Judges

This article analyzes the control of misconduct cases from agents of the brazilian judiciary. Through documentary analysis, it highlights the historical and political dimensions of the idea of control over the judiciary with a focus on post-1988 institutional frameworks and, particularly, on the changes motivated by the emergence of the National Council of Justice. It outlines the emergence of legal-formal innovations in the context of the relationship between powers, emphasizing the corporate dimension and the performance of the Council. Considering the limits of the approaches and available sources, the data base allowed to trace elements about the profile of the cases of deviation and corruption and how the judges involved are penalized. Also, it was able to verify the lack of Judiciary's transparency dealing with those cases, what influences the public control of judges' activities.

Sociolegal studies have identified a collectivity of legal actors-the legal complex-and its association with political liberalism in varying power settings. However, little attention has been paid to how such collectivity evolves with regime change; or if, and when, such collectivity may dissolve. Studying the case of Taiwan, this article demonstrates how legal professions-lawyers, judges and prosecutors-unite and divide during and after state transition. Democratization has the unsettling effect that brings out the internal dynamics of the legal profession, who initially aligned to defend judicial autonomy from authoritarian control, but confronted one another in judicial policy-making in democratic times. Each legal profession bases its policy orientations on a normative commitment, which leads to three lines of confrontations: the ways in which the judiciary is held accountable, the extent to which the procuracy enjoys investigative power, and the institutional division between the judiciary and procuracy.

戰後台灣自行考選培訓的司法人才，經過時日推移，已取代過去戰前中國或殖民地時期台灣所培養之司法人才，成為現今台灣司法界的主導力量。本文嘗試透過對台灣戰後司法官訓練文化的觀察，包括訓練計畫、訓導方式、學員年齡、性別組成、生涯規劃走向等面向的觀察，以瞭解台灣戰後司法人整體組成的概況。並分析透過這樣必經的司法訓練過程，所產生出的重視紀律考核、判牘一致性與期別先後倫理等特殊文化。以此，更進一步去討論這樣的組成與文化，對戰後台灣法律專業團體所造成的可能影響。

A Study of the Judges and Prosecutors in Postwar Taiwan: An Observation focused on their training culture
In the judicial system of Taiwan today, the judges and prosecutors trained during the postwar period have taken the place of those ones trained in Mainland China and Colonial Taiwan. This article is a study of the composition of the former ones by researching the training process in the Judicial Training Institute of Department of Justice（法務部司法官訓練所）since 1955, including the training program, the discipline, the age , gender, and career planning of the trained members. This article also wants to explore whether such a training process leads to some kind of special judicial culture in Taiwan today, as emphasizing the importance of discipline, of the consistency of form of judicial decision, and of the priority of graduation from the Institute. On this basis, it would like to understand the potential impact of such composition and culture to the legal profession in Postwar Taiwan.

This book draws on the analytic and political dimensions of queer, alongside the analytic and political usefulness of emotion, to navigate legal interventions aimed at progressing the rights of LGBT people.

Scholars, activists, lawyers, and judges concerned with eliminating violence and discrimination against LGBT people have generated passionate conversations about pursuing law reform to make LGBT injuries, intimacies, and identities visible, while some challenge the ways legal systems marginalise queer minorities. Senthorun Sunil Raj powerfully contributes to these ongoing conversations by using emotion as an analytic frame to reflect on the ways case law seeks to "progress" the intimacies and identities of LGBT people from positions of injury. This book catalogues a range of cases from Australia, the United States, and the United Kingdom to unpack how emotion shapes the decriminalisation of homosexuality, hate crime interventions, anti-discrimination measures, refugee protection, and marriage equality. While emotional enactments in pro-LGBT jurisprudence enable new forms of recognition and visibility, they can also work, paradoxically, to cover over queer intimacies and identities. Raj innovatively shows that reading jurisprudence through emotions can make space in law to affirm, rather than disavow, intimacies and identities that queer conventional ideas about "LGBT progress", without having to abandon legal pursuits to protect LGBT people.

This book will be of interest to students and scholars of human rights law, gender and sexuality studies, and socio-legal theory.

The article shows the process of development of certain ideological frameworks serving the purpose of ‘masking the reality’ (Slavoj Žižek 2008), using the example of preparatory works leading up to the enactment of the 1667 Ordonnance sur la réformation de la justice civile, as well as the actual content of this ordinance, enacted on the order of the French king Louis XIV, and commonly called the ‘Ordinance on civil procedure’. This legal act in theory was passed with the purpose of regulating the civil procedure (and as such permanently classified in the social reception), in principle consolidated the standards of judicial proceeding shaped over previous centuries. The basic innovative load that it carried was the change of entitlements and position within the system of judges, especially of those most highly placed (besides the king) within the hierarchy of the system of justice, that is of judges of the parliaments. The catchy propaganda basically oscillated between steps taken up in social interest (elimination of the abuses of the justice system, abolishment of arbitrary decisions made by judges and reduction of the costs of proceedings), as well as around the lofty work of codification of the law, which is marked with an atmosphere of taking the law a notch higher, of modernization and modernity. The employment of clever social propaganda in this process constituted an element of a well-planned strategy which was to help curtail, without any social upheaval, the competences of parliaments, which were widely considered a bastion of opposition against the royal power. Without excessively reforming the procedure itself, he revolutionized the position of judges within the legal system.

When we encounter a text, whether ancient or modern, we typically start at the beginning and work our way toward the end. In Tracking the Master Scribe, Sara J. Milstein demonstrates that for biblical and Mesopotamian literature, this habit can yield misleading results.

In the ancient Near East, "master scribes"—those who had the authority to produce and revise literature—regularly modified their texts in the course of transmission. One of the most effective techniques for change was to add something to the front—what Milstein calls "revision through introduction." This method allowed scribes to preserve their received material while simultaneously recasting it. As a result, numerous biblical and Mesopotamian texts manifest multiple and even competing viewpoints. Due to the primary position of these additions, such reworked texts are often read solely through the lens of their final contributions. This is true not only for biblical and cuneiform texts in their final forms, but also for Mesopotamian texts that are known from multiple versions: first impressions carry weight.

Rather than "nail down every piece of the puzzle," Tracking the Master Scribe demonstrates what is to be gained when engaging questions of textual transmission with attention to how scribes actually worked. Working from the two earliest corpora that allow us to track large-scale change, the book provides broad overviews of evidence available for revision through introduction, as well as a set of detailed case studies that offer fresh insight into well-known biblical and Mesopotamian literary texts. The result is the first comprehensive and comparative profile of this key scribal method: one that was not only ubiquitous in the ancient Near East but also epitomizes the attitudes of the master scribes toward the literature that they produced.

There is a pressing need to develop a research methodology for studying judicial opinions that goes beyond both dogmatic analyzes and the established positions developed within philosophy of law and legal theory (e.g. the hermeneutic and argumentative approaches). One possible way is to adopt or modify methodologies developed within empirically oriented social sciences. Most social science textbooks devoted to methodology of empirical research deal with case studies. So far, this research framework developed within the social sciences has not been applied directly to judicial opinions, though they have been used for some empirical legal research studies. Even at first sight, case study research would appear to have potential for use with judicial opinions. The aim of the paper is to answer the question, how and to what extent can case study methodology developed within the social sciences be fruitfully used to examine judicial opinions? The general answer is undoubtedly positive (case studies can bring new, non-trivial threads to the research methodology on judicial opinions), though with many serious and far-reaching reservations.

This paper points out the irony of two of Kaufmann’s lessknown
works. Kaufmann's detailed commentaries on Joshua and Judges argue that these books supported his view that monotheism was a revolutionary innovation in early Israel. This required him to maintain that these two books are for the most part historically reliable and that they demonstrate that upon entering Canaan the Israelites quickly and decisively overcame the Canaanites. These theses have not won adherence—even among many scholars who consider themselves Kaufmann’s followers—and hence these works are rarely studied.
They are, however,  valuable, though not for the reasons that
Kaufmann intended. Both commentaries are fine examples of close reading that were decades ahead of their time in their presentation of a literary method for analyzing biblical narrative. Further, they are both fine examples of Kaufmann’s moderate approach to compositional questions
throughout his oeuvre: he does not deny the several levels of composition in biblical texts, but he avoids the capricious and far-fetched discovery of multitudinous levels of composition, redaction, and supplementation.

Agar perubahan peraturan tentang prosedur mediasi di pengadilan dapat lebih mudah dipahami, maka dengan mempelajari skema dimaksud diharapkan kita dapat lebih cepat mengerti dan mempelajari bagaimana mediasi diterapkan dalam lingkungan pengadilan di Mahkamah Agung RI

In the interests of maintaining the independence of the English judiciary, it is prudent to consider whether the system of judicial recruitment is safeguarded now, when it has previously been so heavily influenced and reliant upon members of the executive. 

The CRA 2005 transformed distortions in the system to better control the authorities dealing with judicial appointments, realigning inequalities to better represent the diversity of the British populace. Recently however, the Act has come under fire for employing obstructive and unnecessary provisions which hinder it from meeting its goals of increased inclusion and fair, transparent assessment.

En un trabajo titulado “¿Pueden las malas personas ser buenos jueces?” Malem Seña realiza un análisis sobre la vida moral de los jueces. Para comenzar, a través de un análisis histórico plantea que, en un primer momento al no tener los jueces la obligación de fundamentar sus sentencias, eran ellos mismos el espejo de la legitimidad y moralidad de sus decisiones; mientras que, con el advenimiento del racionalismo y del Estado Moderno, las sentencias debían tener el fundamento acerca de por qué se decidía en ese sentido, por lo que la legitimidad o justicia de la misma estaba dada por dichas razones, situación que ponía a la persona del juez en un segundo plano. En este escenario la respuesta a la pregunta planteada en el trabajo sería: “si, las malas personas pueden ser buenos jueces”, respuesta difícilmente aceptada por todos. Malem Seña, lejos de dar una respuesta concluyente, termina su trabajo con la insinuación que, los jueces deben mantener una imagen de moralidad, más que ser agentes moralmente intachables. Esta situación permite preguntarse sobre distintas dimensiones de análisis que se han dejado de lado, y en particular, intentar analizar por qué toma importancia la imagen de moralidad. Para ello, desde la perspectiva de los conceptos de ideología y fantasía de Slavoj Žižek, se intentará brindar algunas respuestas o generar caminos a fin de poder analizar la importancia de la imagen de moralidad por sobre la moralidad misma.

The trial was instructed by the provincial court of Vicenza in the years  1831-1833, after the murder of Giovanni Rama, a young peasant of Durlo, a small village of Lessini mountains. The main defendants were Lucia Graizzaro, Giovanni Rama's wife, and her presumed lover. Bernardo Marchesini, a south tyrolese judge, managed the trial, together his colleagues until the severe sentence against the presumed murderer, but Lucia Graizzaro was released for the inadequacy of the proofs alleged against her. Lucia's character is very interesting and provided of some modern traits.

En una conferencia dictada en la universidad de Boston, a fines del siglo
XIX, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. dijo que para especializarse no había
que leer más, sino analizar los dogmas de la materia con ayuda de la
Teoría General del Derecho. También aclaró que para conocer el derecho
hay que pensar como lo haría el hombre malo, quien solo piensa en el
resultado concreto. En la actualidad, muchos abogados del siglo XXI
parecen haber olvidado la primera enseñanza y algunos sectores
académicos la segunda. Así teoría y práctica van por caminos separados.
El presente trabajo intenta mostrar la existencia de un problema
jurídico, de índole teórico y práctico que puede servir de puente entre
litigantes y teóricos: que jueces y miembros del jurado no deciden de la
misma manera. Por medio de estudios, encuestas y elementos de
psicología cognitiva se propondrán hipótesis y se rebatirán argumentos
que permitan brindar herramientas útiles para estudiantes y
profesionales. Así también las claves para comprender los cambios que
se aproximan en algunos países.

Profesi dalam Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia adalah pekerjaan yang dilandasi pendidikan keahlian (keterampilan, kejujuran, dan sebagainya) tertentu. Profesi hukum adalah suatu istilah yang kompleks. disebut demikian karena kata "hukum" yang melekat padanya memang bermakna kompleks, multidimensional yang multifaset. Adapun peran profesi hakim dalam masyarakat secara umum adalah mengadili berdasarkan hukum dengan tidak membeda-bedakan orang. Di Negara Thailand, mengenai profesi hakim diatur oleh Judicial Service Act B.E. 2543 (AD 2000), yang mana seorang calon hakim harus melewati 3 jenis ujian antara lain: ujian terbuka, tes pengetahuan, dan ujian seleksi khusus. Lain hal dengan Thailand, di Queensland seorang Dewan Gubernur menunjuk hakim melalui komisi yang mana hakim adalah mereka yang dipilih oleh eksekutif tanpa ada intervensi oleh peradilan yang ada. Kemudian Jaksa Agung yang akan melakukan penyeleksian calon hakim. Hal tersebut diatur dalam Constitution of Queensland 2001 (Qld).
        Di Thailand, terdapat empat macam hakim yaitu hakim karir, hakim senior, hakim associate dan Datoh Justice. Yang mana setiap dari hakim macam hakim memiliki qualifikasi yang berbeda. Mengenai tanggung jawab seorang Hakim Thailand diatur dalam The Code of Judicial Conduct B.E. 2552 (2009) Sedangkan di Queensland, Chief Justice of Queensland (Hakim Agung) adalah hakim senior yang berkedudukan di Supreme Court yang merupakan kedudukan tertinggi dalam profesi hukum di sana. Adapun hakim-hakim lainnya adalah mereka yang berkedudukan atau ditempatkan di berbagai pengadilan sesuai dengan tingkat senioritas yang sebanding dengan pengadilan tersebut. Selain harus bertanggung jawab terhadap profesinya, seorang hakim juga harus memiliki tanggung jawab terhadap pihak-pihak lain sebagai pengguna jasa seperti korban, terdakwa, maupun saksi. Tugas penting seorang hakim adalah untuk mengelola keadilan kepada para pihak dengan kejujuran, adil, legitimasi, dan kebiasaan. Seorang hakim juga harus bertanggung jawab kepada masyarakat agar menimbulkan kepercayaan dari masyarakat terhadap pengadilan.
        Dalam sistem peradilan di Thailand, terdapat Office of the Judiciary untuk mengelola personil dan anggaran dari the Courts of Justice melalui 3 komisi, yaitu Judicial Commission, Judicial Administration Commission, dan Commission for Judicial Service. Kesemua komisi tersebut bertanggungjawab dalam rangka pemilihan dan kinerja hakim. Hal inipun diatur dalam bab 3 the Code of Judicial Conduct B. E 2552 (2009) tentang etika dalam tugas administrative. Berbeda dengan sistem peradilan di Thailand, dalam sistem peradilan di
Queensland tidak terdapat Judicial Commission yang menaungi kehakiman di Queensland. The Constitution of Queensland 2001 (Qld) menetapkan prosedur untuk menangani keluhan yang bisa dibenarkan untuk memberhentikan Hakim. Untuk mengawasi perilaku Hakim di Queensland, The Queensland Crime and Misconduct Commission (CMC) mempunyai yuridiksi atas perilaku hakim yang dapat dikeluarkan dari jabatannya.
        Di Thailand, hakim tidak boleh bertindak dengan cara apapun untuk mempengaruhi kinerja, tugas, atau integritas dari Judicial Commission, Judicial Administration Commission, Sub-Judicial Commission, Sub-Judicial Administration Commission, komite investigasi, komisi investigasi yang faktual dan unggul yang memiliki tugas untuk melaporkan termasuk subkomite yang ditugaskan oleh Judicial Commission, Judicial Administration Commission untuk melaksanakan tugas resmi dengan cara yang mengkompromi keadilan dan kemerdekaan. Sama halnya dengan Thailand. seorang hakim di Queensland seharusnya tidak menerima janji untuk menempati sebuah komite pemerintah, komisi, atau posisi lain yang peduli dengan masalah fakta atau kebijakan daripada hal-hal selain perbaikan hukum, sistem hukum, atau administrasi peradilan. Seorang hakim dapat ‘dihapus’ dari jabatannya oleh Dewan Gubernur di Majelis Legislatif apabila terbukti melakukan kesalahan atau ketidakmampuan untuk melaksanakan tugas-tugasnya sebagai seorang hakim
Di Indonesia, jabatan Hakim merupakan profesi hukum yang melekat pada dirinya. Sehingga dalam melakukan sesuatu hal seolah jubah hakim selalu dikenakannya. Untuk itu terdapat pengaturan mengenai kode etik dan perilaku hakim terhadap profesinya, pihak ketiga dan masyarakat. Yang dalam hal ini merupakan bentuk tanggung jawabnya sebagai seorang hakim yang dianggap mengetahui semua tentang hukum.

In the present note, I consider the general picture painted by the Bible’s chronological data-points, and then zoom in on a few key dates and details.  In all, I make three distinct claims.  First, that the ‘year-stamps’ inherent in the text of Scripture form a plausible pattern.  Second, that the text of Scripture contains traces/memories of a consistently-reckoned Jubilee cycle.  And, third, that the vast majority of the ‘day-stamps’ recorded in Scripture are closely connected with the priesthood.

Keywords:  Biblical chronology, Jubilee cycles, Sabbatical years, priestly texts, Ezekiel, time-stamps, Judges.  Date:  May 2020.

The composer uses two different verbs to describe the activities taking place in Judges 16:25, though they are often considered simply variant spellings of the same verb. But is his choice of spelling arbitrary, or are there reasons motivating his distinction? These two verbs are related by a sibilant phoneme variation (ש/ׂצ), but their meanings are rarely, if ever, distinguished. In fact, most contemporary English translations assign the same (or similar) meaning to both verbs. But is the difference between them merely orthographic, or is it also semantic? Careful
discussion on this question is scant in the literature. For this reason, it is incumbent on interpreters to engage in careful lexical study. I will demonstrate through synchronic analysis that there is semantic differentiation between these two related roots. I will then explore how a phoneme shift took place (from צ to ש), and how certain archaic
usages are preserved in the צ-form. Such analysis requires cataloguing all occurrences of these roots and identifying their nuances. Once these nuances are synchronically established, one is better prepared to explain and translate Judges 16:25.

David Luban, avukatların ahlaken aktivist olmalarını öngören bir avukatlık pratiğinden bahseder. Müvekkilinin ahlaka veya hukuka uygun olmayan amaçlarını gören avukatın, vekillik ilişkisini bitirmek yerine müvekkilini adalete uygun davranmak konusunda ikna etmesi gerektiğini belirtir. Yani avukatların, müvekkillerine taraf olmaktan önce adaletin tarafında yer alarak davranmaları gerektiğinin altını çizer. Acaba hakimler açısından ahlaki aktivist pratik söz konusu olabilir mi? Avukatlardan farklı olarak taraf değil; tarafsız konumda olmaları gereken hakimler ahlaki aktivist pratik için hangi araçlara sahiptir? Bu makalede Ioanna Kuçuradi, Gülriz Uygur ve Ronald Dworkin’in öngördüğü hakimlik pratiklerinin bir sentezi olarak ahlaki aktivizm teorisinin hakimler açısından mümkün olup olmayacağını Ian McEwan’ın Çocuk Yasası kitabındaki Hakim Fiona örneği üzerinden tartışacağım.

Quis custodiet ipsos custodes? Who watches the watchmen, asked the Roman poet Juvenal. Three social critical artworks by British street artist Banksy dealing with absurd crimes, vio-lence and humor are analyzed in this paper. In his illegal artworks, crimes themselves, Banksy answers Juvenal’s question in his satirical way: It has to be someone like him, a judge and criminal at the same time.

Cet ouvrage constitue le second volume de l’étude de Soudabeh Marin consacrée à Ostad Elahi (1895-1974). Dans le premier volume, l’auteur nous avait laissé sur la décision d’Ostad Elahi d’entrer dans la vie active pour mieux connaître l’articulation des droits et devoirs de l’homme au contact de la société : il s’agit d’examiner ce qui en suivra. Nous sommes alors invités à suivre les efforts entrepris par ce mystique au service de la Justice, au niveau individuel et plus particulièrement à travers son parcours au sein de la magistrature dans un pays s'attelant à se moderniser.

This book constitutes the second volume of Soudabeh Marin's study on Ostad Elahi (1895-1974). In the first volume, we learned about his life until his decision to start an active life inside society to improve his knowledge of the rights and duties of human beings; we are now to know what happened next. It is about following the struggles of this mystic in the service of Justice, on an individual scale and more particularly through his career as magistrate in a country which is itself struggling to modernize itself.

En honor al elemento Estado Social, cuando menos, es que la misma sistemática ha previsto un novísimo juez a partir del acto legislativo número 03 de 2002 y se le ha otorgado la competencia, que no jurisdicción, de controlar ciertos ejercicios de investigación cumplidos por la fiscalía con su binomio policía judicial, algo así como el juez de la constitucionalización de los actos de ese binomio. Por regla general, pues, cuando los actos de indagación y de investigación afecten de alguna manera un derecho fundamental del indiciado o del imputado antes de practicar el acto el fiscal debe solicitar la correspondiente autorización al juez de control de legalidad, caso por ejemplo cuando se precisa inspeccionar el cuerpo de aquél, o una vez cumplido el acto ir dentro de las siguientes treinta y seis (36) horas ante el mismo funcionario con miras a que éste ejerza el control posterior.

In the context which interests us here, namely a wide 13th century, in which the office of Inquisition was born and flourished, and in which the use of the confession significantly extented, the divergent opinions are sanctioned, at first from a theological point of view, and then also on the judicial level, by the denial of orthodoxy. But who asserts the orthodoxy or its opposite? According to places and times, the problem of the context of statement arises with strength.
Without falling in an excessive nominalism, this paper focuses on the confrontation between the heretics and their accusers as on a situation of communication made very particular by the necessity of protecting a faith on one side, and of insuring its propagation of the other one. By leaning on recent studies, which showed that the difference of opinion takes its reality as heresy "as production of judges ", the present paper is situated at the level of the language and the frames of thought, to catch the heresy in its linguistic existence, leaving to the specialists of the history of the faith the care of the contents of one or several dissidences. The heretic being besides defined as the one who supports with obstinacy his different opinion, this article bends on his rhetoric, since his so called stubbornness belongs less to psychology than to linguistics.

This article explores of the cooptation of human rights discourse by looking into how Israeli military judges in the Occupied Palestinian Territories use human rights as professional capital. Previous research into human rights arguments legitimizing the Israeli occupation remained confined to a unitary image of the state. Here, I dissect the separate professional project of military judges. Optimizing a self-congratulatory argument, judges portray themselves as human rights heroes of Palestinians. But while independent judicial activism would criticize human rights violations by the state, military judges use human rights as synonymous with legal professionalism, avoiding criticism and sidestepping human rights' challenge to state power. Using a multimethod approach including analysis of judicial decisions, academic articles by military judges, and fifteen in-depth interviews, I argue that between 2000 and 2010, Israeli military judges were responding to a professional legitimacy crisis by what I call mimetic convergence. Relying on new institutionalism and postcolonial theory, mimetic convergence produces belonging and mobility for a professional subgroup that experiences alienation in the "colony" through convergence with the specific characteristics of the legal community of the "metropole." Mimicking the state instead of criticizing it permits the two projects to coalesce: promoting military judges professionally, and legitimizing the state's colonial occupation.

The judicialization of politics has been described as one of the most significant phenomena of late twentieth and early twenty-first century government. While the courts have more judicial muscle than they did centuries ago, it would be a mistake to assume that with more power, has come more protection. This paper discusses judicial independence by highlighting some concerning instances of judicial interference which have occurred in Sub-Saharan Africa since 2010 to date. In my discussion of these threats, I highlight that the executive is not the only avenue by which interference in the judiciary occurs. I conclude with suggestions of ways in which judges as social actors can mitigate undue influence and present a stronger judiciary.

Resumen:  Una de las peculiaridades más alarmantes de esta época es la necesidad de trascender por el solo hecho de ello. Esta característica invade todos los despliegues de la cultura y, en ocasiones, afecta también a la adjudicación judicial. Echando mano a una figura de la antigüedad, el artículo presenta como un perfil judicial al Juez Eróstrato que ―en la cultura mediatizada de este tiempo― quiera tener un momento protagónico y, con ello, satisfacer su necesidad de reconocimiento. En este sentido, se describen las mencionadas pautas culturales y las específicas del mundo jurídico que alimentan el erostratismo judicial.

Abstract: One of the most disquieting peculiarities of this time is the need for transcendence, just for the sake of it. This characteristic pervades all spheres and, sometimes, affects also judicial adjudication. Turning to a character from the Antiquity, this paper presents the judicial profile of Judge Erostratus who ―in the mass media culture of this time― persues a major role moment and, in so doing, satisfies her need of recognition. Thus, the aforementioned cultural characteristics and the especific juridical ones (which nurtures erostratism) are described. Palabras claves Perfil del juez. Crisis de autoridad. Sociedades " mediatizadas ". Estado Constitucional. Ética judicial.

This Essay describes the phenomenon of cultural bias in judicial decision making, and examines the use of testimonies and opinions of cultural experts as a way to diminish this bias. The Essay compares the legal regimes of the United States and Israel. Whereas in the United States, the general practice of using cultural experts in courts is well developed and regulated, the Israeli legal procedure has no formal method for admitting cultural expert testimony, and ex-amples of opinions or testimonies of cultural experts in the Israeli legal system are sporadic. The Essay further argues that social science evidence is an essential but insufficient means of reducing the cultural bias of judges. Judges’ reliance on cultural experts can also be fueled by a preexisting cultural agenda disguised as an informed judgment. The Essay concludes with a suggestion of measures that can be implemented alongside the use of cultural experts in order to increase judges’ awareness to the cultural bias and mitigate its consequences.

Mandatory mediation was ruled in 2010 in Italy and came in force in 2011.
The Italian judges con order the litigants to undergo a mediation (delegated mediation) (ex art. 5, c.2, D.Lgs. 28/2010) or / and make a solution proposal based on equity (ex art. 185-bis civil procedure code), which the parties are free to accept or refuse (not binding arbitration), in all subjects related to alienable civil rights. When compulsory mediation was ruled the judiciary looked at mediation with a "benign neglect”, but since 2015 it is thanks to the judges that the use of mediation has been increasing in Italy: mediation proceedings delegated by judges were 2% (of all incoming mediation procedures) in 2011, 10% in 2015, 11% in 2016, 13% in 2017, 15% in 2018.

The management of courts has features in common with that of all other organizations. Key management concerns involve planning, human resources, budget and finances, information technology, facilities and other assets, and day-to-day operations. To do well, organizations need certain basic management conditions—leadership, commitment to a shared vision, effective communications, and (especially in a fast-changing world) a learning environment. Organizational success also requires that leaders and managers set goals and objectives, monitor actual performance, and ensure accountability. In these respects, managing a court is no different from managing any other organization.  Yet, there are also many dimensions of court management that are quite different from the management of a private business or a private not-for-profit organization. Courts and other government organizations differ from private sector organizations in several important ways, such as (a) government revenue is derived from appropriations based on taxes; (b) government policy decisions about allocation of resources may often be affected by partisan political considerations; (c) serving the common good, and not making a profit, is important in government; (d) governmental organizations often operate in a near monopoly situation, with few or no competitors; and (e) a governmental organization usually may not turn away any potential customers, but must generally give service equally to all citizens who seek it.  In addition, the management of the courts is significantly affected by factors such as all of the rights, safeguards, and rules inherent in the American judicial process, and also an Anglo-American judicial culture of acting on precedent, which makes change and planning for the future particularly difficult.

Вопрос профессиональной оценки деятельности судьи вообще и судебной системы, в частности, – сложный и не имеющий единого и шаблонного решения, но вместе с тем, крайне важный, поскольку любому обществу небезразлично как работает судебная система государства. И общество, и судебная система, и государство в целом пытаются найти «инструменты» оценки качества работы  судей.