics of the Qal’eh Dokhtar was to determine the cultural connections of this area with other regions. Based on the comparison of the technique of production and decorating methods, many similarities can be seen with the reported samples from Sistan Basin, the shores of the Makran Sea, and the Persian Gulf. These similarities indicate economic and cultural interactions in these areas.
Conclusion
In the present study, while introducing the types of ceramics in Qal’eh Dokhtar, its relations with other areas were studied based on the ceramics obtained from these areas. Accordingly, the role and position of Kerman in the social and economic development of southern and southeastern Iran were explained, based on historical texts and comparison of ceramics. A brief look at the similarities of Ceramic pieces of Qal’eh Dokhtar with the studied areas such as Sistan, Makran Sea shores, and Islamic sites on the Persian Gulf shows that circulation and exchange Cultural materials, especially luxury ceramics, among these centers were influenced by active and thriving trade on the shores of the Persian Gulf and the Makran Sea. There have been extensive interactions between Qal’eh Dokhtar and the above areas, especially during the Seljuk domination of Kerman and the shores of the Persian Gulf and the Makran Sea. This communication system and network of interactions had led to the economic and social dynamics of Kerman and also, it led to the development of population centers in the south and southeast of Iran in the Middle Ages. Accordingly, Kerman as an intermediary center played an important role in this dynamism. This position was preserved in the Safavid period as evidenced by written sources and cultural materials, especially samples of blue-white ceramics.
Qal’eh Dokhtar site is located on the eastern outskirts of Kerman, with an area of about 10 hectares. It has been an important part of the spatial organization of the ancient city of Kerman. The range of architectural works and material culture in it, especially ceramic pieces, indicate the cultural and historical importance of this site. The questions are what are the most important types of ceramics in the Qal’eh Dokhtar? What were the ups and downs of Kerman’s cultural relations with other areas, especially in the cities of southeastern Iran and close to the Persian Gulf? and, what role has this city played in the economic and social developments of southeastern Iran? In this article, the types of ceramics in Qal’eh Dokhtar were studied and they were compared with the ceramics from other sites. Then, the position and role of Kerman in the continuous process of cultural interactions or “social dynamics” and, consequently, the "economic dynamics" of Kerman were explained. The data collection method in this article is documentary and field study and the research approach and method is descriptive-analytical. The field data is the result of archaeological survey and excavation in Qal’eh Dokhtar in 2019. The results show the various types of ceramics including imported unglazed and glazed wares and local types. These ceramics are divided into many subgroups and they are very similar to the ceramics in the Islamic sites of Sistan, the shores of the Makran Sea, and the sites of the Persian Gulf. The chronology of Qal’eh Dokhtar in Kerman and in comparison, with the bordering lands in the east and south and the study of historical texts also indicate the existence of cultural interactions with the aforementioned areas. Therefore, Kerman during the Islamic era, especially from the Seljuk to Safavid eras, was one of the communication crossings of the Persian Gulf and the Makran Sea with the northern areas and has acted as a mediator in the network of economic and cultural interactions between the south and southeast.
Introduction
Considering the geographical location, size, name of the site, and archeological features, Qal’eh Dokhtar is probably the same as “ Qal’eh Kohan” in historical books and historical geography of the sixth century AH onwards. In the restoration project of Qal’eh Dokhtar in 2019 by our colleague, Reza Riahiyan, new finds from the historical and Islamic period were identified in this site, which include various architectural spaces and different types of ceramics and other cultural materials.
Despite the importance of Qal’eh Dokhtar in the eastern part of the ancient city of Kerman, this monument is not well researched. In other words, the location of this site in the city of Kerman and among the cultures of the Islamic era in southeastern and southern Iran has not been considered and it has been neglected in the network of interactions between the northern and southern coasts of the Makran Sea and the Persian Gulf. Considering that understanding the cultural interactions of ancient societies is possible through analysis and comparison of cultural materials with each other (Shirazi and Dahmardeh Pahlavan, 2014: 43) and typology and stylistics of ceramics (Heidari et al., 2018: 58), The study of the ceramics obtained from the excavation and study in Qal’eh Dokhtar will clarify the neglected aspects of this site. Therefore, in the present study, the typology of ceramics obtained from excavation and survey in Qal’eh Dokhtar was studied and they were compared with contemporaneous sites. This study creates a clear understanding of the cultural relations of these sites, especially from the era Seljuk to Safavid.
Research questions and hypotheses: What are the types of ceramics in the site of Qal’eh Dokhtar? What were the ups and downs of Kerman’s cultural relations with other areas, especially the cities of southeastern Iran and the Persian Gulf? what role did this city play in the economic and social developments of southeastern Iran during the Seljuk to Safavid eras?
Research Method
The data of this research have been collected through library studies and field activities. The research is descriptive-analytical. First, more than 500 pieces of ceramics obtained from the archaeological project in Qal’eh Dokhtar in 2019 have been typified. The analysis of regional and trans-regional links has been done based on stylistic similarities of ceramics. Simultaneously with these studies, historical sources have been studied in order to analyze archeological cultural materials in a historical context.
discussion
After examining and classifying the significant ceramic pieces in Qal’eh Dokhtar, samples were selected that are comparable to the ceramics of Sistan Basin, the shores of the Makran Sea, and the Persian Gulf. The basis of comparison in this study was “ceramic style and motifs”. Of course, one should not expect a complete copy of all the compared samples. Therefore, it seems that in some cases, the similarity of the samples of Qal’eh Dokhtar with the ceramics of the proposed areas is more in general, not in detail. But in most cases, there are many similarities.
On the other hand, the purpose of comparing the typology of the ceramics of the Qal’eh Dokhtar was to determine the cultural connections of this area with other regions. Based on the comparison of the technique of production and decorating methods, many similarities can be seen with the reported samples from Sistan Basin, the shores of the Makran Sea, and the Persian Gulf. These similarities indicate economic and cultural interactions in these areas.
Conclusion
In the present study, while introducing the types of ceramics in Qal’eh Dokhtar, its relations with other areas were studied based on the ceramics obtained from these areas. Accordingly, the role and position of Kerman in the social and economic development of southern and southeastern Iran were explained, based on historical texts and comparison of ceramics. A brief look at the similarities of Ceramic pieces of Qal’eh Dokhtar with the studied areas such as Sistan, Makran Sea shores, and Islamic sites on the Persian Gulf shows that circulation and exchange Cultural materials, especially luxury ceramics, among these centers were influenced by active and thriving trade on the shores of the Persian Gulf and the Makran Sea. There have been extensive interactions between Qal’eh Dokhtar and the above areas, especially during the Seljuk domination of Kerman and the shores of the Persian Gulf and the Makran Sea. This communication system and network of interactions had led to the economic and social dynamics of Kerman and also, it led to the development of population centers in the south and southeast of Iran in the Middle Ages. Accordingly, Kerman as an intermediary center played an important role in this dynamism. This position was preserved in the Safavid period as evidenced by written sources and cultural materials, especially samples of blue-white ceramics.
Research Interests:
Conflicts and wars were increased because of the formation of social classes, beginning of urbanization, formation of local governments, increasing human populations and migrations. Defensive buildings and fortifications were built due to... more
Conflicts and wars were increased because of the formation of social classes, beginning of urbanization, formation of local governments, increasing human populations and migrations. Defensive buildings and fortifications were built due to these wars. The fortifications were most needed, because of the position of Isfahan in the center of Iran. In this article, first, have been studied the structure and the main and sub-functions of Tabarak (or Sarooyeh), Atashgah (Marbin) and Shahdezh. Information has been collected through authors’ archaeological surveys, historical books and new research. Then, the style and pattern of these fortifications is explained. Architectural structures of this castles, materials and functions have been compared and the similarities and differences in Isfahan’s fortifications architecture are explained. Keywords: fortifications and castles, Tabarak in Isfahan, Sarooyeh, Atashgah, Marbin, Shahdezh
The purpose of the settlement pattern analysis in archaeology is to study the relationship between settlements and analyze the impact of environmental and cultural variables on the distribution, displacement, and evolution of the... more
The purpose of the settlement pattern analysis in archaeology is to study the relationship between settlements and analyze the impact of environmental and cultural variables on the distribution, displacement, and evolution of the settlements and population changes over time. These studies have been developed by using combined and interdisciplinary methods. But there are some criticisms regarding the published research works on the mentioned subject in Iran, including inaccuracy of the field survey methods, focusing only on relative chronology, total ignoring of interdisciplinary sciences, satellite and aerial photos, remote sensing methods, the size of sites, taphonomic processes, statistical analysis methods, theories and methods of spatial analysis, and economic factors. Accordingly, it is suggested here that the data collection and analysis could be done by using the combined method that considers the following items: the study of historical texts, full coverage survey of the reg...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The first manual of the National Museum of Iran (NMI) was published in 1917, at the same time as the opening of<br>the museum. This manual includes a description of the NMI's duties and activities. It also has a descriptive list... more
The first manual of the National Museum of Iran (NMI) was published in 1917, at the same time as the opening of<br>the museum. This manual includes a description of the NMI's duties and activities. It also has a descriptive list of<br>museum objects. The description of some objects in the manual is very important, but it has not been considered for<br>studying some of the objects of the NMI in previous research. 34 pieces of luster tiles have a complete description in the manual. The first purpose of this article is to review the information about some of the above-mentioned luster tiles based on the first manual of the NMI. The second one is to introduce the archaeological context that they were excavated. The question is how are these luster tiles described in the manual of the NMI? What are the characteristics of the archaeological context where they were discovered? The data were collected by studying the mentioned manual<br>and according to the chara...
The importance of old Sirjan lies in its geographical location in the Persian Gulf hinterland. It stood at the intersection of routes that connected the Persian Gulf and the Central Iranian plateau. The first season of excavations at... more
The importance of old Sirjan lies in its geographical location in the Persian Gulf hinterland. It stood at the intersection of routes that connected the Persian Gulf and the Central Iranian plateau. The first season of excavations at Qal’eh Sang in 2015 brought to light a complete and great bathhouse dating to the time between the eleventh to fifteenth century AD and a stonecutting workshop dating to the fourteenth century. Various types of pottery were identified, most of them date to the time between the eleventh to fifteenth century and find parallels at many sites in China, Afghanistan, at the coasts of the Persian Gulf, Central Iranian plateau as well as northeast and west Iran. Furthermore, Sirjan city was relocated three times during the Islamic era at Qal’eh Kafar, Qal’eh Sang, Bagh-e Bamid, and Saeedabad.
Research Interests:
نرماشیر در صدر اسلام، یکی از پنج ولایت کرمان بود. اما توجه باستانشناسان به بم و جیرفت سبب غفلت از نرماشیر شده و شناخت کافی از سفال اسلامی نرماشیر وجود ندارد. عدم شناخت سفال نرماشیر از یکسو، و نقش سفال در گاهنگاری و شناخت تغییرات فرهنگی... more
نرماشیر در صدر اسلام، یکی از پنج ولایت کرمان بود. اما توجه باستانشناسان به بم و جیرفت سبب غفلت از نرماشیر شده و شناخت کافی از سفال اسلامی نرماشیر وجود ندارد. عدم شناخت سفال نرماشیر از یکسو، و نقش سفال در گاهنگاری و شناخت تغییرات فرهنگی از دیگر سو، نشانگر ضرورت این پژوهش است. پرسشها اینست که گونههای سفال اسلامی در نرماشیر چیست و به چه ادواری تعلّق دارند؟ فراز و فرود حیات در نرماشیر و روابط فرامنطقهای آن براساس دادههای سفالی چگونه بوده است؟ ویژگیهای تولید و سبک محلّی سفال در نرماشیر چیست؟ اهداف پژوهش عبارتنداز: مطالعهی سفال اسلامی نرماشیر و شواهد تولید، گونهشناسی و گاهنگاری مقایسهای و نسبی سفالها و تبیین روند تداوم حیات در نرماشیر. روش گردآوری دادهها، میدانی-اسنادی، و روش پژوهش توصیفی-تحلیلی است1. برپایهی نتایج، سفال اسلامی نرماشیر شامل گونههای: سادهی بیلعاب، نقشکنده، افزوده، قالبزده، مُهری، شبه پیشازتاریخی، لعابدار تکرنگ، نقش کنده یا افزوده زیرلعاب، گلابهای، لعابپاشیده، اسگرافیتو، نقاشی زیرلعاب، نقاشی روی لعاب، زرینفام و آبیوسفید است. این گونهها، ارتباطات فرهنگی با: جیرفت، غبیرا، سیرجان، میناب، کیش، سیراف، نیشابور، اسفراین، ری، اصفهان، قصرابونصر، مرودشت، سیسخت، بویراحمد، شوش، رأسالخیمه امارات، مُسندَم عمان، حضرموت یمن، قلعه بحرین، بصره، سامرا، رقّه و لشکریبازار را نشان میدهند. برخی نمونههای سفال نرماشیر وارداتی و تعدادی تولید محلّی، اما تقلیدی هستند. نمونههای قالبزدهی بیلعاب، تولید محلّی و دارای نقوش کاملاً محلّی هستند. همچنین، حیات شهر نرماشیر از دورهی ساسانی آغاز شده، و در دورهی سلاجقهی کرمان و قراختاییان به اوج میرسد و تا دورهی تیموری تداوم داشته است؛ اما جمعیت آن در دورهی صفوی کاهش مییابد و پس از صفویان متروک شده و تعدادی روستا در دشت باقی میماند.
In the early Islamic sources, Narmashir has introduced as one of the five main cities of Kerman and a part of the southeast economic exchange network. But it is unknown because archaeologists have often focused on the Bam and Jiroft. The questions are: what are the types of Islamic ceramics in the Narmashir, and what periods are they related to? How does the ups and downs of life in the Narmashir and its transnational cultural relations? What are the features of local ceramic production in the Narmashir plain? The purposes of the research are: “the study of Islamic ceramic and production evidence in the Narmashir”, “typology and relative chronology of ceramics”, and “explaining the periods of the prosperity of Narmashir”. The data have collected via “documentary and field” method, and the research method is “descriptive-analytical”. Based on the results, the ceramic types in Narmashir include the unglazed simple wares, wares with carving or added motifs, molded wares, pseudo-prehistoric ceramics, monochrome glaze, underglaze carving or added motifs, slip-painted wares, Sgraffiato, underglaze or overglaze painting, lusterware, and blue and white wares. These types of ceramics show the cultural relations with Jiroft, Gobayra, Sirjan, Soghan, Minab, Kish, Siraf, Nishapur, Esfahan, Rayy, Qasr-e Abu-Nasr, Marvdasht, Pasargadae, Sisakht, Boyer Ahmad, Susa, Ras al-Khaimah, Musandam, Hadramaut, Bahrain, Basra, Samarra, Raqqa, and Lashkari Bazar. Some samples of ceramics are imported in Narmashir. Some others are local, but they are imitated from foreign samples. The unglazed molded wares are locally produced and they have localized motifs. Also, the life of the old city of Narmashir has started from the Sassanid era, it peaked during the Saljuq and Qara Khitai period, and continued until the Timurid. But, its population declined during the Safavid period, and it has abandoned after the Safavids. So, only a few villages remained in the plain.
In the early Islamic sources, Narmashir has introduced as one of the five main cities of Kerman and a part of the southeast economic exchange network. But it is unknown because archaeologists have often focused on the Bam and Jiroft. The questions are: what are the types of Islamic ceramics in the Narmashir, and what periods are they related to? How does the ups and downs of life in the Narmashir and its transnational cultural relations? What are the features of local ceramic production in the Narmashir plain? The purposes of the research are: “the study of Islamic ceramic and production evidence in the Narmashir”, “typology and relative chronology of ceramics”, and “explaining the periods of the prosperity of Narmashir”. The data have collected via “documentary and field” method, and the research method is “descriptive-analytical”. Based on the results, the ceramic types in Narmashir include the unglazed simple wares, wares with carving or added motifs, molded wares, pseudo-prehistoric ceramics, monochrome glaze, underglaze carving or added motifs, slip-painted wares, Sgraffiato, underglaze or overglaze painting, lusterware, and blue and white wares. These types of ceramics show the cultural relations with Jiroft, Gobayra, Sirjan, Soghan, Minab, Kish, Siraf, Nishapur, Esfahan, Rayy, Qasr-e Abu-Nasr, Marvdasht, Pasargadae, Sisakht, Boyer Ahmad, Susa, Ras al-Khaimah, Musandam, Hadramaut, Bahrain, Basra, Samarra, Raqqa, and Lashkari Bazar. Some samples of ceramics are imported in Narmashir. Some others are local, but they are imitated from foreign samples. The unglazed molded wares are locally produced and they have localized motifs. Also, the life of the old city of Narmashir has started from the Sassanid era, it peaked during the Saljuq and Qara Khitai period, and continued until the Timurid. But, its population declined during the Safavid period, and it has abandoned after the Safavids. So, only a few villages remained in the plain.
Research Interests:
The importance of old Sirjan lies in its geographical location in the Persian Gulf hinterland. It stood at the intersection of routes that connected the Persian Gulf and the Central Iranian plateau. The first season of excavations at... more
The importance of old Sirjan lies in its geographical location in the Persian Gulf hinterland. It stood at the intersection of routes that connected the Persian Gulf and the Central Iranian plateau. The first season of excavations at Qal’eh Sang in 2015 brought to light a complete and great bathhouse dating to the time between the eleventh to fifteenth century AD and a stonecutting workshop dating to the fourteenth century. Various types of pottery were identified, most of them date to the time between the eleventh to fifteenth century and find parallels at many sites in China, Afghanistan, at the coasts of the Persian Gulf, Central Iranian plateau as well as northeast and west Iran. Furthermore, Sirjan city was relocated three times during the Islamic era at Qal’eh Kafar, Qal’eh Sang, Bagh-e Bamid, and Saeedabad.
Research Interests:
Lusterware ceramics and tiles were essentially produced in some focal centers of the ancient world such as Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Iran. In Iran, there only exists evidence of their widespread production mostly in Kashan and Ray. However,... more
Lusterware ceramics and tiles were essentially produced in some focal centers of the ancient world such as Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Iran. In Iran, there only exists evidence of their widespread production mostly in Kashan and Ray. However, the limited production of this ware in Gorgan, Takht-e-Soleiman, and Jiroft was also reported. Forty-four pieces of luster tiles from the Qal'eh Dokhtar disposal project in Kerman were discovered and considered in this study. The goal of the research focuses on the chemical characterization and structural features of this unique ware from Qal'eh Dokhtar. Moreover, it is of further interest to know about their possible center of production as well as about the know-how on polychromic constituents. Based on the characteristics of the luster and motifs, eleven tile fragments have been chosen for analysis. Chemical mineralogical compositions of the crystalline phase composition of the paste and glaze as phase-interphase structural charactbeamer studied via SEM-EDX in microscopic scales, XRD, and micro-PIXE. The results indicated that there are typical chemical distributions within the glaze and body of the samples from Qal’eh Dokhtar. A high amount of magnesium and calcium in the samples of Qal’eh Dokhtar can be considered as a geochemical fingerprint of these materials. Mineralogical chemical characterizations suggest that the common elements in the luster tiles of Qal’eh Dokhtar are dissimilar to the other areas. Therefore, it seems that the raw materials of the luster tiles of Qal’eh Dokhtar have been provided from someplace else in the Kerman periphery. Probably, the craftsmen of Jiroft immigrated to Kerman after declining of Jiroft due to the political and social events during the 1203–1299 CE.
Research Interests:
Sirjan was one of five districts in Kerman province during the Islamic periods. According to archaeological research and historical sources, the city of Sirjan was located at Qal´eh Sang at the time from the 12th to 15th century AD.... more
Sirjan was one of five districts in Kerman province during the Islamic periods. According to archaeological research and historical sources, the city of Sirjan was located at Qal´eh Sang at the time from the 12th to 15th century AD. During the first season of archaeological excavation besides the identification of architectural remains, a big variety of Islamic ceramics was found which suits for further specialized studies. Questions are concerning the variation of ceramic decorations, the dating of the objects as well as the characteristics of local production at Qal´eh Sang. To answer these questions a descriptive-analytical approach is applied. The goal of these analyses is to give answers about the relative chronology, the role of Qal´eh Sang on cultural interactions with other regions, the zenith and descent of Qal´eh Sang on base of documented pottery finds in comparison with historical sources as well as on the local pottery production during early Islamic times. At Qal´eh Sang many ceramic shards dating from Middle Elamite to Qajar period were documented, but the majority belongs to the time from the 12th to 15th century AD. These ones show similarity to pottery finds from Jiroft, Ghubayra, Kashan, Rey, Farahan, Gorgan, Neyshabour, Belgheys, several sites on the Northern coast of the Persian Gulf as well as Al-Mataf, and Al-Huleylah in U.A.E. Some pieces seems also to be imported from Azerbaijan and Afghanistan or f.e. from China during the Yuan and Ming dynasty as evidenced by fragments of blue and white ware and Celadon. In general, the investigation of the ceramic finds from Qal´eh Sang can be used as a good indicator for the developments of trade contacts with centres along the coasts of the Persian Gulf. Trading contacts between the Persian Gulf and Sirjan have been an important economical branch for the exchange of goods with Central Iran and is also an indicator for the imminent influence on the development of the Southern cities.
Research Interests:
روستاها از مراکز مهم تأمین نیازهای زیستی و اقتصادی جوامع هستند و بر پایه نظریه «سیستم¬های جهانی» والرشتاین، هسته¬های شهری برای تأمین پایدار منابع، به مناطق پیرامونی [روستاها] متکی بوده¬اند. بنابراین، تداوم حیات اجتماعی و اقتصادی روستاها... more
روستاها از مراکز مهم تأمین نیازهای زیستی و اقتصادی جوامع هستند و بر پایه نظریه «سیستم¬های جهانی» والرشتاین، هسته¬های شهری برای تأمین پایدار منابع، به مناطق پیرامونی [روستاها] متکی بوده¬اند. بنابراین، تداوم حیات اجتماعی و اقتصادی روستاها اهمیت داشت و با توجه به ثروت انباشته در روستا، منابع کشاورزی و فاصله از راه¬ها، تدابیری در تأمین امنیت اقتصادی و اجتماعی روستاها اندیشیده می¬شد. این در حالی¬است که در مطالعات باستان¬شناسی دوران اسلامی تمرکز بر شهرها و بناهای فاخر، سبب غفلت از بافت¬های روستایی شده¬است. یکی از این روستاهای تاریخی، «دُرمیان» در دشت بُرخوار در شمال شهر اصفهان است. دُرمیان از دو بخش اولیه و متأخر تشکیل شده¬¬است. به نظر می¬رسد بخش اولیه آن قبل از عصر قاجار متروک شده و بخش متأخر، در دوره قاجار شکل گرفته¬است. هدف این مقاله، مطالعه ویژگی¬های معماری و تحلیل فضایی روستای دُرمیان است. پرسش اینست که سازمان فضایی درُمیان چه ویژگی¬هایی دارد و از چه عواملی تأثیر پذیرفته-است؟ داده¬ها به روش¬های «میدانی» و «اسنادی» گردآوری شده و روش پژوهش «توصیفی ـ تحلیلی» است. بر اساس نتایج، سازمان فضایی روستای اولیة دُرمیان از نوع روستاهای متمرکز و فاقد استحکامات دفاعی و نظامی است و واحدهای معماری پیرامون حیاط¬های مشترک تجمیع شده¬اند. اما دُرمیان متأخر، بر پایة الگوی قلاع اربابی برخوار شکل گرفته و متشکل از ارگ میانی با نقشه چهاربخشی و نُه واحد معماری با حیاط مرکزیِ مشترک پیرامون ارگ است. فراوانی فضاها و عناصر ذخیره¬سازی در درمیان متأخر نشانگر تولید مازاد است. حصار و چهار برج¬، پشت¬بندهای ذوزنقه¬ای¬شکل برای استحکام¬ حصار و فشردگی بناهای داخلی، از جمله تدابیر امنیتی در درمیان متأخر است. بنابراین تولید مازاد بر نیاز، نقش احتمالی روستا به¬عنوان تأمین-کنندة نیازهای زیستی و اقتصادی اصفهان، قرارگیری بر سر شاهراه اصفهان ـ تهران (پایتخت قاجاریان) و موقعیت آن به¬عنوان یکی از دروازه¬های شمالی دشت اصفهان، بر سازمان¬ فضایی روستا اثرگذار بوده¬است.
Research Interests:
گسترش بسیاری از مراکز شهری و روستایی دشت بُرخوار در دوران صفوی، متأثر از موقعیت آن در شمال شهر اصفهان و بر سر شاهراه شمالی اصفهان بود. وجود کاروانسراهای سلطنتی (مادرشاه و شیخ¬علیخان)، شهر نوبنیاد دولت¬آباد (محل آماده شدن شاه برای سفر به... more
گسترش بسیاری از مراکز شهری و روستایی دشت بُرخوار در دوران صفوی، متأثر از موقعیت آن در شمال شهر اصفهان و بر سر شاهراه شمالی اصفهان بود. وجود کاروانسراهای سلطنتی (مادرشاه و شیخ¬علیخان)، شهر نوبنیاد دولت¬آباد (محل آماده شدن شاه برای سفر به مشهد، فرح¬آباد ساری و اشرف¬البلاد)، مدرسه ناشناخته اما فاخر جعفرآباد و ده¬ها اثر از دوران صفوی در برخوار، نشانگر اهمیت این دشت در دوران صفوی است. پرسش اینست که سکونتگاه¬های دوران صفوی در دشت برخوار چگونه توزیع شده و روابط و سلسله¬مراتب فضایی آنها چگونه است؟ روش گردآوری داده¬ها «میدانی ـ اسنادی» و روش پژوهش «توصیفی ـ تحلیلی» است. تحلیل¬ها از نوع «تحلیل فضایی» و بر پایه نظریه مکان مرکزی و الگوی شش¬ضلعی¬های کریستالر است. اگرچه به دلیل پیشرفت¬های صنعتی و شیوه¬های نوین تأمین منابع در دوران معاصر، نظریه مکان مرکزی کارآیی خود را برای مطالعات جغرافیایی امروزی از دست داده، اما در تحلیل سلسله مراتب کارکردی و فضایی «جوامع تاریخی»، با توجه به اصول و ویژگی¬های این نظریه می¬توان از آن بهره برد. بر پایة این نظریه، گاه در یک محدودة جغرافیایی کاملاً مسطح یک یا چند کانون جمعیتی بزرگ¬تر از مراکز دیگر است و کمیّت کالاها و خدماتی که در این کانون¬ها عرضه می¬شود، بیش از سکونتگاه¬های پیرامونی است. اگر نقشه توزیع آثار با شبکه شش¬ضلعی¬ها منطبق شود، کانون¬های بزرگ در مرکز شش¬ضلعی¬ها و مراکز کوچک¬تر روی اضلاع قرار می¬گیرند. شعاع این شش¬ضلعی¬ها تابع مسافتی است که ساکنان یک مرکز برای تأمین نیاز خود در یک روز می¬پیمایند. بر اساس نقشه همپوشانی آثار دوران صفوی برخوار و شش¬ضلعی¬های کریستالر، مراکز کانونی در دوران صفوی شامل مورچه¬خورت، گز، دُرمیانِ شاپورآباد، دولت¬آباد قدیم، جعفرآباد، دُمبی و روستای شاهوازی کمشچه بود. حجم و کمیت مواد فرهنگی سطحی نیز تأییدکنندة مرکزیت این محوطه¬هاست. در همین دوران، روستاها و سکونتگاه¬های دیگری در درجه دوم اهمیت قرار داشتند که عبارتند از علی¬آباد ریگ، گرگاب، حبیب¬آباد، کربکنـد، زمان¬آباد نرمی، لودریچه، خورزوق، رباط¬سلطان و سین. همچنین برخی مراکز دیگر به عنوان اقامتگاه¬های¬ میان¬راهی در درجة سوم قرار داشتند و موقعیت آنها تابع عبور راه¬های ارتباطی بود، نه قرارگیری در نقاط کانونی؛ از جــمله اقامتـگاه چهارآباد، بهجت¬آباد، مادرشاه، قلعه اتابکی و هل¬آباد.
Research Interests:
Due to the plurality of the rulers’ religions, many of the religious miniatures in the hand-written copies at the beginning of the Ilkhanate period contained subjects relating to the prophets and different religions. In the second half of... more
Due to the plurality of the rulers’ religions, many of the religious miniatures in the hand-written copies at the beginning of the Ilkhanate period contained subjects relating to the prophets and different religions. In the second half of the Ilkhanate period, a new wave of Shi’ism appeared among the rulers that matched with their political and governmental intentions and thoughts. The question is, "How has the art of miniature been influential in the advancement of the Ilkhanate goals for legitimizing their rule in Iran? Data was collected using archival documents and the method of research was descriptive-analytical. The analyses have been done using the methods of content analysis and comparison. The aim of this article is to study the features and Shia contents in the Ilkhanid miniature School (The first Tabriz or Roshdiyeh) and to clarify the relationship between the Ilkhanate’s legitimate government and Shia miniature. Based on the findings of the research, the political, social, and religious inclinations and ideas of the Ilkhanate rulers appeared in the miniatures of the Prophet, Imams, al-Qadir Traditions, the event of Mubahala, and wars at the beginning of Islamic period. They were available in the copies of Jami al-Tawarikh and Assar al-Baghieh with a Shia motif, and were influential in legitimizing the Ilkhanate government.
Research Interests:
In the early Islamic sources, Narmashir has introduced as one of the five main cities of Kerman and a part of the southeast economic exchange network. But it is unknown because archaeologists have often focused on the Bam and Jiroft. The... more
In the early Islamic sources, Narmashir has introduced as one of the five main cities of Kerman and a part of the southeast economic exchange network. But it is unknown because archaeologists have often focused on the Bam and Jiroft. The questions are: what are the types of Islamic ceramics in the Narmashir, and what periods are they related to? How does the ups and downs of life in the Narmashir and its transnational cultural relations? What are the features of local ceramic production in the Narmashir plain? The purposes of the research are: “the study of Islamic ceramic and production evidence in the Narmashir”, “typology and relative chronology of ceramics”, and “explaining the periods of the prosperity of Narmashir”. The data have collected via “documentary and field” method, and the research method is “descriptive-analytical”. Based on the results, the ceramic types in Narmashir include the unglazed simple wares, wares with carving or added motifs, molded wares, pseudo-prehistoric ceramics, monochrome glaze, underglaze carving or added motifs, slip-painted wares, Sgraffiato, underglaze or overglaze painting, lusterware, and blue and white wares. These types of ceramics show the cultural relations with Jiroft, Gobayra, Sirjan, Soghan, Minab, Kish, Siraf, Nishapur, Esfahan, Rayy, Qasr-e Abu-Nasr, Marvdasht, Pasargadae, Sisakht, Boyer Ahmad, Susa, Ras al-Khaimah, Musandam, Hadramaut, Bahrain, Basra, Samarra, Raqqa, and Lashkari Bazar. Some samples of ceramics are imported in Narmashir. Some others are local, but they are imitated from foreign samples. The unglazed molded wares are locally produced and they have localized motifs. Also, the life of the old city of Narmashir has started from the Sassanid era, it peaked during the Saljuq and Qara Khitai period, and continued until the Timurid. But, its population declined during the Safavid period, and it has abandoned after the Safavids. So, only a few villages remained in the plain.
Keywords: The Old City of Narmashir, Archaeological Survey, Classification of Ceramics, Pottery of Islamic Period.
Introduction & Method
Narmashir and its neighboring villages were a part of the southeast economic exchange network, and they have introduced as one of the five main cities of Kerman, in the historical sources. According to these sources, the network of economic roads of southeast and Sistan’s Hajjis route passed through Narmashir. Such a strategic position led to the formation and development of the cities and villages in the Narmashir plain during the Islamic period. The same strategic location turned the city of Narmashir into one of the centers of economic and social interaction in the southeast Iran. For this reason, there are many cultural materials from the Islamic period in the Narmashir plain, especially in the old city of Narmashir. Although the archaeological evidence of the Islamic period in the Narmashir plain is significant, but there is not enough knowledge about the types of Islamic ceramics in the Narmashir. Because most Islamic archaeologists have often focused on the Bam and Jiroft. Not knowing about ceramics of Narmashir plain on the one hand and the role of ceramics in the chronology and studying the cultural changes of societies on the other, indicates the necessity of this research. So, the purposes of the research are: “the study of Islamic ceramic and production evidence in the Narmashir”, “typology and relative chronology of ceramics”, and “explaining the periods of the prosperity of Narmashir”. This research is based on the following three questions: what are the types of Islamic ceramics in the Narmashir, and what periods are they related to? How does the ups and downs of life in the Narmashir and its transnational cultural relations? What are the features of local ceramic production in the Narmashir plain? The data have collected via “documentary and field” method, and the research method is “descriptive-analytical”.
Classification and Study of the Ceramics of Islamic Period in the Narmashir Plain
Classification of the Islamic ceramics in Narmashir shows the main types of ceramics are (based on two factors: coating and ornaments):
• The unglazed simple ceramics
• The unglazed patterned ceramics include the carved, added, molded, stamped, painted, and a combination of carved and molded patterns.
• Monochrome glaze includes green, light green, turquoise, blue, azure, brown, and violet, sometimes with carved motifs under glaze, underglaze added patterns, underglaze molded patterns, and underglaze stamped patterns.
• Polychrome glaze including slip-painted ceramics, splash glaze, Sgraffiato, underglaze painting, overglaze painting, lusterware, and blue and white ceramics.
After classifying and typology, the ceramics of Narmashir plain were compared with samples from other regions. Then, their chronology is proposed based on these comparisons. So, the ceramics of Narmashir plain are comparable with Jiroft, Gobayra, Sirjan, Soghan, Minab, Kish, Siraf, Nishapur, Esfahan, Rayy, Qasr-e Abu-Nasr, Marvdasht, Pasargadae, Sisakht, Boyer Ahmad, Susa, Ras al-Khaimah, Musandam, Hadramaut, Bahrain, Basra, Samarra, Raqqa, and Lashkari Bazar. Some of the ceramic sherds (especially in the old city of Narmashir, Shams Abad, Pir Masha, and Jalal Abad) belong to the Sassanid and early Islamic era. The largest number of samples has survived from the middle’s Islamic centuries. But there are only a few ceramics from the Safavid period. A typical sample of post-Safavid era was not identified in the Narmashir plain. Some samples of ceramics are imported in Narmashir. Some others are local, but they are imitated from foreign samples. The unglazed molded wares are locally produced and they have localized motifs. Also, the life of the old city of Narmashir has started from the Sassanid era, it peaked during the Saljuq and Qara Khitai period, and continued until the Timurid. But, its population declined during the Safavid period, and it has abandoned after the Safavids. So, only a few villages remained in the plain.
Conclusion
Four types of ceramic were used in the Narmashir plain in Islamic period: the unglazed simple, the unglazed patterned (the carved, added, molded, stamped, painted and a combination of carved and molded patterns), Monochrome glaze (with the underglaze carving, underglaze added patterns, underglaze molded, and underglaze stamped patterns), and Polychrome glaze (slip-painted ceramics, splash glaze, Sgraffiato, underglaze painting, overglaze painting, lusterware, and blue and white ceramics). The similarity between these types and other regions samples (in Iran and outside of Iran) represents the cultural relations. These ceramic types are comparable with Jiroft, Gobayra, Sirjan, Soghan, Minab, Kish, Siraf, Nishapur, Esfahan, Rayy, Qasr-e Abu-Nasr, Marvdasht, Pasargadae, Sisakht, Boyer Ahmad, Susa, Ras al-Khaimah, Musandam, Hadramaut, Bahrain, Basra, Samarra, Raqqa, and Lashkari Bazar. Also, the comparative and relative chronology of these ceramics shows that the life of the old city of Narmashir has started from the Sasanid era, it peaked during the Saljuq and Qara Khitai period, and continued until the Timurid. But its population declined during the Safavid period, and it has abandoned after the Safavids. So, only a few villages remained in the plain. Some of ceramics in the Narmashir plain are local, but they are imitated from foreign samples. While, the unglazed molded wares are locally produced and they have localized motifs.
Keywords: The Old City of Narmashir, Archaeological Survey, Classification of Ceramics, Pottery of Islamic Period.
Introduction & Method
Narmashir and its neighboring villages were a part of the southeast economic exchange network, and they have introduced as one of the five main cities of Kerman, in the historical sources. According to these sources, the network of economic roads of southeast and Sistan’s Hajjis route passed through Narmashir. Such a strategic position led to the formation and development of the cities and villages in the Narmashir plain during the Islamic period. The same strategic location turned the city of Narmashir into one of the centers of economic and social interaction in the southeast Iran. For this reason, there are many cultural materials from the Islamic period in the Narmashir plain, especially in the old city of Narmashir. Although the archaeological evidence of the Islamic period in the Narmashir plain is significant, but there is not enough knowledge about the types of Islamic ceramics in the Narmashir. Because most Islamic archaeologists have often focused on the Bam and Jiroft. Not knowing about ceramics of Narmashir plain on the one hand and the role of ceramics in the chronology and studying the cultural changes of societies on the other, indicates the necessity of this research. So, the purposes of the research are: “the study of Islamic ceramic and production evidence in the Narmashir”, “typology and relative chronology of ceramics”, and “explaining the periods of the prosperity of Narmashir”. This research is based on the following three questions: what are the types of Islamic ceramics in the Narmashir, and what periods are they related to? How does the ups and downs of life in the Narmashir and its transnational cultural relations? What are the features of local ceramic production in the Narmashir plain? The data have collected via “documentary and field” method, and the research method is “descriptive-analytical”.
Classification and Study of the Ceramics of Islamic Period in the Narmashir Plain
Classification of the Islamic ceramics in Narmashir shows the main types of ceramics are (based on two factors: coating and ornaments):
• The unglazed simple ceramics
• The unglazed patterned ceramics include the carved, added, molded, stamped, painted, and a combination of carved and molded patterns.
• Monochrome glaze includes green, light green, turquoise, blue, azure, brown, and violet, sometimes with carved motifs under glaze, underglaze added patterns, underglaze molded patterns, and underglaze stamped patterns.
• Polychrome glaze including slip-painted ceramics, splash glaze, Sgraffiato, underglaze painting, overglaze painting, lusterware, and blue and white ceramics.
After classifying and typology, the ceramics of Narmashir plain were compared with samples from other regions. Then, their chronology is proposed based on these comparisons. So, the ceramics of Narmashir plain are comparable with Jiroft, Gobayra, Sirjan, Soghan, Minab, Kish, Siraf, Nishapur, Esfahan, Rayy, Qasr-e Abu-Nasr, Marvdasht, Pasargadae, Sisakht, Boyer Ahmad, Susa, Ras al-Khaimah, Musandam, Hadramaut, Bahrain, Basra, Samarra, Raqqa, and Lashkari Bazar. Some of the ceramic sherds (especially in the old city of Narmashir, Shams Abad, Pir Masha, and Jalal Abad) belong to the Sassanid and early Islamic era. The largest number of samples has survived from the middle’s Islamic centuries. But there are only a few ceramics from the Safavid period. A typical sample of post-Safavid era was not identified in the Narmashir plain. Some samples of ceramics are imported in Narmashir. Some others are local, but they are imitated from foreign samples. The unglazed molded wares are locally produced and they have localized motifs. Also, the life of the old city of Narmashir has started from the Sassanid era, it peaked during the Saljuq and Qara Khitai period, and continued until the Timurid. But, its population declined during the Safavid period, and it has abandoned after the Safavids. So, only a few villages remained in the plain.
Conclusion
Four types of ceramic were used in the Narmashir plain in Islamic period: the unglazed simple, the unglazed patterned (the carved, added, molded, stamped, painted and a combination of carved and molded patterns), Monochrome glaze (with the underglaze carving, underglaze added patterns, underglaze molded, and underglaze stamped patterns), and Polychrome glaze (slip-painted ceramics, splash glaze, Sgraffiato, underglaze painting, overglaze painting, lusterware, and blue and white ceramics). The similarity between these types and other regions samples (in Iran and outside of Iran) represents the cultural relations. These ceramic types are comparable with Jiroft, Gobayra, Sirjan, Soghan, Minab, Kish, Siraf, Nishapur, Esfahan, Rayy, Qasr-e Abu-Nasr, Marvdasht, Pasargadae, Sisakht, Boyer Ahmad, Susa, Ras al-Khaimah, Musandam, Hadramaut, Bahrain, Basra, Samarra, Raqqa, and Lashkari Bazar. Also, the comparative and relative chronology of these ceramics shows that the life of the old city of Narmashir has started from the Sasanid era, it peaked during the Saljuq and Qara Khitai period, and continued until the Timurid. But its population declined during the Safavid period, and it has abandoned after the Safavids. So, only a few villages remained in the plain. Some of ceramics in the Narmashir plain are local, but they are imitated from foreign samples. While, the unglazed molded wares are locally produced and they have localized motifs.
Research Interests:
Narmashir located in southeastern of Kerman is located in the ways connected center and west of Iranian plateau to the Southeast and coast of Oman. According to this, the evidences of settlements were formed and the fortifications related... more
Narmashir located in southeastern of Kerman is located in the ways connected center and west of Iranian plateau to the Southeast and coast of Oman. According to this, the evidences of settlements were formed and the fortifications related to them were built in this region. The purpose of this study is to explain the architectural characteristics of these monuments. There are questions that what were the characteristics of the defensive fortifications of Narmashir plain and what factors might have influenced their locations and what patterns were followed? The data gathered through “field and library method” and the methodology is descriptive - analytical. Some of the findings of this research that can be mentioned are as follows: there is a linear pattern in the spatial distribution of the defensive fortifications, there is a network of identical individual brick towers, the architectural elements follow the topography, there isn’t any stable pattern in their plans, they were built over the impassable natural platforms, the buildings were constructed on the southeast – northwest axis to counter to the effects of the weather and strong winds, the materials are consistent with the climate and the thickness of walls for better insulation of places.
Research Interests:
The historic cities in Iran have gone through many ups and downs, and development and decline, due to various internal and external factors. The study of these factors can help find the roots of cultural and social upheavals. The Old City... more
The historic cities in Iran have gone through many ups and downs,
and development and decline, due to various internal and external factors. The study of these
factors can help find the roots of cultural and social upheavals. The Old City of Narmashir in
the southeast of Kerman is one of these Iranian historic cities. According to archaeological and
historical documents, Narmashir has expanded from the Sāsānid Empire (AD 224–651) to the
late Timurid period. However, as the archaeological materials suggest, the population of the city
significantly decreased from the Safavid dynasty onwards. Also, The Old City was abandoned
after the Afghans attack. Our question is “what environmental and ecological factors influenced
the formation, development, and destruction of the Old City of Narmashir?”
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explain the role of geographic and ecological factors in the
formation, development, and destruction of the Old City of Narmashir through the lens of Kenneth
Watt’s ecological theory. Data were collected through documentary and field methods. The
systematic survey in this site was carried out in July 2014 and was registered in the cultural heritage
list. The research method in this paper is analytical. First, the historical documents were studied
and analyzed by the “content analysis” method. Afterwards, the data were analyzed drawing on
the five variables in Kenneth Watt’s ecological theory: “material, energy, diversity, space and
time. According to our data analysis, “Space” had not only the most effect on the formation
and development of the Old City of Narmashir, but also on its departure and decline. “Material,
diversity, and energy” had also a major role. However, there is not much awareness and evidence
on the role of “material” and “diversity” in the abandonment of the city by its residents. Moreover,
“time” did not play any significant role in the development and destruction of the city. Such
changes in Narmashir might as well be affected by non-ecological factors. The authors believe
that the ecological factors mostly led to the above-mentioned three phases.
and development and decline, due to various internal and external factors. The study of these
factors can help find the roots of cultural and social upheavals. The Old City of Narmashir in
the southeast of Kerman is one of these Iranian historic cities. According to archaeological and
historical documents, Narmashir has expanded from the Sāsānid Empire (AD 224–651) to the
late Timurid period. However, as the archaeological materials suggest, the population of the city
significantly decreased from the Safavid dynasty onwards. Also, The Old City was abandoned
after the Afghans attack. Our question is “what environmental and ecological factors influenced
the formation, development, and destruction of the Old City of Narmashir?”
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explain the role of geographic and ecological factors in the
formation, development, and destruction of the Old City of Narmashir through the lens of Kenneth
Watt’s ecological theory. Data were collected through documentary and field methods. The
systematic survey in this site was carried out in July 2014 and was registered in the cultural heritage
list. The research method in this paper is analytical. First, the historical documents were studied
and analyzed by the “content analysis” method. Afterwards, the data were analyzed drawing on
the five variables in Kenneth Watt’s ecological theory: “material, energy, diversity, space and
time. According to our data analysis, “Space” had not only the most effect on the formation
and development of the Old City of Narmashir, but also on its departure and decline. “Material,
diversity, and energy” had also a major role. However, there is not much awareness and evidence
on the role of “material” and “diversity” in the abandonment of the city by its residents. Moreover,
“time” did not play any significant role in the development and destruction of the city. Such
changes in Narmashir might as well be affected by non-ecological factors. The authors believe
that the ecological factors mostly led to the above-mentioned three phases.
Research Interests:
درگیری میان جوامع انسانی در پی آغاز تمدّن، شکلگیری نظام طبقاتی، پیدایش دولتهای کوچک و بزرگ افزونتر شد و پیریزی سازوکارهای دفاعی درونشهری و برونشهری بیش از پیش اهمیت یافت. گاه حصاری نفوذناپذیر و خندقی عمیق گرداگرد شهرها و روستاها... more
درگیری میان جوامع انسانی در پی آغاز تمدّن، شکلگیری نظام طبقاتی، پیدایش دولتهای کوچک و بزرگ افزونتر شد و پیریزی سازوکارهای دفاعی درونشهری و برونشهری بیش از پیش اهمیت یافت. گاه حصاری نفوذناپذیر و خندقی عمیق گرداگرد شهرها و روستاها ساخته میشد و گاه با ساخت پُستها و قلاع دفاعی در جادههای منتهی به شهرها امنیت جوامع تأمین میشد. عظمت و ثروت منطقة جیرفت در دوران اسلامی، که به واسطۀ حضور بازرگانان خارجی و داخلی بهدست آمده بود، از یک سو و دوری از مراکز حکومت و نزدیکی به حوزۀ نفوذ اقوام مهاجم و غارتگر از سوی دیگر، نیاز به این استحکامات دفاعی و نظامی را در جیرفت دوچندان کرده بود. در این مقاله، نخست به بررسی شواهد باقیمانده از قلاع دفاعی ـ نظامی پیرامون شهر قدیم جیرفت پرداخته شده و ویژگیهای معماری این قلاع تبیین شدهاست. سپس در مقایسهای تطبیقی و با مطالعۀ منظر فرهنگی ـ جغرافیایی جیرفت، سیستم دفاعی این شهر در صدر اسلام تا سدههای میانی تحلیل شده و ساختوسازهای نظامی و دفاعی منطقه در بستر رویدادهای تاریخی ـ سیاسی تبیین شدهاست. گردآوری اطلاعات در این پژوهش، به شیوۀ بررسی میدانی و مطالعۀ اسنادی صورت گرفته و برای تحلیل یافتهها، ضمن تبیین الگوی ساخت این قلاع، مقایسهای تطبیقی صورت گرفتهاست. برپایۀ این تحلیل، ارتباط بسیار قوی میان دو قلعۀ سموران و سلیمان وجود داشته است و این دو دروازۀ ورودی شهر جیرفت در دو سوی دشت، از سمت جنوب عمل بودند. همچنین برای تقویت سیستم دفاعی این شهر، قلاع کوچکتری مانند قلعۀ جَمُلی، در شمال دشت و در منطقة کوهستانی دلفارد و قلعۀ ملکآباد ـ زاخت در جنوب دشت با کارکردهایی همچون پاسگاه نظامی، برج دیدهبانی یا انبار تسلیحات ساخته شده بود که بخشی از استحکامات دفاع منطقهای بهشمار رفته و نقش مهمی در حفظ امنیت ساکنان دشت داشتهاند.
سفال دوره صفوی به دلیل حمایت حاکمان، تعاملات فرهنگی فرامنطقهای و پیشینه غنی سفالگری ایران، تکامل زیادی یافت. این سفالینهها در تنگبریهای معماری صفوی نیز نمود یافتهاند. پرسشهای¬ مقاله این است که پرشمارترین فرمهای سفال صفوی در... more
سفال دوره صفوی به دلیل حمایت حاکمان، تعاملات فرهنگی فرامنطقهای و پیشینه غنی سفالگری ایران، تکامل زیادی یافت. این سفالینهها در تنگبریهای معماری صفوی نیز نمود یافتهاند. پرسشهای¬ مقاله این است که پرشمارترین فرمهای سفال صفوی در تنگبریها و دلایل به کارگیری آنها کدام است؟ اهداف این پژوهش، گونهشناسیِ پرکاربردترین فرمهای تنگبری در کاخهای هشتبهشت و عالیقاپو در اصفهان، بررسی تطبیقی فرم¬ سفال صفوی و تنگبریها و تحلیل علل بهکارگیری فرم سفالینهها در تنگبریهاست. دادهها به روشهای میدانی و اسنادی گردآوری و با شیوة توصیفی ـ تطبیقی پردازش و تحلیل شدهاند. بر این اساس، پس از دستهبندی و گونهشناسی فرمهای سفال دوره صفوی به توصیف این گونههای سفالی و تبیین ویژگیهای شاخص در فرم آنها پرداخته شدهاست. سپس هر یک از فرمهای تنگبری در دو بنای مورد مطالعه با فرمهای سفال دوره صفوی مطابقت داده شدهاست. بر این اساس، گونهشناسی آرایههای تنگبری صورت گرفته و پرکاربردترین فرمهای سفال در این آرایهها شناسایی شدهاست. پس از آن به تحلیل عوامل مؤثر بر کاربرد و فرم آرایههای تنگبری پرداخته شده و عوامل زیباشناسی، فنی و هنری، گرایشهای اخلاقی، سلایق شخصی و ارتباط این فرمها با ادب فارسی بررسی شدهاست. از نتایج این پژوهش، معرفی سفالینه¬های موردعلاقه شاهان صفوی یعنی صراحی¬ها¬، قمقمه¬ها¬ و ابریق¬ها¬ و پرکاربردترین فرمهای تنگبری یعنی کوزه¬ها یا خمره¬هاست. منظومه¬های صفوی نیز پرکاربردترین سفالینه¬ها را معرفی می¬کنند. احتمالاً برخی تنگبری¬ها نیز از نمونه¬های فلزی و شیشه¬ای تأثیر پذیرفته¬اند. سطوح عمودی دیوار¬های عالیقاپو و تقسیمات افقی دیوارهای هشتبهشت، بر فرم تنگبری¬ها تأثیرگذار بودهاست. همچنین تنگبری-های حجیم¬تر که مکانی برای نگهداری سفالینه¬های نفیس بودهاند، در بخش¬های پایین¬تر اجرا شدهاند. به نظر می¬رسد معماران صفوی با آگاهی از نقش تنگبری¬ها در شکستن پژواک صدا، چنین شیوه¬ای را برای تزیین اتاق¬های موسیقی و بزم دو بنا برگزیدند. همچنین، علایق و گرایش-های اخلاقی شاه¬عباس اول و شاه¬سلیمان اول در نحوه شکل¬گیری تنگبری¬ها مؤثر بودهاست.
Conflicts and wars were increased because of the formation of social classes, beginning of urbanization, formation of local governments, increasing human populations and migrations. Defensive buildings and fortifications were built due to... more
Conflicts and wars were increased because of the formation of social classes, beginning of urbanization, formation of local governments, increasing human populations and migrations. Defensive buildings and fortifications were built due to these wars. The fortifications were most needed, because of the position of Isfahan in the center of Iran. In this article, first, have been studied the structure and the main and sub-functions of Tabarak (or Sarooyeh), Atashgah (Marbin) and Shahdezh. Information has been collected through authors’ archaeological surveys, historical books and new research. Then, the style and pattern of these fortifications is explained. Architectural structures of this castles, materials and functions have been compared and the similarities and differences in Isfahan’s fortifications architecture are explained. Keywords: fortifications and castles, Tabarak in Isfahan, Sarooyeh, Atashgah, Marbin, Shahdezh
The presence of landholders class during the Qajar period had created a profitable ground as well as provided higher social status for them. This was the reason why this period witnessed enormous growth of landholders. Gaining power by... more
The presence of landholders class during the Qajar period had created a profitable ground as well as provided higher social status for them. This was the reason why this period witnessed enormous growth of landholders. Gaining power by this social class and some of the khans, the system of "Khankhani" or "Shahpedari" 1 became authoritative hence; big land owners, other than constructing forts on their agricultural fields, employed and accommodated a large number of cultivators in their forts in order to increase agricultural production and utilization. The Borkhar plain of Isfahan, by enjoying wide chunk of arable land around Isfahan and the periphery of central desert, played an important role in agricultural and farming activities in the past and gaining authority of the Khankhani system had led to the emergence of various forts across the plain. While introducing the landlord forts of the Qajar era at the Borkhar plain, the current research also intends to study their architectural features. Based on the architectural features, these forts are initially divided into two groups and the architectural patterns of each group are then explained separately. The most important features of the first group of forts include an open portico/balcony at the second floor of the entrance, the location of landlord's residence in the back at the two sides of the entrance, a bathroom outside the fort but attached to the fence, and private homes or individual rooms for supervisors and cultivators. In the second group of forts which probably have a background-older than the Qajar period, there existed architectural distinctions. The location of landlords' residence in in the fort corners, simple entrance, storehouses, stables, quarters for cultivators and supervisors at the two sides of the main street in the center of the forts are of the most important features of the forts.
Public bathes have much importance in Islamic cities, after the most significant structures like mosques and schools. There are a number of factors affecting the construction of bathes among which temperature regulation, humidity, access... more
Public bathes have much importance in Islamic cities, after the most significant structures like mosques and schools. There are a number of factors affecting the construction of bathes among which temperature regulation, humidity, access path, location in the urban texture, watercourses, and construction of exit paths are the most important. This study tries to make a comparative analysis of the architectures of bathes during Safavid and Qajar in order to reveal factors affecting their construction as well as the types of architecture implemented. Consequently, 13 public bathes were recognized and examined. The data elicited was then subjected to SPSS for further statistical investigation. Nonparametric Spearman correlation test was utilized to know the relationship among the variables and the factors affecting the architectures. The findings reveal a number of factors to be in statistically high correlation.
Zeh-Kalout is located at western Jazmouriyan in Roudbar, Kerman Province. Due to several reasons such as suitable environmental condition appropriate climate, and rich water supplies this area has been a favorable location for human... more
Zeh-Kalout is located at western Jazmouriyan in Roudbar, Kerman Province. Due to several reasons such as suitable environmental condition appropriate climate, and rich water supplies this area has been a favorable location for human settlement from prehistoric times through contemporary period. Recorded items from Zeh-Kalout depict its strategic commercial and economic significance in various periods. The potteries are one of the most important cultural materials that have been found in the following research. Comparing this pottery with similar items reveals the relationships between this area and the surrounding Cultures including Boushehr, Fars, Sistan, and the eastern satrapies of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Persian Gulf, and Oman. The Present research describes, classifies, and morphologies the historical Potteries of Zeh-Kalout based on the cultural discoveries(Pottery), and archeological document historical Pottery work of Zeh-Kalout are generally plain and without patterns. They are made from a mineral combination of sand. They are divided into three groups: bowls, urns, and jars and has a long relationship with adjacent cultures.