Litigation

Earlier this year, Sterling Law sought and obtained summary judgment against a former client who refused to pay monies she admitted she owed. She subsequently appealed against the judgment on the basis that the bill she had been provided was not an itemised bill as required under the Legal Profession Act 2007 when a request for one is made. This resulted in a District Court judgment that drew on law which originated from 19th century English case law about the requirements for solicitors’ bills. Sterling Law is rapidly establishing its place as an elite Queensland litigation firm after having secured a spectacular victory.

Driven by their members’ demands and the need to adopt more combative legal strategies in order to oppose the deterioration of working and employment conditions, British trade unions have developed in-house legal expertise and supported many individual and multiple claims. This article investigates the variation in unions’ legal practices and examines their organizational responses to law and the role of compliance professionals in the regulation of employment litigation. It provides a nuanced account of the influence of legal rationality on the framing of union strategies and shows that, under certain conditions, trade unions are able to build multi-pronged tactics using litigation as a complement to other forms of action.

The nature of the arbitration agreement in most legal systems (at least legal systems other than common law) is somewhat unclear. Presently, it is not possible to make any decisive statements as to which theory is the only correct one. On the other hand, it is necessary to examine each arbitration agreement invoked by the parties at the beginning of the proceedings and choose one of the current theories mentioned above. The classification of the arbitration agreement might, under certain circumstances, be the decisive element in determining the rules, i.e. procedural or substantive rules, applicable to the arbitration agreement. In civil law tradtion arbitration agreements may be defined as procedural agreements in broader sense, which does not have effects in proceedings only, but which are of substantial significance for qualitative evaluation of the substantive contractual relation between parties. Nevertheless, despite a mixed nature of arbitration agreements (as well as all jurisdictional agreements), jurisdiction is a procedural and not substantive category in the civil law tradition and jurisdiction remains the procedural condition (procedural requirement). Taking decision on jurisdiction in arbitration by partial award is in contradiction to the concept of jurisdiction as a procedural category, rather an interim award may be used for such decisions. Jurisdictional decisions taken in course of arbitration are, however, not substantive decisions and do not effect any Res Judicata. Some of civil law jurisdictions, completely in compliance with the concept of jurisdiction as procedural category, therefore deny to set-aside jurisdictional awards rendered prior to rendering award(s) on the merits of the dispute. Having any civil law dimension in arbitration, it may cause significant problems to the parties, if the arbitral tribunal decides on jurisdiction by a separate jurisdictional award.

შრომითსამართლებრივი დავებისას საქართველოს სასამართლოების არაერთგვაროვანი პრაქტიკა ხელს უშლის, ხშირ შემთხვევაში კი შეუძლებელს ხდის რეალიზდეს მოსარჩელეთა კონკრეტული, კანონისმიერი უფლებები, რომლებიც დაკავშირებულია დამსაქმებლის ვალდებულებასთან ნებისმიერი ანაზღაურების თუ ანგარიშსწორების დაყოვნების ყოველი დღისათვის დამსაქმებლის მიერ დასაქმებულისათვის დაყოვნებული თანხის 0.07% გადახდის ვალდებულებასთან.

წარმოდგენილი ტექსტის მიზანია ხელი შეუწყოს შრომის კოდექსის 32-ე მუხლის პირველი ნაწილისა და 31-ე მუხლის მესამე ნაწილების გამოყენებით სასამართლო პრაქტიკის უნიფიცირებას და ერთგვაროვანი, საქმისწარმოების ეკონომიის პრინციპებზე დაფუძნებული პრაქტიკის დამკვიდრებას.
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Irregular practices of labor litigation in Georgian courts prevent and often make impossible a fulfillment of plaintiffs’ particular legal rights related to employer’s obligation to reimburse 0.07% of the delayed payment amount to the employee. 

This text aims at supporting legal practice unification through first and third parts of 32th and 31st articles of labor code respectively and introducing homogeneous practices based on  Judicial economy principle.

On the basis of presentation and analysis with respect to Vietnam and the United States criminal procedural process, especially making litigation before the court, the author comments a number of legal issues relating to Vietnam's criminal procedural process.

The case of Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp (1999) provides a useful prism through which we may analyse the application of copyright law in relation to concepts such as originality and the Public Domain. An extensive discussion of the minutiae of the case is beyond the scope of this study, particularly in view of the fact that many commentators such as Garnett (2000), Deazley (2001), and Matz (2000) have thoroughly dissected it in the past. This paper focuses instead on the long-term impact this ruling has had on industry practices, policy, the Public Domain and copyright law.

We can conclude that non-state rules may include both lex mercatoria, i.e. the law of international merchants, which is not perceived in any uniform way, and currently perhaps also selected rules of EU law, provided that no legal relations are involved that have no connection to the European area. Lex mercatoria can be defined as including international trade usages (such as INCOTERMS, which have become rather popular), generally recognised legal principles (for instance, pacta sunt servanda), and collections of principles governing international agreements (e.g. UNIDROIT Principles).

Lex mercatoria can be applied both in arbitration and in litigation based on four theoretical approaches. The first applicable method is subsidiary application, i.e. lex mercatoria is applied within the limits of binding provisions of applicable law – this method does not raise any problems in practice. Another possibility is application equivalent to national legal systems, i.e. based on the conflict-of-laws method. This method is currently considered controversial and is suitable for arbitration, rather than litigation. The third possibility is the preferential application of lex mercatoria – this is, however, a very extreme approach, even within international commercial arbitration, and requires the due assessment of all relevant circumstances. This category may also include negative choice of law, which postulates that the parties opted for lex mercatoria, because they did not choose any applicable law. This is, again, controversial doctrine, which may only be applied if we first take into consideration all of the circumstances of the case, and primarily the will of the parties. The fourth and last possibility is the ex post choice of law.

As concerns practical possibilities of application, the most frequently employed method is the application of non-state rules in connection with arbitration, where the courts control the proceedings for the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. Academics agree that the recognition and enforcement of a foreign award cannot be refused, should the sole grounds for refusal be the fact that the award is based on lex mercatoria. Another possibility of applying non-state rules in courts is application based on domestic laws. The third possibility is the application of non-state rules based on the parties’ choice, i.e. the parties may opt for non-state law. Even if some of the parties disagree, it is possible to envisage the application of non-state rules in litigation, though rather as soft law, i.e. a tool or inspiration for the resolution of the given case. This would be similar to the application of foreign law or foreign case law.

We can also imagine, subject to certain conditions, the application of non-state rules in domestic disputes: (i) if the parties agree to do so, in which case, again, non-state rules would be applied within the limits of binding rules of the applicable law, or (ii) at the court’s discretion. In such case, the court should have regard for any and all circumstances, such as the parties’ experience with international trade, as well as the method of application. The application of non-state rules as soft law can be accepted without objections. Both arbitral tribunals and courts have become more open to non-state rules – for instance, the fact that a decision or award is based on lex mercatoria is not eo ipso contrary to public policy (ordre public).
The application of non-state legal standards is intertwined with the irreplaceable role of a first-rate pre- and post-graduate system of education, and with interactions between extensive practice, on the one hand, and education and training, on the other. This is the reason why schools and other educational institutions must be addressed, and such quality of lectures and courses must be emphasised that will guarantee a high level of theoretical training and high-quality and solid incentives and information from practice. The reason is that this very requirement attains qualified dimensions in the case of trade and legal usages (international, as well as national and regional). The potential of cooperation between educational institutions and international organisations mostly remains untapped – and not only those that create and apply contract templates, unify recommendations, or formulate trade and legal principles, etc.

В заключение можно сказать, что негосударственные правила могут включать в себя, во-первых, lex mercatoria, т. е. право участников международных коммерческих отношений, относительно понимания которого отсутствует единое мнение, во-вторых, в настоящее время, очевидно, и некоторые правовые нормы ЕС, при условии, что речь идет о правоотношениях, в которых отсутствует связь с европейским пространством. Составляющей lex mercatoria можно считать международные торговые обычаи (например, ИНКОТЕРМС, которые в значительной степени стали популярными), общепризнанные правовые принципы или основы (например, pacta sunt servanda) и свод принципов международных договоров (например, Принципы УНИДРУА).

Lex mercatoria может применяться как арбитражами, так и судами общей юрисдикции на основе четырех теоретических подходов. Первым является субсидиарное применение, когда lex mercatoria применяется в рамках когентных положений применяемого права – на практике данный способ применения не встречается с какими-либо проблемами. Вторым вариантом является применение, равноценное национальным правовым системам, т. е. на основании коллизионного метода. В настоящее время данный способ является спорным и применяется скорее арбитражными судами, чем судами общей юрисдикции. Третий вариант – это преимущественное применение lex mercatoria, которое, однако, является крайним случаем даже в контексте международного торгового арбитража, требующего рассмотрения всех существенных обстоятельств. Сюда также можно включить отрицательный выбор права (negative choice), когда предполагается, что стороны, не выбрав применимое право, выбрали именно lex mercatoria. И в данном случае речь снова идет о спорной доктрине, перед применением которой необходимо взвесить все обстоятельства дела и, прежде всего, учесть волеизъявление сторон. Четвертым и последним вариантом является дополнительный выбор права.

С точки зрения практического применения на первом месте (с учетом частоты применения) находится применение негосударственных правил в связи с арбитражным разбирательством, когда суды осуществляют контрольную функцию в ходе разбирательства о признании и приведении в исполнение иностранных арбитражных решений. В этом случае доктрина признает, что нельзя отказать в признании и приведении в исполнение решения иностранного суда только по той причине, что оно основано на lex mercatoria.  Следующим возможным применением негосударственных правил в судах общей юрисдикции является применение на основании национальных правовых норм. Третьим вариантом является применение негосударственных правил на основании выбора сторон, когда стороны могут выбрать негосударственное право. Даже если не все стороны согласны, можно рассматривать возможность применения негосударственных норм судами общей юрисдикции, однако, скорее как т. н. soft law, т. е. в качестве пособия или источника инспирации при рассмотрении и разрешении спора. Аналогично применяется иностранное право или иностранные документы судебной практики.

При определенных условиях также возможно применение негосударственных правил во внутригосударственных спорах. Это, прежде всего, споры, в которых стороны согласуют применение негосударственных правил в рамках когентных положений применяемого права, или по усмотрению суда. В данном случае суд должен рассмотреть все обстоятельства, например, опыт сторон с международной торговлей, а также способ применения. Против применения негосударственных правил как soft law нельзя возражать. В контексте наблюдается растущий интерес арбитражных судов, а также судов [общей юрисдикции/государственных] к негосударственным правилам, который проявляется, например, в том, что основание решения на lex mercatoria еще не означает противоречие публичному порядку.
В связи с применением негосударственных правовых норм важную роль играет качественная вузовская и послевузовская образовательная система и взаимодействие широкой практики с воспитанием и обучением. Поэтому необходимо обращать особое внимание на воспитательные и образовательные учреждения, а также на качество содержания обучения, гарантирующее как высокий уровень теоретической подготовки, так и качественные и обоснованные стимулы и сведения из практики. Именно это требование в торговых и правовых обычаях (международных, а также национальных и региональных) приобретает важность с точки зрения квалификации. В основном остается нереализованным потенциал в области сотрудничества между образовательными учреждениями и международными организациями, причем не только теми, которые занимаются созданием и применением образцов договоров, объединяющих рекомендаций, формулировок торговых и правовых принципов и т. п.

Introduction  to draft PhD. The “windmill attack” is a black-market strategy that uses hostile aggressive parenting, fraudulent litigation, protection orders and forensic reports to capture the coercive power of the state on behalf of a malicious divorcing spouse's pursuit of a one-sided outcome (sole custody and money). It is named for a series of check-and-capture moves in the game of chess that pin the target and progressively strip him of his assets until he is completely isolated and destroyed, and surrenders. Chess is a zero-sum competitive game where sharing and cooperation is not possible and all moves are predatory, with the tactical goal of domination and victory. This matches the mindset of a borderline personality disorder, narcissist, psychopath or sociopath. The windmill attack is thus a feature of competitive spouses seeking sole custody / maximum income in the divorce with no empathy for the victims, and reflects a personality disorder in any or all of the agents.

In September 2017, the UAE Minister of Justice passed the new Executive Regulations to the UAE Legal Profession Law no. 23 of 1991. The 2017 Regulations restrict the ability of foreign counsel to appear on behalf of arbitrating parties in UAE-seated proceedings. Article 2 of the 2017 Regulations provides that arbitral tribunals shall not accept the representation of arbitrating parties by persons who are not registered on the Roll of Practising Lawyers in the UAE. Article 17 provides that only UAE nationals can be registered on the Roll of Practising Lawyers. Hence, only UAE lawyers can appear on behalf of the parties in UAE-seated arbitrations. The 2017 Regulations come at a critical time when the UAE arbitration community has not yet recovered from the shock of Article 257 of the Federal Penal Code. While there are potential solutions to the restrictions imposed by the 2017 Regulations on foreign counsel, it is fairly early to predict the potential consequences that may follow. Other than Article 2 of the 2017 Regulations being amended, the promulgation of the long-awaited draft UAE law on arbitration could effectively repeal the effects of Article 2.

En esta presentación realizada en la Universidad Central de Quito (Ecuador) se analizan los principales aspectos de la audiencia preliminar del proceso ordinario o fase 1 del proceso sumario, al amparo del nuevo COGEP recientemente en vigencia en Ecuador. Se hace especial énfasis en el modo en que los abogados y jueces deben preparar esta audiencia clave en el nuevo sistema.

International treaties therefore have priority over provisions of domestic origin (domestic lex arbitri). This mainly concerns two conventions, namely the New York Convention (1958) and the European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration (1961). In the field of international arbitration, specifically the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, these two conventions were historically preceded by two international treaty acts. If it is possible to apply both the provisions of bilateral interstate treaties (as mentioned above, primarily the legal assistance treaties) and the provisions of multilateral conventions, then the bilateral treaties are usually prioritized as a quasi lex specialis. Mainly the reflection the bilateral treaties (legal assistance treaties), but often also the reflection of the European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration (1961) will often be omitted.

The paper periscopes sources and resources for environmental justice and human rights. It deconstructs and de-limits relevant concepts in the discourse, apart from identifying the nexus between environment, environmental justice and human rights. In so doing, the paper traces some known sources and resources. It explores and concludes that concepts embodied in contemporary human rights jurisprudence emanate from diverse traditions, cultures, religious systems, states as well as movements. the paper takes the view that the emergence of environmental justice or human rights is traceable to nineteen sources, (ranging from the Cyrus Cylinder issued by the Persian emperor; Cyrus the Great, following the Persian conquest of Babylon in 539 BC; the Edicts of Ashoka the Great, of India between 272-231 BC; the Constitution of Medina of 622 AD, drafted by Prophet Muhammad (SAW) to mark the formal agreement between all of the significant tribes and families of Yathrib (Medina), including Muslims, Jews and Pagans; the English Magna Carta of 1215; the American Declaration of Independence of 1776; the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of August 26, 1789, down to the numerous multilateral agreements of the United Nations), and canvasses the adoption of some interesting recommendations in its conclusion.

This article intends to determine the level of awareness and use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR)
methodologies for dispute settlement during building procurement in Lagos State, and then
recommend a proper and effective conflict management system in the construction industry. A
literature review was conducted to identify the prevalent causes of construction disputes and popular
ADR approaches in order to attain this goal. The primary reasons of building disputes were found after
a cross-section of the literature was used to classify the disagreements. Questionnaires were sent out
to establish the most common reasons of conflict, as well as the level of awareness and application of
Alternative Dispute Resolution in construction projects in Lagos. The findings show that the primary
cause of dispute in the acquisition of structures in Lagos state is client payment delays. According to
the research, conflict always has one or more consequences if it is not well managed. The most
important effect of conflict was economic loss as a result of project disagreements. This demonstrates
that a quarrel, no matter how minor or major, will always result in a financial and time loss. In Lagos,
awareness and use of ADR during building procurement are below average. This indicates that ADR
need more widespread promotion among professionals in Lagos, as it is a more efficient and costeffective alternative to litigation.
Keywords: conflict, dispute, litigation, ADR, mediation, arbitration.

This paper is an excerpt from the book “The young Lawyer, Ethics & Practice” by Ashu Hailshamy. It is a chapter of the said book and was carefully chosen by the author to share more knowledge on the lawyer’s duty to the court.  As Counsel, you owe a compelling duty, to treat the Court with utmost courtesy and respect. This duty includes respect to all persons with whom you have professional contact with such as Judges, colleagues, staff of Court and parties to litigation including witnesses, etc. This is Ethics compels you to conduct yourself properly before the court because before being a lawyer for your client, you are first and foremost a lawyer and officer of the court. You must bear in mind that, you owe a duty to the court to assist at all-times whether as instructed counsel or as Amicus Curiae. This is the reason you are considered an officer of the court,  a disciple of Justice working in and for the temple of Justice. 


Ashu Hailshamy  ESQ.
(LL.B Hons University of Buea, B.L Hons The Gambia Law School)
Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of The Gambia
Institute for Human Rights and Development in Africa (IHRDA), Banjul The Gambia.
Email: ashu.shamy@yahoo.com
Tel: +220 2615598

This paper includes;

INTRODUCTION TO LIS PENDENS
-What is the meaning?
-What is the definition?
-What is the aim of this doctrine?
IN LIGHT OF Transfer of Property Act 1882?
-What are the object and the scope?
-What are the essentials?
-What are the instances wherein this doctrine does not apply?
CONCLUSION

All parties to a case have the right to be heard and to conduct its case to the best of its capacity. Many a time, a party after leading evidence and close of same would deem it appropriate to open its case due to some reasons/ grounds depending on the circumstances of the case.

This paper seeks to highlight and appraise the relevant case laws on the exercise of the court's discretion in granting of an application to recall a witness.

La realización de concursos de litigación oral en materia penal se ha ido popularizando en las Escuelas de Derecho (ED), a partir de algunas competencias desarrolladas por instituciones como ABA ROLI, ACCESO CAPACITACIÓN e INACIPE.
Algunos beneficios generados por estos concursos son: i) despertar un mayor interés por el tema en la comunidad universitaria, ii) desarrollar en sus participantes habilidades que les permitan tener un mejor desempeño académico y, en el futuro, un mejor desempeño profesional, iii) contribuir a que más personas conozcan el funcionamiento del
Sistema de Justicia Penal (SJP) y iv) poner de manifiesto el compromiso de la institución en esta tarea.
El objetivo de este lineamiento es poner a disposición de las ED los pasos a considerar para realizar su propio concurso. Hablaremos primero sobre los pasos a seguir para realizar un concurso y desglosaremos uno a uno dichos pasos. Vamos a presentar aquí las pautas orientadoras para la organización de estos concursos; repasaremos también la integración de los equipos que participan en estas competencias; desarrollaremos los elementos a contemplar para
elaborar un caso y remitiremos a fuentes de donde las ED pueden tomar algunos ya probados; también remitiremos a ligas en donde encontrarán instrumentos de evaluación para las competencias y cuáles elementos deberían considerarse, si se desea hacer una rúbrica propia. Aquí también hablaremos sobre el perfil de los evaluadores y
entrenadores de los equipos, así como algunas consideraciones para motivar su participación.
La propuesta que aquí presentamos busca generar un estándar mínimo para la óptima realización de este tipo de concursos, el cual, desde luego, puede ser mejorado.

Parimi i propocionalitetit ose drejtpeshimit është një ndër parimet më themelore të së drejtës. Ky parim themelor i së drejtës, renditet menjëherë pas tre vlerave të një sistemi ligjore  dhe përfaqëson një nga normat juridike më të përgjithshme dhe universale të së drejtës. Në fakt, ky parim ose kjo normë universale e themelore e së drejtës është edhe instrumenti kryesor për drejtpeshimin e interesave në çdo rast kur merret një vendim në zbatim të normave juridike. Është e qartë që në çdo rast kur kërkohet të merret një vendim, kemi të bëjmë me një proces drejtpeshimi apo vlerësimi të rëndësisë së interesave midis palëve në mosmarrëveshje me njëra-tjetrën dhe midis këtyre interesave dhe interesit të shoqërisë, apo në raste të tjera me një vlerësim të rëndësisë së interesit të një pale me interesin e përgjithshëm të shoqërisë. Ky i fundit në thelb është edhe baza e ligjit dhe legjitimitetit të asaj që urdhëron, ndalon apo lejon ligji.

Nisur nga vendi që zë parimi i proporcionalitetit në hierarkinë e parimeve juridike dhe funksionit thelbësor të tij për funksionimin e sistemit të së drejtës, është e qartë që ky parim është një parim themelor kushtetues. Kjo gjë është e shprehur edhe në shumë kushtetuta të botës dhe pranohet gjerësisht nga doktrina juridike. Në rastin e RSH, ky parim mishërohet qartësisht në nenin 17 të Kushtetutës, si dhe tërthorazi është një parim themelor si pasojë e vlerës që ky parim ka në Konventën Evropiane për Mbrojtjen e të Drejtave dhe Lirive Themelore të së Njeriut (KEDNJ) dhe në praktikën e Gjykatës Evropiane të Drejtave të Njeriut (GJEDNJ), të cilat janë burime të detyrueshme të së drejtës në RSH të rangut kushtetues. Nga ana tjetër, GJEDNJ, GJEDJ dhe gjykatat e tjera të vendeve demokratike kanë një praktikë tepër të pasur në të cilën kanë sqaruar siç duhet kuptimin dhe funksionin e këtij parimi. 

Ndërkohë, ky parim ka një funksion thelbësor edhe në procesin gjyqësor dhe në çdo proces vendimmarrje në përgjithësi. Dihet që vetë procesi gjyqësor ka si qëllim zgjidhjen e mosmarrëveshjeve apo njohjen e të drejtave dhe interesave të ligjshëm të subjekteve të së drejtës, nëpërmjet drejtpeshimit të interesave sipas logjikës së rëndësisë së tyre në raport me shoqërinë dhe interesin e përgjithshëm të saj. Sigurisht në një nga rastet më domethënëse kur ky parim gjen një zbatim të rëndësishëm është zbatimi i këtij parimi si instrument për të vlerësuar ligjshmërinë e procesit të shpronësimit, si një ndër rastet më ekstreme të kufizimit të së drejtës themelore të pronës private.

Janë pikërisht këto disa nga çështjet që do të trajtohen në këtë punim nëpërmjet një analizë krahasuese teorike dhe praktikë në funksion të kuptimit të tipareve dhe funksionit të këtij parimi në sistemin e së drejtës në RSH.


Fjalë kyçe: Parimet juridike, vlerat ligjore, normat juridike, parimi i proporcionalitetit, drejtësia, barazia, kufizimi i të drejtave dhe lirive themelore të njeriut, KEDNJ, GJEDN, parimi kushtetues, norma juridike, parimi juridik, e drejta e pronës, shpronësimi.

Legal Education in Nigeria: A Chronicle of Reforms and Transformation Under Tahir Mamman written by Ernest Ojukwu and published in 2013 is a case study of change that tells the story of opportunities to transform legal education in Nigeria.



We can trace the history of legal education to about 1962 when the first indigenous law faculties and the Nigerian Law School were established.  In spite of deafening calls for many years for reform of legal education in Nigeria, not much was done except that the National Universities Commission introduced a uniform law programme in 1990. The calls for reforms continued thereafter.

The reason for establishing the Nigerian Law School in 1962 was simply to have local content in the preparation of applicants for call to the Nigerian Bar. After this goal was achieved, the Council of Legal Education and the Nigerian Law School made no attempt to set legal education goals or professional goals for its training programme for 45 years. Dr. Tahir Mamman as Director-General of Nigerian Law School made the first real attempt to set in motion a process to discuss reforms of legal education at the Nigerian Law School. The Legal Education Review Committee that was set up by the Council of Legal Education based on this impetus for reforms submitted its report in 2007. The report stated as follows:

"This is the first review of the curriculum and delivery of legal education by the Nigerian Law School since the Unsworth Committee recommended its establishment in 1961. Although the review, coming some 45 years after the creation of the school is belated in the history of Legal Education in Nigeria, it is a welcome development and we hope the Council of Legal Education will consider our recommendations critically.

This report by our committee provides the Council of Legal Education with a rare opportunity to change the face of legal education in Nigeria and particularly to upgrade the products of our Law School for the betterment of the legal profession and Nigeria in general."

Área do Direito: Digital

Resumo: O uso da tecnologia para otimização e aprofundamento das práticas jurídicas já é uma realidade, em especial, no sistema processual brasileiro, onde a padronização e a burocracia que caracterizam a litigância repetitiva funcionam como um demand pull de tecnologias que possam acelerar procedimentos e reduzir custos. Abordamos as recentes iniciativas nesse sentido, com foco nas propostas pelos tribunais brasileiros para convalidação e operacionalização do sistema de precedentes do Código de Processo Civil/2015. Defendemos, sobretudo, que se trata de área fértil-porém, com limites-para a evolução das técnicas de gerenciamento de processos que visam aumentar o acesso e a efetividade do sistema processual-tais como, na esfera judicial, a seleção e triagem de demandas, a abertura para outros meios de resolução de disputas, o planejamento de andamentos procedimentais, e a organização da estrutura judiciária. Palavras-chave: Inteligência Artificial-Tecnologia-Resolução de disputas-Precedentes-Gestão do processo

Abstract: The use of technology to optimize and strengthen the legal practice is already a reality, in particular in the Brazilian procedural system, where the standardization and bureaucracy that characterize the mass litigation area work as a demand pull for technologies aiming to expedite proceedings and reduce costs. We address the recent initiatives available in the matter, with focus on the proposals made by the Brazilian courts to validate and operationalize the system of precedents brought by the 2015 Code of Civil Procedure. We sustain essentially that this consists of a fertile area-although with limits-for the evolution of case management techniques that aim to increase the access and the effectiveness of the procedural system-such as, in the judicial field, the selection and triage of claims, the opening for other dispute-resolution methods, the planning of procedural developments, and the organization of the courts' structure.

Over the years, we have seen and heard of corrupt Directors forging the minutes and resolutions of a company in other to fraudulently obtain loans from banks. We have heard and seen forceful takeovers without proper resolutions only for us to find such lies enshrined in a ghost-minutes of the company. We have seen present members rendered absent in the minutes even though we can swear we saw them present. Yes! virtually all that a company does is recorded and in the event of a dispute, enquiry, query, investigation, meetings, resolutions, et al, one important document or record which substantially stand as evidence in resolving or denying any transaction is the minutes of the proceedings of the company. Indeed any foreign holding or subsidiary or partnership company as well as investors may want to know about the legal effects of the Minutes. The minutes become in the letters of the Companies & Allied Matters Act, a prima facie evidence of companies proceedings. The effect is that whatever is so recorded in the minutes, so far the chairman's signature is affixed, is the truth of the proceedings. Although, the Act allowed for a rebuttal of the minutes with other proofs, but the Act did not state any other way in which the content of the minutes may be disproved. Again the form in which minutes are to be kept in line with the present 1990 Act is another setback. Indeed, prior to the enactment of CAMA and with recent judicial authorities, the judicial view was that Minute entries made in loose sheets of paper, whether kept in a file or fastened together in a bound book subsequently, were not admissible/permitted evidence of the Minutes of the deliberations and decisions taken at such a meeting (See Onwuka v. Taymani & Ors [1965] NCLR page 203; and the English case-Heart of Oaks Ass. v. James Lower & Sons Ltd[1936] Ch.D page 26) Later the Supreme Court in Chika Brothers Case held differently in interpreting the 1968 Act which unfortunately does not tally literarily with the present 1990 Act. Infact, the situation becomes more disturbing going by the general rule of evidence that no extrinsic evidence of certain documentary evidence is allowed. We can indeed only hope to come under its exceptions, but again, practically speaking, its exceptions are difficult to prove within the settings of a company. This leads to grave dangers in that anyone in the company, especially its Directors, may forge a resolution or otherwise against the company provided the chairman's signature can be forged or generated (moreso, if it is the chairman). The same goes for the board meetings and others. The very principle of corporate governance and its checks and balances is surely incomplete without a proper legal framework to safeguard that most indispensable and invaluable book of a company – The minutes.

Most Muslim-majority countries have legal systems that enshrine both Islam and liberal rights. While not necessarily at odds, these dual commitments nonetheless provide legal and symbolic resources for activists to advance contending visions for their states and societies. Using the case study of Malaysia, Constituting Religion examines how these legal arrangements enable litigation and feed the construction of a 'rights-versus-rites binary' in law, politics, and the popular imagination. By drawing on extensive primary source material and tracing controversial cases from the court of law to the court of public opinion, this study theorizes the 'judicialization of religion' and the radiating effects of courts on popular legal and religious consciousness. The book documents how legal institutions catalyze ideological struggles, which stand to redefine the nation and its politics. Probing the links between legal pluralism, social movements, secularism, and political Islamism, Constituting Religion sheds new light on the confluence of law, religion, politics, and society.

Climate Change Litigation.
Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law (EiPro), Hélène Ruiz Fabri (ed.), Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for International, European and Regulatory Procedural Law, 2019, https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law-mpeipro/e3461.013.3461/law-mpeipro-e3461?rskey=G5tdCF&result=1&prd=MPIL .

Despite the high expectation for the shareholder derivative action to play an important
role in improving corporate governance in China, only one lawsuit has ever been
brought since it was formally introduced in 2005, so far as listed companies are
concerned. Above all, the 1% minimum shareholding that plaintiffs are required to
satisfy by law is a barrier to derivative suits. However, it is impossible to establish and
reduce the threshold figure to an appropriate level, and actually the minimum
shareholding requirement as a mechanism for screening out frivolous litigation is
inherently flawed. On the other hand, the nature of the derivative action determines
that the strategy based upon judicial control rather than a minimum shareholding
requirement cannot work properly in China, where the judiciary is weak,
unsophisticated and riddled with corruption. When the judicial system is in such a
state of condition, it is unrealistic that the derivative action—and, indeed, the private
enforcement of law in general—can play a significant role in corporate governance.
The findings in this paper raise a question of how corporate governance can indeed be
improved in a country where the judiciary is incompetent to perform its role.

This paper attempts to define the environment. In so doing, it will examine if there is any link between the environment and environmental laws in one hand and on the other hand, between the environment and human rights, and delineate the concepts of global statutes and compliance. It will also look at history of environmental awareness and monitoring, sources of environmental laws, the environmental impact assessment processes and conclude with recommendations for a better and more efficacious environmental protection in Nigeria

Successfully obtaining a judgment or arbitral award may not be the final step in asserting a claim. Extra enforcement measures may be required when the losing party refuses to abide by the terms of a ruling. In international commerce, rulings must often be enforced in a jurisdiction other than the one where it was made. In this case, the ruling will have to be recognized by the competent authority of the country where enforcement is sought. Obtaining recognition of a foreign ruling in a country that is part of the Gulf Cooperation Council [the GCC] can be laborious. Despite the ambitious strategies of the GCC countries regarding the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, their local courts still have many reservations about foreign rulings. This article provides an overview of existing regulations pertaining to foreign rulings in the six GCC countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates), and offers suggestions on strategies to deal with the challenges posed by these regimes.