Kerman

This paper concentrates on the results of sustainability caused by Courtyard as a climatic element in Iranian traditional architecture of cold regions. Traditional architecture of Iran is perceived sustainable for having sustainable features. It is able to response to environmental problems from a long period. Its features are based on climatic factors as well as local construction materials of cold regions and Courtyard (hayate- markazi) is one of this features .Courtyard as one of the determining and organizing factor of traditional architecture in cold regions involves varies aspects. This research uses library documents and Internet sites as well as analyzing building plans. Result of this paper; show that considering the experience in traditional architecture of cold regions, it is possible to create an environmental and sustainable architecture.

In the mid-nineteenth century, Parsis reestablished ties with Zoroastrians in Iran that had languished due to decades-long internal unrest in Iran. In 1854 reformists in India established the Society for the Amelioration of Conditions in Iran and sent a representative to Iran- Maneckji Hataria. Hataria was charged with eliminating the onerous non-Muslim tax owed by the Zoroastrians ( the jaziyeh). Hataria also organized the Iranian Zoroastrian community, and funded a variety of community projects. He also brought Parsi reformist ideas to Iran, and attempted to reshape Iranian religious practice and belief along Parsi lines. This article explores the effects of Parsi reformist ideas on Iran, and Hataria's own writings concerning Zoroastrianism and its relationship to Iranian national identity.

در منابع تاریخی و جغرافیایی عربی و فارسی، نام سیرجان به صورت سیرجان، سیرگان، شیرگان، السیرجان و الشیرَجان آمده‌است. در یک متن پهلوی به نام «نامه‌های منوچهر» متعلق به اواسط قرن سوم هجری، خطاب به موبد سیرجان و زرتشتیان سیرجان با املای پهلوی، سیرکان نوشته شده‌است. تا کنون پیشنهاد قابل قبولی برای این نام پیشنهاد نشده‌است. به نظر می‌رسد در نام سیرجان یک ریشۀ بسیار پرکاربرد وجود دارد که نه تنها در زبان‌های سنسکریت، اوستایی، سغدی، ختنی، خوارزمی، پارتی، بلوچی، بلکه در زبان‌های هند و اروپایی چون زبان یونانی، واژه‌های بسیاری از آن بر جای مانده‌است. واژۀ سره، به معنی «خوب» و «خالص» را می‌توان با جزء اصلی سیرجان از یک ریشه شمرد. در این مقاله، با تکیه بر دلایل واژه‌شناسی و شباهتی که در نام شهرهای مشابه آن چون شیراز، سیریز و غیره وجود دارد، کوشش شده‌است تا معنایی برای نام سیرجان پیشنهاد گردد.

The University of Tübingen and ICAR (Tehran, Iran) jointly initiated a new archaeological project in the Jiroft Region of South-Eastern Iran in 2015. A systematic archaeological, geographical and geological survey is carried out in a vast region to the south of Jiroft, comprising the Halil Rud Basin and several plains to the south of it. Settlement patterns from the Neolithic to the Islamic periods and natural deposits of stone materials, such as chlorite and diorite, are a particular focus of the project. The results will contribute to a better understanding of interregional exchange and communication routes between the Halil Rud Basin and neighbouring regions, especially during the Bronze Age.

کتیبه های محوطه باستانی کنارصندل جیرفت از مهمترین آثار تاریخی کشف شده در ایران در چند دهه اخیر هستند، رمزگشایی این کتیبه ها می تواند نقش بسیار مهمی در شناسایی تاریخ ایران باستان و حتی جهان باستان داشته باشد. در این پژوهش یکی از این کتیبه ها را مورد بررسی قرار داده و بر اساس دانسته های کنونی در زمینه خط باستانی به کار رفته در این کتیبه، واژگانی که در یک جهت آن نگاشته شده اند را مورد ارزیابی قرار می دهیم، همچنین در زمینه اشکال هندسی که در جهت دیگر وجود دارد واکاوی کرده و تعاریف و قوانین مرتبط با آن را بیان می کنیم. بر اساس این تحلیل و بررسی به این نتیجه می رسیم که متن نوشته شده به زبان نیاژرمنی (نیاکرمانی) بوده و اشکال هندسی بیانگر یک نوع عملیات تابع  هستند.

This research is looking at some selected Jiroft style objects  to examine and conclude their classifications based on manufacturing techniques or their pattern, this aims to classify them for further research in the future. The authenticity of objects in market challenged by quality measurements which classified at this research and makes it easier to identify them.  In addition to this, this research will focus on examining and assessing the materials used to make the Jiroft style stones.

This article deals with the cult weapons of Gonur Depe. It contains a catalogue of the cult axes, cult hammers and the sickle swords and an attempt at typology of the types of weapons. The weapons were systematised according to the shape of the hull, the blade and the decoration and then compared with the other weapons of the BMAC from Afghanistan and with secured types from Iran and Mesopotamia. This enabled a typological classification and dating of the cult weapons of the BMAC in general and those from Gonur in particular. It became apparent that the axes and hammers are particularly closely related to the weapons from the Iranian weapons province, and here again to those from the Kerman region. They  are related to  late Early Dynastic III and Akkadian-time Iranian forms, from which their own BMAC form types emerge. The sickle swords, on the other hand, go back to Sumerian precursors and present an archaic type.

The Jiroft county is located in the Southeast of Iran in Kerman Province. This region is divided into two different geographical zone : Plain (with hot weather) and mountain (with cold weather). The present survey was conducted in mountainous zone that in comparison to another is more unknown. The aim of this archaeological fieldwork was to locate and document archaeological sites in mountains region of Jiroft County from the various cultural periods, to define settlement pattern, understanding cultural interactions between highland and lowland of the County and finally to complete Kerman and Iran archaeological map. Since the most of parts in Sarduiyeh district is mountains and difficult to pass with car, a full coverage and intensive system of survey was apply to enhance the probability of findings. During our survey season, we recorded a total of 72 sites of human activity contains 32 Islamic, 31 historical and only 2 prehistoric sites. They are including prehistoric settlements, historic and Islamic cemeteries and fortresses, Islamic caravanserais, Islamic watermills, mines and petroglyphs. Because of cold weather and elevated height –unlike the Jiroft Plain where contain huge prehistoric mounds- under survey area is suitable for nomadic people who are living there also until today. Existence of numerous graveyards and lake of correlated settlements with them confirm presence of nomadic tribes in the history of area.

[peer-reviewed] (Dr. phil. Diss., Philosophische Fakultät, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 2002/2004). Mit einer beiliegenden Bilder-DVD. XVIII, 708 pp. + 1 DVD with 1367 digital photographs.
[Reviews: Iranian Studies 44.1 (2011): 141-145 (Rezania); Orientalistische Literaturzeitung 105.2 (2010): 223–231 (Boedeker); Religion 41.1 (2011), 118–122 (Rose); Religiovedenie 3 (2011) 205–206 (Tessmann)].

Review of Fereydun Vahman and Garnik Asatrian, Notes on the Language and Ethnography of the Zoroastrians of Yazd (Historik-filosofiske Meddelelser 85, Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen, 2002, 115 pp.), Irânšenâsi 15/1, 2003, pp. 181-184.

This paper deals with the Oligo-Miocene coral reefs in the Mohammadabad Area, W Baft, SW Kerman. The studied coral reefs include 11 families, 25 genera and 33 species of the scleractinian corals. The coral reef successions have been deposited in three cycles on a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate platform. To understand the paleoecology, reef architecture and depositional model of the studied reefal successions, statistical analyses based on the coral niches, sedimentology analyses based on the grain size of the marly strata and microfacies analyses on limestone strata have been used. Based on the statistical analyses, the coral community includes eight ecotypes. The distribution of these ecotypes indicates that, despite of various thicknesses, and in all three coral reef successions, the branching and fast growth ecotypes are present in the basal parts and the massive, placoid and meandroid colonies are recorded in the slope, crest and distal parts of the reefs. The main disruptive phenomenon that stopped reef development and affected the reef architecture has been the addition of clastic deposits to the carbonate system. This sediment load increase is recorded as marly strata. By the addition of clastic sediment load to the system, the carbonate content of the system has been diluted, the salinity, water transparency and photic level are decreased, the favorable attachment hard substrate for coral polyps is limited, the nutrient and oxygen flux is disrupted and the coral reefs are suffocated.

The paper is dedicated to the study of some lexical units in the language of the Zoroastrians residing in Yazd and Kerman cities with the discussion of some closely related lexicological, phonological and semantic issues.

Данная статья посвящена анализу нескольких слов языка зороастрийцев, проживающих преимущественно в Йазде и Кермане. В статье рассмотрены некоторые лексикологические, фонологические, а также семантические вопросы смежного характера.

Այս հոդվածը նվիրված է մեծամասամբ Յազդ և Քերման քաղաքներում բնակվող զրադաշտականների լեզվի մի շարք բառամիավորների ու բարդությունների քննությանը` դրան սերտորեն հարակցող որոշ հնչյունաբանական – բառապաշարային, ինչպես նաև իմաստաբանական հարցերի լուսաբանմամբ:

Immediately after the disastrous earthquake in 2003, ICHTO, together with UNESCO, ICOMOS and ICCROM, set about planning for the recovery of Bam’s cultural heritage. Italy was involved in the project from the very outset. The Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage selected as project seismic improvement measures and restoration of the imposing tower n. 1 of its city walls. The assistance of archeologists during the work was of paramount importance to ascertain the very nature of the tower, in order to contribute to a correct methodology for consolidation and restoration. The sondage revealed a complex stratification of the monument, with at least five major building phases and numerous secondary phases due to secondary restoration and routine maintenance works consequent upon earthquakes and wars. Once the restoration was concluded, a new project was inaugurated in 2017, involving excavation of Shator Galu/ or Tower n° 46. We supposed that the ruins of one ancient city gate were to be found beneath the debris of the fortifications that had collapsed during the earthquake. The preliminary findings of the new excavation and the stratigraphic analysis undertaken in collaboration with the Iranian team under the direction of Joodaki Azizi and Leila Fazel identified some important architectural elements of the ancient settlement. Starting from our supposition, discovery of the northern and southern wing of the city gate in its last phase constitutes definitive proof of its existence. Other important discoveries include the partial excavation of a conduit, possibly part of the Shotor Galu mentioned in written sources. Resumption of the interrupted excavation, much to be desired, could shed new light on the ancient history of Arg-e Bam.

The occurrence of the suffix" –u" either as an inflectional, or a derivational morpheme is a well-known feature of Kermani dialect. A common feature among all the words which end in "-u" is that they occur in an informal and colloquial context. This study aims at analyzing the occurrence of the words which end in "-u" in two written, but colloquial discourses including conversation and narrative in order to answer these questions: what are the word classes that suffix "-u" occurs with? What is the difference between these two discourses regarding the frequency and variety of words with the suffix "-u"? , and what is the difference between boys and girls regarding the use of such words in their group conversations? Two written corpuses both in colloquial style including ironic narratives, and two group conversations between 15 girls (3000 words) and 15 boys (3000 words) (college prep students) in “whatsApp” virtual group chats each consisted of 6000 words were analyzed using a descriptive-analytic approach. The results show that in narratives, "-u" may be attached to nouns (proper names, kinship terms, cloths, animals, foods, and things), adjectives, adverbs, and compound verbs (204 tokens). The variety and frequency of "-u" is less in conversations (77 token), and there was no occurrence of this suffix with nouns referring to cloths, adverbs, and compound verbs. Also, boys use more of these kinds of words in their conversations (66 tokens) than girls (10 tokens).

Despite its apparently peripheral location in the Qajar Empire, Kirman was frequently found at the centre of developments reshaping Iran in the 19th century. Over the Qajar period the region saw significant changes, as competition between Kirmani families rapidly developed commercial cotton and opium production and a world renowned carpet weaving industry, as well as giving strength to radical modernist and nationalist agitation in the years leading up to the 1906 Constitutional Revolution.

Kirman and the Qajar Empire explores how these Kirmani local elites mediated political, economic, and social change in their community during the significant transitional period in Iran’s history, from the rise of the Qajar Empire through to World War I. It departs from the prevailing centre-periphery models of economic integration and Qajar provincial history, engaging with key questions over how Iranians participated in reshaping their communities in the context of imperialism and growing transnational connections. With rarely utilized local historical and geographical writings, as well as a range of narrative and archival sources, this book provides new insight into the impact of household factionalism and estate building over four generations in the Kirman region. As well as offering the first academic monograph on modern Kirman, it is also an important case study in local dimensions of modernity.

This book will be of interest to students and scholars of Iranian studies and Iranian History, as well as general Middle Eastern studies.

Order at: http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9781138914568/

Türk milleti tarihe çıkışından bu yana devlet kavramını hep önemsemiştir. Onlar gittikleri her yerde diğer halklar üzerinde hâkimiyet kurmuşlardı. Yaşadıkları "atlı-göçebe" hayat tarzı gereği, daima savaş ve akınlara hazırlıklı olmuşlardı. İşte bu yaşam şartlarını, fırsata çeviren Türkler, güçlü erler olarak yetişiyorlardı. Nitekim Orta Asya'nın bozkır sahalarında tabiatın çetin ve amansız koşullarına göğüs geren Türkler sanki sürekli askerî eğitime tâbi tutuluyormuş gibiydiler. Bu nedenledir ki İslamiyet'i kabul eden Türkler, İslam'a yeni bir can vererek, İslam'ın en güçlü kuvvetleri oldular. Böylece perişan hâlde olan İslam Dünyası, Selçuklularla tekrar parlak dönemini yaşayabildi. Selçukluların esasını teşkil eden Oğuz Türkmenlerinin çoğu, ağır göçler hâlinde batıya doğru akın ettiler. Oğuzların küçük bir kümesi ise Selçuklunun çöküş dönemine kadar Orta Asya'da yaşamlarına devam etseler de, yerli hükümdarların tazyikleri neticesinde, ana vatanlarını terk ederek Sultan Sancar'ın topraklarına geldiler. Selçuklu Devleti'nin esası olan Oğuzlar, bu devletin yıkılışına da sebep oldular.

Background & Objective: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide. HPV is a heterogeneous virus, and a persistent high-risk HPV infection contributes to cancer development. This study aims to determine the relative frequency of HPV genotypes in Kerman, Iran. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 women with Pap smear samples, referring to a general laboratory in Kerman, Iran. Detecting two HPV genotypes was carried out using Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. The sociodemographic survey was conducted for each HPV-positive woman. Results: Out of 50 cervical cancer patients, 33 women (66%) were HPV 16, 18-positive. HPV 16 (38%) was the most rampant type, followed by HPV 18 (14%) and HPV 16, 18 (14%). Conclusion: Studying the prevalence of HPV genotypes and their respective risk factors can lead to efficient vaccine development against the virus in each geographical area. It can also be beneficial for illness management and high sensitivity diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

The judiciary has been always considered as one of the important aspects of the administrative systems of the governments, and all rulers need the Court of Justice and judges who can help them to eliminate the causes of corruption and to establish justice. The Qara-Khitai government of Kerman province cannot be considered as an exception. So, it has been tried, in present paper, to study the importance and the position of their judiciary system and the function of judges for Qara-Khitai government in Kerman to show how the Supreme Court worked during their period, and finally to introduce the most famous judges who interpreted and applied laws  when Qara-Khitais were ruling in Kerman. In this regard, the main questions are: "How was judiciary organization of Kerman in the era of Qara-Khitai government?", and "Who were the most important judges of this period?" The present study has been conducted through a descriptive-analytic method on the basis of library documents. The results show that the judges held some other different and important responsibilities in addition to the task of judgment during the reign of Qara-Khitai dynasty. The other issue was that along with the Qara-Khitai's judiciary system, there were other judicial systems in Kerman such as Yarghu Court (Divan-e Yarghu) and  public prosecutor's office (Divan-e Mazalem), and  also, the Qara-Khitai rulers' opinion and, even in some cases, the orders of ruling Mongol Ilkhan could be effective on  the final judgments.

Introduction: Hypodontia is one of the most prevalent craniofacial anomalies worldwide. Malocclusion could be prevented, by early treatment of this anomaly. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of congenital missing tooth (hypodontia) in patients, referred to Orthodontic Department of Kerman Dental School, as well as other private Dental Care centers. Methods: In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, 1883 orthodontic records from 2010-2015 were examined. Demographic characteristics and types of occlusion were obtained from the patients' records. Data were collected from patients' panoramic radiography, dental casts, lateral cephalography and, intra-oral photographies. Data was entered to our checklist. Exclusion criteria consisted of tooth loss due to decay or other factors, third molars and individuals under 10 years of age. The data were analyzed by the SPSS software (version 21) and statistical Chi-square test at 0.05 significance level. Results: Of all 1883 participants, 101(5.4%) had dental agenesis. Mandibular second premolar was the most common congenital missing teeth (42.44%), followed by upper lateral incisors (24.41%). Hypodontia in the posterior of mandible were higher than the other site of jaws, and this difference was significant. Gender, unilateral or bilateral hypodontia and type of occlusion difference were not found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that the prevalence of hypodontia was within the range of which reported in the literature. Lower second premolar was recognized as the most common dental agenesis. Hypodontia requires an appropriate intervention to restore the esthetic and function of teeth and improve patient's self-esteem.

The afterlife of the royal inscriptions is always fascinating and, at the same time, a challenging issue. Like other ancient Near Eastern dynasties, Achaemenids left numerous royal inscriptions on a variety of material supports. The fate of those royal epigraphs after the fall of the Achaemenid empire is one of the unique issues in the Achaemenid studies. Current research aims to discuss the afterlife of some royal inscriptions found in the heartland of Achaemenids (i.e., Persia). Archaeological evidence and historical records indicate that some royal inscriptions were reused after the fall of the Achaemenids. Studies on those inscriptions are based on two different sources: archaeological evidence of Achaemenid royal inscriptions and historical accounts on some inscriptions in the Post-Achaemenid era. Generally, there are two types of Achaemenid royal inscriptions found in the secondary use:  1- royal epigraphs as simple building materials used for construction purposes; 2- inscribed objects as sacred objects bearing magic signs (i.e., cuneiform signs). After a brief review of the archaeological and historical evidence, it will be discussed how the inscriptions' materiality influenced the afterlife of those royal inscriptions.

Background: Stigmatizing attitudes among healthcare providers are an important barrier to accessing services among people  living  with  HIV  (PLHIV).  This  cross-sectional  study  aimed  to  assess  the  status  and  correlates  of  HIV-related  stigma  among  healthcare  providers  in  Kerman,  Iran.Methods:  Using  a  validated  and  pilot-tested  stigma  scale  questionnaire,  we  measured  HIV-related  stigma  among  400  healthcare providers recruited from three teaching hospitals (n =  363), private sectors (n =  28), and the only voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) center (n =  9) in Kerman city. Data were gathered using self-administered questionnaires at participants’ workplace during Fall 2016. To examine the correlates of stigmatizing attitudes, we constructed bivariable and multivariable linear regression models. Results: The  mean  ±  standard  deviation  (SD)  of  stigma  score  was  25.95  ±  7.20  out  of  the  possible  50,  with  higher  scores  reflecting  more  stigmatizing  attitudes.  Paramedics,  nurses’  aides,  and  housekeeping  staff  had  the  highest,  and  VCT personnel had the lowest average stigma scores, respectively. Multivariable regression analyses showed that prior experience of working with PLHIV (β =  -2.48; P =  .03), exposure to HIV-related educational courses (β =  -2.03; P = .02), and  <10  years  of  work  experience  (β  =    -2.70;  P  <    .001)  were  associated  with  lower  stigma  scores.Conclusion:  Our  findings  highlight  the  need  for  health  managers  to  provide  training  opportunities  for  healthcare  providers,  including  programs  that  focus  on  improving  HIV-related  knowledge  for  healthcare  providers.  Enforcing  policies  that  aim  to  reduce  HIV-related  stigma  and  discrimination  among  healthcare  providers  in  Iran  are  urgently  needed.

?ima?ki is one of the important Toponyms in old Elamite Period. Until now, there has been no agreement among archaeologists on the location of this Toponym. This article wants to show why the Kerman Province cannot be the good candidate for this Toponym. For this purpose, the authors used the archaeological and written documents. An important integrative analysis of archaeological survey data with evidence from the written sources renders it undeniable that the ?ima?ki region was richly endowed with administrative state enumerated in the texts. The precise geographical range of transactions sites documented is not known since the locations of the most of the geographical names in the texts are unknown or not established beyond question. In general we are dealing with an administrative region that includes most of the environs of the southern or southwestern parts of modern Iran. Exactly how close to Kerman the administrative sphere of the ?ima?ki system extended is still debated but, it might have reached all the way to this easternmost of the Persian heartland. Obviously, it is possible that these purviews overlapped.

Background: Drought can be considered as a characteristic deviation from the normal climatic conditions that manifest itself in variables like rainfall, soil moisture and level of water rivers and underground water. According to the National Drought Monitoring and Warning Center of Iran and based on the SPI index, by February 2017, around 60% of Kerman Province was involved in severe drought, and about 16% suffered from severe drought. The risk of drought is a function of the intensity and duration of drought as well as the vulnerability of the community against the drought. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the risk of drought and its mapping in Kerman Province. Materials and Methods: This is a qualitative study that besides determining the risk of drought, assess the level of vulnerability of Kerman Province against drought. In order to evaluate the risk of drought, we used the equation DRI=DHI * DVI. Using the relationship DHI=(MDr * MDw)+(VSDr * VSDw)+(SDr * SDw), the Drought Hazard Index was extracted. The data obtained from the study was mapped by using ArcGIS 9.0. Results: Based on the study results, 6.3% of Kerman Province, 11581 Km 2 , was involved in severe drought. This province with mean drought vulnerability index of 4.5, has low tolerance against drought and the consequences could affect dramatically the communities in this province. Conclusion: The measures to reduce the vulnerability in social, economic, ecologic, and health areas not only lower the risk in the drought-affected areas, but also prevent secondary damages like immigration, marginalization, and social, cultural problems in large and capital cities of the province.

Tourism industry is considered as an effective factor for economic and social development of urban areas. As a matter of fact, cities has always been regarded as one of the most attractive places for tourists which, as a symbol of the degree of human social evolution, include important economic, scientific, recreational, medical, centers. Moreover, they have natural attractions and cultural heritage. These features make cities attractive for tourists. However, if the tourist entrance to the cities were not accompanied by planning and management, it would not only stop the urban development and progress, but also make a lot of damages to these areas. Therefore, systematic analysis and comprehensive approach are necessary and inevitable to achieve a sustainable stable development of tourism according to the social, cultural, economic and environmental dimensions. Kerman, as one of the country's historic cultural center, attracts a large number of domestic and foreign tourists annually. The present study aims at evaluating the impact of historical and cultural tourism on stable development of Kerman. The Method is a descriptive - analytical one in which the data were gathered applying the field study and literature survey. Cochran formula was used to determine the samples, 384. Besides, sampling procedures and questionnaires were randomly distributed. The data were analyzed by applying Spss software. The findings which were the result of t-tests (one sample) and Spearman correlation, suggest that cultural-historical tourism has a positive impact on increasing the revenues in Kerman. Besides, the effects can be used to increase the income of citizens, create new jobs, and improve local businesses. Moreover, the effects of tourism on the stable development in dimensions (economic, social, and environmental) concluded that economic indicators index (0.763) has the maximum environmental impact, while bio-environmental coefficient (0.487) has the minimal effect on stable development in Kerman.

This article has identified and compiled the future scenarios of tourism in Kerman in the perspective of 1410 with a future studies approach. The data has been developed with documentary and survey methods and in processing those from the Delphi method, structural analysis and Startup Wizard have been used. The statistical population includes fifteen scientific and executive elites of Kerman who, after the initial discussion sessions, weighing and identified 15 contingent status of the propellant factor in formulating scenarios.
The results show that 80 percent of Kerman tourism situations in the future are favorable and 20 percent are stable and critical. Kerman city is facing three groups of tourism development scenarios in the future. The most desirable scenario is the first group, which is based on the foundation of competitiveness, axial plan and symmetrical development