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Ricardo M Urtubia, MD, MSc
  • Universidad Diego Portales
    https://anestesiologia.udp.cl/persona/dr-ricardo-urtubia/
Desde 1993 se publican periodicamente "guias", o mejor dicho "propuestas" de un grupo de expertos, todas las cuales incorporan una estrategia visual en la forma de algoritmos, a modo de “ayudas cognitivas”. Las dos... more
Desde 1993 se publican periodicamente "guias", o mejor dicho "propuestas" de un grupo de expertos, todas las cuales incorporan una estrategia visual en la forma de algoritmos, a modo de “ayudas cognitivas”. Las dos entidades mas importantes en el area de la via aerea dificil han sido la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiologos (American Society of Anesthesiologists – ASA) y la Difficult Airway Society (DAS) del Reino Unido. Sin embargo, a pesar de que pretenden ser una ayuda, se siguen produciendo complicaciones importantes.1 Una de las causas es que no siempre estan presentes en la cultura organizacional de los servicios clinicos y menos en la...
The EasyTube (EzT) is a supraglottic airway device that is used for emergency airway situations. Ventilation during general anesthesia should also be feasible, but literature on the EzT is scarce. We evaluated the EzT in comparison with... more
The EasyTube (EzT) is a supraglottic airway device that is used for emergency airway situations. Ventilation during general anesthesia should also be feasible, but literature on the EzT is scarce. We evaluated the EzT in comparison with the endotracheal tube (ETT) in its use during general anesthesia in a comparative study. A total of 400 patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I to II scheduled for minor surgery in 4 centers were randomized for ventilation via the ETT or EzT. In all patients, the EzT and the ETT could be inserted within 3 attempts. In all EzT patients, the inspiratory and expiratory minute volumes (6.64 ± 0.71 and 6.34 ± 0.69 L/min) were sufficient to reach target oxygenation values, similar to ETT patients (P  =  .59). Mean peak pressure, mean plateau pressure, and mean dynamic compliance did not differ between the groups. Sore throat and blood on the cuff after removal were the most frequent complications in both groups. Ventilat...
The Rapid Sequence Induction-Intubation (RSII) was described more than 50 years ago as the corner stone in the airway management for patients at risk of aspiration of gastric contents. In summary, not only the concept of “first pass... more
The Rapid Sequence Induction-Intubation (RSII) was described more than 50 years ago as the corner stone in the airway management for patients at risk of aspiration of gastric contents. In summary, not only the concept of “first pass success” is important, but also a “fast pass success” approach (first & fast) associated to the RSII technique focused mainly to avoid hypoxemia is needed for patients at risk. This reload of an old technique may also contribute with a cue to activate the situational awareness in order to implement a more diligent course for decision making during airway management.
The Rapid Sequence Induction-Intubation (RSII) was described more than 50 years ago as the corner stone in the airway management for patients at risk of aspiration of gastric contents. In summary, not only the concept of “first pass... more
The Rapid Sequence Induction-Intubation (RSII) was described more than 50 years
ago as the corner stone in the airway management for patients at risk of aspiration of gastric contents.
In summary, not only the concept of “first pass success” is important, but also a “fast
pass success” approach (first & fast) associated to the RSII technique focused mainly to
avoid hypoxemia is needed for patients at risk. This reload of an old technique may also
contribute with a cue to activate the situational awareness in order to implement a more
diligent course for decision making during airway management.
Objective: The management of the difficult airway has gained increased interest because of severe consequences including brain damage or death in case of unsuccessful ventilation and oxygenation. The purpose of this paper is the... more
Objective: The management of the difficult airway has gained increased interest because of severe consequences including brain damage or death in case of unsuccessful ventilation and oxygenation. The purpose of this paper is the description of new and old aspects of the management of the difficult airway. Data collection: Aspects of the difficult airway are collected from literature and recent conferences. Conclusion: There is no common rule to manage the difficult airway. New techniques and new devices have been developed during the last years. In general, in cases of failed endotracheal intubation, either non-invasive or invasive methods may be instituted to guarantee sufficient ventilation and oxygenation as well as to establish a secure airway. Several national and international guidelines help under difficult circumstances but should be adjusted to personal needs and capabilities. Precaution should be taken whenever a difficult airway is expected.
Page 1. . CORRESPONDENCE Anesthesiology 2003; 98:1020 © 2003 American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. Thiopental and Nuclear Factor B: Some Questions To the Editor:—In their ...
The esophageal tracheal combitube (ETC) is a supraglottic airway device that functions as an effective alternative to ventilation via mask and tracheal intubation and is therefore a valuable tool in difficult and emergency airway... more
The esophageal tracheal combitube (ETC) is a supraglottic airway device that functions as an effective alternative to ventilation via mask and tracheal intubation and is therefore a valuable tool in difficult and emergency airway management. The Com-bitube has proven to be a valuable tool for securing the airways and providing adequate ventilation. Its advantages are that it is easy to insert quickly, it may be inserted blindly or with the aid of a laryngoscope, and it provides adequate ventilation and oxygenation in both esophageal and tracheal position. The combitube allows application of high ventilatory pressures and it minimises the risk of aspiration. Several guidelines including European Resuscitation Council, Ame-rican Heart Association, American Society of Anesthesiologists have included the combitube as a primary rescue device in cannot ventilate cannot intubate situations. It has been used in elective patients as well as in emergency situations in- and out-of-hospital. Th...
El aislamiento de la vía aérea es un área esencial en la anestesia. Los anestesiólogos se consideran los profesionales más expertos para resolver cualquier problema relacionado con una vía aérea difícil. Sin embargo, las complicaciones... more
El aislamiento de la vía aérea es un área esencial en la anestesia. Los anestesiólogos se consideran los profesionales más expertos para resolver cualquier problema relacionado con una vía aérea difícil. Sin embargo, las complicaciones derivadas del manejo incorrecto de la vía aérea siguen  siendo una de las causas más frecuentes de morbimortalidad asociada a la anestesia.
La estrategia mediante algoritmos de tratamiento para resolver estas dificultades ha demostrado su fracaso debido a varios factores  relacionados con su estructura y su aplicación clínica.
El enfoque Vortex surge como una respuesta a las limitaciones encontradas en los algoritmos de manejo de una vía aérea difícil, utilizando una estrategia de ayudas para reducir la carga cognitiva y el error de fijación. Esta nueva estrategia puede representar una solución al problema de la dificultad de la vía aérea y, poder así, reducir la incidencia de  complicaciones.
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Airway management is an essential area in Anesthesia and anesthesiologists are considered the most expert professionals to manage airway tasks. However, complications related to inadequate airway management remain the most frequent cause... more
Airway management is an essential area in Anesthesia and anesthesiologists are considered the most expert professionals to manage airway tasks. However, complications related to inadequate airway management remain the most frequent cause of morbidity and mortality.

Algorithmic strategy to solve difficulties fails due to several factors related to its structure and clinical application.

The Vortex Approach emerges as a response to the limitations found in the algorithmic strategy of managing the difficult airway, using a cognitive aid strategy to reduce cognitive load and fixation error. This new strategy may represent a solution to the elusive problem of the challenging airway and reduce complications rate.
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Versión en Español del original en Inglés, publicado en British Journal of Anaesthesia 2015; 115(6):827-48, por C. Frerk1, V.S. Mitchell2, A.F. McNarry3, C. Mendonca4, R. Bhagrath5, A. Patel6, E.P. O'Sullivan7, N.M. Woodall8, I. Ahmad9,... more
Versión en Español del original en Inglés, publicado en British Journal of Anaesthesia 2015; 115(6):827-48, por C. Frerk1, V.S. Mitchell2, A.F. McNarry3, C. Mendonca4, R. Bhagrath5, A. Patel6, E.P. O'Sullivan7, N.M. Woodall8, I. Ahmad9, Grupo de trabajo de las Guías de Intubación de la Difficult Airway Society.


Estas guías proporcionan una estrategia para el manejo de la vía aérea difícil no anticipada con intubación traqueal. Están fundamentadas en la evidencia publicada. Sin embargo, en ausencia de evidencia, han sido formuladas por opiniones de miembros de la DAS y basadas en la opinión de expertos. Estas guías han recogido los avances en la comprensión del manejo de crisis; enfatizan el reconocimiento y declaración de la presencia de dificultad en el manejo de la vía aérea. Ahora, un solo algoritmo simplificado abarca las dificultades no anticipadas y la intubación en secuencia rápida. La preparación para la intubación fallida debe formar parte de las instrucciones antes de la inducción anestésica, particularmente para la cirugía de urgencia. Se ha puesto énfasis en la evaluación, preparación, posicionamiento, preoxigenación, mantención de la oxigenación y en reducir la ocurrencia de lesiones derivadas de las intervenciones sobre la vía aérea. Se recomienda limitar en lo posible las intervenciones, y que las técnicas "a ciegas" usando un "bougie" o a través de dispositivos supraglóticos (DSG) sean reamplazadas por intubación guiada con dispositivos con video o con fibra óptica. Si la intubación traqueal falla, se recomienda usar DSG para proveer un método de oxigenación mientras se reevalúa cómo proceder. Se recomienda usar DSG de segunda generación, pues tienen ventajas sobre los de primera generación. Cuando tanto la intubación traqueal y los DSG han fracasado, despertar al paciente es la opción por defecto. Si en esta situación la ventilación con máscara facial en presencia de relajación muscular es imposible, se debe proceder a realizar una cricotirotomía inmediatamente. Se prefiere la cricotirotomía con bisturí como la técnica de rescate de elección y debe ser practicada por todos los anestesiólogos. Los planes delineados están diseñados para ser simples y fáciles de seguir. Deben ser ensayados regularmente y deben ser familiares para todo el equipo.
Desde 1993 se publican periódicamente "guías", o mejor dicho "propuestas" de un grupo de expertos, todas las cuales incorporan una estrategia visual en la forma de algoritmos, a modo de “ayudas cognitivas”. Las dos entidades más... more
Desde 1993 se publican periódicamente "guías", o mejor dicho "propuestas" de un grupo de expertos, todas las cuales incorporan una estrategia visual en la forma de algoritmos, a modo de “ayudas cognitivas”. Las dos entidades más importantes en esta área han sido la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiólogos (American Society of Anesthesiologists – ASA) y la Difficult Airway Society (DAS) del Reino Unido.
Sin embargo, a pesar de que pretenden ser una ayuda, se siguen produciendo complicaciones importantes. Una de las causas es que no siempre están presentes en la cultura organizacional de los servicios clínicos y menos en la mente de los especialistas. Se han señalado también diversas causas que explican su bajo impacto; entre ellos, la necesidad de aprendizaje de nuevas habilidades y la complejidad de su diseño, lo cual contribuye a limitar su comprensión, retención e implementación. Además, al generarse en ambientes de avanzada en el desarrollo tecnológico y organizacional, estos documentos muchas veces ponen de manifiesto la existencia de una distancia entre un mundo ideal y el mundo real.
Por otro lado, una barrera importante para muchos colegas latinoamericanos es el idioma. Al generarse en países de habla inglesa, sus textos no son leídos por la gran mayoría de nuestros colegas, y en muchos casos sus conceptos no son cabalmente comprendidos. Esto ha llevado a las principales sociedades de Anestesia de Latinoamérica a formular sus propios documentos. Sin embargo, muchas veces estos documentos no son puestos al día periódicamente y quedan obsoletos.
Las Guías de la DAS publicadas en 2015 han tenido un gran impacto en todo el mundo debido a su solidez académica, la robustez de los conceptos que incorpora y, por sobre todo, la globalidad que intenta establecer para acercarlas al mundo real.
Finalmente, a comienzos de 2016 me fue encargada la confección de la versión integral de la Guías de la DAS en español para facilitar su lectura y comprensión por los clínicos de habla hispana.
To evaluate the use of the Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA), the oesophageal-tracheal combitube (ETC) and the tracheal tube (TT) by medical students, with a view to recommend changes to the medical school curriculum. A prospective cohort study... more
To evaluate the use of the Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA), the oesophageal-tracheal combitube (ETC) and the tracheal tube (TT) by medical students, with a view to recommend changes to the medical school curriculum. A prospective cohort study of 93 third-year medical students were taught the use of LMA, ETC and TT on manikins and had their skills tested at 0 and 6 months. Overall, LMA insertion was the fastest technique with a mean time taken for successful insertion of 32.2 s, compared to that for ETC (55.0 s, P = 0.000) and TT (71.5s, P = 0.000). There was a significant delay in the time taken for insertion at 6 months for all three devices: 13.5 s for the LMA (P = 0.000), 29.6 s for the ETC (P = 0.000) and 31.8 s for the TT (P = 0.001). Both the ETC and the TT had a significantly lower first-attempt success rate at 6 months (ETC: 91% versus 63%, P = 0.000 and TT: 80% versus 55%, P = 0.003) but not the LMA (96% versus 92%, P = 0.549). At 6 months, the overall success rate was 99% for the LMA, 100% for the ETC and 93% for the TT. Complication rate was higher for the ETC (9% versus 46%, P = 0.000) and the TT (38% versus 78%, P = 0.005) but not for the LMA (3% versus 10%, P = 0.688). The use of the TT is difficult and the skills acquired by the medical students deteriorate significantly over time. The LMA and the ETC seem to have an advantage over the TT in that they are more easily learnt and the skills better retained. It is recommended that these alternative devices be included in the medical school curriculum for airway management.
Background: The EasyTube (EzT) is a supraglottic airway device that is used for emergency airway situations. Ventilation during general anesthesia should also be feasible, but literature on the EzT is scarce. We evaluated the EzT in... more
Background: The EasyTube (EzT) is a supraglottic airway device that is used for emergency airway situations. Ventilation during general anesthesia should also be feasible, but literature on the EzT is scarce. We evaluated the EzT in comparison with the endotracheal tube (ETT) in its use during general anesthesia in a comparative study. Methods: A total of 400 patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I to II scheduled for minor surgery in 4 centers were randomized for ventilation via the ETT or EzT. Results: In all patients, the EzT and the ETT could be inserted within 3 attempts. In all EzT patients, the inspiratory and expiratory minute volumes (6.64 ± 0.71 and 6.34 ± 0.69 L/min) were sufficient to reach target oxygenation values, similar to ETT patients (P = .59). Mean peak pressure, mean plateau pressure, and mean dynamic compliance did not differ between the groups. Sore throat and blood on the cuff after removal were the most frequent complications in both groups. Conclusion: Ventilation for up to 1 hour during general anesthesia in patients with ASA physical status I to II with the EzT is feasible and safe. Abbreviations: ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists, EtCO 2 = end-tidal CO 2 , ETT = endotracheal tube, EzT = EasyTube, OLP = oropharyngeal leak pressure, SAD = supraglottic airway device, SpO 2 = oxygen saturation.
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SUMMARY: Airway management in the ICU scenario is a real challenge due to instability imposed by illness severity. Some of these patients may also suffer from other diseases associated to difficult airway. Rheumatoid arthritis represents... more
SUMMARY: Airway management in the ICU scenario is a real challenge due to instability imposed by illness severity. Some of these patients may also suffer from other diseases associated to difficult airway. Rheumatoid arthritis represents a special condition because not only can limit access to the hypopharynx, but also can hamper laryngoscopy. Among many options for difficult airway management, only a few can be safely applied to intubate the trachea while preserving physio-logic stability in an emergency setting. We chose awake fiberoptic intubation as the first and safest approach for this combined difficult patient. This approach requires not only individual skills but also a plan in advance and a well coordinated team to be successful. A case is presented as an example of difficulties imposed by physiologic instability added to anatomic difficult.

RESUMEN: El manejo de la vía aérea en la UCI representa un desafío debido a la inestabi-lidad derivada de la severidad de la patología. Además, algunos de estos pacien-tes pueden presentar condiciones preexistentes asociadas a vía aérea difícil. La artritis reumatoide representa una condición especial debido a que no sólo limita el acceso a la hipofaringe, sino que también puede dificultar la laringoscopía. Entre las diferentes opciones para manejar la vía aérea, sólo algunas pueden ser aplicadas para intubar la tráquea de manera segura y al mismo tiempo preservar la estabilidad fisiológica en un contexto de urgencia. Este abordaje requiere no sólo habilidades individuales, sino que también trabajo en equipo coordinado y planificación. Se presenta un caso como ejemplo de dificultades impuestas por la inestabilidad fisiológica agregada a dificultad anatómica.
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ARTICLE IN SPANISH. IT COMMENTS THE NEW GUIDELINES BY THE DIFFICULT AIRWAY SOCIETY.
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Carta al Editor RCHA que se refiere a carta histórica del Dr. Wood, en la que explica los términos Anestesiología y Anestesiólogo.
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Up to date, there is no other study that characterizes chilean population with regard to airway management. This is a preliminary report with this objective. A total of 564 patients scheduled for different elective surgery. For difficult... more
Up to date, there is no other study that characterizes chilean population with regard to airway management. This is a preliminary report with this objective. A total of 564 patients scheduled for different elective surgery. For difficult mask ventilation we evaluated age >55 y, presence of beard, IMC > 26, snoring history, and edentulism. For difficult intubation we evaluated Mallampati sign, upper lip bite test, interincisors distance, thyromental distance and cervical mobility. Difficult ventilation was predicted in 40 cases (7,1%), difficult intubation in 46 (8,15%) and both in 14 (2,5%). Ventilation was effectively difficult in 9 cases (2,6%). Laryngoscopy was performed in 295 patients and was considered difficult  (grades IIIa, IIIb and IV) in 10,2%. According to Adnet score, intubation was has a moderate to severe difficulty in 7 cases (2,4%). A stylet was used in 17 (5,8%) and a bougie in 5 (1,72%) cases. No failed intubations were recorded. Compared to the reported incidence, we found about half incidence of both difficult ventilation and intubation. To predict difficult ventilation, at least 4 of the 5 factors should be present.
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This letter to the editor shows new technique of oral opening for insertion of supraglottic airway devices, mainly the Combitube.
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Guías para el manejo de la vía aérea en pacientes con COVID-19