Mariann Simon

A második ötéves tervben a Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt továbbra is az iparfejlesztést tekin­tette elsődleges feladatnak. A gyorsabb növekedést és a gazdaságosság javulását a politika a termelés műszaki színvonalának az emelésétől várta, ami az építészet esetében a típustervezés, a tipizálás és az előregyártás követelményét jelentette. A tanulmány a hazai ipari építészet és a típustervezés vi­szonyát vizsgálja az 1961–1965 közötti időszakban, az Ipari Épülettervező Vállalatot, a hazai ipari építészet kiemelkedő műhelyét állítva a középpontba. A határokat az ötéves terv mellett az időszak két meghatározó, az ipari építészet témájával foglalkozó konferenciája jelöli ki: az 1961-es I. Ipari Építési Konferencia, illetve az UIA 1964-ben hazánkban tartott III. Ipari Építészeti Szemináriuma. A tanulmány bemutatja az ipari épületek tervezésében résztvevő építészek és konstruktőrök véle­ményét a típustervezés különböző szinteken történő hasznosíthatóságáról, a méretegységesítés, az egységesített szerkezeti elemek, az ipari típuselemek, illetve a tipizált szekciók kidolgozása mellett és ellen szóló érveket, valamint a gyakorlatot, a mintaként állított épületeket. Bár a gyakorlat felszín­re hozta az erőltetett üzemi előregyártás ellentmondásait, és így azokat igazolta, akik a fejlesztést a méretegységesítésben és a feladatokhoz igazított részleges előregyártásban, nem pedig az előregyár­táshoz igazított tervezésben látták, a párt egyre erősödő nyomásától az ipari épületek tervezői sem térhettek ki teljesen. Igaz, ez sohasem jelentette ugyanazt a kötöttséget, mint a középületek vagy a la­kóépületek esetében. | In the second five-year plan the Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party still stressed the primary im­portance of industrial development. The politics expected the rapid growth and the economy impro­vement from the raising of technical level in production. For architecture this meant the demand for standard design, standardization and prefabrication. The study surveys the relationship of Hungarian industrial architecture to standardization during the period 1961–1965, focusing on the leading firm on this field, the Ipari Épülettervező Vállalat (Industrial Architecture Design Firm). The limits of in­vestigated period are defined by the five-year plan and by the two conferences on industrial architec­ture held in 1961 (I. Industrial Building Conference) and in 1964 (UIA III. Industrial Architecture Seminar). The study presents how the architects and constructors active in industrial architecture were thin­king about standard design, their opinion on the different levels of standard design such as: size stan­dardization, standard structural elements and standard elements of building sections. Parallel with their arguments for and against the different methods in standardization the survey also presents ar­chitectural practice, the realized buildings, which became examples for the arguments. The practice exposed the contradictions inherent in the forced factory prefabrication, and verified those who pre­ferred development through size standardization and partial factory prefabrication adapted to the tasks, not in design adapted to prefabrication. However neither the designers of industrial buildings could escape from the political expectations for standard design, though it never reached the same rate as it did in the design of public buildings or housing

Community gardens have a long history worldwide. They offer an opportunity to reconnect the urban fabric ruptured by vacant plots, foster social connections, build community spirit, and promote sustainability. However, they have to face several challenges and obstacles like legal procedures, financial support and the changing engagements of the local communities. This trend appeared in Hungary relatively lately, about a decade ago. The paper focuses on vacant inner-city plots in Budapest. We analyse the situation and follow the story of four existing community gardens. We decipher the challenges they go through, especially their temporary status, the changing political circumstances and the accepting or rejecting attitude of the local population. On the other hand, we present the crucial role of NGOs and local communities in keeping these projects alive and raising awareness to improve their impact, improving city life.

Arts are the main human expression encouraging man to expose his practices, ideas, and fears. This in turn affects and shapes his environment, an environment which keeps evolving into cities. Nowadays, human expression through art is playing a major role in the development of the urban landscape by shifting the old-fashioned paradigms of the rigid and static urban structuring and development, especially with the new urban trends floating on the surface. The case study of the Medina of Tunis is a paradigmatic example that illustrates the bottom- up approach of social participation in urban life through art. The research question asked here is to what extent has the artistic practices been influencing the urban development of the city's user experience? Can this be regarded as a necessary tool for the regeneration of the historical urban landscape? First, a general overview of urban development and the influence of the artistic practices have been presented. Issues such as urban t...

The general impression of Hungarian architecture in the seventies seems rather boring. However some tendencies emerged searching for alternatives and creating a characteristic Hungarian architecture within modernism. The folk architectural tradition was only obvious authentic source of especially Hungarian architecture in the seventies both for experts and laymen. Imre Makovecz and Gyorgy Csete followed this way. But their analysis of traditional forms and patterns turned into searching for general signs and symbols, authenticity of folk art was proved by its connection to the organic world, to eancestral primitivei. National patterns became cosmic signs. Some other architects turned to foreign lands for renewing national architecture; they concentrated on England, Finland, Denmark and Japan. Following of northern romantic modernism resulted in buildings made of local materials, adjusted to local scale and landscape. The other current tendency was the architectural structuralism who...

Due to their authentic urban and architectural character, the Medinas of Tunis and Marrakesh became listed among the United Nations educational, scientific, and cultural organization (UNESCO) heritage sites in 1979 and 1985, respectively. Nowadays, the urbanization of the surrounding green areas and the climate change impacts on cities are degrading the Medinas’ livability and their characteristic heritage. On the other hand, scientific knowledge and data about the green system in the dense urban cores of Medinas in the Maghreb region is still not a widely apprehended theme in the scientific domain. This research objective is to initiate nature-based and sustainable solutions in these cities by demonstrating the application of the urban green infrastructure (UGI) approach. As a research methodology, an analysis of the historical green system development in the Medinas is given to highlight their tangible and intangible values. The analysis goes over three periods: first, the medieva...

A kutatas az epiteszetelmelet legfrissebb tendenciainak a feldolgozasara vallalkozott. Megallapitottuk, hogy az epiteszetelmelet szerepenek es jellegenek (elvek vagy manifesztumok) valtozasa korunk szemleletvaltasait koveti. A posztmodern gyenge igazsagain es a dekonstruktivizmuson at a piac kihivasaira adott innovativ megoldasok nyujtotta onigazolasaig vezet az ut, amelyen a teoria most megis visszafordulni latszik. Az elmelet valtozasaban szerepet jatszik a gazdasag is, a kilencvenes evekben kiteljesedő globalizacio, majd az evtized vegi valsag. Az elmelet alakulasara nagy hatassal volt a digitalis technika elterjedese is, amely nem csak az epiteszeti formak es anyagok előtt nyitott uj lehetősegeket, hanem halozatos szervezete a gondolkodast is befolyasolta. Megallapitottuk, hogy az elmult evtized jellemző epiteszetelmeleti munkai a szoszedet semlegessegevel osszeallitott kulcsszavakra epulnek. Az egyes fogalmak ugyanakkor jellemzően hozzarendelhetőek valamely problemakorhoz, bar sohasem csak egyhez. Az elmelet ma meghatarozoi temai es kerdesei: az epiteszet hatasa, az epulet letrehozasanak a modja, illetve az epiteszet es az epitesz felelőssege. Eredmenyeinket 27 publikacioban tettuk kozze, valamint egy doktori disszertacio is keszult a temaban. A kutatas soran egy nemzetkozi es egy hazai konferenciat szerveztunk, a feltart es rendszerezett ismereteket ket egyetemi kurzus anyagaba is beepitettuk. | The aim of the research project was to discover the recent tendencies in architectural theory. We found that the role and (principles or manifesto like) nature of theory follows the changes of the general world view. Theory followed the way from the post-modern weak truth through deconstructivism up to the praise of innovation as a reaction to the challenges of the market. However theory now seems to turn back on the road. Economy also played a role in the change: globalization in the nineties, and the recent crisis. The third determinant of theory was the spread of digital technology. It offered new architectural forms and materials for the praxis, but its networked organization also influenced our way of thinking. We found that in the last decade the characteristic theoretical works of architecture were compiled neutrally, based on keywords. However the separate concepts typically can be assigned to a problem, but never just to one. We found that the defining themes and problems of architectural theory are as follows: effects and affects of architecture, way of creating architecture and the responsibility of architecture and the architect. We published our findings in the form of reviews (9ps.), conference proceedings (8ps.) and journal studies (10ps.). A doctoral dissertation was also submitted in the theme. We organized one international and one home conference, and the results of the research were built into the curriculum of two university courses.

Zalotay Elemer 1958-ban mutatta be az Epitesugyi Miniszteriumban azt a koncepciojat, melyre ugyan nem kapott hivatalos megbizast, de amelyet a tervező a lakasepitessel kapcsolatos gondok atfogo megoldasi lehetősegenek tekintett. Az ekkor palyakezdő epitesz ugy gondolta, hogy a rutinmegoldasoktol elterő otlet szamot tarthat az epitesugyi szervek figyelmere. A terv olyan monumentalis „techno-utopia” volt, amely hosszu időre zavarba ejtette az epitesz szakma es a szakpolitika szeles koreit.Bar Zalotay terve szamos megastruktura-viziora emlekeztető modon egy innovativ szerkezet gigantikus meretűre nagyitott verziojat igyekezett lakhatova tenni es az elet teljesseget felolelő egyetemes rendszerre alkalmazni, nem jutott el olyan komplexitashoz, amely koncepciojat igazi megastrukturava tenne. Ugyanakkor a radikalis elgondolas — nem kis mertekben Zalotay aktivitasanak a kovetkezmenyekent — egyre szelesebb korben keltette fel a szakman kivuli tarsadalom figyelmet. A szalaghazrol szolo irasok, de kulonosen az 1965-...

A masodik oteves tervben a Magyar Szocialista Munkaspart tovabbra is az iparfejlesztest tekin­tette elsődleges feladatnak. A gyorsabb novekedest es a gazdasagossag javulasat a politika a termeles műszaki szinvonalanak az emelesetől varta, ami az epiteszet eseteben a tipustervezes, a tipizalas es az előregyartas kovetelmenyet jelentette. A tanulmany a hazai ipari epiteszet es a tipustervezes vi­szonyat vizsgalja az 1961–1965 kozotti időszakban, az Ipari Epulettervező Vallalatot, a hazai ipari epiteszet kiemelkedő műhelyet allitva a kozeppontba. A hatarokat az oteves terv mellett az időszak ket meghatarozo, az ipari epiteszet temajaval foglalkozo konferenciaja jeloli ki: az 1961-es I. Ipari Epitesi Konferencia, illetve az UIA 1964-ben hazankban tartott III. Ipari Epiteszeti Szeminariuma. A tanulmany bemutatja az ipari epuletek tervezeseben resztvevő epiteszek es konstruktőrok vele­menyet a tipustervezes kulonboző szinteken tortenő hasznosithatosagarol, a meretegysegesites, az egysegesitett szerkezeti elemek, az ipari tipuselemek, illetve a tipizalt szekciok kidolgozasa mellett es ellen szolo erveket, valamint a gyakorlatot, a mintakent allitott epuleteket. Bar a gyakorlat felszin­re hozta az erőltetett uzemi előregyartas ellentmondasait, es igy azokat igazolta, akik a fejlesztest a meretegysegesitesben es a feladatokhoz igazitott reszleges előregyartasban, nem pedig az előregyar­tashoz igazitott tervezesben lattak, a part egyre erősodő nyomasatol az ipari epuletek tervezői sem terhettek ki teljesen. Igaz, ez sohasem jelentette ugyanazt a kotottseget, mint a kozepuletek vagy a la­koepuletek eseteben. | In the second five-year plan the Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party still stressed the primary im­portance of industrial development. The politics expected the rapid growth and the economy impro­vement from the raising of technical level in production. For architecture this meant the demand for standard design, standardization and prefabrication. The study surveys the relationship of Hungarian industrial architecture to standardization during the period 1961–1965, focusing on the leading firm on this field, the Ipari Epulettervező Vallalat (Industrial Architecture Design Firm). The limits of in­vestigated period are defined by the five-year plan and by the two conferences on industrial architec­ture held in 1961 (I. Industrial Building Conference) and in 1964 (UIA III. Industrial Architecture Seminar). The study presents how the architects and constructors active in industrial architecture were thin­king about standard design, their opinion on the different levels of standard design such as: size stan­dardization, standard structural elements and standard elements of building sections. Parallel with their arguments for and against the different methods in standardization the survey also presents ar­chitectural practice, the realized buildings, which became examples for the arguments. The practice exposed the contradictions inherent in the forced factory prefabrication, and verified those who pre­ferred development through size standardization and partial factory prefabrication adapted to the tasks, not in design adapted to prefabrication. However neither the designers of industrial buildings could escape from the political expectations for standard design, though it never reached the same rate as it did in the design of public buildings or housing.

The aim of the article is to interpret the body-mind relation-ship in Herzog & de Meuron’s architecture. We surveyed their architecture over the last twenty years, uncovering the parallel changes in buildings and writings, with the theoretical trends in the background. We found that a clear shift in their approach has been manifest. In the first phase, the architects ’ bodily and intellectual sensations were mediated through the building, whose subtle deviations from architectonic rules were perceiv-able more to the senses than to the mind. In the second period, the sensuality of buildings increased, while intellectually they referred to the present. The buildings still had their integral body, but they had lost a clear contour. In the last decade, the buildings operate with an arsenal of material and sensuous ef-fects; the aim is intensity, which is often reinforced with direct formal analogies. The body of the visitor is put centre stage.

A regionalizmus kifejezes a kilencvenes evek fordulojan, a rendszervaltas idejen jelent meg a hazai epiteszeti szohasznalatban. A nemzetkozi szakirodalomban ekkor mar jo ideje ismert es hasznalt fogalom a nemzeti alapu organikus epiteszettel szemben alternativ valaszt kinalt a kerdesre: Hogyan őrizzuk meg identitasunkat, mikozben Europahoz integralodunk? A fogalmat bevezető teoretikusok kezdetben nemzetkozi peldakat es friss hazai epuleteket valasztottak illusztraciokent, de kesőbb fokozatosan felmutattak e szemleletmod huszadik szazadi hazai előzmenyeit: a harmincas-negyvenes evek „masik modernjet”, az otvenes evek skandinav vonulatat es a hatvanas evek visszafogott modernjet. Az ezredfordulora osszeallt a mesterek es tanitvanyok torteneti folytonossaga, de ezt az uj identitast sosem neveztek „a” magyar regionalizmusnak, meg kevesbe az egyetlen autentikus iranynak. Kozben a regionalizmus kifejezes elterjedt a hazai epiteszeti sajtoban is, tobbnyire a jol megragadhato kulső jegyek alapjan a kő- es teglaep...

Sigfried Giedion’s seminal paper of 1954 on new regionalism was first mentioned in Hungary by János Bonta in his opposition at the Congress of the Association of Hungarian Architects in 1961. He referred to it as an acceptable way of adaptation to the local conditions, to meet the given place, landscape, nation and circumstances. This was the first and the last case when this expression occurred in Hungary in the coming decades. However, the question of how to relate modern architecture to the local conditions was kept on the agenda during the 1960s. In the discussions, the reference point was never the region or the place, but tradition. Even though two parallel approaches can be detected. The representatives of the first trend referred to folk architecture tradition and proposed the detailed analysis of the Hungarian peasant buildings as an authentic source. The other source or rather model was Finnish architecture, which could develop a special but at the same time European moder...

Reviewing the research on post-war modern Hungarian architecture we find a serious backwardness. This paper presents an overview of the situation and an explanation focusing on three factors. The first is the underestimation of the socialist modern architecture by the lay public, but also by some professionals. The second field of investigation is the research background: institutes, researchers, funds and the accessibility of archival material, and the results achieved despite the difficulties. The paper also surveys the preservation of this heritage, and finally presents a recent rehabilitation project, one of the few positive examples.

After the 1990 change of the political system in Hungary the Budapest Municipal Council displayed about 40 statues from the former communist and socialist regime in a park. This paper aims at presenting the story of the park from the first idea up to now, giving a parallel analysis of the political intentions, cultural reactions and the changes in the architectural concept and realisation. The twenty-year history of the park is an example of the vague common memory: the way from the first laud opening of the place celebrating the recent change of the political system up to the inauguration of the second phase devoted to the memory of the uprising in 1956 remembered in the silence of candlelight.

Cities are dynamic entities in perpetual evolution. Through this process, vacant spaces tend to appear under different circumstances. Certainly, empty and abandoned lots in a dense urban fabric are easily locatable. That their state persists over a considerable period is what makes them remarkable. This phenomenon may be viewed from different perspectives by urban planners, architects, geographers, economists, environmentalists, sociology academics and policymakers. Therefore, multiple data, parameters and definitions are in play. This multidisciplinary combination could quickly create a terminology issue in the scientific body related to urbanism and open space design. This paper presents an overview of the definitions of urban vacant spaces, taking into consideration the various perspectives. While following the timeline and the changes in the interpretations of the vacant urban space, it becomes evident how this phenomenon came from a problem of failed urban design to a possible ...

Contemporary Hungarian historians agree that the key to the understanding of the processes of the 1960s can be found in the political system.1 e conscious, politically driven consolidation of the socialist system resulted in an optimistic period of the long Kádár-era2: it was the decade of thaw, breathing more freely, new chances, more freedom and raising living standard. However two phases are clearly distinguishable within the long decade. e rst was the period of rebuilding political and ideological positions of the party between 1956-1962, while the second period was characterised by easing in politics, partial and then overall (though not fully realised) economic reforms and a certain openness in culture.3 e reorganised Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party – parallel with the political retaliation – also rede ned the place of arts and literature within its politics. e aim was to diminish the leading social and political role of literature: the Hungarian Writers’ Association was ba...

A nyolcvanas evekben a technikai fejlődesben csalodva az epiteszetteoretikusok es az epiteszek egy kore a tapintast es tapasztalast igenylő hagyomanyos anyagokban velte megtalalni azt az egzisztencialis biztonsagot, amit az időbe agyazottsag erzese adhat. Ma az epiteszetben egyszerre van jelen a hagyomanyos anyagok erzekeny hasznalata es az uj megmunkalasi technikak nyujtotta formai es feluleti kiserletezes. A tanulmany az „uj anyagszerűseg” egy sajatos jelensegevel foglalkozik: az epitestechnika altal a hatvanas evekben felfedezett es nehany epuleten alkalmazott, majd elfeledett corten acel visszateresevel, osszevetve az anyag alkalmazasanak celjat es fogadtatasat egykor es most. A technikai optimizmus idejen az akkor uj anyag alkalmazasa mellett elsősorban praktikus ervek, az alacsony karbantartasi koltsegek szoltak. Bar a rozsdas felulet melegbarna, a termeszetet idező szinet is tobben pozitivan ertekeltek, az anyag osszhatasa miatt az ilyen epuleteket csak termeszeti kornyezetben tudtak elfogadni. A v...