- Faculty of Law
University of Bologna
Via Zamboni, 22
40126 Bologna
Italy
Emanuela Fronza
Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Giuridiche, Faculty Member
A compass of possibilities and Humanism in Criminal Law.
A Conversation with Emanuela Fronza e Carlo Sotis
A Conversation with Emanuela Fronza e Carlo Sotis
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Analisi delle due decisioni della CorteEDu sul caso Perince
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Analisa, em uma perspectiva comparada, a recepção dos crimes contra a humanidade no Direito francês e pretende destacar, neste contexto, as normas internacionais e, particularmente, o Estatuto de Roma. A análise comparativa evidencia que,... more
Analisa, em uma perspectiva comparada, a recepção dos crimes contra a humanidade no Direito francês e pretende destacar, neste contexto, as normas internacionais e, particularmente, o Estatuto de Roma. A análise comparativa evidencia que, além de um núcleo difícil, existem diferenças significativas no que diz respeito ao momento e às formas de recepção destes crimes em cada ordem nacional, bem como à dinâmica de interação entre os níveis nacionais
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This chapter focuses on the conflicts between the criminal offence of historical denialism and history. It dissects the three main problematic consequences of criminalisation: the risk of tampering with historical reconstructions; the... more
This chapter focuses on the conflicts between the criminal offence of historical denialism and history. It dissects the three main problematic consequences of criminalisation: the risk of tampering with historical reconstructions; the risk of establishing one historical truth only and the risk of introducing a hierarchy among historical memories. First, the analysis focuses on a few landmark cases adjudicated by French courts. The French legal experience is paradigmatic of the problematics emerging from the criminalisation of historical denialism. Second, two judgments of the ECtHR are examined. The Garaudy case epitomises the consequences of the ‘original’ form of historical denialism. The Perincek case demonstrates the risks involved in adopting a ‘broader’ paradigm of historical denialism.
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Comparazione tra Argentina e Colombi
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INTRODUCCIÓN. 1. LAS CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA CORRUPCIÓN TRANSNACIONAL, CON PARTICULAR ATENCIÓN A AMÉRICA LATINA: EL EJEMPLO DEL CASO ODEBRECHT. 1.1. Primera aproximación al fenómeno de la corrupción transnacional en América Latina. 2. LAS... more
INTRODUCCIÓN. 1. LAS CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA CORRUPCIÓN TRANSNACIONAL, CON PARTICULAR ATENCIÓN A AMÉRICA LATINA: EL EJEMPLO DEL CASO ODEBRECHT. 1.1. Primera aproximación al fenómeno de la corrupción transnacional en América Latina. 2. LAS PRÁCTICAS DE CORRUPCIÓN TRANSNACIONAL PUESTAS DE MANIFIESTO EN EL CASO ODEBRECHT 2.1. La estructura societaria y su dimensión transnacional 2.2. Las prácticas de corrupción transnacional que surgieron en la Operación Lava Jato 3. NOTAS SOBRE EL IMPACTO DE LAS PRÁCTICAS DE CORRUPCIÓN TRANSNACIONAL 4. ASPECTOS PROCESALES Y SANCIONATORIOS: LAS RESOLUTIONS CON BASE EN LA FCPA 5. PERSPECTIVAS: UNA ESTRATEGIA INTEGRADA PARA LA LUCHA CONTRA LA CORRUPCIÓN TRANSNACIONAL
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Los autores analizan los procesos en Italia y Argentina contra el “Plan Cóndor”, en particular, de qué manera se han imputado crímenes cometidos como fragmentos de un macrosistema criminal, que es el fenómeno en relación con el cual se ha... more
Los autores analizan los procesos en Italia y Argentina contra el “Plan Cóndor”, en particular, de qué manera se han imputado crímenes cometidos como fragmentos de un macrosistema criminal, que es el fenómeno en relación con el cual se ha desarrollado el derecho penal internacional, mediante las herramientas del derecho penal italiano, que adopta un modelo unitario, y del argentino, que adopta un modelo diferenciador. Con base en ese análisis, reflexionan acerca de la idoneidad de tales modelos normativos para reflejar las particularidades de aquellos hechos, no solo con el fin de satisfacer la pretensión de reconstruirlos históricamente, sino también con el de garantizar la sanción de todos los concurrentes de acuerdo con la medida de sus responsabilidades individuales, sin afectar el principio de taxatividad penal.
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La voce definisce il modello di imputazione della responsabilit\ue0 dell'aiding and abetting, cos\uec come previsto dal diritto penale internazionale positivo e dalla giurisprudenza internazional
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Analisi delle nuove tendenze politico-criminal
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In a major effort of coordination, on 31 May 2022, the Committee of Experts appointed by the Italian Minister of Justice delivered the draft Italian ‘Code of International Crimes’ (CIC), whose purpose is to fully implement the Rome... more
In a major effort of coordination, on 31 May 2022, the Committee of Experts appointed by the Italian Minister of Justice delivered the draft Italian ‘Code of International Crimes’ (CIC), whose purpose is to fully implement the Rome Statute into the domestic legal system by adopting substantive legislation on international crimes. The aim of this article is to give an account of the work of the Committee, outlining the prospective legislation and presenting the choices made within the process of implementation. The draft Italian law analysed here represents one example of the different implementation processes which followed the adoption of the ICC Statute, both with respect to the chosen method of implementation — the adoption of an ad hoc code of international crimes — and with respect to some substantive choices, such as the introduction of the crime of cultural genocide and the responsibility of legal persons for international crimes. Ensuring coherence with the fundamental princ...
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Mireille Delmas Marty and international crimes.
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In light of the previous contributions, this article highlights the current state of the discussion about the relationship between memory time and criminal law. In particular, the article shows us that the spectrum of this discussion is... more
In light of the previous contributions, this article highlights the current state of the discussion about the relationship between memory time and criminal law. In particular, the article shows us that the spectrum of this discussion is today very wide, forcing us to go far beyond the more limited problem of the legitimacy and opportunity of the repression of Holocaust denial. This is not only because today denialism as a crime increasingly refers to international crimes in general, but also because historical denial constitutes the matrix of new and diversified phenomena, from conspiracy theories to the so-called fake news. All these phenomena have in common the attack on power according to a deconstructivist methodology.
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The term ecocide is not accompanied by a precise legal definition. On one hand, there are many types of conduct- even lawful ones which significantly impact the environment, damaging and depleting available resources. Some of them are... more
The term ecocide is not accompanied by a precise legal definition. On one hand, there are many types of conduct- even lawful ones which significantly impact the environment, damaging and depleting available resources. Some of them are however already punishable under environmental criminal law. On the other hand, the introduction of a new international crime requires further steps: identifying conduct that could be considered criminally significant and of those which ones are so serious as to reach the threshold of international crimes.
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The essay deals with the importance of the principle of legality. It constitutes an important limit within the criminal system and expresses the separation of powers. The essay analyzes the Italian legislation (both penal Code and... more
The essay deals with the importance of the principle of legality. It constitutes an important limit within the criminal system and expresses the separation of powers. The essay analyzes the Italian legislation (both penal Code and Constitution).
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El derecho (y, en particular, el derecho penal) es considerado cada vez más como un instrumento para responder al temor de que la memoria sobre hechos criminales pueda sufrir un debilitamiento progresivo e inexorable. En este articulo se... more
El derecho (y, en particular, el derecho penal) es considerado cada vez más como un instrumento para responder al temor de que la memoria sobre hechos criminales pueda sufrir un debilitamiento progresivo e inexorable.
En este articulo se analiza la criminalización del negacionista histórico y la tensión de este tipo penal con los principios del derecho penal liberal.
En este articulo se analiza la criminalización del negacionista histórico y la tensión de este tipo penal con los principios del derecho penal liberal.
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The processes in Italy and Argentina against the "Condor Plan". A reflection on the Modes of Liability for International Crimes * El texto que se presenta es el producto de una reflexión en común de los autores. En particular, Emanuela... more
The processes in Italy and Argentina against the "Condor Plan". A reflection on the Modes of Liability for International Crimes * El texto que se presenta es el producto de una reflexión en común de los autores. En particular, Emanuela Fronza redactó los puntos 1,
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Holocaust-Leugnung ist in unserer Gesellschaft zunehmend gegenwärtig. Ihre Verbreitung ist heute sogar noch heimtückischer, seit Texte und Bilder leicht im weltweiten Netz zirkulieren können. Propaganda, die den Holocaust, andere... more
Holocaust-Leugnung ist in unserer Gesellschaft zunehmend gegenwärtig. Ihre Verbreitung ist heute sogar noch heimtückischer, seit Texte und Bilder leicht im weltweiten Netz zirkulieren können. Propaganda, die den Holocaust, andere Völkermorde und Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit leugnet, rechtfertigt oder verharmlost, verkompliziert und vermehrt auf schleichende Weise die Landschaft der rassistischen Erscheinungen, die sich in aktuellen Handlungen oder eben „nur“ in Worten manifestieren.
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Fruit d'un travail d'equipe mene au sein de l'UMR de droit compare de Paris (Universite de Paris 1 – CNRS), ne d'approches differentes de specialistes issus de formations et de systemes juridiques pluriels, cet ouvrage... more
Fruit d'un travail d'equipe mene au sein de l'UMR de droit compare de Paris (Universite de Paris 1 – CNRS), ne d'approches differentes de specialistes issus de formations et de systemes juridiques pluriels, cet ouvrage represente la premiere etude systematique sur les sources du droit international penal. Par le biais des rapports des membres de l'equipe de recherche et grâce aux echanges nourris au cours des Tables rondes qui ont eu lieu a Bologne et a Paris, cette recherche a permis que soient degages l'etat du droit en ce domaine au regard de la problematique des sources ainsi que la pluralite des approches possibles en termes de legalite. L'ouvrage est donc appele a devenir un instrument fondamental pour tous ceux qui souhaitent comprendre les processus de fabrication de la norme penale internationale, droit en construction dont le contentieux ne cesse chaque jour de s'enrichir. Alors que la Cour Penale Internationale a ete instituee, une analyse ...
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Holocaust-Leugnung ist in unserer Gesellschaft zunehmend gegenwärtig. Ihre Verbreitung ist heute sogar noch heimtückischer, seit Texte und Bilder leicht im weltweiten Netz zirkulieren können. Propaganda, die den Holocaust, andere... more
Holocaust-Leugnung ist in unserer Gesellschaft zunehmend gegenwärtig. Ihre Verbreitung ist heute sogar noch heimtückischer, seit Texte und Bilder leicht im weltweiten Netz zirkulieren können. Propaganda, die den Holocaust, andere Völkermorde und Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit leugnet, rechtfertigt oder verharmlost, verkompliziert und vermehrt auf schleichende Weise die Landschaft der rassistischen Erscheinungen, die sich in aktuellen Handlungen oder eben „nur“ in Worten manifestieren.
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This first chapter defines historical denialism by characterising it as a degeneration of the related notion of revisionism. Having introduced its evolution as a criminal offence, historical denialism is distinguished from remembrance... more
This first chapter defines historical denialism by characterising it as a degeneration of the related notion of revisionism. Having introduced its evolution as a criminal offence, historical denialism is distinguished from remembrance laws. Its progressive criminalisation is further analysed from a European comparative angle. On the one hand, this process is characterised by the expansion of the object of the criminal prohibition, which was originally limited only to the negation of the Holocaust but now includes other international crimes. On the other hand, the criminalisation of historical denialism is illustrative of the blossoming of speech crimes. From this viewpoint, the protection of historical memory, guaranteed by the offence of historical denialism, aligns with a general trend that expands limitations of free speech in the name of the protection of other fundamental values of democratic societies.
Recently, law and memory have met, overlapped, and intersected on numerous yet problematic occasions. An example of this intersection between law and memory is found in Italy’s Law 211 of July 20, 2000, introducing January 27 as the “the... more
Recently, law and memory have met, overlapped, and intersected on numerous yet problematic occasions. An example of this intersection between law and memory is found in Italy’s Law 211 of July 20, 2000, introducing January 27 as the “the day of remembrance of the Holocaust” (giornata della memoria della Shoah) in the Italian calendar of official commemorations. Another such example is the resolution adopted on November 1, 2005, by the General Assembly of the United Nations, designating January 27 as Holocaust Remembrance Day. Two main modalities of legal intervention emerge from the intersection between law and memory—in particular, memory of the events of the Second World War: one is represented by the adoption of national laws that invite the citizens to remember; the other by criminal laws adopted at the supranational and national level that punish the negation, minimization, or justification of the Holocaust. Within this second category, we must distinguish two moments: the legi...
This chapter focuses on the evolution of historical denialism as a criminal offence and, more specifically, on the migration of the offence from the domestic to the international level. This bottom-up movement culminated with the adoption... more
This chapter focuses on the evolution of historical denialism as a criminal offence and, more specifically, on the migration of the offence from the domestic to the international level. This bottom-up movement culminated with the adoption of the EU Framework Decision, which established a duty to criminalise denialist statements upon member states. The Framework Decision contributes to shaping the criminal offence by, on the one hand, prescribing that it applies not only to Holocaust denial but also to the negation of other international crimes and, on the other hand, by introducing limitations in order to safeguard free speech. This panorama is further enriched by the provisions of the ECHR system and the case law of its Court.