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  • University Park, Pennsylvania, United States

George Milner

... Regional Approaches to Mortuary Analysis, edited by Lane Anderson Beck Plenum Press. ... 226 George R. Milncr Figure 1, Cranial fractures in a Norris Farms individual who also was scalped (Skeleton 72) Debilitating conditions were... more
... Regional Approaches to Mortuary Analysis, edited by Lane Anderson Beck Plenum Press. ... 226 George R. Milncr Figure 1, Cranial fractures in a Norris Farms individual who also was scalped (Skeleton 72) Debilitating conditions were common among the group who were killed. ...
Archaeological dental calculus is a rich source of host-associated biomolecules. Importantly, however, dental calculus is more accurately described as a calcified microbial biofilm than a host tissue. As such, concerns regarding... more
Archaeological dental calculus is a rich source of host-associated biomolecules. Importantly, however, dental calculus is more accurately described as a calcified microbial biofilm than a host tissue. As such, concerns regarding destructive analysis of human remains may not apply as strongly to dental calculus, opening the possibility of obtaining human health and ancestry information from dental calculus in cases where destructive analysis of conventional skeletal remains is not permitted. Here we investigate the preservation of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in archaeological dental calculus and its potential for full mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) reconstruction in maternal lineage ancestry analysis. Extracted DNA from six individuals at the 700-year-old Norris Farms #36 cemetery in Illinois was enriched for mtDNA using in-solution capture techniques, followed by Illumina high-throughput sequencing. Full mitogenomes (7-34×) were successfully reconstructed from dental calculus for all six individuals, including three individuals who had previously tested negative for DNA preservation in bone using conventional PCR techniques. Mitochondrial haplogroup assignments were consistent with previously published findings, and additional comparative analysis of paired dental calculus and dentine from two individuals yielded equivalent haplotype results. All dental calculus samples exhibited damage patterns consistent with ancient DNA, and mitochondrial sequences were estimated to be 92-100% endogenous. DNA polymerase choice was found to impact error rates in downstream sequence analysis, but these effects can be mitigated by greater sequencing depth. Dental calculus is a viable alternative source of human DNA that can be used to reconstruct full mitogenomes from archaeological remains. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2016. © 2016 The Authors American Journal of Physical Anthropology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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... ed. Harbor Hill Books, Harrison, NY. ... Rohrbaugh, Charles L. 1982 Spiro and Fort Coffee Phases: Changing Cultural Complexes of the Caddoan Area. PhD dissertation. ... Page 12. Sabo, George, and Ann M. Early 1990 Prehistoric Culture... more
... ed. Harbor Hill Books, Harrison, NY. ... Rohrbaugh, Charles L. 1982 Spiro and Fort Coffee Phases: Changing Cultural Complexes of the Caddoan Area. PhD dissertation. ... Page 12. Sabo, George, and Ann M. Early 1990 Prehistoric Culture History. ...
Page 1. Research Chert hoes as digging tools George R. Milner1*, Scott W. Hammerstedt2 & Kirk D. French1 What type of implement was used to cut and move earth in prehistory? In the Mississippian culture at least, the key ...
A new procedure for skeletal sex estimation based on humeral and femoral dimensions is presented, based on skeletons from the United States. The approach specifically addresses the problem that arises from a lack of variance homogeneity... more
A new procedure for skeletal sex estimation based on humeral and femoral dimensions is presented, based on skeletons from the United States. The approach specifically addresses the problem that arises from a lack of variance homogeneity between the sexes, taking into account prior information about the sample's sex ratio, if known. Three measurements useful for estimating the sex of adult skeletons, the humeral and femoral head diameters and the humeral epicondylar breadth, were collected from 258 Americans born between 1893 and 1980 who died within the past several decades. For measurements individually and collectively, the probabilities of being one sex or the other were generated for samples with an equal distribution of males and females, taking into account the variance structure of the original measurements. The combination providing the best estimates correctly classifies 88.3% of the skeletons, with 10.8% considered unknown and 0.9% assigned to the wrong sex. Probabilit...
To date, no estimates of the long-term effect of cranial vault fractures on the risk of dying have been generated from historical or prehistoric skeletons. Excess mortality provides a perspective on the efficacy of modern treatment, as... more
To date, no estimates of the long-term effect of cranial vault fractures on the risk of dying have been generated from historical or prehistoric skeletons. Excess mortality provides a perspective on the efficacy of modern treatment, as well as the human cost of cranial injuries largely related to interpersonal violence in past populations. Three medieval to early modern Danish skeletal samples are used to estimate the effect of selective mortality on males with cranial vault injuries who survived long enough for bones to heal. The risk of dying for these men was 6.2 times higher than it was for their uninjured counterparts, estimated through a simulation study based on skeletal observations. That is about twice the increased risk of dying experienced by modern people with traumatic brain injuries. The mortality data indicate the initial trauma was probably often accompanied by brain injury. Although the latter cannot be directly observed in skeletal remains, it can be inferred throu...
Page 1. Research Chert hoes as digging tools George R. Milner1*, Scott W. Hammerstedt2 & Kirk D. French1 What type of implement was used to cut and move earth in prehistory? In the Mississippian culture at least, the key ...
Page 1. CHAPTER 18 ADVANCES IN PALEODEMOGRAPHY GEORGE R. MILNER, JAMES W. WOOD, and JESPER L. BOLDSEN INTRODUCTION Among the first questions asked when faced with human skeletons are whether ...
... experience than simply lumping skeletons into broadly defined categories, such as “juvenile” and “adult ... Katz, D., and Suchey, JM, 1986 Age Determination of the Male Os Pubis. ... ESTIMATING AGE AND SEX FROM THE SKELETON 283... more
... experience than simply lumping skeletons into broadly defined categories, such as “juvenile” and “adult ... Katz, D., and Suchey, JM, 1986 Age Determination of the Male Os Pubis. ... ESTIMATING AGE AND SEX FROM THE SKELETON 283 Konigsberg, LW, and Frankenberg, SR ...
... temper. Alterations also occurred in lithic assemblages, which were composed largely of expedient tools made from chert flakes, as well as structure construction characteristics, subsistence practices, and settlement patterns. ...
Abstract: Recent fieldwork near Cypress Creek, a tributary of the Green River in western Kentucky, clarifies our understanding of Archaic Period (10,000–3000 bp) occupation and land-use. A survey of 611 ha of land identified 40 previously... more
Abstract: Recent fieldwork near Cypress Creek, a tributary of the Green River in western Kentucky, clarifies our understanding of Archaic Period (10,000–3000 bp) occupation and land-use. A survey of 611 ha of land identified 40 previously unknown sites in four environmental zones. These data were used in conjunction with museum collections and the state site file to show that the Archaic population of the area varied in size over time, the use of different parts of the landscape shifted, and strategies to minimize risk changed. While ...
As recently as the 1980s, archeologists focusing on prehistoric eastern North America paid little attention to intergroup conflict. Today the situation is quite different, as indicated by this Special Issue. Archeologists now face three... more
As recently as the 1980s, archeologists focusing on prehistoric eastern North America paid little attention to intergroup conflict. Today the situation is quite different, as indicated by this Special Issue. Archeologists now face three principal challenges: to document the temporal and spatial distribution of evidence of conflict; to identify the cultural and environmental conditions associated with variation in the nature and frequency of warfare over long periods of time and large geographical areas; and to determine the extent to which intergroup tensions contributed to or resulted from changes in sociopolitical complexity, economic systems, and population size and distribution. We present data from habitation and mortuary sites in the Eastern Woodlands, notably the mid-continent, that touch on all three issues. Palisaded sites and victims of attacks indicate the intensity of conflicts varied over time and space. Centuries-long intervals of either high or low intergroup tensions can be attributed to an intensification or relaxation of pressure on resources that arose in several ways, such as changes in local population density; technological innovations, including subsistence practices; and the natural environment.
Page 1. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY Volume 33, Number 4, August-October i992 ? i992 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. All rights reserved ooII-3204/92-3304-OOOI$2.50 The Osteological Paradox Problems of Inferring... more
Page 1. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY Volume 33, Number 4, August-October i992 ? i992 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. All rights reserved ooII-3204/92-3304-OOOI$2.50 The Osteological Paradox Problems of Inferring Prehistoric ...
... As Goodman (CA 34:2,81-88) and Saunders and Hoppa (1993) point out, and indeed as we pointed out ourselves, osteologists have long acknowledged that they deal with samples made up of life's failures at any... more
... As Goodman (CA 34:2,81-88) and Saunders and Hoppa (1993) point out, and indeed as we pointed out ourselves, osteologists have long acknowledged that they deal with samples made up of life's failures at any particular age. ...
Over the past two decades, it has been recognized that the effects of intergroup conflict in prehistoric small-scale societies were greater than previously thought. Osteological evidence provides otherwise unobtainable information on the... more
Over the past two decades, it has been recognized that the effects of intergroup conflict in prehistoric small-scale societies were greater than previously thought. Osteological evidence provides otherwise unobtainable information on the number of people who were killed, and who was most likely to become a casualty. One such site is Norris Farms #36 in the American Midwest, dating to ca. AD 1300. Skeletal evidence of injuries (blunt force trauma and arrow wounds), body mutilation (scalping, decapitation, and dismemberment), and scavenger damage indicate that one-third of the adults died in a series of ambushes, although children were mostly spared. Both young and old adults were killed, and the age distributions of the male and female victims were similar. Individuals with disabilities that interfered with mobility were more likely to be killed than their healthier counterparts. This level of conflict-related mortality almost certainly had an effect on the community's ability to conduct its affairs and, indeed, to survive as a viable economic and social group.
... Michi-gan. Contrary to expectations, he finds that females not males have a greater incidence of nonlethal violence represented by healed injuries of the forehead in frequencies four times that found in males. Based on accounts ...
A method for determining the sex of human skeletons was developed using molecular genetic techniques. The amelogenin gene, found on the X and Y chromosomes, was examined using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a nonradioactive dot... more
A method for determining the sex of human skeletons was developed using molecular genetic techniques. The amelogenin gene, found on the X and Y chromosomes, was examined using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a nonradioactive dot blot procedure. DNA was analyzed from 20 modern individuals of known sex and 20 skeletons from an archaeological site in central Illinois dating to A.D. 1300. An independent assessment of the sex of each skeleton was made according to standard osteological methods. The sex of 19 ancient and 20 modern individuals was accurately determined using this molecular genetic technique. Molecular sex determination will be especially useful for juvenile and fragmentary remains when it is difficult, or impossible, to establish an individual's sex from morphological features.
... Research Project, we may look forward to further discoveries of the lifeways of the ancient peoples of the Indus Valley and the ... underscores experiences of these pioneers that were quite similar: facing formidable obsta-cles... more
... Research Project, we may look forward to further discoveries of the lifeways of the ancient peoples of the Indus Valley and the ... underscores experiences of these pioneers that were quite similar: facing formidable obsta-cles prefigured by race, class, and gender, each pioneer ...
... research on the role of conflict in differential population histories, dynamic cultural landscapes, and the ... consistent with modem-day tuberculosis that resemble those found in other EasternWoodlands populations, most often... more
... research on the role of conflict in differential population histories, dynamic cultural landscapes, and the ... consistent with modem-day tuberculosis that resemble those found in other EasternWoodlands populations, most often skeletons dating to the late prehistoric period ...
... of materials. Here the shape and size of a chert arrowhead lodged in a 700-year-old tibia from Norris Farms #36, Illinois, are identified, as are the bony response and the arrow's probable trajectory through the bone.... more
... of materials. Here the shape and size of a chert arrowhead lodged in a 700-year-old tibia from Norris Farms #36, Illinois, are identified, as are the bony response and the arrow's probable trajectory through the bone. The use ...