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- Author and co-author of 150 publications, 35 book chapters and 196 Abstracts. Recipient of several national & interna... moreAuthor and co-author of 150 publications, 35 book chapters and 196 Abstracts. Recipient of several national & international scientific awards. Recipient of several volunteer services awards. Held Membership in several professional societies and Editorial Boards. Advisor/Examiner of M.Sc. and Ph.D. students.edit
Every drug has two facets and the sinister side is becoming more apparent every day, sometimes resulting in product recalls by regulatory agencies due to serious adverse effects. Monitoring of unwanted side effects of allopathic drugs... more
Every drug has two facets and the sinister side is becoming more apparent every day, sometimes resulting in product recalls by regulatory agencies due to serious adverse effects. Monitoring of unwanted side effects of allopathic drugs administered alone, and in combination with other drugs or dietary products causing drug-drug and drug-herbal/food interactions were lacking earlier, but information is now being unearthed in India. The aim of pharmacovigilance programmes is to bring this treasure trove of knowledge under one umbrella for consumers and all other stakeholders. Such programmes are meant to create awareness among physicians and surgeons for the better treatment of patients by advocating safe use of drugs, and at the same time collect risk/benefit data and collaborate globally to form a strong post-market surveillance network. Hopefully, the seeds of such programmes sown today will blossom into powerful and efficient tools and lead to meaningful outcomes in the future. Presently, pharmacovigilance in India is in its nascent stage. After two unsuccessful attempts, the third Indian venture to construct a pharmacovigilance network has taken root and is expected to bear fruit. The overall objectives of this review are: to ensure the safe use of medicines in diverse and sensitive patient populations; to improve patient care through judicial use of drugs and plant-derived remedies; to improve public health and safety by the assessment of risks and benefits of medicaments; and to promote education and clinical training of health professionals in the management of risks/benefits associated with existing and new medicines.
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Background: The present study was designed to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of plant-derived products marketed for human health benefits. Methods: The tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α) was used as a proinflammatory biomarker... more
Background: The present study was designed to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of plant-derived products marketed for human health benefits. Methods: The tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α) was used as a proinflammatory biomarker generated by mouse macrophage RAW 264.6 cells. The in vitro tested plant products include Saskatoon berry (SKB), quercetin, purified oat betaglucan (OBG), curcumin, and turmeric. Quantification of TNF-α in cell culture supernatants was carried out using mouse TNF-α assay kit and the cell proliferation was determined by MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum and 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 µg/mL streptomycin. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a concentration of 500 ng/mL was employed to stimulate the TNF-α production in mouse macrophage cells. Results: Results showed that curcumin at 10 µM (3.7 µg/ mL) level effectively attenuated the LPS-induced inflammatory response, and at 100 µM completely inhibited macrophage RAW cell growth (p < 0.05). The aqueous turmeric extract caused inhibitory effect on TNF-α at 25, 50, 100, and 500 µg/mL. SKB inhibited TNF-α production at 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 µg/mL. On the other hand, at 10, 25, 500, and 1,000 µg/mL SKB promoted significant cell growth/proliferation. Quercetin at 10, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL inhibited TNF-α, but at 500 and 1,000 µg/mL stimulated cell growth. OBG at 10, 25, and 50 µg/mL inhibited TNF-α, but in some cases OBG stimulated TNFα At 1,000 and 10,000 µg/mL OBG proved to be extremely toxic or lethal to the macrophage cells. Conclusions: Overall, the plant products showed antiinflammatory effects as well as cell proliferation or inhibition in the in vitro system used in this investigation. The underlying mechanisms of dualistic actions caused by plant-derived ingredients, viz., macrophage cellular growth stimulation or retardation, remain to be elucidated.
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Background: The present study was designed to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of plant-derived products marketed for human health benefits. Methods: The tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α) was used as a proinflammatory biomarker... more
Background: The present study was designed to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of plant-derived products marketed for human health benefits. Methods: The tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α) was used as a proinflammatory biomarker generated by mouse macrophage RAW 264.6 cells. The in vitro tested plant products include Saskatoon berry (SKB), quercetin, purified oat betaglucan (OBG), curcumin, and turmeric. Quantification of TNF-α in cell culture supernatants was carried out using mouse TNF-α assay kit and the cell proliferation was determined by MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum and 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 µg/mL streptomycin. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a concentration of 500 ng/mL was employed to stimulate the TNF-α production in mouse macrophage cells. Results: Results showed that curcumin at 10 µM (3.7 µg/ mL) level effectively attenuated the LPS-induced inflammatory response, and at 100 µM completely inhibited macrophage RAW cell growth (p < 0.05). The aqueous turmeric extract caused inhibitory effect on TNF-α at 25, 50, 100, and 500 µg/mL. SKB inhibited TNF-α production at 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 µg/mL. On the other hand, at 10, 25, 500, and 1,000 µg/mL SKB promoted significant cell growth/proliferation. Quercetin at 10, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL inhibited TNF-α, but at 500 and 1,000 µg/mL stimulated cell growth. OBG at 10, 25, and 50 µg/mL inhibited TNF-α, but in some cases OBG stimulated TNFα At 1,000 and 10,000 µg/mL OBG proved to be extremely toxic or lethal to the macrophage cells. Conclusions: Overall, the plant products showed antiinflammatory effects as well as cell proliferation or inhibition in the in vitro system used in this investigation. The underlying mechanisms of dualistic actions caused by plant-derived ingredients, viz., macrophage cellular growth stimulation or retardation, remain to be elucidated.
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Celiac disease (CD) is one of the most common inflammatory diseases of the small intestine which causes abdominal pain, diarrhoea, malabsorption, weight loss, anorexia, and iron deficiency anaemia in humans. It is a human leukocyte... more
Celiac disease (CD) is one of the most common inflammatory diseases of the small intestine which causes abdominal pain, diarrhoea, malabsorption, weight loss, anorexia, and iron deficiency anaemia in humans. It is a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)linked disorder that is triggered by the gluten and gliadin proteins from wheat and related cereals. The presence of other genetic factors such as HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 have also been identified for the generation of circulating autoantibodies to the enzyme transglutaminase (TG2). The TG2 enzyme deamidates the gluten peptides and increases their affinity for the HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8, which in turn cause a more vigorous activation of CD4 + T-helper 1 (Th1) cells and trigger the immune response, and such immune cascade eventually leads to intestinal membrane damage and malabsorption. Generally, CD is managed by lifelong gluten-free diet. However, strict adherence to a gluten-free diet is difficult and is not always effective. Several pharmacological agents and alternative therapies for treating CD are currently under development and are in clinical trials, The purpose of this review is to highlight the complex involvement of genetics and immunity in CD and to focus on the novel strategies being used for developing adjunct and alternative therapies for the treatment of CD..
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Lactose intolerance is a common disorder affecting an individual's ability to digest lactose present in milk or any food product. Lactose intolerance is caused by the deficiency of β-galactosidase (lactase) in the digestive tract.... more
Lactose intolerance is a common disorder affecting an individual's ability to digest lactose present in milk or any food product. Lactose intolerance is caused by the deficiency of β-galactosidase (lactase) in the digestive tract. Diagnosis of lactose intolerance is not so simple and straightforward clinically. Many biochemical and genetic tests have been developed for the determination of lactose intolerance. Several case reports indicate wherein subjects have self-diagnosed being lactose intolerant. There is an emerging link of this disorder with human gene polymorphism, where genetic basis has been used as a diagnostic tool. The high prevalence of this condition among children and adults has compelled the production of lactose-free foods. Additionally, external enzyme supplementation has been looked at as an alternative protective mechanism in lactose intolerant subjects. This review highlights the genetic variants of lactase polymorphism and theranostic (therapeutic and diagnostic) strategies for lactose intolerance.
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Nanotechnology is rapidly advancing and will leave no field untouched by its ground breaking innovations. Nanoparticles are molecules with a diameter ranging from 10-100 nm. Nanotechnology has promising biomedical applications and most... more
Nanotechnology is rapidly advancing and will leave no field untouched by its ground breaking innovations. Nanoparticles are molecules with a diameter ranging from 10-100 nm. Nanotechnology has promising biomedical applications and most noteworthy amongst them are noble metal particles. For instance, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) provide a unique blend of physical and optical properties, chemical inertness, and high surface to volume ratio. They can be synthesized as well as functionalised to support various ligands on their surface. Their surface functionalization and diverse properties render the gold nanoparticles highly useful for drug delivery and gene carrier for therapeutic purposes and as molecular probes for disease diagnosis. The foundation for the usage of AuNPs in therapeutics and diagnosis was laid by the ancient studies done with ruby gold for curing diseases in middle ages. Presently, AuNPs have become available in different types such as spheres, rods, shells, cages and SERS particles which vary in shape, size and physical properties. The biomedical applications of these particles include drug and gene delivery, cancer diagnosis and therapy, determination of biological molecules and microorganisms, detection of disease etiology, immunoassay, enzyme immobilization, etc. Overall, the focus of this review is to highlight that AuNPs provide an excellent platform for the discovery of new therapies, cure for certain cancers, molecular probe for diagnostic purposes, as well as gene carriers and drug delivery vehicles.
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Obesity is escalating among children and adults all over the world. This non-communicable disorder contributes heavily to severe morbidity and mortality in humans due to the occurrence of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases,... more
Obesity is escalating among children and adults all over the world. This non-communicable disorder contributes heavily to severe morbidity and mortality in humans due to the occurrence of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, osteoarthritis, and
some cancers. Excess deposition of white adipose tissue in obese patients produces hormone like bioactive substances that produce inflammatory cytokines, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, to name a few. Obesity can also cause pathophysiologal changes in liver, kidney, and GI tract that can affect drug disposition, resulting in therapeutic failure or toxic drug reactions.
Alterations in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME), ie. pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) have been observed in lean and obese patients. A limited number of studies have shown significant differences in the
PK parameters such as Vd
, CL, t1/2, Tmax, Cmax, and AUC of drugs (e.g., antimicrobials, chemotherapeutics, anesthetics, CNS agents)
in obese and lean patients. In view of these observations, clinical responses to medications can markedly differ between nonobese and obese patients, and this phenomenon can lead to improper dosing, often leaving obese patients mistreated for their
ailments. Morbidly obese patients are more likely to wake up during surgical interventions done under general anesthesia, especially propofol. It is therefore imparative that the loading and maintinance dose of drugs, especially anesthetics and lipophilic
agents, should be adjusted in obese patients. Further, obese men, women and children should be enrolled in clinical trials to
determine the safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals. The focus of this review is to highlight the relationship of obesity-related
alterations in drug ADME and to provide an updated overview about the PK and PD changes observed for a wide spectrum of
drugs in obese and non-obese patients. Literature-based recommendations for rational therapeutic dose-modifications are also
provided in the publication.
some cancers. Excess deposition of white adipose tissue in obese patients produces hormone like bioactive substances that produce inflammatory cytokines, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, to name a few. Obesity can also cause pathophysiologal changes in liver, kidney, and GI tract that can affect drug disposition, resulting in therapeutic failure or toxic drug reactions.
Alterations in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME), ie. pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) have been observed in lean and obese patients. A limited number of studies have shown significant differences in the
PK parameters such as Vd
, CL, t1/2, Tmax, Cmax, and AUC of drugs (e.g., antimicrobials, chemotherapeutics, anesthetics, CNS agents)
in obese and lean patients. In view of these observations, clinical responses to medications can markedly differ between nonobese and obese patients, and this phenomenon can lead to improper dosing, often leaving obese patients mistreated for their
ailments. Morbidly obese patients are more likely to wake up during surgical interventions done under general anesthesia, especially propofol. It is therefore imparative that the loading and maintinance dose of drugs, especially anesthetics and lipophilic
agents, should be adjusted in obese patients. Further, obese men, women and children should be enrolled in clinical trials to
determine the safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals. The focus of this review is to highlight the relationship of obesity-related
alterations in drug ADME and to provide an updated overview about the PK and PD changes observed for a wide spectrum of
drugs in obese and non-obese patients. Literature-based recommendations for rational therapeutic dose-modifications are also
provided in the publication.
Research Interests:
Obesity is escalating among children and adults all over the world. This non-communicable disorder contributes heavily to severe morbidity and mortality in humans due to the occurrence of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases,... more
Obesity is escalating among children and adults all over the world. This non-communicable disorder contributes heavily to severe morbidity and mortality in humans due to the occurrence of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, osteoarthritis, and some cancers. Excess deposition of white adipose tissue in obese patients produces hormone like bioactive substances that produce inflammatory cytokines, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, to name a few. Obesity can also cause pathophysiologal changes in liver, kidney, and GI tract that can affect drug disposition, resulting in therapeutic failure or toxic drug reactions. Alterations in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME), ie. pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) have been observed in lean and obese patients. A limited number of studies have shown significant differences in the PK parameters such as V d , CL, t 1/2 , T max , C max, and AUC of drugs (e.g., antimicrobials, chemotherapeutics, anesthetics, CNS agents) in obese and lean patients. In view of these observations, clinical responses to medications can markedly differ between nonobese and obese patients, and this phenomenon can lead to improper dosing, often leaving obese patients mistreated for their ailments. Morbidly obese patients are more likely to wake up during surgical interventions done under general anesthesia, especially propofol. It is therefore imparative that the loading and maintinance dose of drugs, especially anesthetics and lipophilic agents, should be adjusted in obese patients. Further, obese men, women and children should be enrolled in clinical trials to determine the safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals. The focus of this review is to highlight the relationship of obesity-related alterations in drug ADME and to provide an updated overview about the PK and PD changes observed for a wide spectrum of drugs in obese and non-obese patients. Literature-based recommendations for rational therapeutic dose-modifications are also provided in the publication.
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Nobiletin (NOB) chemically known as 5, 6, 7, 8, 3, 4-hexamethoxyflavone is a polymethoxylated flavonoid that is predominantly found in the peel of citrus fruits. Animal studies and a limited number of clinical trials suggest that NOB has... more
Nobiletin (NOB) chemically known as 5, 6, 7, 8, 3, 4-hexamethoxyflavone is a polymethoxylated flavonoid that is predominantly found in the peel of citrus fruits. Animal studies and a limited number of clinical trials suggest that NOB has multifunctional biological activities such as protection against obesity and obesity related cardiometabolic disorders, neuroprotection, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-allergy, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and free radical scavenging abilities. NOB and its metabolites have also displayed antibacterial and antiviral properties and inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis. This review is intended to discuss the pharmacological actions and therapeutic potential of NOB and its metabolites in the prevention of obesity and obesity associated health complications. Evidence obtained from animal studies and a limited number of clinical trials suggest that NOB may be a promising candidate for the prevention of obesity and obesity related disorders as well as non-...
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: The conventional anticancer chemotherapies not only cause serious toxic effects but also produce resistance in tumor cells exposed to long-term therapy. Usually, the selective killing of metastasized cancer cells requires long-term... more
: The conventional anticancer chemotherapies not only cause serious toxic effects but also produce resistance in tumor cells exposed to long-term therapy. Usually, the selective killing of metastasized cancer cells requires long-term therapy with higher drug doses because the cancer cells develop resistance due to the induction of poly-glycoproteins (P-gps) that act as a transmembrane efflux pump to transport drugs out of the cells. During the last few decades, scientists have been exploring new anticancer drug delivery systems such as microencapsulation, hydrogels, and nanotubes to improve bioavailability, reduce drug-dose requirement, decrease multiple drug resistance, and save normal cells as non-specific targets. Hopefully, the development of novel drug delivery vehicles (nanotubes, liposomes, supramolecules, hydrogels, and micelles) will assist in delivering drug molecules at the specific target site and reduce undesirable side effects of anticancer therapies in humans. Nanoparticles and lipid formulations are also designed to deliver a small drug payload at the desired tumor cell sites for their anticancer actions. This review will focus on the recent advances in drug delivery systems and their application in treating different cancer types in humans.
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Background Gut microbiota is considered to have a great impact on human health and disease. While it is widely recognized that the gut microbiota of healthy individuals differs from those with obesity, inflammatory bowel disease,... more
Background Gut microbiota is considered to have a great impact on human health and disease. While it is widely recognized that the gut microbiota of healthy individuals differs from those with obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic syndrome, and other chronic diseases, the alterations of gut microbiota with physical activity are not fully understood. Accordingly, we performed this systematic review to address the question regarding the effects of mild and intense exercise on the gut microbiota in humans. Methods The comparative analyses of gut microbiota were conducted following the PRISMA protocol to determine the differences in the active vs. non-active individuals (phenotypes) (n = 11), including the influence of physical activity intervention on the human gut microbiota (n = 13); the differences in the gut microbiota of athletes vs. non-athletes (n = 8); and the microbiota status at different stages of athletic performance or intervention (n = 7), with various of physica...
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4-(methylthio)butyl isothiocyanate (4-MTBITC) also called erucin is abundantly present in the seeds of Eruca sativa plant closely related to cruciferous vegetables rich in isothiocyanates. We have previously reported the molecular targets... more
4-(methylthio)butyl isothiocyanate (4-MTBITC) also called erucin is abundantly present in the seeds of Eruca sativa plant closely related to cruciferous vegetables rich in isothiocyanates. We have previously reported the molecular targets of 4-MTBITC, but no acute, subacute and subchronic toxicity studies have been carried out to evaluate its safety. The non-everted gut sac method was used to study intestinal absorption and it revealed the highest absorption of 4-MTBITC in the jejunum. Dose-dependent pharmacokinetic parameters were observed in rats given 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg oral doses of 4-MTBITC. At the highest dose of 40 mg/kg, Cmax was 437.33 μg/ml and Tmax was 30 min, suggesting quick absorption and delayed elimination with elimination constant, 0.0036 ± 0.0002min-1. In a 14 days toxicity study, the mean LD50 of 4-MTBITC was 500 mg/kg body weight. After 28 and 90 days of treatment with 4-MTBITC (2.5, 10, 40 mg/kg/day), significant increases were observed in SGOT, cholesterol, and antioxidant enzymes. The levels of glycine, alanine and lysine were markedly increased in the liver tissue, thereby indicating that the liver was the target organ of 4-MTBITC induced toxicity in female animals. The histopathological examination of liver, kidney, and lung tissues revealed little focal necrosis, apoptosis, and reduction in the levels of amino acids involved in cellular metabolic pathways, indicating the anti-proliferative potential of 4-MTBITC against rapidly growing cells.
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In recent years, the burden of several chronic diseases, including cancer, has increased rapidly worldwide. Although there are several diagnostic and treatment options available to health-care providers, the cancer-induced mortality rate... more
In recent years, the burden of several chronic diseases, including cancer, has increased rapidly worldwide. Although there are several diagnostic and treatment options available to health-care providers, the cancer-induced mortality rate is escalating globally. Interestingly enough, the development and utilization of plant-derived natural compounds therapy for the prevention and treatment of cancer are being rigorously pursued by overwhelming number of investigators. In the category of natural compounds, flavonoids occupy an important place and are being extensively studied in animal models and cancer patients to evaluate their anticancer potential. The chemopreventive role of flavonoids and their underlying mechanisms of action against cancer have been well documented in the literature. The present chapter summarizes the purported cellular, molecular, and genetic mechanisms of anticancer action of flavonoids, such as apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, anti-angiogenesis, anti-m...
Research Interests: Pharmacology, Cancer, Flavonoids, Medicine, Phytotherapy, and 4 moreFlavanone, Flavones, luteolin, and Springer Ebooks
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Abstract Salicylate (88.9 mg/kg, po) decreased the blood level of radioactivity emanating from [ 14 C]warfarin (1 mg/kg, iv and po) during the 24 hr following drug administration, reduced the area under the blood radioactivity vs time... more
Abstract Salicylate (88.9 mg/kg, po) decreased the blood level of radioactivity emanating from [ 14 C]warfarin (1 mg/kg, iv and po) during the 24 hr following drug administration, reduced the area under the blood radioactivity vs time curve, and shortened the half-life for elimination of radioactivity from the blood. During the first 6 hr after drug administration, salicylate increased the biliary excretion of radioactivity, which resulted in enhanced fecal excretion of warfarin and its metabolites. Salicylate administration initially increased and later decreased the amount of radioactivity in the liver, and increased the proportion of warfarin metabolites to unchanged warfarin in this organ. It did not affect the proportion of unchanged warfarin to metabolites in the blood, bile and urine, or the total amount of radioactivity excreted during 48 hr in the urine and feces. In vitro, salicylate decreased the binding of [ 14 C]warfarin to rat serum proteins in a linear manner. It is concluded that, in the rat, salicylate competes with warfarin for serum protein binding sites, thereby facilitating its uptake by the liver. Second, through a combination of its choleretic action and effect on membrane transport, salicylate enhances the biliary excretion of warfarin and its metabolites, thus accounting for the decreased concentration in the blood and lowered antiboagulant action.
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Increased activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been related to cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Most randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that RAS blockade reduces the incidence of type 2... more
Increased activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been related to cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Most randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that RAS blockade reduces the incidence of type 2 diabetes, which has been explained by improved insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. In this review, an overview of the mechanisms that may underlie the association between the RAS and type 2 diabetes will be provided, with focus on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue function. This will include discussion of several human studies performed in our laboratory to investigate the metabolic and hemodynamic effects of the RAS, combining in vivo measurements of whole-body and tissue metabolism with molecular and immunohistochemical approaches. Available data suggest that the detrimental effects of the RAS on insulin secretion are mediated by a reduction in pancreatic blood flow and induction of islet fibrosis, oxidative stress as well as inflammation, where...
Research Interests: Endocrinology, Cardiology, Inflammation, Medicine, Heart Failure, and 15 moreInsulin Resistance, Adipose tissue, Humans, Internal Medicine, Insulin, Insulin Secretion, Human Adipose Tissue, Diabetes mellitus, Aldosterone, Fibrosis, Blood Flow, Cardiomyopathy, Ejection Fraction, Impaired Glucose Tolerance, and diabetic cardiomyopathy
Research Interests: Pharmacology and Receptor
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Viral infections are posing a great threat to humanity for the last few years. Among these, Chikungunya which is a mosquito-borne viral infection has produced enormous epidemics around the world after been rebounded. Although this... more
Viral infections are posing a great threat to humanity for the last few years. Among these, Chikungunya which is a mosquito-borne viral infection has produced enormous epidemics around the world after been rebounded. Although this infection shows a low mortality rate, patients suffer from fever, arthralgia, and maculopapular rashes, which reduce the quality of life for several weeks to years. The currently available treatments only provide symptomatic relief based on analgesics, antipyretics, and anti-inflammatory drugs which are nonspecific without satisfactory results. Medicinal plants are a widely accepted source of new molecules for the treatment of infectious diseases including viral infections. The scientific reports, primarily focusing on the anti-chikungunya activity of plant extracts, natural origin pure compounds, and their synthetic analog published from 2011 to 2021, were selected from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus by using related keywords like anti-chikungunya pla...
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Background: Bovine colostrum (BC) contains a myriad of bioactive molecules that are renowned for possessing unique medicinal benefits in children and adults, and BC supplements are considered safe and cost-effective options to... more
Background: Bovine colostrum (BC) contains a myriad of bioactive molecules that are renowned for possessing unique medicinal benefits in children and adults, and BC supplements are considered safe and cost-effective options to manage/prevent the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections and gut-related problems in athletes. In this review, we will try to answer the question: How will BC supplementation ameliorate gut permeability problems among athletes? Methods: Literature searches were performed using PRISMA guidance to identify studies assessing the influence of BC supplements on gut permeability. Studies were selected using four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCO, and a total number of 60 articles were retrieved by using appropriate keywords. Results: Nine studies were selected that met the eligibility criteria for this review. The data analysis revealed that vigorous exercise profoundly increases intestinal permeability, and BC supplementation helps to r...
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The massive research interest in whey has strengthened its position among coagulated milk products. Previously conducted reviews demonstrate that whey-derived functional foods provide a cascade of beneficial applications that promote... more
The massive research interest in whey has strengthened its position among coagulated milk products. Previously conducted reviews demonstrate that whey-derived functional foods provide a cascade of beneficial applications that promote health and wellbeing, and in managing numerous chronic diseases. To improve the understanding about how whey protein processing brings about new products that help in tackling health challenges is what we have attempted in this review paper. Herein, we provide an insight perspective into whey proteins processing and its derivatives from constituents, bioactivities, functionalities to therapeutic applications, drawing from: (a) prime constituents of whey protein; (b) composition and production of sweet/acidic whey; (c) bioactive peptides aspects of whey and its health/wellbeing benefits; (d) whey processing techniques: improving whey proteins&#39; functionalities; (e) whey and its derivatives-based products: generating new functional foods and beverages and (f) whey-derived products in health and wellbeing: some therapeutic applications.
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Abstract Percutaneous absorption of the antimicrobial agent chlorhexidine (labelled with carbon-14) was studied in rats. Less than 5% of the topically applied chlorhexidine was absorbed during a 5-day period. Excretion of absorbed... more
Abstract Percutaneous absorption of the antimicrobial agent chlorhexidine (labelled with carbon-14) was studied in rats. Less than 5% of the topically applied chlorhexidine was absorbed during a 5-day period. Excretion of absorbed radioactivity occurred mainly in the faeces.
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Pharmacy as a profession started in India in the early 20 th Century. Since then, it has undergone many changes educationally and professionally. Unfortunately, pharmacists in India have been reduced to selling medicines, unlike the West,... more
Pharmacy as a profession started in India in the early 20 th Century. Since then, it has undergone many changes educationally and professionally. Unfortunately, pharmacists in India have been reduced to selling medicines, unlike the West, where the pharmacist is responsible for dispensing medicines prescribed by the physician, and advising patients about their judicious administration. To be at par with their Western counterparts, the Indian educational and pharmacy practicing standards require extensive revision. This change would enhance the profile of pharmacists and enable them to be an integral part of the health care system. In the future, innovations in the discovery and development of newer drugs and dosage forms will be used and personalised pharmacotherapy will be propagated. The future pharmacist has to be aware of these developments to advise the physician and the patient and to be a competent partner in the health care team. Simultaneously, the drug regulatory authoriti...
Nutraceutical, a term combining the words “nutrition” and “pharmaceuticals”, is a food or food product that provides health benefits as an adjuvant or alternative therapy, including the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases in... more
Nutraceutical, a term combining the words “nutrition” and “pharmaceuticals”, is a food or food product that provides health benefits as an adjuvant or alternative therapy, including the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases in children and adults. There is emerging evidence that bovine colostrum (BC) may be one of the promising nutraceuticals which can prevent or mitigate various diseases in newborns and adults. Immunity-related disorders are one of the leading causes of mortality in the world. BC is rich in immunity, growth and antimicrobial factors, which promote tissue growth and the maturation of digestive tract and immune function in neonatal animals and humans. The immunoglobulins and lactoferrin present in colostrum are known to build natural immunity in newborns which helps to reduce the mortality rate in this population. Also, the side-effect profile of colostrum proteins and possible lactose intolerance is relatively less in comparison with milk. In general, BC i...
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Bovine colostrum (BC) is the initial mammary secretion after parturition, which is nature’s bountiful source consisting of nutritional and bioactive components present in a highly concentrated low-volume format. All mammalian newborns... more
Bovine colostrum (BC) is the initial mammary secretion after parturition, which is nature’s bountiful source consisting of nutritional and bioactive components present in a highly concentrated low-volume format. All mammalian newborns require colostrum to enhance physiological processes such as lifelong immunity, gastrointestinal development, and resistance to microbial infections. The genetic, environmental, and processing methods can all have an impact on the biochemical contents of BC and its supplements. BC and its derivatives have been intensively researched for their potential use in functional foods, medicines, and animal feed. Evidence from clinical studies suggests that BC products are well-tolerated, nontoxic, and safe for human ingestion. Functional foods, feed, and pharmaceutical formulations based on bovine colostrum are playing noteworthy roles in the development of innovative products for promoting health and the prevention of chronic illnesses. This systematic review...
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cardiovascular medications: A potential risk of toxicity
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The overwhelming globalburden of cancer has posed numerous challenges and opportunities for developing anti-cancer therapies. Phytochemicalshave emerged as promising synergistic compounds with potential anti-cancer effects to supplement... more
The overwhelming globalburden of cancer has posed numerous challenges and opportunities for developing anti-cancer therapies. Phytochemicalshave emerged as promising synergistic compounds with potential anti-cancer effects to supplement chemo- and immune-therapeutic regimens. Anti cancer synergistic effects have been investigated in the interaction between phytocompounds derived from flavonoids such as quercetin, apigenin, kaempferol, hesperidin, emodin etc., and conventional drugs. Xanthohumol is one of the prenylatedphytoflavonoid that has demonstrated key anti-cancer activities in in vitro (anti proliferation of cancer cell lines) and in vivo(animal models of xenograft tumours)studies, and has been explored from different dimensions for targeting cancer subtypes. In the last decade, xanthohumol has been investigated how it induces the anti-cancer effects at cellular and molecular level.The different signalling cascades and targets of xanthohumolare summarized in thisreview.Overal...
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Hypertension, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, arrhythmias and valvular heart disease, coagulopathies and stroke, collectively known as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), contribute greatly to the mortality, morbidity and economic... more
Hypertension, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, arrhythmias and valvular heart disease, coagulopathies and stroke, collectively known as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), contribute greatly to the mortality, morbidity and economic burden of illness in Canada and in other countries. It has been estimated that over four million Canadians have high blood pressure, a comorbid condition that doubles or triples the risk of CVD. According to the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, CVDs caused 36% of deaths in 2001 and were responsible for 18% of the total hospital costs in Canada. The majority of Canadians exhibit at least one CVD-related risk factor, such as tobacco smoking, physical inactivity, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, a lack of daily fruit and vegetable consumption, and psychosocial factors, making these people more prone to developing a serious CVD-related illness in the future. It is therefore important that CVD-related causes and concerns be addressed. Given the scope ...
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Hypertension, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, arrhythmias and valvular heart disease, coagulopathies and stroke, collectively known as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), contribute greatly to the mortality, morbidity and economic... more
Hypertension, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, arrhythmias and valvular heart disease, coagulopathies and stroke, collectively known as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), contribute greatly to the mortality, morbidity and economic burden of illness in Canada and in other countries. It has been estimated that over four million Canadians have high blood pressure, a comorbid condition that doubles or triples the risk of CVD. According to the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, CVDs caused 36% of deaths in 2001 and were responsible for 18% of the total hospital costs in Canada. The majority of Canadians exhibit at least one CVD-related risk factor, such as tobacco smoking, physical inactivity, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, a lack of daily fruit and vegetable consumption, and psychosocial factors, making these people more prone to developing a serious CVD-related illness in the future. It is therefore important that CVD-related causes and concerns be addressed. Given the scope ...
Research Interests:
The large number of plant-derived molecules have been explored in cancer cell lines and preclinical studies. As an outcome of these studies, decent number of isolated compounds expressed their candidature for being explored in clinical... more
The large number of plant-derived molecules have been explored in cancer cell lines and preclinical studies. As an outcome of these studies, decent number of isolated compounds expressed their candidature for being explored in clinical trials. The thrust behind development of plant-derived molecules is their low-cost and lesser side effects as compared to synthetic anticancer agents. Flavonoids are synthesized by plants as secondary metabolites and are a diverse chemical class possessing a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, as well as anticancer activities. Various flavonoids especially genistein, myricetin, quercetin, luteolin, hesperidin, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate have been widely studied in cancer cell lines and animal models of tumorigenesis. In the recent past, the phase 1 and 2 clinical trials conducted with the aforementioned molecules have revealed promising results. Moreove...