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  • Curriculum vitae (short version) Dott. Francesca Scotti Department of Legal Sciences – ‘Università Cattolica del Sa... moreedit
This investigation concerns the well known case examined and solved by Pomponius in D. 34.2.33 4 ad Q. Muc. regarding a men’s clothing legacy made by a pater familias whose wardrobe also contains a garment ‘suitable for women too’. Hence... more
This investigation concerns the well known case examined and solved by Pomponius in D. 34.2.33 4 ad Q. Muc. regarding a men’s clothing legacy made by a pater familias whose wardrobe also contains a garment ‘suitable for women too’. Hence the doubt whether this item of clothing should be included in the bequest. The answer given by Pomponius rests on an argumentum a contrario based on a specular case, likely found by the jurist himself in the work of Quintus Mucius, of a legacy of women’s garments made by a senator accustomed to wearing women’s dinner clothes. This essay aims, on the one hand, at integrating the juridical analysis formulated by Riccardo Astolfi between the late sixties and the early seventies of the 20th century (dedicating, for example, greater attention to the phrase the fragment opens with and producing other Latin sources supported by the most updated studies on both Roman law and classical antiquity) and, on the other hand, at strongly distancing itself from certain readings, which, by focusing only on the case of the senator, have ended up losing sight of the profound internal logical coherence between the two cases and their own solutions. Besides the exegesis here proposed will be permeated by social-historical and moral principles data related to Roman antiquity clothing which can contribute to clarify the material context of D. 34.2.33.
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that D.32.60.2 Alf. 2 dig. a Paul. epitomat. can confirm the validity of several archaeological and ancient reconstructions according to which during the late republic and the imperial age... more
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that D.32.60.2 Alf. 2 dig. a Paul. epitomat. can confirm the validity of several archaeological and ancient reconstructions according to which during the late republic and the imperial age animal and vegetable fibers, including those that were purple coloured, were worked at home, for both family and commercial needs. But this essay will also try to ascertain the legal meaning of the provision described in D.32.60.2 which falls within the category of legacies concerning the so-called ‘id quod uxoris causa paratum est’.
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that D.32.60.2 Alf. 2 dig. a Paul. epitomat. can confirm the validity of several archaeological and ancient reconstructions according to which during the late republic and the imperial age... more
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that D.32.60.2 Alf. 2 dig. a Paul. epitomat. can confirm the validity of several archaeological and ancient reconstructions according to which during the late republic and the imperial age animal and vegetable fibers, including those that were purple coloured, were worked at home, for both family and commercial needs. But this essay will also try to ascertain the legal meaning of the provision described in D.32.60.2 which falls within the category of legacies concerning the so-called ‘id quod uxoris causa paratum est’.
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that D.32.60.2 Alf. 2 dig. a Paul. epitomat. can confirm the validity of several archaeological and ancient reconstructions according to which during the late republic and the imperial age... more
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that D.32.60.2 Alf. 2 dig. a Paul. epitomat. can confirm the validity of several archaeological and ancient reconstructions according to which during the late republic and the imperial age animal and vegetable fibers, including those that were purple coloured, were worked at home, for both family and commercial needs. But this essay will also try to ascertain the legal meaning of the provision described in D.32.60.2 which falls within the category of legacies concerning the so-called ‘id quod uxoris causa paratum est’. Finally, in the Appendix, we will examine D.33.2.32.2 Scaev. 15 dig. concerning a gift out of the inheritance in favour of the deceased’s wife in which ‘lana’ and ‘purpura’ play an important role and to which a criterion similar to that expressed by Alfenus in D.32.60.2 is applied. According to this criterion goods intended for commercial activity are excluded from the disposition.
1 Risposte dott. Scotti 1) Prof.ssa Francesca Scotti, Lei è autrice del libro "Lana, linum, purpura, versicoloria. I legati «tessili» fra diritto romano e archeologia" edito da Jovene: quale importanza avevano, nel mondo romano, le... more
1 Risposte dott. Scotti 1) Prof.ssa Francesca Scotti, Lei è autrice del libro "Lana, linum, purpura, versicoloria. I legati «tessili» fra diritto romano e archeologia" edito da Jovene: quale importanza avevano, nel mondo romano, le attività di filatura e tessitura? Nel mondo romano la filatura e la tessitura ebbero sempre un grande valore sia simbolico, sia socio-economico. Sotto il primo aspetto, bisogna osservare che il lavoro tradizionale tessile svolto dalle matrone e avente per oggetto la lana fu concepito in tutta l'antichità romana come emblema delle virtù femminili, le quali si possono enucleare in una serie di aggettivi ricorrenti sia nelle opere letterarie, sia nelle epigrafi funerarie: "casta", "pudica", "pia", "frugi", "domiseda" e "lanifica". In particolare l'attributo "lanifica" dalle origini fino a tutto il IV sec. a.C. dovette alludere sia alla filatura, sia alla tessitura (svolte normalmente entro le mura domestiche), a partire dal III sec. a.C. alla sola filatura. Da un punto di vista storico, economico e sociale, fra l'età monarchica e la prima metà del III sec. d.C., la filatura e la tessitura della lana vennero via via assumendo "volti" diversi, come confermano tra l'altro una serie di passi del Digesto di Giustiniano. Nel primo periodo, cioè fra la monarchia e gli inizi della repubblica, ciascun nucleo familiare usava produrre autonomamente gran parte dei tessuti da impiegare per la realizzazione di vestiti, il che significa che era indispensabile filare e tenere un telaio in casa. Già dalla seconda metà del III sec. a.C., tuttavia, si assiste a un progressivo cambiamento nei metodi della produzione tessile, consistente nel passaggio da una manifattura domestica su piccola scala a una su base più ampia, addirittura al di fuori del contesto familiare, organizzata in vere e proprie officinae di tessitura, le c.d. "textrinae" o "textrina", ove era impiegato personale specializzato, per lo più femminile, di condizione servile oppure libera e retribuita: lanificae, lanipendae o lanipendiae (pesatrici della lana), quasillariae (filatrici), textrices o stamnariae (tessitrici), sarcinatrices e vestificae (sarte). In queste textrinae, del resto, vi erano, oltre a lanipendae, anche lanipendi ed entrambe le categorie avevano il compito di attribuire una certa quantità di lana da filare, il c.d. "pensum", alle quasillariae di cui controllavano l'operato. Mentre, tuttavia, alla tessitura potevano essere addetti anche gli uomini, la filatura era competenza esclusiva delle donne. Alcune di queste textrinae erano autonomamente gestite da liberte, talvolta insieme ai mariti, pure liberti. Comunque è probabile che esistessero altresì spazi destinati al solo svolgimento della filatura, detti "lanifici", in cui le quasillariae filavano ognuna il rispettivo pensum di lana quotidiano, loro consegnato previa pesatura dei bioccoli di lana.
This essay aims at examining the opinions published in 2002 by the judges of the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords related to the decision granting three appeals riunited into a single file Fairchild v. Glenhaven Funeral Services... more
This essay aims at examining the opinions published in 2002 by the judges of the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords related to the decision granting three appeals riunited into a single file Fairchild v. Glenhaven Funeral Services [2002] UKHL 22 on the subject of civil liability due to a “breach of duty” performed by some companies which three different workers were employed by at different times for different periods. These workers died of mesothelioma after carrying out tasks in contact with asbestos dust without any measures of protection provided by their employers. The analysis of these reasons will help to identify the main legal problems underlying the three appeals gathered together. Among these opinions the one formulated by Lord Rodger, who mentions and analyzes some passages taken from Justinian’s Digest concerning loss wrongfully caused, stands out in particular. In this case the aim will be to understand how and within which limits the reference to these texts may have influenced the process of formation of the final sentence.
The present essay aims at reconstructing Ulpian's thought on sheep wool, linum and versicoloria legacies through the exegesis of D.32.70 pr.-12 which will be gradually accompanied by the comparison with Paul. Sent. III 6.82. It also... more
The present essay aims at reconstructing Ulpian's thought on sheep wool, linum and versicoloria legacies through the exegesis of D.32.70 pr.-12 which will be gradually accompanied by the comparison with Paul. Sent. III 6.82. It also proposes to indicate the differences between legacies of sheep wool and legacies of linum and the differences between legacies of sheep wool, linum and versicoloria on the one hand and legacies of vestes or vestimenta on the other. The analysis of the texts will be completed by explanations (taken from ancient agronomic sources, Pliny's Naturalis Historia, modern studies on ancient textiles and archaeological findings) on the process of textile manufacture widespread all over the ancient world.
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Sommario: Premessa. 1. Contenuto del legato di lana. 2. Contenuto del legato di vestimentum. 3. Il caso dell'abito confezionato (prima dell'apertura della successione) con la lana legata. Abstract: Ulpiano e Paolo si occupano del caso di... more
Sommario: Premessa. 1. Contenuto del legato di lana. 2. Contenuto del legato di vestimentum. 3. Il caso dell'abito confezionato (prima dell'apertura della successione) con la lana legata. Abstract: Ulpiano e Paolo si occupano del caso di un tale che, dopo aver disposto nel suo testamento un legato di lana, ha con questa realizzato un vestito: il dubbio è se l'abito rientri comunque nella disposizione mortis causa, nonostante nel legato si parli di lana. Mentre Paolo esclude tale possibilità, Ulpiano l'ammette purché si dimostri che il testatore l'aveva prevista. La dottrina tradizionale ha di regola esaminato l'argomento sotto il profilo della specificatio, con esiti spesso contrastanti anche in ragione di 'pregiudizi' di natura interpolazionistica. Lo scopo di questo contributo è invece quello di analizzare i frammenti citati alla luce dei risultati delle ricerche antichistiche ed archeologiche in materia, con il supporto dei testi agronomici latini e della Naturalis Historia di Plinio. Abstract: Ulpiano and Paul deal with the case of a man who, after disposing a legacy of wool in his testament has made a suit with this wool before dying: the doubt is whether the garment falls into the mortis causa disposition despite the fact that the content of the legacy is wool, not a dress. While Paul excludes this possibility, Ulpiano admitts it as long as it is possible to prove that the testator had admitted the validity of the legacy. The traditional doctrine has usually examined this subject in connection with specificatio's regime with frequent conflicting results sometimes determined by 'prejudices' of interpolations. The purpose of this essay is instead to analyze the mentioned fragments in the light of the results of ancient and archaeological studies on this matter with the support of Latin agronomic texts and Pliny's Naturalis Historia.
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In the classical age Romans were very concerned with preparing wills, which explains why a number of sources show the use among Roman testators of keeping their wills constantly updated by preparing new ones or adding codicils to those... more
In the classical age Romans were very concerned with preparing wills, which explains why a number of sources show the use among Roman testators of keeping their wills constantly updated by preparing new ones or adding codicils to those that had already been performed. The purpose of this essay is to gather literary sources on this topic and jurisprudential problematic texts concerning the exhibitio and opening of the tablets, the grant of bonorum possessio secundum tabulas, the interpretation and the revocation of the will.
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Studio della casistica giudiziaria inglese relativa all’istituto della sale in market overt (“vendita in market overt”), disciplinato dal Sale of Goods Act del 1893, section 22, e dal Sale of Goods Act del 1979, section 22, abrogata,... more
Studio della casistica giudiziaria inglese relativa all’istituto della sale in market overt (“vendita in market overt”), disciplinato dal Sale of Goods Act del 1893, section 22, e dal Sale of Goods Act del 1979, section 22, abrogata, quest’ultima norma, nel 1994 dal relativo Sale of Goods (Amendment) Act. La section 22 del Sale of Goods Act 1979 stabilisce che, “se i beni sono venduti in un market overt in conformità con gli usi del market, il compratore acquista un giusto titolo sui beni stessi, a condizione che li acquisti in buona fede e in assenza di denuncia da parte del venditore di vizi o difetti del rispettivo titolo”. In “Appendice” è contenuta la descrizione della tesi di David Pugsley (dell’Università di Exeter, Devonshire, Gran Bretagna), secondo la quale vi sarebbero punti di contatto fra sale in market overt e mancipatio romana.
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Paragraphs 4, 5, 9 D. 39.3.1 Ulp. 53 ad ed. inform about the attempt of the Roman jurists to find the best solution with regard to the exercise of actio aquae pluviae arcendae in the case of excavation of fossae or sulci aquarii depending... more
Paragraphs 4, 5, 9 D. 39.3.1 Ulp. 53 ad ed. inform about the attempt of the Roman jurists to find the best solution with regard to the exercise of actio aquae pluviae arcendae in the case of excavation of fossae or sulci aquarii depending on whether or not these land reclamation artifacts are functional to the techniques of cultivation of the land. This paper offers a substitute exegesis for those of Hugo Burckhard and, more recently, Francesco Sitzia, paying the best attention to the context of agriculture during the Roman period.
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This paper relates to the exegesis of Dig., XXXIX, 3, 24 pr.-2, taken from the fourth book of the epitome of Alfeno Varo’s digesta curated by Paul. This text describes some cases of dubious applicability of actio aquae pluviae arcendae... more
This paper relates to the exegesis of Dig., XXXIX, 3, 24 pr.-2, taken from the fourth book of the epitome of Alfeno Varo’s digesta curated by Paul. This text describes some cases of dubious applicability of actio aquae pluviae arcendae regarding a pratum located in a locus superior, where it is assumed the creation of various works that affect different modes of water flow and thus may cause damage to the owner of the locus inferior. There is a kind of narrative crescendo in the presentation of the various artefacts, which is expressed by scanning the text in principium and paragraphs: from simple plowing and sowing sulci and porcae of the principium, you go to the far more profound and transverse sulci aquarii of § 1, up to the draining fossae in § 2. While in the principium the action is not entitled to the owner of the locus inferior, in the subsequent two paragraphs it is due. The fragment starts, in the principium, from the description of the event, continues with the request made to Servius (master of Alfeno) and ends with the answer. The description and the solution of the case examined in the principium provide the opportunity to Servius for an hypothetical presentation, according to the method of distinctio, of two other possible methods of conducting the same case, as respectively described in § § 1 and 2 of the fragment, each of which corresponds to a different solution, with the result that the response is in the complex three-sided or trilateral: the interpretative technique per distinctiones adopted by Servius thus implies that the solution of the case depends on the different modalities of the case itself. This paper aims at explaining the context of the alfenian fragment and understanding the rationes dubitandi and rationes decidendi of each individual mode of conduct of the case in the light of the agronomic Latin sources (Cato, Varro, Columella and Palladio).
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Paragraphs 4,5,9 Dig. 39.3.1 inform about the attempt of the Roman jurists to find the best solution with regard to the exercise of actio aquae pluviae arcendae in the case of excavation of fossae or sulci aquarii depending on whether or... more
Paragraphs 4,5,9 Dig. 39.3.1 inform about the attempt of the Roman jurists to find the best solution with regard to the exercise of actio aquae pluviae arcendae in the case of excavation of fossae or sulci aquarii depending on whether or not these land reclamation artifacts are functional to the techniques of cultivation of the land. This paper offers a substitute exegesis for those of Hugo Burckhard and, more recently, Francesco Sitzia, paying the best attention to the context of agriculture during the Roman period.
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Alfenus 4 a Paul. epitom. D. 39.3.24 pr.-2 describes some cases in which there are doubts on the applicability of actio aquae pluviae arcendae. These cases deal with a pratum situated in a locus superior where it is assumed that the... more
Alfenus 4 a Paul. epitom. D. 39.3.24 pr.-2 describes some cases in which there are doubts on the applicability of actio aquae pluviae arcendae. These cases deal with a pratum situated in a locus superior where it is assumed that the construction of different works, influencing how water flows, could cause damage to the locus inferior. This paper offers an exegesis that distancing from the traditional interpretations of fr. 24 pr.-2 aims at examining the rationes decidendi of each single case on the basis of the material context which can be reconstructed with the aid both of the ancient agronomic sources and the archaeological findings.
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This paper contains an exegetical analysis of D. 39.3.2.1,2,4,7 Paul 49 ad ed. on “fossae agro- rum siccandorum causa factae”, namely ditches dug between or inside the properties for the purpose of draining the land. The exegesis, while... more
This paper contains an exegetical analysis of D. 39.3.2.1,2,4,7 Paul 49 ad ed. on “fossae agro- rum siccandorum causa factae”, namely ditches dug between or inside the properties for the purpose of draining the land. The exegesis, while not neglecting the examination of the hypothesis of inter- polations or the attempted integrations proposed by the doctrine on these texts, attempts to combine legal knowledge with both archaeological findings and agronomic Latin sources, also by examining the current practice of land reclamation in the cultivation of properties.
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Il lavoro contiene una selezione di ottantacinque frammenti tratti dal Digesto di Giustiniano, la cui tipologia si presenta così: ci sono un titolo completo (il primo del libro nono Si quadrupes pauperiem fecisse dicatur), ampi stralci di... more
Il lavoro contiene una selezione di ottantacinque frammenti tratti dal Digesto di Giustiniano, la cui tipologia si presenta così: ci sono un titolo completo (il primo del libro nono Si quadrupes pauperiem fecisse dicatur), ampi stralci di commentari all’editto, frammenti dei commentari a Quinto Mucio e a Sabino, casi e questioni tratti da digesta e opere casistiche (disputationes, responsa, quaestiones), passi provenienti da monografie, etc. Ogni frammento, riprodotto nell’originale dall’edizione Mommsen, è corredato da una traduzione italiana e da un commento che ha lo scopo di rendere intellegibile l’originale e giustifica spesso le scelte interpretative sintetizzate nella traduzione. Nelle note di commento è inoltre citata la bibliografia essenziale relativa ai singoli istituti trattati nei frammenti. L’opera è arricchita da alcuni esempi di formule processuali, da un elenco alfabetico dei giuristi con succinte note biografiche, da cronologie e da un indice analitico degli argomenti.
Lo scopo di quest’opera è l’illustrazione del regime della successione testamentaria attraverso l’esegesi delle Istituzioni di Gaio e di Giustiniano, dei testi relativi alla chiusura, sigillazione e apertura del testamento e di alcuni... more
Lo scopo di quest’opera è l’illustrazione del regime della successione testamentaria attraverso l’esegesi delle Istituzioni di Gaio e di Giustiniano, dei testi relativi alla chiusura, sigillazione e apertura del testamento e di alcuni casi concreti tratti dal Digesto giustinianeo che esemplificano le nozioni di carattere generale dei due manuali predetti. Sono inoltre esaminati, a completamento dell’analisi delle fonti succitate, versetti della Legge delle dodici tavole; passi della Collatio, della Consultatio veteris cuiusdam iurisconsulti, dell’Epitome Gai, dei Fragmenta Augustodunensia, dei Fragmenta Vaticana, delle Pauli Sententiae, dei Tituli ex corpore Ulpiani; costituzioni tratte dalle Novelle Post-teodosiane, dal Codice di Giustiniano e dalle Novelle giustinianee; testi dei Basilici e della Parafrasi di Teofilo; articoli del Codice civile italiano attualmente in vigore. Le principali problematiche qui affrontate (sempre secondo criteri strettamente esegetici) sono quelle discusse nell’ambito della dottrina romanistica del Novecento e contemporanea, come ad es. la disciplina speciale del testamento militare (la quale costituisce l’archetipo della nozione teorica di “diritto singolare” in quanto contrapposta a quella di “diritto comune”), le forme di testamento, la tipologia delle cause di invalidità, il rapporto fra testamento e codicilli, la portata storica dei fedecommessi e il contributo di questi alla dissoluzione del formalismo negoziale, il regime degli atti eversivi del testamento.
Il presente lavoro consiste in una silloge di frammenti della giurisprudenza classica, di fonti postclassiche pregiustinianee e di costituzioni imperiali sul regime del contratto di deposito tradotti e commentati. In quest’opera vengono... more
Il presente lavoro consiste in una silloge di frammenti della giurisprudenza classica, di fonti postclassiche pregiustinianee e di costituzioni imperiali sul regime del contratto di deposito tradotti e commentati. In quest’opera vengono affrontati secondo criteri strettamente esegetici alcuni problemi particolarmente discussi nell’ambito dottrina romanistica del Novecento e contemporanea, quali, ad es., il rapporto fra diritto soggettivo e azione per farlo valere, il regime dei criteri di responsabilità contrattuale, il concorso di azioni, la tutela dei creditori nel caso di contratti conclusi con alieni iuris (capaci di agire, ma incapaci di diritto), alcuni aspetti filologici che hanno essenziali ricadute giuridiche e che costituiscono non di rado cruces della filologia giuridica, la tematica del deposito c.d. ‘irregolare’. La sottoscritta ha cercato, in particolare, di dimostrare che il deposito c.d. ‘irregolare’ è una categoria che ha spesso complicato l’esegesi dei testi antichi (sui quali la romanistica si è da tempo accapigliata), proponendo una ricostruzione dell’istituto volta a far emergere il più possibile il pensiero della giurisprudenza classica, al quale è estranea l’idea che il negozio in cui il depositario ha la facoltà di restituire il tantundem costituisca un tertium genus rispetto al deposito e al mutuo, né vi sono elementi testuali da cui emerga che il negozio in cui il depositario ha la facoltà di restituire il tantundem costituisca una fattispecie anomala di deposito. I risultati esegetici su questo argomento sono sintetizzati nella Parte settima del volume (“Osservazioni sul ‘deposito irregolare’”, p. 183 ss.).
The research carried out in this monograph concerning the texts of the Roman jurists relating to the legacies of textile fibers has required an in-depth examination of the processing procedures of these materials widespread in the ancient... more
The research carried out in this monograph concerning the texts of the Roman jurists relating to the legacies of textile fibers has required an in-depth examination of the processing procedures of these materials widespread in the ancient world as well as of the evolution that these procedures underwent in the course of the history of Rome on a technological, social and economic level. Therefore the need to use an interdisciplinary method has been evident during the process of the exegesis of fragments whose legal problems, closely related to technical-specialist areas would imply the knowledge of the respective material contexts.
This approach has made it possible to draw a series of conclusions on the texts under investigation based precisely on a careful reconstruction, even if hypothetical in many respects, of the material, social and economic context. But this analysis has not been able to ignore, especially with regard to the main source object of this study, fragment 70 D. 32 Ulp. 22 ad Sab., the well-chosen suggestions made by Mommsen on the internal arrangement of the paragraphs, thanks to which it has been possible to restore both order and logical coherence inside the long fragment. And the greatness of this scholar is amplified by the fact that at the time he formulated these conjectures he could not count either on the apparatus of innovative and up-to-date ancient studies nor on the array of archaeological findings available at present.
Through the comparison with the material reality considered by the jurisprudential texts consisting in particular of cases regarding legacies including wool, flax, versicoloria (artificially coloured yarn) and purple, as well as flocks and ancillae lanificae in farms, the research has been able to confirm the validity of the reconstructions made by both archeologists and scholars of classical antiquity on the development of wool processing in some phases of Roman history (especially both in the late Republican and Imperial age). A sort of connection has therefore been found between the contents of the fragments of Roman jurists and the data obtainable from literary sources, archaeological discoveries, epigraphic and iconographic attestations.
This in itself constitutes a noteworthy result because it shows on the one hand that jurists were extensively documented on the problems of daily life, domestic or artisanal work, of their time, from which they drew ideas for the advancement of the law on the other hand that also Roman law sources, despite their technicality, can inform Roman law scholars and all lovers of ancient disciplines about the technologies adopted by the Romans in this particular field.
It has also been noted that the concrete law cases examined in this study refer to various environments, urban or rustic, belonging to higher social classes or less well-to-do classes, which reveals on the one hand the widespread diffusion in ancient Rome of the practices related to the textile activity on the other hand the interest of jurists for this reality, in urban or agricultural contexts, in high-ranking or medium conditions.