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kora avar kori közelharci fegyverek
close-combat weapons from the Early Avar Period
Continuous changes are happening in the legislation of preventive archaeology in Hungary. The protection of cultural heritage in Hungary is currently regulated by the Cultural Heritage Law Nr. LXIV of 2001, according to which, if an... more
Continuous changes are happening in the legislation of preventive archaeology in Hungary. The protection of cultural heritage in Hungary is currently regulated by the Cultural Heritage Law Nr. LXIV of 2001, according to which, if an development project endangers an archaeological site and its replanning would raise the budget considerably, preventive excavation is needed. All the costs of the excavation should be covered by the investor, but the financing should be at least 0.9% of the total budget of the project. Normally, the archaeological works covered 1–5% of the overall cost of the constructions. This law made possible the complete excavation, documentation, deposition, and primary study of the finds endangered by the development.
In this study 66 individuals from the Carpathian Basin were analysed, including the eight richest Avar graves ever discovered, overflowing with golden objects. The study included other individuals from the region prior to and during the... more
In this study 66 individuals from the Carpathian Basin were analysed, including the eight richest Avar graves ever discovered, overflowing with golden objects. The study included other individuals from the region prior to and during the Avar age “We address a question that has been a mystery for more than 1400 years: who were the Avar elites, mysterious founders of an empire that almost crushed Constantinople and for more than 200 years ruled in Carpathian Basin? The Avars did not leave written records about their history and these first genome-wide data provide robust clues about their origins. The historical contextualization of the archaeogenetic results allowed us to narrow the timing of the proposed Avar migration. They covered more than 5000 km in a few years from Mongolia to the Caucasus, and after ten more years settled in what is now Hungary.
This is the fastest long-distance migration in human history that we can reconstruct up to that point. Besides their clear affinity to Northeast Asia and their likely origin due to the fall of the Rouran Empire, we also see that the 7th-century Avar period elites show 20-30% of additional non-local ancestry, likely associated with the North Caucasus and the Western Asian Steppe, which could suggest further migration from the Steppe after their arrival in the 6th century. The East Asian ancestry is found in individuals from several sites in the core settlement area between the Danube and Tisza rivers in modern day central Hungary. However, outside the primary settlement region we find high variability in inter-individual levels of admixture. This suggests an immigrant Avars elite ruling a diverse population with the help of a heterogeneous local elite.
The Avars were a mysterious population that settled the Carpathian Basin in 567/ 68 CE, and their origins have remained enigmatic. Genomic analyses of 66 pre- Avar and Avar-period individuals, integrated with archaeological and historical... more
The Avars were a mysterious population that settled the Carpathian Basin in 567/
68 CE, and their origins have remained enigmatic. Genomic analyses of 66 pre-
Avar and Avar-period individuals, integrated with archaeological and
historical data, suggest that Avar elites underwent a long-distance, trans-
Eurasian migration from the East Asian steppe.
Although global connectivity, the network of intercontinental, intercultural and interpersonal contacts evokes our modern world, the roots of globalisation hark back to much earlier periods. Following its application to the Age of... more
Although global connectivity, the network of intercontinental, intercultural and interpersonal contacts evokes our modern world, the roots of globalisation hark back to much earlier periods. Following its application to the Age of Exploration 1 and the 13 th century, 2 one version of the world-systems theory has now made an inroad into studies on Late Antiquity as well. Enquiries into 4 th-7 th-century long-distance connectivity were formerly covered within the framework of 'Silk Road studies'. The present volume has strayed far from this path by constructing a new historical era and interpretative framework, Eurasian Late Antiquity, in which the dynamics of local histories are the stones of the broad mosaic that here replace the previous trade-centred narrative of the Silk Road. Most of the essays collected in this volume were presented at the conference 'Worlds in Motion' hosted by the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton in 2013. Its two internationally acclaimed editors, Nicola di Cosmo, author of several monographs on interrelations between China and Inner Asia, 3 and Michael Maas, editor of authoritative handbooks on the late antique Mediterranean, 4 both have an enormous breadth of interest, are extraordinarily widely read, and have the rare ability to synthesise large bodies of data; nevertheless, a third editor, an expert on Iran or Central Asia, would have been beneficial. The list of the volume's authors is a roll-call of the best experts on the subjects, who focus on particular themes drawn from their recently published monographs or summarise their main findings, which is the main reason that these books, reflecting the current state of research on 4 th-8 th-century Eurasian contacts, are listed for each author. As described in the Introduction (pp. 1-19), the period covered in the volume broadly spans the time between 250 and 750, which essentially corresponds to the centuries between the rise of Sasanian Empire and the formation of the Abbasid Caliphate. The geographical extent of Eurasian Late Antiquity is just as broad as its 500-year-long duration: it incorporates the Mediterranean, Iran, Central Asia, the Eurasian steppe belt and China, but does not cover Africa and India, even though all great empires of the age (the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires as well as Sui-Tang China) maintained close ties with these two areas both commercially and culturally. This shift can be ascribed to the magnetism of Silk Road's concept, 5 which in the wake of the geographically inspired description by Ferdinand von Richthofen (1833-1905) in 1877 first became a paradigm and has by now hardened into a political doctrine. Thus, in terms of its focus and methods, the notion of Eurasian Late
Az avar kor a kora középkori Kárpát-medence egyik leg-hosszabb és legfontosabb korszaka, amely egy sztyep-pei nomád nép uralma alatt politikai egységet és sta-bilitást teremtett e területen. 1 A kora avar kor szoros bizánci kapcsolatai és... more
Az avar kor a kora középkori Kárpát-medence egyik leg-hosszabb és legfontosabb korszaka, amely egy sztyep-pei nomád nép uralma alatt politikai egységet és sta-bilitást teremtett e területen. 1 A kora avar kor szoros bizánci kapcsolatai és a 6. század végét és a 7. század első negyedét jellemző avar-bizánci háborúk fényében a kaganátus és a Bizánci Birodalom közötti kapcsolatok jellege régóta az avar régészet fő kérdései közé tartozik, ugyanakkor a kutatások főleg szép nemesfém ötvös-tárgyakra vonatkoztak, míg a bizánci "köznépi" használa-ti tárgyak és a kerámia jóval kevesebb figyelmet kapott. 2 A feltárt és publikált avar sírok rendkívül nagy száma (60 000) 3 ellenére rendkívül kevés amforalelet ismert: összesen 7 példány. A sírleletek mellett fontos hang-súlyozni, hogy két lelőhely (Keszthely-Fenékpuszta 4 és Kölked-Feketekapu 5) kivételével nem ismertek amforatöredékek a Kárpát-medencei avar kori települé-sekről, ami egyértelműen utal arra, hogy ezek a tárgyak nem voltak mindennapi használatban. Ez a jelenség még feltűnőbb, ha a szarmata kori Kárpát-medencéből 6 vagy a Fekete-tenger menti kazár lelő helyekről 7-első-sorban telepekről-származó nagy számú amforaleletet tekintetbe vesszük. Bár ez a helyzet részben a Kárpát-medence szárazföldi fekvésének a következménye, ezt bizonyára más kulturális tényezők is befolyásolták. 1 Az Avar Kaganátus történetéről: Pohl 2002; az avar régészet össze-foglalása: Daim 2003. 2 Nem véletlen, hogy a kora és közép avar kori sírokból származó bizánci leletek összefoglalásában tárgyalt leletek zöme ötvöstárgy, lásd Garam 2001. 3 Az ADAM gyűjtésének lezárásáig (1993. december 31.) 2475 avar kori temető volt ismert. Számos becslés született a feltárt avar kori sírok számáról: míg Bóna István 35-40.000-re becsülte azt (Bóna 1988, 437.), addig az újabb tanulmányok 60 000-re teszik az avar temetkezések számát (Az avar kori sírokból előkerült amforák vizsgálata első sorban az osztályozás (tipológia) és az eredet kér-déseire koncentrált. Az amforákat főleg a formájuk alapján határozták meg, míg az anyaguk, soványításuk és esetleges petrológiai vizsgálatuk nem, vagy csak alig játszott szerepet. Az első publikációk még első-sorban e leletek import jellegét és mediterrán és/vagy pontuszi eredetét hangsúlyozták. Az első, avar kori sírban talált amfora a Duna-Tisza kö-zén került elő a gátéri temetőben, és rögtön kronológiai problémákat okozott a pontos megfigyelések és az ala-pos dokumentáció hiányában. 8 A következő amforalelet, amely a Kiskőrös-Pohibuj mackói temetőben került elő, ugyanebből a régióból származott, és ugyanahhoz a tí-pushoz tartozott. 9 Ebben a korai időszakban az amforák nem keltettek nagyobb feltűnést; Horváth Tibor csupán annyit jegyzett meg, hogy a kiskőrösi példány egy a Fe-kete-és Földközi-tengerre kiterjedő körből, valószínű-leg a pontuszi partvidékről származik. 10 Az elsőként előkerült dunántúli lelőhelyű, avar kor-ra datálható amfora ugyanakkor egy más problémát vetett fel: a római fazekastradíciók továbbélésének kérdését. A sajnos máig publikálatlan csákberényi te-metőből származó asztali amfora színével és formájá-val már a tárgyat elsőként publikáló Fettich Nándort is a római edényekre emlékeztette, 11 míg Vida Tivadar a leletet egy tiszaburai szarmata párhuzam alapján késő római terméknek tartotta. 12 A Tettamanti Sarolta által publikált dányi lelet ismét a bizánci amforákra irányította a figyelmet, 13 de az avar kontextusban előkerült amforák első szintézisére a kunbábonyi sír előkerüléséig várni kellett. A gyakran 8
A modern történettudomány a közelmúltban a nemzetállamok, majd a konti-nensek 3 helyett új földrajzi egységek, többek között a tengerek kutatását tűzte ki célként. 4 Míg a Mediterráneum általánosan elfogadott kutatási egység, a... more
A modern történettudomány a közelmúltban a nemzetállamok, majd a konti-nensek 3 helyett új földrajzi egységek, többek között a tengerek kutatását tűzte ki célként. 4 Míg a Mediterráneum általánosan elfogadott kutatási egység, a Fekete-tenger ilyen irányú vizsgálataira nem utolsósorban politikai okok miatt az 1990-es évekig várni kellett. 5 A Fekete-tenger mint gazdasági rendszer nem új a historiográfiában, már Fernand Braudel így írta le ezt a beltengert 16. századi Mediterráneumról szóló könyvében, ahol a Fekete-tengert a "Konstantinápoly éléskamrája" metaforaként említi, 6 amit zárt parancsgazdálkodásként ('command economy') jellemzett. 7 Braudellel egy időben Gheorghe I. Brătianu a középkori itáliai kereskedők fekete-tengeri tevé-kenységének kutatásakor a Fekete-tenger gazdaságát egy olyan egységként írta le, ami ingadozik a parancsgazdálkodás és a szabadkereskedelem között. 8 Az elméletet Eyüp Özveren ágyazta szélesebb történelmi keretbe, amikor az újkor történetéből és nem utolsósorban a közelmúlt eseményeiből vett példákkal illusztrálta Brătianu modelljét. 9 A rendszerváltozást és a Szovjetunió felbomlását követően a Fekete-tenger iránt felélénkült érdeklődés szinte természetesnek tekinthető, ami során a 1 A tanulmány a "Fekete-tenger kereskedelme a kora középkorban-Egy bizánci kikötőváros kuta-tása Sinópé/Sinop" című 100177 témaszámú OTKA PD pályázat támogatásával készült. 2 MTA BTK Régészeti Intézet.
After 568 AD the Avars settled in the Carpathian Basin and founded the Avar Qaganate that was an important power in Central Europe until the 9th century. Part of the Avar society was probably of Asian origin; however, the localisation of... more
After 568 AD the Avars settled in the Carpathian Basin and founded the Avar Qaganate that was an important power in Central Europe until the 9th century. Part of the Avar society was probably of Asian origin; however, the localisation of their homeland is hampered by the scarcity of historical and archaeological data. Here, we study mitogenome and Y chromosomal variability of twenty-six individuals, a number of them representing a well-characterised elite group buried at the centre of the Carpathian Basin more than a century after the Avar conquest. The studied group has maternal and paternal genetic affinities to several ancient and modern East-Central Asian populations. The majority of the mitochondrial DNA variability represents Asian haplogroups (C, D, F, M, R, Y and Z). The Y-STR variability of the analysed elite males belongs only to five lineages, three N-Tat with mostly Asian parallels and two Q haplotypes. The homogeneity of the Y chromosomes reveals paternal kinship as a cohesive force in the organisation of the Avar elite strata on both social and territorial level. Our results indicate that the Avar elite arrived in the Carpathian Basin as a group of families, and remained mostly endogamous for several generations after the conquest.
After 568 AD the Avars settled in the Carpathian Basin and founded the Avar Qaganate that was an important power in Central Europe until the 9th century. Part of the Avar society was probably of Asian origin; however, the localisation of... more
After 568 AD the Avars settled in the Carpathian Basin and founded the Avar Qaganate that was an important power in Central Europe until the 9th century. Part of the Avar society was probably of Asian origin; however, the localisation of their homeland is hampered by the scarcity of historical and archaeological data. Here, we study mitogenome and Y chromosomal variability of twenty-six individuals, a number of them representing a well-characterised elite group buried at the centre of the Carpathian Basin more than a century after the Avar conquest. The studied group has maternal and paternal genetic affinities to several ancient and modern East-Central Asian populations. The majority of the mitochondrial DNA variability represents Asian haplogroups (C, D, F, M, R, Y and Z). The Y-STR variability of the analysed elite males belongs only to five lineages, three N-Tat with mostly Asian parallels and two Q haplotypes. The homogeneity of the Y chromosomes reveals paternal kinship as a cohesive force in the organisation of the Avar elite strata on both social and territorial level. Our results indicate that the Avar elite arrived in the Carpathian Basin as a group of families, and remained mostly endogamous for several generations after the conquest. The Carpathian Basin in East-Central Europe is generally regarded as the westernmost point of the Eurasian steppe, and as such, its history was often influenced by the movements of nomadic people of eastern origin. After 568 AD, the Avars settled in the Carpathian Basin and founded their empire which was a powerful player in the geopolitical arena of Central and Eastern Europe for a quarter of a millennium 1,2. The hypothesis of the Asian origin of the Avars appeared as early as the 18th century. Since then various research approaches emerged indicating different regions as their home of origin: i.e. Central or East-Central Asia (see SI chapter 1b for explanation of this geographic term). This debate remained unresolved, however a rising number of evidences points towards the latter one 1,2. The history of the Avars is known from external, mainly Byzantine written accounts of diplomatic and historical character focusing on certain events and important people for the Byzantine Empire. As an example, the description of a Byzantine diplomatic mission in 569-570 AD visiting the Western Turkic Qaganate in Central Asia, claimed that their ruler complained about the escape of his subjects, the Avars 2-4. The linguistic data concerning the Avars are limited to a handful of personal names and titles (Qagan, Bayan, Yugurrus, Tarkhan, etc.) mostly of East-Central Asian origin, known from the same Byzantine written accounts.
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Sinope in the 5th - 10th century. Considerations for the early and middle Byzantine economic system of the Black Sea
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Horse riding greatly impacted past societies by increasing mobility and revolutionizing warfare. Horses were also frequently used for sports and hunting. These various practices implied close interactions between riders and their mounts,... more
Horse riding greatly impacted past societies by increasing mobility and revolutionizing warfare. Horses were also frequently used for sports and hunting. These various practices implied close interactions between riders and their mounts, considered as precious companions. This couple is also strongly linked to wealth and power, therefore social representations. This relationship contributed to raising a figure of the horseman, between myth and reality, often in a positive/negative duality.
A variety of sources provide precious evidence including human and equids bones, harness, archaeological contexts, written sources and pictorial depictions, nowadays ethnographical observations and method of ethology on this special couple across time and space. Their analysis can provide information on equestrian practices, physical interactions and performances of the rider with his mount and methods of training and grooming of these animals. It can also give us an idea of cultural perceptions of horsemen on their horses, of the society on the horsemen.
This session aims to explore the strong horseman-horse relationship by highlighting the multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches. We hope to illustrate the need to share knowledge from different disciplines for a better understanding of this strong link. We expect papers focusing on-or even crossing-different realms as archaeological context analysis, studies on human and equid bones, equestrian material, iconography, social and cultural anthropology, etc. which can document this topic. Works interested in European as well as non-European contexts and on diverse periods are welcome.
Horseman-horse couple through time and space Riding greatly impacted past societies by increasing mobility and revolutionizing warfare. Horses were also frequently use for sports and hunting. These various uses implied close interactions... more
Horseman-horse couple through time and space Riding greatly impacted past societies by increasing mobility and revolutionizing warfare. Horses were also frequently use for sports and hunting. These various uses implied close interactions between riders and their mounts, considered as precious companions. This couple is also strongly linked to wealth and power, therefore social representations. This relationship contributed to raise a figure of the horseman, between myth and reality, often in a positive/negative duality. A variety of sources provide precious evidences on this special couple across time and space, as human and equids bones or harness material, their archaeological context, written sources and pictorial depictions, nowadays ethnographical observations and ethological sciences. Their analysis can provide information on equestrian practices, physical interactions and performances of the rider with his mount and methods of training and grooming of these animals. It can also give us an idea of cultural perceptions of horsemen on their horses, of the society on the horsemen. This session aims to highlight the multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches exploring horseman-horse relationship. We hope illustrate the need of crossing knowledge from different disciplines for a better understanding of this strong link. We expect papers focused on-or even crossing-different realms as archaeological context analysis, osteological studies, iconography, social and cultural anthropology, etc. which can document this topic. Works interested in European as well as non-European contexts and on diverse periods are welcomed. We actually know that several specialists from France, United Kingdom, Hungary and Finland are interested by participating in this session. *