- Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy
Rutgers University
33 Livingston Ave.
New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA - +1 848 932 2859
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Research Interests: Geography, Health Policy, Adolescent, Biomedical Technology, Humans, and 15 moreChild, Developing Country, Elderly People, Demographic change, Infant, Aged, Great Britain, Health Expenditures, Adult, Accident analysis and prevention, Cross Section, Cross Sectional Studies, Fixed Effects, Child preschool, and Accidents Traffic
A technically and economically feasible road user charging scheme should be based on quantities that are readily and accurately measurable, as well as being directly variable with the amount of road use and its impact on the environment... more
A technically and economically feasible road user charging scheme should be based on quantities that are readily and accurately measurable, as well as being directly variable with the amount of road use and its impact on the environment and society. A key requirement for a pricing scheme is that the charging regime used should be easy for motorists to understand, but at the same time flexible enough for the operator to implement a wide range of policies to meet different aims. A set of variable road user charging indicators is identified herein by considering both the associated costs of a trip and the operational requirements for a feasible road pricing scheme. The study then focused on identifying a set of currently feasible technologies to measure these variables in real-time with high accuracy. Particular attention was paid to the need accurately to track vehicle movements and link these movements to geographical areas and road types, and the key pollutants and particulate matter, all of which have different potential effects that are in some cases dependent on location and time of emissions. Other issues, such as congestion measurement, are also discussed.
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Research Interests: Computer Science, Intelligent Transport System, Global Positioning System, Kalman Filter, Sensor Fusion, and 11 moreGNSS applications, High Resolution, Sensor Calibration, ROAD NETWORK, Optimal Bayesian Estimation, Dead Reckoning, Global Navigation Satellite System, Navigation System, Global position ing system, Map Matching, and Field Test
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Map matching algorithms play a key role in providing the navigation solution for many Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) and Location Based Services (LBS). It is essential that the map matching algorithm used in the navigation module... more
Map matching algorithms play a key role in providing the navigation solution for many Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) and Location Based Services (LBS). It is essential that the map matching algorithm used in the navigation module meets the specified requirements set for a particular service. Although the performance of a map matching algorithm depends on the characteristics of data inputs, the technique used in the algorithm can enhance the overall performance. This paper sets out to report on map matching algorithms developed by the authors in earlier work, and whether these can satisfy the required navigation performance (RNP) of various ITS services and LBS applications. This is achieved by testing the algorithms using real-world field data. The results suggest that these algorithms are capable of supporting the navigation function of many services including route guidance, bus priority at junctions, fleet management, etc. For the covering abstract see ITRD E134653.
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... Mr Mohammed Quddus is a Research Assistant and a PhD candidate at the centre for transport studies at the Imperial College London ... Moreover, there is also imprecision with GIS-based digital road maps due to plotting errors, map... more
... Mr Mohammed Quddus is a Research Assistant and a PhD candidate at the centre for transport studies at the Imperial College London ... Moreover, there is also imprecision with GIS-based digital road maps due to plotting errors, map resolution and piece-wise linear links to ...
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A technically and economically feasible road user charging scheme should be based on quantities that are readily and accurately measurable, as well as being directly variable with the amount of road use and its impact on the environment... more
A technically and economically feasible road user charging scheme should be based on quantities that are readily and accurately measurable, as well as being directly variable with the amount of road use and its impact on the environment and society. A key requirement for a pricing scheme is that the charging regime used should be easy for motorists to understand, but at the same time flexible enough for the operator to implement a wide range of policies to meet different aims. A set of Variable Road User Charging Indicators (VRUCI) are identified in this paper by considering both the associated costs of a trip and the operational requirements for a feasible road pricing scheme. These are: geographic area, road class, distance, time, pollutant emissions, driving behavior, vehicle occupancy and traffic density. Each of these indicators is variable, measurable, and needs to be derived in-motion from actual driving conditions. The selection of technologies and techniques to measure these variables largely depends on the accuracies required by the charge model. However, the ability to locate and track a vehicle in space and time is fundamental to charging for true road use. The focus of this paper is to identify a set of currently feasible technologies to measure these VRUCI in real-time with high accuracies. We focus on the need to accurately track vehicle movements and link these movements to geographical areas and road types. We also focus on the key pollutants CO, CO2, HC, NOx and PM, all of which have different potential effects that are in some cases dependent on location and time of emission. Other issues, such as congestion measurement are also discussed.
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The formation of new firms is one process by which economies grow and innovate. Public transportation services may facilitate the birth of new firms by both providing better access and causing local densification that leads to... more
The formation of new firms is one process by which economies grow and innovate. Public transportation services may facilitate the birth of new firms by both providing better access and causing local densification that leads to agglomeration economies. In this study firm births are investigated to determine how they are related to newly provided light rail transit service in two metropolitan areas in the United States. A geocoded time-series database of firm establishments in Dallas, Texas, and Portland, Oregon, from 1991 through 2008 is used. The data set allows the study of spatial patterns by industry and the analysis of the relationship of firm births to rail station proximity, accessibility, and local agglomeration while controlling for a number of potentially confounding factors. Positive, large, and statistically significant relationships are found in Portland between rail station proximity and firm births. The rail proximity results in Dallas are also generally positive, thou...
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Research Interests: Computer Science, Real Time Computing, Global Positioning System, Algorithm, Telematics, and 14 moreKalman Filter, Digital mapping, Algorithm Design, Geomatic Engineering, Real Time, ROAD NETWORK, Optimal Bayesian Estimation, Dead Reckoning, Extended Kalman Filter, Monitoring System, Field Data, Electronic Map, Map Matching, and Matching statistics
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Abstract The usage of shared e-scooters, dockless e-bikes, and docked bicycles are correlated with weather conditions to examine the relative impact on each mode, specifically number of trips taken, their duration, and distance. Data is... more
Abstract The usage of shared e-scooters, dockless e-bikes, and docked bicycles are correlated with weather conditions to examine the relative impact on each mode, specifically number of trips taken, their duration, and distance. Data is obtained from the City of Austin data portal. Rain, temperature and wind conditions are obtained from NOAA and a variety of analysis methods are applied, specifically Prais-Winsten and Negative Binomial regressions as well as a Random Forest model to examine the full suite of weather variables and to avoid some of the distributional issues in the trip models. In addition, controls are included for holidays, days of the week, and special events in Austin (such as the SXSW festival); all are found to be critical control variables, with SXSW associated with large increases in trips. Results suggest that docked bicycle and e-bike usage is more sensitive to adverse weather conditions than e-scooter trips, though all are reduced in colder, rainier, and windier conditions, as well as extreme heat and high relative humidity.
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Abstract The bikeshare program in Seoul, the capital of South Korea, generates more than a million trips per month with more than 1500 bikeshare stations and about 20,000 bikes operating across the city. We examine the spatial patterns of... more
Abstract The bikeshare program in Seoul, the capital of South Korea, generates more than a million trips per month with more than 1500 bikeshare stations and about 20,000 bikes operating across the city. We examine the spatial patterns of bikeshare usage in Seoul, which is a very densely populated city with a large metro system. We analyze the association between land use, subway stations, employment density, population density, and bikeshare usage with negative binomial conditional autoregressive models that account for spatial correlation. For all the models, results show a positive association of bikeshare usage with the number of subway stations and employment density, with the former having a larger effect. Agricultural and Amusement land uses have negative associations with bikeshare usage in many models. We also examine different types of trips to distinguish differences between “loop trips” (starting and ending at the same station) and purposeful trips between two destinations. The former displays a pattern suggesting “loop trips” are more likely to be recreational trips.
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Research Interests: Engineering, Psychology, Motorcycles, Economic Inequality, Medicine, and 14 moreRecession, Humans, United States, Female, Male, Income, Population Growth, Economic Recession, Accident analysis and prevention, Public health systems and services research, Poison Control, Wounds and Injuries, Socioeconomic Factors, and Accidents Traffic
This paper reviews recent research into the demand inducing effects of new transportation capacity. We begin with a discussion of the basic theoretical background and then review recent research both in the UK and the US. Results of this... more
This paper reviews recent research into the demand inducing effects of new transportation capacity. We begin with a discussion of the basic theoretical background and then review recent research both in the UK and the US. Results of this research show strong evidence that new transportation capacity induces increased travel, both due to short run effects and long run changes in land use development patterns. While this topic has long been debated amongst transportation planners, the fundamental hypothesis and theory has long been apparent in studies of transportation economics and planning that evaluated different issues (e.g. travel time budgets and urban economic development effects). We summarize much of this work and relate the theoretical issues to recent empirical research. We then procede to examine recent changes in transportation and environmental policy in the US and the UK. The role of the new knowledge of induced travel effects would be expected to lead to changes in the conduct of transportation and environmental policy. Changes in policy and implementation of those policies are still occurring and we provide some suggestions on how to move forward in these areas. 1.
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The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) currently provides transportation grants to states financed by the Highway and Mass Transit Trust Funds and establishes a variety of requirements that seek to make environment a... more
The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) currently provides transportation grants to states financed by the Highway and Mass Transit Trust Funds and establishes a variety of requirements that seek to make environment a key factor in transportation planning and implementation. Devolution of the federal role would make states responsible for financing highway and transit improvements and for making related policy and program decisions. Although ISTEA is not primarily an environmental law, it contains numerous provisions that take into account the environmental implications of authorized activities. In addition, federal funding can trigger requirements for “major investment study” and National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) processes that consider environmental impacts of proposed projects and allow for public comment. Devolution could affect the number of transportation projects subject to such scrutiny, where federal funding is the sole element that “federalizes”...
Research Interests: Business, Civil Engineering, Transportation, Oversight, Transport, and 15 moreEnvironmental Impacts, Project evaluation, Federal Government, Transportation Planning, Land Use, Environmental protection, Scrutiny, Environmental Impact, Financing, National government, National Environmental Policy Act, Environmental effects, Transportation Industry, Land use impacts, and Policy Environment
Research Interests: Engineering, Education, Economic Growth, Motorcycles, Economic Development, and 15 moreAdolescent, Medicine, Panel Data, Environmental Sciences, Humans, Income, Political Institution, Medical Care, Middle Aged, Adult, Poison Control, Fixed Effects, Negative binomial regression, Kuznets Curve, and Accidents Traffic
This article reviews recent congressional legislation promulgating regulations to reduce transportation's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It points out that, while progress in the 111th Congress is uncertain, the Clean Air Act... more
This article reviews recent congressional legislation promulgating regulations to reduce transportation's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It points out that, while progress in the 111th Congress is uncertain, the Clean Air Act requires the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate GHG emissions, and that both the EPA and the U.S. Department of Transportation are drawing on current laws to mandate reduced GHG emissions per mile traveled by passenger vehicles and to sharpen the definitions and criteria for renewable fuels and feedstocks.
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This paper presents best practices for transit survey protocols targeted at small geographic areas such as those in and around transit-oriented development and for households proximate to transit stations. The widespread dissemination of... more
This paper presents best practices for transit survey protocols targeted at small geographic areas such as those in and around transit-oriented development and for households proximate to transit stations. The widespread dissemination of cell phones and rapidly decreasing presence of in-household landlines has made telephone interviewing prohibitively expensive; moreover, the portability of cell phone numbers has confounded small-area probability sampling. A postal mail push-to-web protocol described here is a more cost-efficient approach for small-area data collection, particularly when probability samples are sought. Address files are available from postal databases, and the strategy is to send respondents details on how to access an online questionnaire; continued nonresponse is then followed up, with the final mailed contact including a paper questionnaire. Embedded in the contacting protocol is a survey research experiment in which a method for maximizing response rates, the us...
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The hypothesis of induced travel demand is investigated. County level data from Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and Washington, D.C. are used to estimate "fixed-effects" cross-sectional time series models that relate travel... more
The hypothesis of induced travel demand is investigated. County level data from Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and Washington, D.C. are used to estimate "fixed-effects" cross-sectional time series models that relate travel levels, measured as daily vehicle miles of travel, to roadway capacity in lane miles. This includes analysis of a difference (or growth) model estimated using a two-stage least squares procedure with an instrumental variable to account for simultaneity bias. Individual models for each state, a combined-state model, and a model with data from the Washington, D.C./Baltimore metropolitan area are estimated. Average elasticities of vehicle miles of travel (VMT) with respect to lane miles are estimated. The results build on recent research in this area by confirming both the range of elasticities found in other studies and the robustness of these estimates by accounting for simultaneity bias.
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Personal road transport sector is one of the largest and fastest growing sources of CO 2 emissions. Th is paper investigates a tradable permit policy for mitigating carbon emissions from personal road transport and discusses various... more
Personal road transport sector is one of the largest and fastest growing sources of CO 2 emissions. Th is paper investigates a tradable permit policy for mitigating carbon emissions from personal road transport and discusses various issues of permit allocation. As tradable permits will eff ectively raise the price of fuel, the policy has important distributional implications. Th e distribution of burden depends on permit allocation strategies and on the consumer response to an increase in price. Th e behavioural response may vary among diff erent segments of the population depending on their travel needs, which in turn are contingent upon their income, location of residence and other factors. Consumer Expenditure Survey micro dataset from 1997 to 2002 has been used to econometrically model the possible variation of price elasticity for diff erent socio-economic groups in the USA. Results indicate that the response of gasoline demand to a change in price does depend on income level or location of the household. Distributional impacts of the tradable permit policy are then evaluated using the micro dataset for year 2002. In this regard, diff erent permit allocation schemes are considered in the analysis. Impacts on households owning a vehicle and households with no vehicles have been evaluated as well.
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Road traffic is a major source of air pollution, and substantial effort is currently being devoted to the development of both technological and transport policy measures to reduce the impacts. It is well established that the emission of... more
Road traffic is a major source of air pollution, and substantial effort is currently being devoted to the development of both technological and transport policy measures to reduce the impacts. It is well established that the emission of certain pollutants is closely related to both traffic speed and fluctuations in traffic speed. However, conventional transport emission models are largely based on average traffic conditions, and thus they cannot properly represent the effects of policy measures, such as automatic speed control or traffic calming, that directly affect the speed dynamics of the traffic stream. Given the prevalence of such policies, there has been considerable effort to develop improved emissions modeling capabilities. A new approach to the microscopic modeling of air pollution from road traffic is described. This approach can represent detailed speed fluctuations in the flow of traffic, and it is applied to a local network in Maidstone, Kent, in the United Kingdom. A ...
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ABSTRACT
Research Interests: Computer Science, Real Time Computing, Global Positioning System, Algorithm, Telematics, and 13 moreKalman Filter, Digital mapping, Algorithm Design, Geomatic Engineering, Real Time, ROAD NETWORK, Optimal Bayesian Estimation, Dead Reckoning, Extended Kalman Filter, Monitoring System, Field Data, Electronic Map, and Map Matching
Abstract: This paper examines the mode choice behavior of children’s travel to school based on surveys conducted at a sample of schools in New Jersey. The main focus is on a variety of network design, land use, and infrastructure... more
Abstract: This paper examines the mode choice behavior of children’s travel to school based on surveys conducted at a sample of schools in New Jersey. The main focus is on a variety of network design, land use, and infrastructure variables that have typically been associated with walking activity. Using a mixed logit model, it is found that good connectivity, more intense residential land use, and better sidewalk infra-structure are associated with increased walking to school. The use of a mixed logit model allows the examination of individual heterogeneity. Results indicate substantial heterogeneity in behavior associated with built environment variables.
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Research Interests: Engineering, Psychology, Motorcycles, Singapore, Injury Prevention, and 15 moreMedicine, Safety, Humans, Risk factors, Crash, Ethnic Groups, Sex Factors, Risk Factors, Poison Control, Traffic Accident, Ordered Probit Model, Trauma Severity Indices, Categorical Data, Ordered probit, and Accidents Traffic
Map Matching (MM) algorithms are usually employed for a range of transport telematics applications to correctly identify the physical location of a vehicle travelling on a road network. Two essential components for MM algorithms are (1)... more
Map Matching (MM) algorithms are usually employed for a range of transport telematics applications to correctly identify the physical location of a vehicle travelling on a road network. Two essential components for MM algorithms are (1) navigation sensors such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) and dead reckoning (DR), among others, to estimate the position of the vehicle, and (2) a digital base map for spatial referencing of the vehicle location. Previous research by the authors (Quddus et al., 2003; Ochieng et al., 2003) has developed improved MM algorithms that take account of the vehicle speed and the error sources associated with the navigation sensors and the digital map data previously ignored in conventional MM approaches. However, no validation study assessing the performance of MM algorithms has been presented in the literature. This paper describes a generic validation strategy and results for the MM algorithm previously developed in Ochieng et al. (2003). The validat...
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This paper examines the trip chaining complexity of individuals in London. We adopt two definitions of trip chaining. One based on a 30 min dwell time rule and a second based on home-to-home tours. Our focus is on the complexity of the... more
This paper examines the trip chaining complexity of individuals in London. We adopt two definitions of trip chaining. One based on a 30 min dwell time rule and a second based on home-to-home tours. Our focus is on the complexity of the trip chains as measured by the number of stops on a given tour. The analysis uses the London Area
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A simulation model of a hypothetical highway corridor was used to analyze the effects of converting an existing high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane to either a high-occupancy toll (HOT) lane or a mixedflow lane. The simulation model, which... more
A simulation model of a hypothetical highway corridor was used to analyze the effects of converting an existing high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane to either a high-occupancy toll (HOT) lane or a mixedflow lane. The simulation model, which uses a nested logit structure with a synthetic sample of individuals, estimates vehicle miles of travel (VMT), vehicle hours of travel, and person hours of travel in the corridor. The analysis suggests that mobility needs can best be served by using excess HOV lane capacity as an HOT lane facility. Capacity expansion alternatives are also analyzed, including adding mixed-flow travel lanes or converting existing lanes to HOV or HOT lanes. Alternative toll levels are also simulated. Results show that managing capacity as an HOT or HOV lane could provide superior mobility benefits with a net decrease in VMT if capacity must be expanded.
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Two scenarios for improving traffic flow are simulated and analyzed using the VISSIM microsimulation model and the Comprehensive Modal Emissions Model. Short-run and long-run emissions of CO, HC, NOx, and CO2 and fuel consumption are... more
Two scenarios for improving traffic flow are simulated and analyzed using the VISSIM microsimulation model and the Comprehensive Modal Emissions Model. Short-run and long-run emissions of CO, HC, NOx, and CO2 and fuel consumption are estimated. In the short run, with traffic volumes held constant, results demonstrate that the smoothing of traffic flow will result in reduced emissions. Long-run emissions are simulated by synthetically generating new trips into the simulated networks to represent potential induced travel. This is done until a “break-even” level of emissions for each pollutant and fuel consumption is reached that is equivalent to the base level before the traffic flow improvement was added. By also calculating short-run changes in travel time from the improvement, the travel time elasticity equivalents for each pollutant are calculated. These values are compared with travel time elasticities in the literature to evaluate whether long-run emissions benefits are likely t...
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Since 1999, 23 New Jersey transit villages have been designated in New Jersey municipalities, with the intention of intensifying development around rail stations and bus hubs. As one test of the effectiveness of this state effort, the... more
Since 1999, 23 New Jersey transit villages have been designated in New Jersey municipalities, with the intention of intensifying development around rail stations and bus hubs. As one test of the effectiveness of this state effort, the appreciation in residential property values is investigated and compared with that in other municipalities in the state. Some limited positive evidence is found to support the New Jersey transit village designation. Econometric analysis of the change in average residential sales price over 9 years finds an association but cannot establish a causal effect. Case study analysis of selected New Jersey transit villages suggests that the forethought, commitment, and political will required to apply for transit village status may be what sparks municipal development rather than the designation itself.
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This paper provides a comprehensive summary of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions factors for producing asphalt concrete (referred to as “asphalt”) and portland cement concrete (referred to as “concrete”) pavements. Life-cycle emissions... more
This paper provides a comprehensive summary of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions factors for producing asphalt concrete (referred to as “asphalt”) and portland cement concrete (referred to as “concrete”) pavements. Life-cycle emissions factors are provided for the key components of upstream emissions. GHG components included carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, and nitrous oxide, as well as the oxidation of nonmethane, nonethane volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide to CO2. The approach described in this paper enabled the evaluation of emissions from hot-mix, warm-mix, and cold-mix asphalts with assumptions on heating requirements for each. The sources used for the emissions factors were derived from existing sources and models, and a key contribution was the synthesis of these factors for ready use by transportation agencies. Results of the comparison of hot-mix asphalt, warm-mix asphalt, and concrete revealed that warm-mix asphalt might have had as little as 34% of the life-cycle ...
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ABSTRACT Data derived from visual inspection of Google Street View imagery associated with a variety of pedestrian and road infrastructure features are analyzed with a database of pedestrian casualties. These features include the presence... more
ABSTRACT Data derived from visual inspection of Google Street View imagery associated with a variety of pedestrian and road infrastructure features are analyzed with a database of pedestrian casualties. These features include the presence of sidewalks, buffers between the road and the sidewalk, street lighting, number of travel lanes and the presence of medians, traffic controls at intersections, and posted speed limits. The analysis focuses on how these features affect the severity of a pedestrian casualty once it has occurred. Other controls used in the analysis include the age of the victim, ambient lighting conditions, and whether the vehicle driver was intoxicated. Results suggest that severity of pedestrian casualties is associated with the lack of sidewalks and buffers, high-speed roads, roads with six or more lanes and a median, and lack of traffic lighting when it is dark. Speed is a critical factor in determining the severity of crash outcomes, and most road characteristics affect crash outcomes to the extent that they moderate or facilitate high speeds. Casualties are more severe when it is dark than when it is daylight. Older pedestrians tend to have more severe casualties. A key contribution of this work is the use of Google Street View imagery; however, a limitation is that the analysis cannot examine the probability of a pedestrian casualty. Implications for road safety are consistent with national efforts to make streets safer via Complete Streets policies.