742 IX. The Germanic languages 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography 1. 2. 2.1. 2.2. 3. 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.7. 3.8. 4. 5. 5.1. 5.2. Introduction General language dictionaries Multi-volume dictionaries One-volume general language dictionaries Specialized dictionaries Dictionaries for specific user types Syntagmatic dictionaries Paradigmatic dictionaries Dictionaries of particular parts of speech and word classes Dictionaries of labeled lemma types Dictionaries of specific information types Dictionaries of specific varieties Non-scientific lexicography Conclusion Selected bibliography Dictionaries Other literature 1. Introduction This article takes up article 206 from HSK 5.2: Die deutsche Lexikographie der Gegenwart (Present-day German Lexicography; Wiegand 1990), where an overview of German lexicography from 1945 till 1989/90 is given. The present article shows developments in German language dictionaries published between 1989/90 and 2010/11. The subject of the following analysis is synchronic lexicography. Synchronic lexicography comprises the activities of compiling synchronic dictionaries. Synchronic German language dictionaries are understood here as dictionaries whose scope of subject matter (Ger. Wörterbuchgegenstandsbereich, cf. Wiegand 1998b, 303; WLWF-1, 205) is the language of a certain stage of German and which describe properties of (selected expressions of) that language stage from a static rather than from a dynamic point of view. This characterization of the subject is done being aware that the idea of static synchrony is merely an abstraction because there is always change in language and so synchrony is actually dynamic (cf. Jakobson 1971, 275), and that synchronicity is an aspect of language description and not an aspect of language itself (cf. Coseriu 1974, 20). As dictionaries are typical products of language description, this concept of synchrony is & with all due caution & considered adequate for the present enterprise. As in Wiegand (1990), only monolingual dictionaries will be considered; furthermore, the focus is on language dictionaries and not on special-field dictionaries, bibliographical dictionaries etc. Historical dictionaries of earlier stages of the German language (Old High German, Middle High German, Early New High German), which can be regarded as synchronic dictionaries because they describe the lexis of these stages as stages rather than in terms of dynamic evolution, as well as etymological dictionaries, which are diachronic dictionaries and which have been dealt with in the earlier article by Wiegand (1990, 2193& 2197), are not examined here but in a separate article of this volume (cf. article 48). This and the restriction of the publication time of the dictionaries (from 1989/90 to 2010/11) implicates that most dictionaries treated in this article are dictionaries of (aspects of) presentday German. Since the publication of Wiegand (1990), electronic dictionaries & as well off-line dictionaries as on-line dictionaries & have become popular and widespread (cf. Storrer 2010 for an overview of German Internet dictionaries). Exemplars of these types of dictionaries are included in this overview at their thematically corresponding sections where possible. The typology used to structure the overview is based on Hausmann (1989b) and on the typology effectively used in HSK 5.1& 5.3 and Wiegand (1990). Not all dictionaries published since 1989/90 could be included, but it is intended to cover the most important and innovative ones and to give an overview of the diversity of the dictionary landscape in German-speaking countries with regard to dictionary types and dictionary features. The proceeding is from general to specialized dictionaries. The general dictionaries are basically analyzed in terms of selected compounds, their access structures, their macrostructure/ lemma selection and their microstructure, with special features being pointed out where this is possible and appropriate. Specialized dictionaries are analyzed in terms of the features that differentiate them from general dictionaries and from competing dictionaries of the same field. Often examples and excerpts from the dictionaries will be presented & these cannot be fully representative but they were selected to make it possible for the readers to develop their own impression of a dictionary, especially compared to other dictionaries presented in this article. Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 743 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography 2. General language dictionaries In this section, firstly multi-volume dictionaries and later on one-volume dictionaries and electronic dictionaries of German will be dealt with. 2.1. Multi-volume dictionaries In Wiegand (1990), three multi-volume general language dictionaries could be analyzed: WDG, 1 Duden-GW and BW, with six volumes each. Since 1989, only one publisher released further multi-volume editions in print: Duden, Das große Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (" Duden-GW) in eight volumes (" 2 Duden-GW, 1993&1995) and in ten volumes (" 3 Duden-GW, 1999; also available on CD-ROM). The fourth edition, announced for late 2011, will be published as a CD-ROM version only. According to their prefaces, the function of 2 Duden-GW and 3 Duden-GW is the documentation of the German language in all its complexity from the second half of the 18th century on but with a strong focus on present-day German (cf. 2 Duden-GW, 5; 3 Duden-GW, 5) & this is also their scope of subject matter. The dictionary basis on which this aim is sought to be reached consists of several million records of Duden’s language file (cf. ibid.); in 3 Duden-GW large electronic text corpora and the Internet are mentioned as further sources without giving more details. Apart from the central word list, whose details will be described below, there are several characteristic lists and texts in the front matter and in the back matter of both editions. 2 Duden-GW, whose single volumes were published within a time span of three years, has a supplementary list as part of the back matter (volume eight) which lists dictionary articles that could not be included at their alphabetically corresponding place in the earlier volumes. 2 Duden-GW also has a back matter text on Die Neuregelung der Rechtschreibung (‘ The revision of orthography’) which gives an outlook on changes in spelling and punctuation that were expected after the conference on orthography in Vienna in 1994. This text was replaced by a text Zur Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung (‘On the revision of German orthography’) in 3 Duden-GW, when orthography had finally been reformed in 1996. Further new textual components in 3 Duden-GW are: a text on Die Geschichte der deutschen Sprache (‘ History of the German language’, back matter) and a section Wörter des Jahrhunderts (‘ Words of the century’, back matter) where 30 expressions are presented and commented on in literary journalistic style & a selection out of 100 expressions which had been elected Words of the century by a jury in 1998: Autobahn, Beat, Dritte Welt, Drogen, Eiserner Vorhang, Emanzipation, Energiekrise, Faschismus, Fernsehen, Fließband, Freizeit, Fundamentalismus, Gen, Globalisierung, Holocaust, Kommunikation, Konzentrationslager, Kreditkarte, Kugelschreiber, Massenmedien, Mondlandung, Oktoberrevolution, Perestroika, Pille, Planwirtschaft, Psychoanalyse, Radio, Satellit, Schreibtischtäter, Urknall. These expressions are listed and treated lexicographically in the central word list as well (Drogen and Massenmedien in their singular forms, Dritte Welt and Eiserner Vorhang in the articles on Welt and Vorhang). All these new texts of 3 Duden-GW and also the new second preface by Herbert Heckmann: Sprechen wir in der Zukunft noch Deutsch? (‘ Will we still speak German in the future? ’) are not parts of the CD-ROM version of 3 DudenGW, in contrast to a list of regular, irregular and mixed verbs and a list of 180 names of technical areas out of which expressions were taken into the dictionary & these front matter components are also on the CD-ROM. In the just mentioned front matter component Liste der starken, der unregelmäßigen Verben und der Verben mit Mischformen of 3 Duden-GW, the users find infinite, preterite and past participle forms of regular, irregular and mixed verbs listed alphabetically. The list does not contain compound verbs which are conjugated like their corresponding base verbs. So, if the verb a user looks for is not part of the list, he or she has to perform a constituent analysis to determine the base verb which has to be looked up afterwards. If the base verb still cannot be found in the list, one has to assume that the verb is regular. The central word list and the verb list are not interlinked by cross references. Apart from the front matter components (title page and imprint) of the volumes 2, 3, 4, etc., Duden-GW does not have any middle matter components or insertions (this accounts for both 2 DudenGW and 3 Duden-GW). Most of the lexical units which belong to the scope of the subject matter of 2 DudenGW are treated lexicographically in the central, three-column word list which makes the central word list the main macrostruc- Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 744 IX. The Germanic languages Dictionary excerpt 49.1(a): Article stretch from Halm to halmtragend in a nest-alphabetic arrangement in 1Duden-GW. tural component of 2 Duden-GW. The supplementary list of dictionary articles in the back matter can be considered a second, minor macrostructural component (for macrostructure cf. Wiegand 2008; Wiegand/Fuentes Morán 2010: 275&290). While in 1 DudenGW the lemmas are arranged nest-alphabetically (i.e. they are grouped not strictly alphabetically, cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.1(a)), in 2 Duden-GW the lemmas are arranged nichealphabetically (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.1 (b)): articles about words or expressions which belong together semantically and which build one alphabetical article stretch are grouped into article niches so that the lemmas are not presented in one vertical line each but inside a block. Articles on words or expressions which do not belong semantically to the preceding article start at the beginning of a new line. Thus, the main access structure of 2 Duden-GW is a niche-alphabetical outer access structure (for access structure cf. Wiegand 2008; Wiegand/Fuentes Morán 2010: 291& 376). There are no indexes, which makes 2 Duden-GW a monoaccessive dictionary. 3 Duden-GW presents each article in the word list as a separate block starting at the beginning of a new line, regardless of whether the meanings of two succeeding lemma signs are related. Thus, the main access structure is a straight-alphabetical outer access structure (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.1 (c)). Like 2 Duden-GW, 3 Duden-GW is monoaccessive. A printed, but not physically punched thumb index in 3 Duden-GW and running heads in all the Duden-GW support the access to the articles (cf. also Wiegand 2005b, 297&312, and, for thumb indexes, cf. Wiegand 2009, 173&180). Dictionary excerpt 49.1(b): Article stretch from Halm to halmtragend in a niche-alphabetic arrangement in 2Duden-GW. Dictionary excerpt 49.1(c): Article stretch from Halm to halmtragend in a straight-alphabetic arrangement in 3Duden-GW. Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 745 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography 1 Duden-GW claims on its cover to list more than 500,000* Stichwörter (‘headwords, lemmas’) (as in Wiegand 1990, quantitative data which has been taken over from other sources is labeled with an asterisk); analyses have shown that the actual number of lemmas is around 160,000* (Bergenholtz 2003, 84) to 168,000* (Wiegand 1990, 2135). 2 Duden-GW and 3 Duden-GW both claim to contain more than 200,000* Stichwörter (2 Duden-GW, 6; 3 Duden-GW, 5). Countings for the present article resulted in a number of around 194,000 lemmas for 2 Duden-GW and around 208,000 lemmas for 3 Duden-GW (Kühn (2003, 128) counts exactly 202,082*). To ensure comparability between quantitative statements in Wiegand (1990) and the present article, the counting procedure described in Wiegand (1990, 2127) was adopted: the lemmas on 50 pages of the word list of each major dictionary or on 30 pages of each minor dictionary and of each volume of multi-volume dictionaries were counted. Every letter of the alphabet was included with at least one page. The arithmetic mean was calculated and multiplied with the number of pages of the word list; the result was rounded to the nearest thousand. The scope of the subject matter of the Duden-GW & as mentioned above & is German language from the second half of the 18th century up to, and focusing on, present-day German after the year 1945 & including derivatives and compounds, all levels of language and style, all regional variations, linguistic idiosyncrasies of Austria and German-speaking Switzerland, and also all specialized languages in so far as they affect the everyday language and occur frequently (cf. 2 Duden-GW, 5 ff.; 3 Duden-GW, 5, 23) & with regard to specialized language, Haß-Zumkehr (2001, 248 ff.) criticizes the “apparently accidental nature of the selection of lemmas for a particular special-field language”T in 3 Duden-GW (here and below a superscripted T after a quotation labels a translation of German text by MM). From the second edition on, important geographical names as well as names of institutions and organizations are included in the word list (cf. 2 DudenGW, 6; 3 Duden-GW, 24) & criteria by which the importance of a name is judged are not given (cf. also Bergenholtz 2003, 84). Further new lemma types which are listed in 2 DudenGW and 3 Duden-GW, but not in 1 DudenGW, are articles on affixes (e.g. be-, ent-, veror -ant, -er, but not on verbal particles like ab-, an- or ein-; affixoids like Affen- or -werk are already listed in 1 Duden-GW) and articles on abbreviations. 3 Duden-GW takes over many foreign words from Duden-GFW (cf. Müller 2003). A comparison of the lemmas of 1 DudenGW, 2 Duden-GW and 3 Duden-GW shows that the three groups of nominal compounds, foreign words and feminine counterpart forms of masculine nouns have a major share in the number of the new lemmas; this accounts for a comparison both of 1 DudenGW and 2 Duden-GW and 2 Duden-GW and 3 Duden-GW. Fig. 49.1(a&c) present differences in three randomly chosen article stretches from different volumes which each fill one double page in 1 Duden-GW: Abgeschmacktheit to Abhang (82 lemmas in 1 Duden-GW), Giftmischer to Gipfel (86 lemmas in 1 DudenGW) and Salbader to Salweide (111 lemmas in 1 Duden-GW); the lemmas common in all three editions are not listed in the figures. The subject matter & i.e. the linguistic aspects treated lexicographically in the dictionary, though not always for all lemmas & is the following: & spelling (incl. word division and spelling variants) & pronunciation (incl. word stress and vocal quantity) & grammar & etymology & pragmatic/stylistic usage (incl. labeling of obsolescent/obsolete expressions) & regional usage & meaning (incl. synonymy) & phraseology & idiomatic expressions and examples & citations. Word division (shown by vertical lines ‘|’) is new in 2 Duden-GW and was kept in 3 Duden-GW; 1 Duden-GW does not give that information. Contrariwise, the semantic relation of antonymy, which was part of the dictionary subject matter of 1 Duden-GW, indicated by the thematic item Ggs. (Gegensatz), is not part of the subject matter of 2 Duden-GW and 3 Duden-GW anymore. Synonymy was indicated by the thematic item svw. (so viel wie ‘as much as’) and an additional crossreference arrow symbol in 1 Duden-GW; in 2 Duden-GW and 3 Duden-GW both the item svw. and the arrow symbol disappeared, changing the previous item giving the cross-reference address to an item giving the meaning of the lemma sign. This way, synonyms are used to explain the meaning of words & yet, only if the synonym itself is treated as a Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 746 IX. The Germanic languages 1 Duden-GW 2 Duden-GW 3 Duden-GW Abgestimmtheit ' & & abgetragen ' & & abgewichst & ' ' abgrund- ' & & abgruppieren & ' ' Abgruppierung & ' ' Abk. & ' ' Fig. 49.1(a): Differences in the article stretches Abgeschmacktheit to Abhang (‘'’: lemma listed in the corresponding edition of Duden-GW; ‘&’: lemma not listed). 1 Duden-GW 2 Duden-GW 3 Duden-GW Giftmülldeponie & ' ' Giftspinne & ' ' Giftwolke & & ' Gigabyte & ' ' -gigant & & ' Gigantik & & ' Gigantin & & ' Gigots ' & & Gigot & ' ' Gilb & & ' Gilgamesch & ' ' Gilka ' & & Ginfizz & & ' Gin Tonic & ' ' Ginkjo ' ' & Ginko & & ' Fig. 49.1(b): Differences in the article stretches Giftmischer to Gipfel. lemma in the Duden-GW (cf. 3 Duden-GW, 38). Grammatical aspects are presented differently for different parts of speech. Pragmatic aspects include word usage (e.g. abwertend ‘deprecatory’), stylistic labeling (e.g. geh.: gehoben ‘elevated’) or belonging to classical literature (“from the second edition on a historical layer which is oriented towards the literary canon was included” T; Schlaefer 2003, 99) or to a special-field language (e.g. Bergmannsspr. ‘language of mineworkers’). With regard to diatopical information, Nielsen states: “A closer study also reveals that 1GWDS and 2 GWDS contain more regional and national information items than 3GWDS; for instance items for afganisch [!], akkadisch, javanisch, kretisch, and langobardisch. 1GWDS and 2 GWDS also contain some etymological information items that are not found in 3 GWDS, for instance: altlitauisch, etruskisch and neufranzösisch.” (Nielsen 2003, 113 [GWDS " Duden-GW; MM]) Citations are taken from literary and from non-fictional texts (e.g. newspapers and journals): accord- Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 747 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography 1 Duden-GW 2 Duden-GW 3 Duden-GW Salbaderin & ' ' Salbeibonbon & & ' Salbendose & ' ' Salbentiegel & ' ' Salbentopf & ' ' saldierend & ' ' Saldoerkennung ' & & Saldoerkenntnis & ' ' Salesianer & ' ' Salesianerin & ' ' Salesmanship & ' ' Salespromoterin & & ' Salicylsäure ' & & Salier & ' ' Salinenkrebs & ' ' Saliromanie & ' & Salivation & ' ' Salizin & ' ' salitylathaltig & ' ' Salmiaklakritze & ' ' Salomonen, Salomoninseln & ' ' Salonbolschewist & ' ' Salonbolschewistin & ' ' Saloniki & ' ' Salonkommunistin & ' ' Salonlöwin & ' ' Salonremise & ' ' Salonrevolutionär & ' ' Salonrevolutionärin & ' ' Salopperie & ' ' salpet[e]rig ' & & salpeterig & ' ' salpetrig & ' ' Salpikon & ' ' Salpingogramm & ' ' Salpingographie & ' ' 1 Salsa & ' ' 2 Salsa & & ' & ' ' Salt, SALT Fig. 49.1(c): Differences in the article stretches Salbader to Salweide. Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 748 IX. The Germanic languages 1 Duden-GW 2 Duden-GW 3 Duden-GW saltatorisch & ' ' Salt-Konferenz, SALT-Konferenz & ' ' Saltus & ' ' Saluki & ' ' Saluretikum & ' ' Salus & ' ' Salutation & ' ' Salutistin & ' ' Salvadorianer & ' ' Salvadorianerin & ' ' salvadorianisch & ' ' Salvarsan & ' ' Salvation & ' ' 2 & ' ' Salvatorbier & ' ' Salvatorianerin & ' ' Salvatorium & ' ' salva venia & ' ' salvis omissis & ' ' salvo errore calculi & ' ' salvo errore et omissione & ' ' salvo jure & ' ' Salvokondukt & ' ' Salvator Fig. 49.1(c): (continued). ing to Schlaefer (2003, 101 ff.), the list of references, which expanded from about 700* entries in 1 Duden-GW to about 1,100* entries in 2 Duden-GW and about 1,170* entries in 3 Duden-GW, comprises literary and non-fictional texts in equal parts, yet, judged by the number of pages of each genre, literary texts prevail. These belong to classical German literature (e.g. Goethe, Keller, Kleist, Lessing, Schiller, Storm) and German high literature from the 20th century (e.g. Brecht, Kafka, Th. Mann; Böll, Dürrenmatt, Frisch, Grass) as well as to popular and light fiction (e.g. Konsalik, Simmel, “Science-Fiction-Stories 72”); translations into German are considered (e.g. Genet, Melville, Orwell, Salinger). However, the list of references does not make clear how many citations were taken from each text and whether the texts are rep- resented systematically, largely or just with single appearances in the dictionary (cf. Schlaefer 2003, 101). In 3 Duden-DW citations were adapted to the new spelling rules; an action which was soon criticized (cf. Haß-Zumkehr 2001, 246). The articles of 2 Duden-GW and of 3 Duden-GW have a partially integrated and subintegrated microstructure & partially, because pragmatical items which refer to all semantic variants of a word are not given in each subcomment on semantics but only once preceding the first sub-comment. The item on etymology (if there is one) forms the central medial comment between the comment on form and the comment on semantics, of which the latter contains the items on pragmatic aspects of each semantic variant, the item giving the paraphrase of the meaning, the items giving Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 749 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography Dictionary excerpt 49.2: The article Verweis of 3 Duden-GW in the Duden-Bibliothek software with comments on selected electronic dictionary components. examples and citations and the items on phraseology and idiomatic expressions. If the lemma belongs to the field of classic literature, it is labeled with a rhombus ‘®’ preceding the lemma, i.e. the article has a pre-comment and thus the microstructure is left-expanded (for microstructure cf. Wiegand 1989; Wiegand/Fuentes Morán 2010: 73&143; for further aspects of the microstructure of the Duden-GW cf. also Wiegand 2005b, 313& 324). The articles are not microarchitecturally extended: all the items as well as different semantic variants are presented in a linear way without systematic line breaks or alignment (for microarchitecture cf. Wiegand/Fuentes Morán 2010: 145&166). This also accounts for the CD-ROM version of 3 DudenGW, which works with the software PCBibliothek (later under the name Office-Bibliothek, or, nowadays, Duden-Bibliothek), which is used for other dictionaries from Duden as well but may have slightly different features for each dictionary. In 3 Duden-GW it is possible to look up expressions using wildcards (‘?’ and ‘*’) and to perform searches connecting the expressions with the logical operators and (standard), or (‘|’), or not (‘!’). Expressions can be searched for just in the lemma position or in the full text. The search can be restricted to lemmas and articles which match certain criteria (“Feldsuche”): lemmas which belong to a certain part of speech, whose etymological origin is a certain language, which have a certain stylistic, diachronic or diatopic label or which belong to a certain subject field. If an article contains links, a smaller window shows previews of the linked articles (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.2). Links are presented in blue, which is the only color used in the articles of the CDROM version & the print version is black and white only. A double click on a word which is not marked as an explicit link triggers a search for this word in all dictionaries installed. Users can set bookmarks, highlight article text and add their own comments to articles (for the CD-ROM version cf. also Lehr 2005, Runte 2005). For further detailed aspects, e.g. the treatment of particular parts of speech and word Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 750 IX. The Germanic languages classes in the Duden-GW & especially in Duden-GW &, cf. the specific studies in Wiegand (2003; 2005a), for aspects of the content of 2 Duden-GW cf. Kämper (1999). The six-volume WDG (cf. Wiegand 1990) is the basis of DWDS-onl, an on-line dictionary (cf. Klein/Geyken 2010). The articles of the WDG were taken over largely unmodified into the on-line version where they are extended by the use of color and hyperlinks. 3 2.2. One-volume general language dictionaries The most common German one-volume general language dictionaries are Duden, Das Universalwörterbuch (" Duden-DUW) and Wahrig, Deutsches Wörterbuch (" WahrigDW). These will be dealt with in the following sections; afterwards further one-volume general language dictionaries will be presented. 2.2.1. Duden, Das Universalwörterbuch After the year 1989, when 2 Duden-DUW was published (which is treated in Wiegand 1990, 2152 ff.), this dictionary had five new editions until 2011 (cf. the overview in Fig. 49.3). For economic reasons, most of the results below are exemplified by data of just one older edition (3 Duden-DUW) and one more recent edition (6 Duden-DUW). Like with the Duden-GW, the basis for the Duden-DUW is Duden’s language file and furthermore the digital Duden-Korpus which exists since 2001 (but is not mentioned in 4 Duden-DUW) and which comprises, according to the publisher, more than 700 million annotated word forms from texts from various literary and non-fictional genres (cf. 6 Duden-DUW, 13). There is little change between the front matter components and the back matter components in the different editions. The user’s guide, which is printed on the end papers in 2 Duden-DUW and 3 Duden-DUW, is extended and moved to a position after the table of content (which exists only since 4 Duden-DUW) from 4 Duden-DUW on. In 6 Duden-DUW the format of the dictionary articles is explained with the help of commented examples on the front end paper. The front matter component Anlage und Aufbau der Artikel (‘Format and composition of the articles’) is slightly revised; the changes in the Kurze Grammatik der deutschen Sprache (‘Short grammar of the German language’) are mainly changes in layout. In 7 Duden-DUW a three- page back-matter text lists the most frequently misspelled words with their correct and incorrect forms. Apart from this exception in 7 Duden-DUW, the Duden-DUW have only one macrostructural component which is the central, threecolumn word list. While in 2 Duden-DUW and 3 Duden-DUW the outer access structure is niche-alphabetical, the arrangement of the articles changed to a straight-alphabetical arrangement from 4 Duden-DUW on, thus, the outer access structure also is straight-alphabetical. There are no indexes, the dictionaries are monoaccessive. The Duden-DUW have a printed thumb index and running heads which facilitate the access to the articles. The number of lemmas in the DudenDUW increases from about 122,000 in 3 Duden-DUW (Kühn 2003, 128, counts about 120,000* lemmas) to about 135,000 in 6 Duden-DUW. Compared to 2 Duden-GW, the one-volume 3 Duden-DUW, which was published only shortly afterwards, has about 63 % of the number of lemmas of the eight-volume dictionary. Compared to the ten-volume 3 Duden-GW, 6 Duden-DUW has about 65 % of the number of lemmas. According to the preface, the Duden-DUW present “a comprehensive description of the general lexis of present-day German”T (6 Duden-DUW, 5). To fit almost two-thirds of a multi-volume dictionary into one volume, several changes were made. Formally, the font size of the Duden-DUW is smaller than the font size of the Duden-GW. Additionally, a number of articles were deleted. A comparison of 3 Duden-DUW with 2 Duden-GW and of 6 Duden-DUW with 3 Duden-GW with respect to the article stretches Abgeschmacktheit to Abhang, Giftmischer to Gipfel and Salbader to Salweide shows that in the article stretch Abgeschmacktheit to Abhang (83 articles in 2 Duden-GW and in 3 Duden-GW), the following articles are missing: 11 articles missing in 3 Duden-DUW compared with 2 Duden-GW: Abgestalt, abgestorben, Abgestorbenheit, abgewetzt, abgewirtschaftet, abgewohnt, abgewrackt, Abgleich, Abgottschlange, abgrund-, Abhandenkommen. 17 articles missing in 6 Duden-DUW compared with 3 Duden-GW: Abgestalt, Abgestandenheit, Abgestorbenheit, Abgewöhnung, abgezogen, Abgezogenheit, abglitschen, abgondeln, Abgötterei, Abgottschlange, abgrämen, abgraten, Abgruppierung, Abgunst, abgünstig, abhäkeln, Abhalfterung. In the article stretch Giftmischer to Gipfel (88 articles in 2 Duden-GW, 96 articles in 3 Duden-GW) the following articles are missing: Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 751 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography 18 articles missing in 3 Duden-DUW compared with 2 Duden-GW: Giftmülldeponie, Giftspinne, Giftspritze, Gifttrank, Giftweizen, Giga-, Gigabyte, gigampfen, Gigampferei, gigantesk, Gigerltum, Gilatier, Gildensozialismus, Gildenwappen, Gimpenhäkelei, Ginkjo, Ginsengwurzel, Ginsterkatze. 27 articles missing in 6 Duden-DUW compared with 3 Duden-GW: Giftstäbchen, Giftstengel, Gifttrank, Giftweizen, gigampfen, Gigampferei, Giganthropus, Gigantik, Gigantographie, Gigantomachie, Gigerl, gigerlhaft, Gigerltum, Gilatier, Gilbweiderich, Gildensozialismus, Gildenwappen, Gilling, Gillung, Gimpe, Gimpenhäkelei, Gingan, Gingham, Gingivitis, Ginsengwurzel, Ginsterkatze, giocoso. In 3 Duden-DUW Gigot was replaced by Gigots, Ginfizz and Ginko are entirely new. In the article stretch Salbader to Salweide (164 articles in 2 Duden-GW, 165 articles in 3 Duden-GW) the following articles are missing: 47 articles missing in 3 Duden-DUW compared with 2 Duden-GW: Salbaderin, salbadrig, Salbeiblatt, Salbeiöl, Salbentiegel, Salbentopf, saldierend, Salinenbetrieb, Salinenkrebs, salisch, Salivation, Salizin, Salmi, Salmiaklakritze, Salonbolschewist, Salonbolschewistin, Salonkommunistin, Salonlöwin, Salonremise, Salonrevolutionär, Salonrevolutionärin, Salonstück, Salopperie, salpeterartig, Salpeterplantage, Salpikon, Salpingogramm, Salpingographie, Salsa, saltatorisch, Saltus, Salubrität, Saluki, Saluretikum, Salus, Salutismus, Salutist, Salutistin, Salvadorianerin, Salvation Army, Salvatorianerin, Salvatorium, salvis omissis, salvo errore calculi, salvo errore et omissione, salvo jure, Salvokondukt. 95 articles missing in 6 Duden-DUW compared with 3 Duden-GW: Salbader, Salbaderin, salbadrig, Salband, Salbeibonbon, Salbeiöl, Salbendose, Salbling, Salböl, Salchow, Saldenbilanz, Saldenliste, Saldoanerkenntnis, Saldokonto, Salep, Salesmanship, Salettel, Salicylat, Salier, Salinenkrebs, Saling, salinisch, salisch, Salivation, Salizin, Salizylat, salizylathaltig, Salkante, Salkimpfung, Salkvakzine, Salleiste, Salmi, Salmiaklakritze, Salmler, Sälmling, Salmoniden, Salomon[s]siegel, Salonbolschewist, Salonbolschewistin, Salondame, Saloniki, Salonkommunist, Salonkommunistin, Salonremise, Salonrevolutionär, Salonrevolutionärin, Salonstück, Salopperie, Salpe, salpeterartig, Salpeterdampf, Salpetererde, Salpeterplantage, Salpetersäure, Salpikon, Salpingen, Salpingitis, Salpinogramm, Salpinographie, Salpinx, 1Salsa, Salse, Salt, SALT, Salta, Saltarello, saltato, Saltato, saltatorisch, Salt-Konferenz, SALT-Konferenz, Saltus, Salubrität, Saluki, Saluretikum, Salus, Salutation, Salutismus, Salutist, Salutistin, Salvarsan, Salvation, Salvation Army, Salvatorianer, Salvatorianerin, salvatorisch, Salvatorium, salva venia, salve, salvieren, salvis omissis, salvo errore, salvo errore calculi, salvo errore et omissione, salvo jure, Salvokondukt, salvo titulo. Although there is a time span of eight years between 6 Duden-DUW and 3 Duden- GW, in these article stretches only two articles (on Salesfolder and Salicylsäure) of 6 Duden-DUW are not contained in 3 Duden-GW. Since 2 Duden-DUW, when many affixes and affixoidal elements were included as lemmas, there is no significant change in the types of lemmas listed in the Duden-DUW. Within the articles of the Duden-DUW, the citations are omitted completely. Furthermore, the Duden-DUW have less phraseological items than the Duden-GW, less examples, less special-field lexis, less lemmas and semantic variants labeled rare, obsolescent, archaic or regional in the Duden-GW, less lemmas belonging to classical literature till the end of the 19th century, less compounds and derivatives (cf. Kühn 2003, focusing on 4 Duden-DUW). With these changes in mind, the subject matter of the Duden-DUW is nevertheless quite similar to the one of the Duden-GW in all its editions: & spelling (incl. word division and spelling variants) & pronunciation (incl. word stress and vocal quantity) & grammar & etymology & pragmatic/stylistic usage (incl. labeling of obsolescent/obsolete expressions) & regional usage & meaning (with synonymy) & phraseology & idiomatic expressions and examples. The articles in the Duden-DUW have a partially integrated and sub-integrated microstructure and a central medial comment on etymology (if there is an item on etymology). In 6 Duden-DUW, several changes with regard to the article presentation are visible: the lemmas (and the items giving the number of polysemy) are printed in blue color. Articles on certain highly productive elements of word formation (affixes, affixoidal elements) are presented in a box with a blue background. A blue frame is used for the so-called Kastenartikel (‘box articles’) on sensitive expressions (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.3): in these box articles, which are inserted after the regular articles on certain words, hints on the negative connotation or association of words like abartig, Rasse, türken are given to prevent the inappropriate usage of these expressions (cf. 6 Duden-DUW, 5). There is no index which lists all the sensitive expressions so the users cannot look them up systematically. The articles in the printed Duden-DUW are not microarchitecturally extended, but in Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 752 IX. The Germanic languages dictionary (Duden-onl) with a simple search form and information about spelling (incl. spelling variants and word division), frequency, pronunciation, grammar, meaning, examples, idiomatic expressions and typical cotext partners. GIWbDS is a two-volume dictionary and could as such have been treated in section 2.1; however, this dictionary is quite similar to 3 Duden-DUW in its outer access structure, in its lemma selection, in its microstructure and in its treatment of the lemmas. It lists about 100,000* lemmas & a little less than 3 Duden-DUW, which is another reason not to file it under multi-volume dictionaries. In contrast to the Duden-DUW it is an illustrated dictionary: it shows about 800* colored images, tables and charts. Dictionary excerpt 49.3: Two articles and corresponding box articles on Eskimo and Eskimoisch (6 Duden-DUW). the CD-ROM version of 5 Duden-DUW they are: if an expression is polysemous, every semantic variant is presented starting at the beginning of a new line on the screen. Furthermore, for several lemmas the pronunciation is given in the form of an audio element which is played after the user clicks a loudspeaker button. The CD-ROM version of the Duden-DUW is available for the PC- or Duden-Bibliothek and it has the same electronic search features as 3 Duden-GW on CD-ROM, including Feldsuche and the possibility to initiate a search for any word inside the article text by doubleclicking on it. Compared with the printed edition, the CD-ROM version of the Duden-DUW is extended in what regards the links: where there is just a word followed by a number of polysemy in brackets in the printed edition, in the CD-ROM version this word is presented in blue color, with an arrow symbol and hyperlinked with the corresponding article. This extension is apparently based on formal criteria and realized automatically rather than based on editorial decisions in each particular case. Furthermore, Duden-DUW is available online (for a fee), with a rather simple search tool, via a web site of Langenscheidt (cf. Langenscheidt-onl), and up to May 2011 it was available via the web site of Duden (dudensuche.de). In May 2011, all the electronic versions of printed dictionaries on the Duden web site were replaced by one genuine on-line 2.2.2. Wahrig, Deutsches Wörterbuch Wahrig-DW is the second well-known onevolume general language dictionary in Germany. Since 1989/90 it was released in four new editions: one edition in 1994 which does not explicitly have a number of edition (in comparison with other editions and the information in their imprints it can be deduced that it is the fifth: *5 Wahrig-DW; until the 6th edition new editions of the Wahrig-DW bear the name Neuausgabe without a number of edition), and three further editions, the last one in 2006 (cf. the overview in Fig. 49.3). According to the preface of 8 Wahrig-DW, Wahrig-DW “in its 40-year tradition always saw itself as a documentation and catalogue of German everyday language including its change and its zeitgeist”T (ibid., 5). 8 WahrigDW was compiled with the help of the WAHRIG Textkorpus digital which contains issues of newspapers and news magazines (e.g. Berliner Zeitung, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Der Standard, Süddeutsche Zeitung, Der Spiegel), popular magazines (e.g. BRAVO, Für Sie), journals (e.g. Spektrum der Wissenschaft), and other sources (cf. 8 Wahrig-DW, 4). In earlier editions no text corpus was named as being used, which led to the conclusion that the Wahrig-DW were elaborated “without any basis of sources”T and that the lemmas were taken only from other existing dictionaries (Haß-Zumkehr 2001, 241). What regards the front matter components of the Wahrig-DW, there is little change between the editions. The Wahrig-DW contain tables of declension and of conjugation & this is one reason why they are popular with learners of German as a foreign language (cf. Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 753 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography Haß-Zumkehr 2001, 240). A noticeable difference is visible in the Lexikon der Sprachlehre (‘Dictionary of grammar’) in 8 WahrigDW, which had the title Lexikon der deutschen Sprachlehre (‘Dictionary of German grammar’) in earlier editions (besides, since *5 Wahrig-DW the index Register zum Lexikon der deutschen Sprachlehre, which was introduced only in *4 Wahrig-DW, is not part of the Wahrig-DW anymore). Some systematic changes can be observed: terminology concerning names was deleted (e.g. the entries on Beiname, Gebäudenamen, geographische Namen in 6 Wahrig-DW), terms from the areas of lexical borrowing (e.g. Anglizismus, Austriazismus, Helvetismus) or punctuation/symbols (e.g. Auslassungspunkte, Einheitensymbol, EtZeichen, Gradzeichen) were added. In other cases, changes are rather unsystematic: the entries on Akkusativobjekt and Dativobjekt were deleted, Genitivobjekt still exists; Adverbialsatz was deleted, Bedingungssatz and Finalsatz were added; the cross reference entry Gleichsetzungsnominativ was deleted, Gleichsetzungsakkusativ was added as a new entry, etc. It cannot be stated that the modification of the title of this front matter text went hand in hand with a clearly visible modification of the subject matter: its focus still is on German grammar. A new front matter component since 6 Wahrig-DW is the text Informationen zur neuen deutschen Rechtschreibung, which gives an overview of the changes in the course of the German spelling reform. Apart from the main word list, the Wahrig-DW have another macrostructural component: the front matter text Von geografischen Namen abgeleitete Einwohnernamen lists alphabetically the terms denoting the inhabitants of geographical locations (e.g. Franken [geographical location] & Franke). Since 8 Wahrig-DW inner texts & around 250* so called Infokästen (‘information boxes’) with a blue frame and a light-blue background & are included which give historical and cultural information in the form of noncondensed text about “individual, particularly interesting words”T (8 Wahrig-DW, 5) like Dolchstoßlegende, Hacker, Hautgout (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.4) or Kodex. The boxes can take up one or two columns of the treecolumn layout and they are often, but not always, inserted alphabetically before or after their corresponding dictionary article. Inside the dictionary article, an information symbol ‘ ’ cross-refers to the information box whose Dictionary excerpt 49.4: Article and information box about Hautgout (8 Wahrig-DW). title is identical to the lemma. There is no index of all of these “interesting words” so that accessing them systematically is not possible. The main, three-column word list has a straight-alphabetical outer access structure in all of the Wahrig-DW since 1989/90. Furthermore, it has running heads and a printed thumb index. Like the Duden-DUW, the Wahrig-DW list more than 100,000 lemmas & to name but two numbers of different editions: 6 WahrigDW has around 105,000 lemmas, 8 WahrigDW has around 116,000 lemmas (in their prefaces or on their covers, the dictionaries claim to list more than 250,000* Stichwörter in the case of 6 Wahrig-DW and 260,000* Stichwörter in the case of 8 Wahrig-DW). The Wahrig-DW aim to list the basic vocabulary and also colloquial, regional and special-field lexis as well as foreign words (cf. 8 Wahrig-DW, 5). They contain articles on affixes, as the Duden-DUW do, but not in an entirely consistent way: there are, for example, articles on the verbal prefixes ent-, erand ver- in 8 Wahrig-DW, but not on be-; there are articles on nominalizing suffixes like -ant and -heit, but not on -er. The listing of affixoidal elements is equally inconsistent: Mords-, Sau-, -artig and -werker are listed, but Affenor -werk are not. Unlike the Duden-DUW, the Wahrig-DW do contain articles on verbal particles like ab…, ein…, unter… etc. (but not durch…). Also unlike the Duden-DUW, the Wahrig-DW do not list abbreviations like Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 754 IX. The Germanic languages Abk. or Abh. They do contain articles on acronyms, though, like ADI ‘Acceptable Daily Intake’, DAB ‘ Deutsches Arzneibuch’ etc. A comparison between 8 Wahrig-DW and 6 Duden-DUW with respect to the article stretches Abgeschmacktheit to Abhang, Giftmischer to Gipfel and Salbader to Salweide shows notable, but & apart from the fact that the Duden-DUW list more feminine forms & rather unsystematic differences in the lemma signs included: Lemmas listed in 8 Wahrig-DW but not in 6 Duden-DUW: abgespact, abgetragen, abgezockt, Abgrenzungspolitik, Abgunst, abgünstig; Giftmorchel, Giftnatter, Gigabit, Gigaelektronenvolt, gigampfen, Gigantomachie, Gigantopithekus, Gigawattstunde, Gigerl, Gilbhard, Gilbhart, Gilbweiderich, Gilge, Gilling, Gillung, Gimpe, Gimpelfang, Gingan, Gingang, Gingivitis, Ginkjo, Ginsterkatze, giocoso; Salbader, Salband, Salböl, Salchow, Saldokonto, Sale, Salep, Salesmanship, Salettel, Säli, Salicyl, Salier 1, Salier 2, salinisch, salisch, Salivation, Salizyl, Saljut, Salkante, Salkimpfung, Salk-Impfung, Salleiste, Salmler, Sälmling, Salmonellenvergiftung, Salmoniden, Salomonloop, Salomon-Loop, Salomonssiegel, Salondame, Salpe, Salpetererde, Salpingitis, Salpinx, Salse, SALT, Salta, Saltarello, saltato, Saltato, saltatorisch, Saltimbocca, saluber, Salubrität, Salutation, Salutist, Salutschüsse, Salvarsan, Salvation, Salvation Army, salva venia, salve!, Salvenfeuer, salvieren, salvo errore, salvo errore calculi, salvo errore et omissione, salvo titulo. Lemmas not listed in 8 Wahrig-DW but in 6 Duden-DUW: Abgeschmacktheit, abgeschnitten, Abgeschnittenheit, abgesondert, Abgespanntheit, abgespielt, abgestimmt, abgestorben, abgewetzt, abgewichst, abgewirtschaftet, abgewogen, Abgewogenheit, abgezehrt, abgezirkelt, Abgleichung, abgliedern, Abgliederung, Abgöttin, abgraten, Abgriff, Abgründigkeit, abgruppieren, Abhandenkommen; Giftmischerin, Giftmörderin, Giftmülldeponie, Giftspinne, Giftstachel, Giftwurz, Giftwurzel, Giftzahn, Giftzwerg, -gigant, gigantesk, Gigantin, Gilb, gilben, Gildehaus, Gildenschaft, Gilgamesch, giltig, ging, Gingerbeer, Ginger-Beer; Salbaderei, Salbeiblatt, Salbeigamander, Salbentiegel, Salbentopf, saldierend, Saldierung, Salesfolder, Salesianerin, Salesmanagerin, Salespromoterin, Salinenbetrieb, Salinensalz, Salizylpflaster, Salmiaklösung, Salmiakpastille, Salmonella, Salomonen, Salomoninseln, Salonlöwin, Salonorchester, Salonwagen, Saloppheit, Salpeterdünger, salpeterhaltig, salpeterig, Salutschuss, Salvadorianer, Salvadorianerin, salvadorianisch, Salvatorbier. The subject matter of the Wahrig-DW is: & spelling (incl. word division and spelling variants) & pronunciation (incl. word stress, vocal quantity) & grammar & etymology & pragmatic/stylistic usage (incl. labeling of obsolescent/obsolete expressions) & regional usage & meaning & synonymy & antonymy & idiomatic expressions and examples. The Wahrig-DW distinguish separable verbs from inseparable verbs. The separability of verbal particles is indicated by a vertical double bar ‘ || ’ in 8 Wahrig-DW (a single vertical bar ‘ | ’ in earlier editions) whereas the usual indicator of possible word division is a single bar ‘ | ’ (a dot in the middle of the line ‘ · ’ in earlier editions). The pronunciation of the lemma signs is given in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), yet, differing from the IPA conventions, in 8 Wahrig-DW the word stress is not indicated by the IPA symbol ‘ 1 ’ but by underlining the stressed vocal or placing a dot below it & that way, also the vocal quantity is made clear (line: long, dot: short) although it can be gathered from the IPA item as well (cf. the articles Restaurant and Restaurateur in Dictionary excerpt 49.6(c)). Information about grammatical aspects is given via numerical cross-reference items to the front matter texts; this is typical for Wahrig dictionaries. If the articles contain an item on etymology they are right-expanded: this item is added in a post-comment at the “right” end of the article, after the last group of examples. Synonyms are indicated via the item “Syn”, Antonyms are indicated via “Ggs” in the comment on semantics. An antonym is, though, “not understood as a ‘logical antipole’ but rather in the broader sense of a strongly contrary meaning in a linguistically similar situation” T (8 Wahrig-DW, 15) such as in Nadelhölzer; Ggs. Laubhölzer. For polysemous lemma signs, the articles of the Wahrig-DW have basically a non-integrated microstructure. This means that in one article section all the semantic variants are listed, in a separate section examples and idiomatic expressions & also collocations & are listed ordered by the part of speech of the cotext partner of the lemma sign: firstly nouns, secondly verbs, then adjectives and so on. Wiegand (1996, 34) criticizes the fact that that way these examples cannot be assigned unambiguously to one particular semantic variant: “Das Beispiel zeigt, daß hier [in *5 Wahrig-DW; MM] ein textstruktureller Fehler vorliegt, weil für die Beziehung zwischen Kotextangaben in einem semantischen Subkommentar zum Kotext Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 755 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography Dictionary excerpt 49.5(a): Article Abgrund (7 Wahrig-DW). Dictionary excerpt 49.6(a): Hints on word division (6 Wahrig-DW). Dictionary excerpt 49.5(b): Article Abgrund (8 Wahrig-DW). und Bedeutungsangabe im Subkommentar zu[r] lexikalischen Bedeutung keine Skopussicherung auf der Ebene der Wörterbuchform vorgesehen ist. Dieser Fehler ist […] keine Eigenschaft von nichtintegrierten Mikrostrukturen schlechthin, sondern ein systematischer Bearbeitungsfehler von Artikeln mit nichtintegrierten Mikrostrukturen im Wahrig-DW 1994, der zu einem Defekt bei den inneren Zugriffsstrukturen führt.” (Cf. also Wiegand 1990, 2147, where further references to critical literature on that aspect are given). Dictionary excerpt 49.6(b): Hints on word division (7 Wahrig-DW). This method continues to be used in 8 Wahrig-DW; nevertheless, there is a formal change in the structuring of the articles: if different meanings of a word & especially of a verb & entail a change in its grammatical usage (e.g. transitively, intransitively or reflexively; with haben or sein for verbs, or countable or uncountable for nouns), these variants are systematically separated by roman numbers & in earlier editions they are separated by Arabic numbers. Arabic numbers are used in 8 Wahrig-DW to separate different semantic variants with minor changes in their grammatical environment or with changes concerning their pragmatic usage & in earlier editions these were separated only by a semicolon. Examples and idiomatic expressions, in earlier editions also labeled by a semicolon, are labeled by a bold dot in the middle of the line in 8 Wahrig-DW. These measures lead to a higher visual clarity of the articles. From 7 Wahrig-DW to 8 Wahrig-DW there are also several noticeable changes in the way of the description and in the complexity of articles which may be due to the use of the text corpus, cf. the article Abgrund in 7 Wahrig-DW and 8 Wahrig-DW in Dictionary excerpt 49.5. Since 6 Wahrig-DW color is used in this dictionary: lemmas which are affected by the spelling reform are printed in red in 6 WahrigDW and in 7 Wahrig-DW; also hints on alternative ways of word division which account for a number of articles are given before these articles and labeled with a red square (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.6(a)). The scope of these hints is not clearly graphically limited in 6 Wahrig-DW. In 7 Wahrig-DW, red squares are placed before the lemmas of all the articles affected by these hints and so the scope of these hints is clearly limited (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.6(b)). In 8 Wahrig-DW, blue color is used for lemmas affected by the spelling reform as well as for the boxes which contain the hints on word division, blue rhombi before the lemma of the following articles show for which words these hints are valid (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.6(c)). The user’s guide does not state if the word division shown in the articles & and not the word division shown in the blue box & is the recommended one, the most frequent one or the traditional one. A further new feature of 8 Wahrig-DW is an “introductory short version of the article ” T (8 Wahrig-DW, 14) for long articles which Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 756 IX. The Germanic languages Dictionary excerpt 49.6(c): Hints on word division (8 Wahrig-DW). consists of a blue box, listing the various items explaining the meanings of the variants without or with just a few examples. Inside these introductory boxes the semantic vari- ants are listed at the beginning of a new line each whereas the rest of the article and all the articles without such an introductory box are not microarchitecturally extended. In the CD-ROM version of 8 Wahrig-DW, the articles are microarchitecturally extended: each semantic variant starts at the beginning of a new line on the screen. The information about word divisions is given in each article, not only once, and the information boxes are included as well: in the article index they appear alphabetically after the corresponding article entry and they are labeled by “· Info!” (e.g. Hautgout · Info!). Inside the corresponding articles, the well-known information symbol ‘ ’ from the printed edition can be found, but it is not linked with the information box entry. The pronunciation is given by an audio element for selected lemmas and in the expert search logical operators can be used, furthermore the full article text or the lemma position only can be searched via a search form or by doubleclicking on a word of the article text. The users can set bookmarks and there is a possibility to integrate the dictionary into Microsoft Word. Wahrig also published an illustrated dictionary based on Wahrig-DW: Wahrig-IlluWb, which includes about 110,000* lemmas and 4,500* mostly four-color illustrations. In contrast to Wahrig-DW, Wahrig-IllWb has a more elaborated system of cross references due to the illustrations. These are not always located directly adjacent to their corresponding articles but are somewhere on the page or within the dictionary. A system of colored arrows Dictionary excerpt 49.7: Excerpt from Wahrig-IllWb, including the article Albino and the corresponding illustration (the arrow pointing up is blue in the original). Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 757 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography within the articles indicates the relative position of an illustration: one blue arrow pointing left/right/up/down refers to an illustration which is located somewhere left/right/above/ underneath the arrow on the current double page; two blue arrows pointing left/right refer to an illustration on the preceding/following double page. Red arrows (which only point to the right) in combination with items giving a cross-reference address refer to full-page pictorial tables at the given lemma (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.7). Illustrated dictionaries are merely general language dictionaries which include illustrations. For pictorial dictionaries, which give the words for objects presented in picture form, cf. 3.3.3. 2.2.3. Further general language dictionaries The following one-volume general language dictionaries list about 100,000 lemmas or less. Many dictionaries which are discussed in Wiegand (1990) were not published after the years of 1989/90 anymore (e.g. Richard Pekrun: Das deutsche Wort; Sprach-Brockhaus); other dictionaries were published only as unmodified reprints and are therefore not discussed here (e.g. 13 Mackensen-DW). The dictionaries included here present a selection of general language dictionaries displaying interesting features which are analyzed below. Apart from the Wahrig-DW described in the preceding section, there is another, smaller general language dictionary whose founding editor is Gerhard Wahrig: Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (" Wahrig-dtv 1997 and Wahrig-dtv 2007). These dictionaries are based upon the Wahrig-DW; like 8 WahrigDW, Wahrig-dtv 2007 was updated with the help of the WAHRIG Textkorpus digital (cf. Wahrig-dtv 2007, 5). According to their prefaces, they are supposed to cover the basic vocabulary (“Grundwortschatz”, cf. Wahrigdtv 1997, 7; Wahrig-dtv 2007, 5). Like the Wahrig-DW, they have inflection tables as front matter components which are addressed from inside the articles by numerical cross reference items. As back matter components, the Wahrig-dtv both have texts about the spelling reform; besides, in Wahrig-dtv 1997 the text of the official revision of the German spelling rules is printed in full. The two-column word list presents the articles in a straight-alphabetical order, so the outer access structure is straight-alphabetical as well. The Wahrig-dtv have running heads; the Wahrig-dtv 2007 also has a printed thumb index (Wahrig-dtv 1997 does not). The Wahrig-dtv are monoaccessive. According to the statements in the dictionaries, Wahrig-dtv 1997 (cf. ibid., 7) lists 20,000* Haupteinträge (‘main entries’) and Wahrig-dtv 2007 (cf. ibid., 5) lists more than 25,000* Stichwörter. A counting based on samples results in a minor difference of about 23,000 lemmas in Wahrig-dtv 1997 and about 24,000 lemmas in Wahrig-dtv 2007. As mentioned above, the scope of the subject matter of the Wahrig-dtv is the basic vocabulary of German. According to Wahrigdtv (2007, 5), the expressions listed in the dictionary were selected by the frequency of their usage and by their relevance for daily linguistic life. Standard language expressions are listed; expressions which are restricted to dialectal or specialized usage are excluded as well as semantically transparent compound words. Foreign words are listed only if they are highly integrated into German language, and if they are included into the official word list which is part of the revised spelling rules. For a comparison of selected article stretches of Wahrig-dtv 2007 with other dictionaries, cf. Fig. 49.2. The subject matter of the Wahrig-dtv is: & spelling (incl. word division and spelling variants) & pronunciation (incl. word stress; only in Wahrig-dtv 2007: vocal quantity) & grammar & abbreviation (only in Wahrig-dtv 2007) & pragmatic/stylistic usage & regional usage & meaning & synonymy & antonymy & idiomatic expressions and examples. Unlike the Wahrig-DW, the Wahrig-dtv list grammatical items for nouns not mainly in a front matter text accessible via numerical cross-reference items, but inside the article: the items for the formation of the genitive singular form and for the nominative plural form are given directly in the comment on form. Wahrig-dtv 2007 also lists the word division of the nominative plural & yet, only if the plural form deviates from the singular form also by an umlaut, as in the article Abgrund: “*m.; -(e)s, -grün|de+”. For verbs, besides, a numerical cross reference leads to the table of conjugation, a further numerical Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM Duden-DUW Bünting-DW NDW Wahrig-dtv 2007 ' ' ' ' & ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' & & ' ' ' ' & & ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' & ' & ' & ' & ' & ' & & ' ' ' & & ' & ' ' ' & & ' ' ' & & & ' & & ' ' & ' ' & & ' & ' & ' & & ' & ' ' ' ' & ' ' ' & & ' & ' ' ' & ' & & ' ' ' ' & & & & & & & ' & & ' & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ' & & & & & & 4.2 LGWbDaF & & & ' & & & ' & ' ' & & & & & & ' & & & & & & ' & & & ' & & ' & & ' DGWbDaF PonsGWbDaF & & & ' & & & ' & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ' & & & & & & & & & ' ' & & ' & & ' ' ' & ' ' & & & ' ' & ' & ' & & & ' & ' & ' & ' 2 Duden-DaF WahrigGWbDaF & & & & & & & ' & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ' & & & & & & & & & ' & & & ' & & ' & & & & ' & & & ' & & & & ' & & & ' & ' & & & ' Fig. 49.2: Overview of the lemmas of the article stretches Abgeschmacktheit to Abhang and Giftmischer to Gipfel in one-volume general language dictionaries and dictionaries of German as a foreign language (C/D: expression is listed as a compound/derivative only, without further items on grammar, meaning etc.). IX. The Germanic languages Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM Abgeschmacktheit abgeschnitten Abgeschnittenheit abgesehen abgesichert abgesondert Abgesondertheit abgespannt Abgespanntheit abgespielt abgestanden abgestimmt abgestorben abgestoßen abgestuft abgestumpft Abgestumpftheit abgetakelt abgetan abgetragen abgetreten abgetrieben abgewetzt abgewichst abgewinnen abgewirtschaftet abgewogen Abgewogenheit abgewöhnen abgewohnt abgewrackt abgezehrt abgezirkelt abgezogen abgießen 6 758 Lemma Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM Abglanz Abgleich abgleichen Abgleichung abgleiten abgliedern Abgliederung abglitschen Abgott Abgötterei Abgöttin abgöttisch abgraben abgrämen abgrasen abgrätschen abgreifen abgrenzen Abgrenzung Abgrenzungsbestrebungen Abgriff Abgrund abgrundhässlich abgründig Abgründigkeit abgrundtief abgruppieren Abgruppierung abgucken Abgunst abgünstig Abguss Abh. abhaben abhacken abhaken Duden-DUW Bünting-DW NDW Wahrig-dtv 2007 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' & ' & ' ' ' & ' ' ' ' ' & ' & ' & ' & & & ' & & ' ' & ' & ' ' & & ' & ' & ' & & ' ' ' & ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' & & & ' & & & & & & & & & ' & ' & & & & & ' ' ' ' ' ' ' & ' & & ' ' ' ' ' & ' ' ' & ' & & ' & & ' ' & & ' & ' & ' & & & & ' ' ' ' & & ' ' & ' & ' & ' & & & & & ' & & & ' 4.2 LGWbDaF DGWbDaF PonsGWbDaF ' & & & ' & & & ' & & ' ' & ' & & ' & & & & & & & & & & & & & ' & & ' & & ' & & & ' & ' & ' & & ' & & ' & ' ' ' & ' & & & & & & & & & ' & & & & 2 Duden-DaF WahrigGWbDaF ' & ' & ' & & & ' & & ' ' & ' & ' ' & ' & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ' & & & & & ' ' ' & & & & & & & & ' ' & ' & & ' & & & & & ' & ' & ' ' & & ' & & ' ' & ' & ' & & & & & & & & & & & ' & ' & ' & ' & & ' & & ' & ' ' & 759 Fig. 49.2: (continued). 6 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography Lemma 6 Bünting-DW NDW Wahrig-dtv 2007 abhalftern abhalten Abhaltung abhandeln abhanden geraten abhanden[ ]kommen Abhandenkommen Abhandlung Abhang ' ' ' ' & ' ' ' ' & ' & ' ' ' & ' ' ' ' ' ' & ' & ' ' & ' & ' & ' & ' ' Giftmischer Giftmischerin Giftmord Giftmörder Giftmörderin Giftmüll Giftmülldeponie Giftmülltransport Giftnudel Giftpfeil Giftpflanze Giftpilz Giftschlange Giftspinne Giftspritze Giftstachel Giftstoff Gifttier Giftwolke Giftzahn Giftzettel Giftzwerg 1 Gig 2 Gig 3 Gig GigaGigabyte ' ' ' ' ' ' ' & ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' & & & & & ' ' & & ' ' & & & & ' & ' ' & & C & C & & & & & C C C C C & & & & & & ' & & & ' & ' & ' & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Fig. 49.2: (continued). 4.2 LGWbDaF DGWbDaF PonsGWbDaF & ' & ' & ' & & ' & ' & & & ' & ' ' & & C C & ' & & & C C C C & & C C & & C & ' & & & & & & & & & & ' & & & & & ' ' & & & & & & & & ' & & & & & 2 Duden-DaF WahrigGWbDaF & ' & ' & ' & ' ' & ' & & & ' & ' ' & ' & ' & & & ' ' & & & & & ' ' ' ' & & ' ' ' ' & & & ' & & ' & & & & & & & & & & ' & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ' & ' & & ' & & & ' & & ' & ' & ' & & ' & & & & & ' ' IX. The Germanic languages Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM Duden-DUW 760 Lemma Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM Gigahertz Gigameter Gigant -gigant gigantesk Gigantin gigantisch Gigantismus Gigantomanie gigantomanisch Gigerl gigerlhaft Gigolo Gigot Gigue giksen Gilb Gilbblume gilben Gilbhart Gilde Gildehaus Gildemeister Gildemeisterin Gildenhalle Gildenschaft Gilet Gilgamesch Gilling Gillung gilt giltig Gimmick Gimpe Gimpel gimpelhaft Gimpf Duden-DUW Bünting-DW NDW Wahrig-dtv 2007 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' & & ' ' ' ' ' & ' & ' ' ' & ' ' ' ' & & & ' ' & ' & & & ' ' & & & ' ' & ' & & ' & & & & & ' & ' ' ' ' & ' & & & & & & & & ' & & & & ' & & & ' ' ' & ' ' ' ' ' & & ' ' ' ' & C & C ' ' & ' ' & & & ' ' ' ' & ' ' & & & ' & & & & & ' & & & & & & & ' & & & & & ' & & & & & & & ' & & 4.2 LGWbDaF & & ' & & & D & & & & & & & & & & & & & ' & & & & & & & & & ' & & & & & & DGWbDaF PonsGWbDaF & & ' & & & D & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ' & & & & & & & & ' & & & ' & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ' & ' & & 2 Duden-DaF WahrigGWbDaF & & ' & & ' ' & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ' & & & ' & & & & & ' & & & & & & & ' & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 761 Fig. 49.2: (continued). 6 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography Lemma 762 WahrigGWbDaF ' & & & & & & & & ' & & & ' & & & & & & & & & & & & & ' & & ' & & & & & & ' & & & ' & & ' & & & & & & ' & & & ' ' & ' & & & & ' ' ' & & & ' Dictionary excerpt 49.8: Sentence patterns (Wahrig-dtv 2007). ' & & & & & & ' ' ' & & & ' ' ' & ' & ' ' ' ' ' & ' ' ' ' & & & ' & & ' ' ' & & & ' ' ' ' & ' ' ' ' ' ' ' & & ' Fig. 49.2: (continued). Gin Ginfizz, Gin-Fizz ging Gingang Ginger Gingerale, Ginger-Ale Gingerbeer, Ginger-Beer Ginkgo, Ginko Ginseng Ginster Gin Tonic giocondoso giocoso 1 Gipfel Lemma 6 Duden-DUW Bünting-DW NDW Wahrig-dtv 2007 4.2 LGWbDaF DGWbDaF PonsGWbDaF 2 Duden-DaF IX. The Germanic languages cross reference leads to a table of sentence patterns where obligatory and optional complements of the verb are given (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.8). For adjectives, information about attributive, adverbial or predicative usage is given via an analogical table. In Wahrig-dtv 2007, abbreviations are given as part of the comment on form, as in the article Abhandlung: “*f.; -, -en; Abk.: Abh.+”. The articles of the Wahrig-dtv have (and have had, cf. Wiegand 1990, 2160) an integrated and sub-integrated microstructure, which is a further difference to the WahrigDW. There are no pre- or post-comments (the item on etymology, which is given in the post-comment in the Wahrig-DW, is omitted in the Wahrig-dtv), and the articles are not microarchitecturally extended. In Wahrig-dtv 1997 no color is used; expressions affected by the spelling reform are underlined. This underlining does not interfere with a line or a dot indicating vocal quantity because there is no such information about vocal quantity in Wahrig-dtv 1997. In Wahrig-dtv 2007, expressions which are affected by the spelling reform are printed in blue color; now, also information about vocal quantity is given. The blue boxes with hints on alternative ways of word division, known from 8 Wahrig-DW, are adopted in Wahrigdtv 2007 as well. Bünting’s Deutsches Wörterbuch (" Bünting-DW) was published in 1996, in the midst of the phase of the change of German spelling rules, and it contains a front matter text Die neue Rechtschreibung & Was ist neu? (‘ The new orthography & what is new?’) and a back matter text Informationen zum amtlichen Regelwerk und Erläuterungen für die Schreibpraxis (‘Information about the official Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 763 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography spelling rules and explanations for the writing practice’). Words affected by the spelling reform are printed in red and labeled with a red, right-pointing arrow (which does not indicate a cross reference) before them. Nevertheless, it is an explanatory dictionary (“Bedeutungswörterbuch”) which contains, apart from the central vocabulary (“Zentralwortschatz”), foreign words, regional and specialized expressions, geographical names, brand names, phraseological and idiomatic items, abbreviations and elements of word formation (cf. Bünting-DW, 5). Furthermore, feminine forms are always included “because their word division, which often is done wrong, shall be demonstrated, and because sometimes the stress changes” T (BüntingDW, 8). For a comparison of selected article stretches of Bünting-DW with other dictionaries, cf. Fig. 49.2. The three-column word list with a straightalphabetical outer access structure presents about 70,000 lemmas. Bünting-DW gives information about & spelling (incl. word division and spelling variants) & pronunciation (incl. word stress) & etymology (i.e. source language) & grammar & pragmatic/stylistic usage & meaning & synonymy & phraseology & examples and idiomatic expressions. The item giving the pronunciation is not given in the IPA but “as close as possible to our spelling […] which is basically a phonetic spelling ” T (Bünting-DW, 6), cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.9. Word stress is indicated, but vocal quantity is not: as well the long as the short vowels are underlined in the same way. For verbs, Bünting-DW does not give the 1st/ 3rd form of the preterite singular and the past participle & as most dictionaries do & but the forms for the 2nd person singular in present, preterite and perfect tense, “which are difficult to form” (Bünting-DW, 6). Only if the form of the 2nd person singular is used infrequently, the form of the 3rd person is given. The microstructure is partially integrated and sub-integrated: pragmatical items which refer to all semantic variants of a lemma sign are given only once before the first sub-comment; articles which have an Dictionary excerpt 49.9: Article Flexion (BüntingDW). Dictionary excerpt 49.10: NDW. item on the source language of the lemma sign are internally left-expanded, because the item on the source language is presented directly after the lemma and before the item giving the pronunciation, so that it splits the comment on form in half. The articles are not microarchitecturally extended. NDW is another dictionary published in the context of the spelling reform. Its linguistic front-matter texts treat this reform and grammatical aspects (parts of speech and inflection). It lists about 58,000 lemmas, which are accessible via a nest-alphabetical outer access structure (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.10). Changes due to the spelling reform are printed in red. As for Bünting-DW, no recent editions of this dictionary were published. Duden, Das Bedeutungswörterbuch (" Duden-10) is the small general language dictionary in the Duden series. After 1989/90 & and after 1985, when 2 Duden-10 was published &, two editions were released: 3 Duden-10 in 2002 and 4 Duden-10 in 2010. The scope of the dictionary subject matter is not clearly defined in the front matter components of the Duden-10, just once in the preface (3 Duden-10, 6) “present-day German language” T is mentioned; in a further front matter text, 17 special fields and specialized languages treated in the dictionary & such as Bergbau ‘mining’, Börsenwesen ‘stock exchange’, Jugendsprache ‘young people’s language’ or Religion & are listed. As in other Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 764 IX. The Germanic languages dictionaries from Duden, since 3 Duden-10 electronic corpora and the Internet are named as sources besides Duden’s language file. The Duden-10 do not have a back matter. Characteristic components of the front matter of 3 Duden-10 are a Liste der Wortbildungselemente, die in der alphabetischen Stichwortliste erscheinen (‘List of elements of word formation which appear in the alphabetical word list’) where about 450 affixes, affixoidal elements and confixes are compiled without any further information; and a list of Arabic numbers (0, 1, …, 22, 30, 40, …, 100, 101, 200, 555, 1000, 1001, 1200, 2000, 3000, 10 000, 10 0000, 1 000 000, 1 000 000 000) with their corresponding cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers as words. This list has a numerical outer access structure because its guiding elements are the Arabic numbers; this also accounts for another front matter component with the title Zahlen & Ordnungsfaktor im Leben und in der Sprache (‘Numbers & factor of regulation in life and language’) that lists and explains idiomatic or phraseological expressions basing on numbers (1, 2, …, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 50, 80, 99, 100, 180, 1000). Furthermore, there is a Übersicht über die im Wörterbuch verwendeten sprachwissenschaftlichen Fachausdrücke (‘Overview of linguistic terms used in the dictionary’), which is a glossary, and a table of the most common irregular verbs (Die gebräuchlichsten unregelmäßigen Verben). From the third edition on, the Duden-10 have inner texts: about 75 so called Infofenster or Infokästen zu leicht verwechselbaren Wörtern (,Information windows‘/,Info boxes about easily confusable words‘, e.g. about brauchen/gebrauchen, Entschließung/Entschluss or Café/Kaffee, cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.11), which can take up the whole width of the print space. These boxes are placed after one article of the confusable words (in most cases, but not always after the alphabetically first article) or at least on the same double page with it; after the article on the other word there is a cross reference which refers to the box, e.g. s.v. Kaffee/Café: “s. Kasten Café/Kaffee”. The articles of the main, three-column word list are ordered straight-alphabetically; the Duden-10 have running heads and, since the third edition, also a printed thumb index. The current edition, 4 Duden-10, lists about 19,000 lemmas, cf. Fig. 49.2 for a comparison of selected article stretches with other dictionaries (cf. 2 Duden-DaF). Dictionary excerpt 49.11: Article and corresponding information box about the different usage of Café/Kaffee (4 Duden-10). The dictionary matter of the Duden-10 is: & spelling (incl. word division and spelling variants) & pronunciation (incl. word stress, vocal quantity) & grammar & pragmatic/stylistic usage & meaning & synonymy & compound words & examples and idiomatic expressions. The pronunciation is given with an item in the IPA for every single lemma in the Duden10 & in most other dictionaries, only foreign words or hard words have such an item &, and the pronunciation is also given for irregular plural forms which contain an umlaut etc., which is also unusual in other dictionaries. Word stress and vocal quantitiy are not given with the lemma but only via the IPA transcription. If verbs are used as function verbs, this information is given explicitly inside the dictionary article. Synonyms are given after the indicator “Syn” (in 2 Duden10, the indicator was “sinnv”: sinnverwandt ‘related in meaning’), compound words are given after the indicator “Zus” (Zusammensetzung), printed in bold letters and in blue color both. Zusammensetzungen in the Duden-10 also include derivatives. In contrast to 2 Duden-10, the later editions do not contain graphical illustrations anymore. The articles of the Duden-10 have a partially integrated and sub-integrated microstructure. In 4 Duden-10, but not in earlier Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 765 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography Multi-volume dictionaries One-volume dictionaries 1990 1991 Humboldt-Bed 1992 1993 2 Duden-GW (Vols. 1–3) 1994 2 Duden-GW (Vols. 4–6) *5 1995 2 Duden-GW (Vols. 7 and 8) GIWbDS Wahrig-DW 1996 Bünting-DW; 3 Duden-DUW 1997 Wahrig-dtv 1997; 6 Wahrig-DW 1998 1999 3 Duden-GW 2000 7 Wahrig-DW 2001 4 Duden-DUW; 1 WahrigIlluWb 2002 3 Duden-10 2003 5 Duden-DUW 2004 2 WahrigIlluWb 2005 2006 13 2007 6 Mackensen-DW; 8 Wahrig-DW Duden-DUW; Wahrig-dtv 2007 4 Duden-10 7 Duden-DUW 2008 2009 2010 2011 4 (announced: Duden-GW) Fig. 49.3: Overview of the publication period of general language dictionaries between 1990 and 2011. editions, the articles are microarchitecturally extended because semantic variants, together with their subvariants, are presented at the beginning of a new line each. As 3 Duden-10 and 4 Duden-10 are almost identical to 1 Duden-DaF and 2 Duden-DaF, they will be referred to again in section 3.1.1. A further printed explanatory dictionary was published with the Humboldt-Bedeutungswörterbuch (" Humboldt-Bed) in 1991. This small dictionary, which contains about 9,000 lemmas, bases on Schülerduden Bedeutungswörterbuch of 1986 and it has the same illustrations as the Schülerduden and as 2 Duden10. Nevertheless, this dictionary is apparently aimed at a general audience. Another dictionary which was republished is Knaurs Großes Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, also known as Der große Störig (cf. Wiegand 1990, 2162 ff.). It was taken over by Bertelsmann and is now available free of charge on the Internet as Bertelsmann Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (" Bertelsmann-Wb). The “rich textual frame structure” T of the Knaurs dictionary (Wiegand 1990, 2165) is not taken over into the Internet version. The Internet version has only a simple search form and does not provide an alphabetical index to access the articles, which makes a systematic qualitative and quantitative analysis of the macrostructure impossible. This also means that Bertelsmann-Wb is monoaccessive: the only way of accessing the articles systematically is via the search form. As the Wahrig-DW, BertelsmannWb gives information about grammar, i.e. on declension and conjugation, via numerical items which are supposed to serve as crossreferences. However, only the numerical items referring to a declension table for nouns Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 766 IX. The Germanic languages are linked to this table, whereas the numerical items in articles on verbs as in “lau|fen [V.76]” are not linked to anything. The tables of conjugation are not at all accessible via the web site of the dictionary, leaving the users with an incomprehensible number instead of morphological information. In contrast to the printed Knaurs dictionary, word stress and vocal quantity of the expressions dealt with are not part of the Internet version. Apart from that, the microstructure of the articles of Bertelsmann-Wb is basically the same as the one of the Knaurs dictionary: it is integrated and sub-integrated, and it is right-expanded if there is an item on etymology. The articles of the Internet version are not microarchitecturally extended. On the left side of the article there is an article index called Wortfamilie which actually does not list the word family of the lemma but a number of expressions starting with the same letters as the lemma. This way, as Wortfamilie of the expression Kamm ‘comb’ the users find words from Kammerdiener ‘valet’ to Kammolch, a kind of Molch ‘newt’. Inside the articles there are no links which lead to other articles inside this dictionary. Basically, this is a very simple and inappropriate conversion of the printed original into an electronic dictionary. Fig. 49.2 shows an overview of the lemmas of the article stretches Abgeschmacktheit to Abhang and Giftmischer to Gipfel in one-volume general language dictionaries and dictionaries of German as a foreign language. Fig. 49.3 shows an overview of the publication period of general language dictionaries between 1990 and 2010/11. 2.2.4. Genuine electronic dictionaries A general language dictionary which has been planned as an Internet dictionary from the beginning is elexiko, which is now part of OWID (Online-Wortschatz-Informationssystem Deutsch at the Institut für Deutsche Sprache, an institutional project). It is a dictionary of present-day German which bases on a dynamical corpus which is extracted from Deutsches Referenzkorpus. This corpus contains fictional and non-fictional texts from the 20th and the 21st century. Each article in elexiko is presented individually on the screen, there are no articles preceding or following it, so elexico does not have an ordered word list and an ordered macrostructure which is part of the access structure in the sense printed dictionaries do. There are several ways of accessing the arti- cles of elexiko, so the dictionary is polyaccessive: there is a simple search form as well as an advanced search form. The latter makes it possible to look for expressions with particular characteristics in what concerns their spelling, part of speech, grammar, word formation, related words or semantic class; wildcards (‘ ? ’, ‘ * ’) are permitted. Besides, there are several structured indexes by means of which articles can be accessed: the Stichwortliste lists all the expressions on which articles are or will be elaborated. It can be displayed in normal (initial) alphabetical order or final-alphabetically. In both cases, the users first have to chose an article stretch by selecting one letter from the index of initials & the letter the expression to be looked up begins or ends with, e.g. ‘ M’ &, in the initial-alphabetical list they subsequently have to select a partial article stretch of the first and the second letter of the expression, e.g. ‘Ma’. Afterwards they have to chose a partial stretch of this article stretch, e.g. “Massenaufmarsch » Masterband” (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.12). This is how they get to the article index (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.13) where they can finally select the article they want to see. These indexes provide an overview of the expressions dealt with in the dictionary which cannot be obtained via the search forms. Marly » Maschenindustrie Maschenmode » Massenauflauf Massenaufmarsch » Masterband Masterboy » Mattheuer Matthöfer » Maximode Maximon » Medienhilfe Dictionary excerpt 49.12: Excerpt from the (initialalphabetical) index of partial article stretches of elexiko. Massenaufmarsch Massenaufstand Massenauftrieb Massenauftritt Massenaufzucht Massenaufzug Massenausbildung Massenausbruch Massenausreise Dictionary excerpt 49.13: Excerpt from the article index of elexiko. The Stichwortliste contains about 300,000* entries which makes it larger than any of the printed dictionaries analyzed above. Elexiko is supposed to contain one-word lemmas, multi-word lemmas and lemmas of elements of words (affixes), yet, one-word lemmas pre- Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 767 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography vail by far. For most of the existing articles, only information about spelling (and word division) is given, and for a major part of them example sentences are presented which were extracted automatically from the corpus, together with a frequency class which indicates how often the expression can be found in the corpus. The index Wortartikel is another article index that lists, in alphabetical order, only the expressions for which editorially revised articles are available. This list contains 1,392 entries at the time this analysis is carried out. For these expressions also information about their word formation and on their etymology is given; furthermore, in a separate article area which opens when the user clicks on a semantic variant of the expression, detailed information about its meaning, about its cotext partners, about typical ways of usage (which include collocations), about related words, about peculiarities regarding its usage, about its grammar and about its word class can be obtained. For some expressions, images are available (e.g. Auto ‘car’). Articles which present more than one semantic variant show a partially integrated microstructure: details of the different variants are listed in separate article views; information about how the variants are interconnected is presented only once on the start display of each article. The presentation is highly microarchitecturally extended, as well vertically as horizontally: most items are displayed in their own field on the screen. For further information about elexiko cf. Haß (2005), Klosa (2008), Müller-Spitzer (2007). Wiktionary is also not based on a printed dictionary. The German version is integrated into the international framework of the Wiktionary project. It is compiled and edited not by a publishing house or by an academic institution but by its users. It has a large number of outer texts containing information for the authors, and it provides many ways to access the articles: apart from a search form there are several differently structured articles indexes, e.g. all pages (alphabetically), old pages, new pages, most linked-to pages, categories and so on. That way, the articles are polyaccessive. Links are heavily used to interconnect the articles. According to its home page, Wiktionary contains about 172,000* articles at the time of this analysis, yet, a number of these articles are not on German expressions but on expressions from other languages like English (e.g. bratwurst) or Swedish (e.g. Europeiska miljöbyrån), but also from languages with another alphabet like Bulgarian (e.g. ли.о") or Armenian (e.g. ). These foreign language expressions are dealt with within the German-language framework of Wiktionary, for example in what regards their pronunciation, the transliteration into the Latin alphabet, their etymology, their meaning etc. For German expressions, often the following items are given: & & & & & & & & & & & & spelling (incl. word division) pronunciation grammar (part of speech, inflected forms) meaning etymology synonymy antonymy hypernymy hyponymy examples translations references. Yet, not every category listed here is present in every article, and the article style sheet of Wiktionary lists further categories: abbreviations, figures of speech, characteristic word combinations, derived terms, dialectal expressions, similarities. Images, especially for nouns, are used. The spelling is often given in old and in revised orthography; the pronunciation can be demonstrated via an audio element. Word stress and vocal quantity are specified only if an item giving the pronunciation in the IPA is presented. The categories in the listing above appear in precisely that order in the article style sheet, which assures a certain consistency within the microstructure of Wiktionary. The articles are microarchitecturally extended: on the right side of the article area an optional image and the inflected forms are presented. On the left side, most of the other items are listed. Each item is introduced by its name, e.g. “Silbentrennung:” or “Herkunft:”, and each item starts at the beginning of a new line. The microstructure of the articles is non-integrated: for polysemous expressions, all the meanings are listed with a number of polysemy under the heading “Bedeutungen:”, and all the other items follow in distinct positions, as in the excerpt from the article on the adjective rein presented in Dictionary excerpt 49.14. In the other positions (here in Synonyme, Gegenwörter and Beispiele), the numbers of polysemy are repeated: the synonyms, antonyms or examples listed after a number re- Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 768 IX. The Germanic languages Dictionary excerpt 49.14: Excerpt from the article rein in Wiktionary (the original screen presentation has colored links; the wavy lines indicate that the article goes on as well before as after this excerpt). fer to the semantic variant with this number under Bedeutungen. By the use of these numbers, the scope of the items for the meaning is determined; that way, in Wiktionary & unlike in the Wahrig-DW & an unambiguous mapping of an item to its corresponding item for the meaning is possible. The quality of the description varies from article to article: there are well elaborated articles as well as very short and uninformative articles. 3. Specialized dictionaries This section is concerned with dictionaries which are specialized in terms of their in- tended audience and/or in terms of the scope of their subject matter and/or their lemma selection and/or in terms of their subject matter. 3.1. Dictionaries for specific user types 3.1.1. Dictionaries of German as a foreign language Although Hausmann (1989a, 15) calls the monolingual learner’s lexicography for foreign language learners “maybe the only inventive lexicographic development of the 20th century” T, and although the English Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, which “can be Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 769 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography considered as having established this type of dictionary”, had its first edition in 1948 and a predecessor even in 1942 (Herbst 1990, 1379), for the first three volumes of this International Encyclopedia of Lexicography (HSK 5) it had to be stated that “nothing approaching its [the OALD’s; MM ] type has been attempted so far for the field of German as a second/foreign language” (Hartmann 1989, 184). This situation changed in 1993, when the first edition of Langenscheidts Großwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache (" LGWbDaF) was published. Langenscheidt deviates in its publication policy from other publishing houses: the first edition of the LGWbDaF was published as Völlige Neuentwicklung (‘completely new development’) in 1993. At intervals of five years, in 1998, 2003 and 2008, so called Neubearbeitungen (‘revisions’) were released which are not numbered consecutively. Each of these Neubearbeitungen, as well as the Völlige Neuentwicklung, were published with minor changes in several Auflagen (‘editions’) which were numbered consecutively starting from one with each Neubearbeitung. That way, the 6th edition of the 2nd revision was published before the 2nd edition of the 4th revision, which may be confusing at first sight. Aiming at a better comprehensibility and a higher consistency, the editions of the LGWbDaF will be quoted below as follows: the Neuentwicklung and each Neubearbeitung receive consecutive numbers from one to four; the number of the various Auflagen within each five-year period is added separated by a dot. For example: 2.6 LGWbDaF " the 6th Auflage of the 2nd Neubearbeitung; 4.2LGWbDaF " the 2nd Auflage of the 4th Neubearbeitung. Each Neubearbeitung will be referred to as edition, the Auflagen within each edition will not be treated in a detailed way. It should be noted that the consecutive numbering of the Neubearbeitungen does not have its origin with Langenscheidt and may be idiosyncratic for the present article. The LGWbDaF is described primarily as a dictionary of modern standard German (Wörterbuch der modernen deutschen Standardsprache; cf. e.g. 1.4LGWbDaF, V; 4.2 LGWbDaF, 4). In the prefaces no explicit information is given about the dictionary basis or about sources and methods used for the collection and description of the lemmas. In 1.4 LGWbDaF and in 2.6 LGWbDaF it is stated that the dictionary includes the vocabulary necessary to understand the text types learners come across (cf. ibid., V). However, these text types are not specified. The LGWbDaF have a front matter and a back matter. In the front matter, the most important text for the users is the user’s guide; the back matter is composed of several appendixes which treat aspects relevant for language learners. In every edition of the LGWbDaF there are back matter texts giving (alphabetically) the terms denoting the inhabitants of countries, areas and regions and the corresponding adjectives as well as the terms denoting the inhabitants of cities; naming federal states and cantons of Germany, Austria and Switzerland respectively; giving words for cardinal and ordinal numbers (ordered numerically); and listing the most important irregular verbs. In 1.4LGWbDaF and in 2.6LGWbDaF there are texts about the spelling reform, in 4.2LGWbDaF the Buchstabieralphabet ‘spelling alphabet’ is included. The LGWbDaF include a number of tables and schemas which are inserted into the main word list. In the first editions these tables are about linguistic aspects (such as Die Anrede ‘forms of address’, Familie ‘family’ or Wann verwendet man ss und wann ß ? ‘when to use ss and when ß ’), from the third edition on the number of texts about linguistic aspects was augmented and there are also texts about culture and society (such as Das Genus der Substantive, Die Modalverben, Trennbare Verben; Das Bier, Marlene Dietrich, Knödel, Martin Luther or Das Wandern). These tables and schemas can be accessed via the table of contents in the first and in the second edition of the LGWbDaF, from the third edition on they are listed in an appendix. The two-column main word list of the LGWbDaF lists its articles straight-alphabetically, the articles are monoaccessive. The LGWbDaF have running heads and a printed thumb index. According to the back cover text, each edition of the LGWbDaF contains about 66,000* Stichwörter and Wendungen ‘phrases’ & for the first edition (the Neuentwicklung) Bergenholtz/Meder (1998, 288) count about 33,000* lemmas, for 3.1LGWbDaF 34,000 lemmas and for 4.2 LGWbDaF 37,000 lemmas can be extrapolated (as a reminder: 6 Duden-DUW has about 135,000 lemmas). Apart from German standard language, the LGWbDaF list also expressions from colloquial language, from specialized languages, and Austrian and Swiss expressions. Furthermore, in the first editions it is emphasized that a high value is set on new words (cf. 1.4 LGWbDaF, V; 2.6LGWbDaF, V). In later editions this passage was deleted. The Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 770 IX. The Germanic languages LGWbDaF contain abbreviations as lemmas as well as affixes and affixoidal elements. Tests with real texts (Bergenholtz/Meder 1998, Barz 1995) have shown that the LGWbDaF list most of the words contained in these texts but also lack some. For a comparison of selected article stretches of 4.2LGWbDaF with other dictionaries, cf. Fig. 49.2. The subject matter of the LGWbDaF is & spelling (incl. word division) & pronunciation (incl. word stress and vocal quantity) & grammar & pragmatic/stylistic usage (incl. labeling of obsolescent/obsolete expressions) & regional usage & meaning & synonymy & antonymy & collocations & compound words and derivatives & phraseology & examples and idiomatic expressions & illustrations. The LGWbDaF use middle dots and vertical lines to indicate word division. Unlike 7 Wahrig-DW, the LGWbDaF do not use the vertical line to mark the verbal particle but to indicate the compositional hierarchy of compound words which are composed of three or more words as in “Drei·vier·tel|takt”: the vertical line separates the larger units the word is composed of (Dreiviertel and Takt) and at the same time it indicates a possible point of word division. From the second edition on, articles on expressions which consist of two words (such as Besorgnis erregend, dessen ungeachtet or stehen bleiben) are framed. The pronunciation of problematic words is given in the IPA according to the Duden pronunciation dictionary. If the lemma sign is a compound or a derivative formed with a transparent head, morphological information about the formation of the genitive singular and the nominative plural is not given in the present article, but only in the article on the head word. Information about syntactic complements of verbs is given via sentence patterns (Satzbaumuster, Strukturformeln) which are reviewed basically positively in lexicographic literature (e.g. Gouws 1998). Cf. Fig. 49.4 for an overview of the sentence patterns used in the dictionaries of German as a foreign language. Synonyms are introduced by ‘#’, antonyms by ‘L’. In opposition to other dictionaries, which give collocations as part of the examples and idiomatic expres- sions, collocations are explicitly listed in the LGWbDaF between brackets as in the article Blinker “*den B. betätigen, setzen+”. Compounds in which the lemma sign takes in the first place are indicated by “K-”, compounds in which the lemma sign takes in the last place are indicated by “-K”. Derivatives are introduced by “|| zu” or “|| hierzu”. Most illustrations take up only the width of one column and are presented after their corresponding article. In some cases, illustrations do not only illustrate one expression but several expressions which are not situated on the same page but at different places in the word list. In these cases, cross-reference items in the articles refer to the illustration, as in the article Jackett: “A Abb. unter Bekleidung”. The illustrations were taken from other dictionaries for economic reasons (cf. Götz/ Haensch 1998, 351). Kühn (1998, 38) criticizes that many items giving the meaning are phrased in a traditional form which is of no use for foreign language learners, but he also states that some explanations are expressed more user friendly than explanations in other dictionaries (ibid., 39). The explanations are neutral and objective; a group- or culturespecific approach is not employed (ibid., 44 ff.). The microstructure of the articles of the LGWbDaF is integrated and sub-integrated. Since 3.1LGWbDaF the lemmas are printed in blue color. Whereas compounds are always presented as the last part of their corresponding microstructural integrate (or sub-integrate), all the phraseological expressions are listed as the last semantic part of each article. The derived forms also do not form part of the semantic (sub-)integrates but are listed in a post-integrate as the last part of an article with an indicator of their corresponding number of polysemy, as in the article Fantasie (which has three semantic variants): “|| zu 1 fan·ta·sie·arm Adj; […]”. Thus, these articles have an annex and a partially integrated, annexed microstructure (cf. Wiegand 1989, 482; WLWF-1, 165 ff.). Their microstructure is not microarchitecturally extended. The LGWbDaF was also published as a CD-ROM version within the framework of the PC- or Duden-Bibliothek with all the options already described in section 2.1 including a Feldsuche for expressions of a certain special field, stylistic level or regional usage, and as an Internet version with just a simple Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 771 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography Dictionary excerpt 49.15: Article Knopf with illustration (4.2LGWbDaF). search form (cf. Langenscheidt-onl). In the CD-ROM version the microstructure of the articles is microarchitecturally extended: every semantic variant, every position giving compounds, every position giving phraseological expressions and every position giving derived forms starts at the beginning of a new line on the screen. In the Internet version the microstructure is not microarchitecturally extended. For further, detailed comments on the LGWbDaF cf. Barz/Schröder (1996), Rothenhöfer (2004), Wiegand (1995; 1998a). A smaller version of the LGWbDaF is Langenscheidt Taschenwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache (" LTWbDaF), which was first published in 2003 and of which Neubearbeitungen (‘revisions’) appeared in 2007 and 2010. In its back matter it has exercises on the dictionary, language games and puzzles. According to its back cover is contains about 30,000* Stichwörter, Wendungen and Beispiele (‘lemmas, expressions and examples’), a counting for 3LTWbDaF resulted in a number of about 9,900 lemmas. The articles are slightly less condensed than the articles of the LGWbDaF and they list less semantic variants and no phraseological expressions. Their microstructure, which is not microarchitecturally extended, is integrated (but not sub-integrated) and sometimes left-expanded: a rhombus in the pre-comment labels vocabulary belonging to the Zertifikat Deutsch, an internationally recognized diploma in German as a foreign language (this is an information the LGWbDaF do not give). As a peculiar characteristic the LTWbDaF present twelve colored pages of which ten are designed like a pictorial dictionary and two show a map of Germany, Austria and Switzerland. These pages are inserted into the word list. Cf. Klosa (2004) for further details on the LTWbDaF. Langenscheidt Power Wörterbuch Deutsch (" LPWbD, published in 2009) was developed on the basis of LGWbDaF and LTWbDaF, it is not as voluminous as the former but more voluminous than the latter. Its info boxes are similar to the ones in LGWbDaF, and it has the pictorial tables of LTWbDaF. Furthermore, words belonging to the Zertifikat Deutsch levels A1, A2, B1 and B2 are labeled not with a rhombus (as in LTWbDaF) but with an identification item of one of those four levels directly after the lemma. De Gruyter Wörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache (" DGWbDaF) was the second larger dictionary explicitly addressed at learners of German as a foreign language, published in 2000. It is primarily intended for language production and contains the vocabulary for daily communication (cf. DGWbDaF, VII). There is no information about the dictionary basis, or about sources and methods used in the preparation of the dictionary. DGWbDaF has front matter components which are primarily texts about the way the dictionary is to be used, and back matter components which impart further knowledge about German: the component Wortfelder ‘word fields’, which is referred to from within the dictionary articles, is a kind of thesaurus, the Tafeln ‘tables’ present tables of declension and of conjugation, numbers, names of weekdays and months, quantitative measures, and lists of expressions of certain types presented in the dictionary: elements of word formation, particular word classes, and an overview of military ranks (!). Whereas the lists of elements of word formation and of particles do not give any further information and can only serve as an overview of the number and nature of such elements presented in the dictionary, the lists of words belonging to other word classes are structured according to lin- Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 772 IX. The Germanic languages guistically relevant principles: the list of conjunctions is divided into coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, the list of prepositions is divided corresponding to their case government. The overview of military ranks is divided into land, air and naval forces, and articles on military ranks within the word list refer to this table, as in the article Oberst: “D TAFEL XX”. A list of linguistic terms used in the dictionary concludes the work. The two-column word list lists the lemmas niche-alphabetically: compounds, derivatives and particle verbs are grouped into so called Kompositumblöcke ‘compound blocks’ (cf. ibid., XV). DGWbDaF has running heads but does not have a printed thumb index. According to its front matter, it lists about 20,000* Stichwörter, Beißwenger/Körkel (2002, 398) count approximately 20,700*, own counting results in about 19,000 lemmas including the niche lemmas. The lemmas are “root words with the most important derivatives” T as well as non-transparent, frequent compounds (DGWbDaF, IX). Specialized, highly regional or obsolescent vocabulary was excluded largely (cf. ibid.). According to Beißwenger/Körkel (2002), also loan words are included only scarcely. There are no articles on affixes, but on affixoidal elements and on verbal particles. Cf. Fig. 49.2 for a comparison of selected article stretches of DGWbDaF with other dictionaries. The subject matter of DGWbDaF is: & spelling & pronunciation (incl. word stress and vocal quantity) & grammar & abbreviation & pragmatic/stylistic usage (incl. labeling of obsolescent/obsolete expressions) & regional usage & meaning & synonymy & antonymy & compound words and derivatives & word family & phraseology & examples and idiomatic expressions & illustrations. DGWbDaF does not give information about word division. Only for compounds and particle verbs, where the joint between the constituents is indicated by a vertical line, this information can be inferred. Word stress and vocal quantity are given only via the IPA transcription, which is available for most lemmas. Abbreviations are indicated by Dictionary excerpt (DGWbDaF ). 49.16: Article Füllung “ABK”, Synonyms by “SYN”, Antonyms by “ANT”. Words belonging to the word family of the present lemma sign are indicated by the symbol ‘ ’. Cf. Fig. 49.4 for an overview of the sentence patterns used in the dictionaries of German as a foreign language. The articles have integrated and sub-integrated microstructures. If an item giving phraseological expressions is part of the article, this item, indicated by a star symbol ‘ ’, follows after the microstructural (sub-)integrates which treat one semantic variant each. If there are further remarks on the usage of the lemma sign, for example a comparison with semantically related words or an information about syntactic peculiarities concerning the lemma sign, these comments are indicated by “MERKE” (‘NOTE’) and form the last part of the article. Thus, these articles have a right-expanded microstructure which is furthermore microarchitecturally extended because each position for phraseology and each position for further remarks starts at the beginning of a new line. Inside the position for phraseology colloquial expressions are separated from neutral expressions by the symbol ‘"’. Articles without a position for phraseology or a position for further remarks are not microarchitecturally extended. Illustrations are usually presented beneath their corresponding article. For further, detailed studies cf. Wiegand (2002a). All in all, DGWbDaF received rather critical reviews (cf. Wiegand 2002b). Pons Großwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache (" Pons-GWbDaF) was published in 2004. It was prepared on the basis of PonsGSWb 2001, a school dictionary. It covers “present-day German standard language, thus, that German language which is actually spoken and written today” T (Pons-GWbDaF, 8). Pons-GWbDaF has a number of front matter and back matter components: in the Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 773 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography particles as lemmas, but it does have articles on affixoidal elements. Cf. Fig. 49.2 for a comparison of selected article stretches of Pons-GWbDaF with other dictionaries. In its articles, Pons-GWbDaF gives information about & spelling (incl. word division and spelling variants) & pronunciation (incl. word stress, vocal quantity) & grammar & pragmatic/stylistic usage & regional usage (Austria or Switzerland) & meaning & synonymy & antonymy & compound words and derivatives & examples and idiomatic expressions. Dictionary excerpt 49.17: Article Jahreszahl and corresponding info box (Pons-GWbDaF ). front matter, it shows an overview of the spelling rules, which is being referred to from within the articles, and a Streifzug durch die deutsche Sprache ‘ Ramble through the German language’, which informs about historical and etymological aspects, idioms and phrases from Latin and Greek, a list of word formations with prefixes from Latin and Greek, or tables with computer and Internet vocabulary; in the back matter it has a short grammar of German, a list of the most important irregular verbs, lists of German and Austrian federal states and Swiss cantons and their capitals, and an overview of the IPA. Five double pages designed like in a pictorial dictionary are inserted into the word list, they show black-and-white illustrations of certain scenes: train station, hotel, supermarket, university, and abstract relations. Furthermore, Pons-GWbDaF has a number of blue Infokästen (ibid., 10; ‘info boxes’), labeled Wissenswert ‘worth knowing’, which give encyclopaedic information about the expression dealt with in the preceding article (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.17). There is no overview or index of all of these info boxes. The two-column word list of PonsGWbDaF is ordered straight-alphabetically; the dictionary has a printed thumb index and running heads. It lists about 51,000 lemmas, including foreign words, words only used in Austria and Switzerland, and specialized vocabulary. It does not list affixes and verbal Syntactic constructions are labeled by a grey square, and so are idiomatic expressions. A black rhombus indicates compound words which are formed with the lemma sign, and a grey triangular symbol labels derivatives. Cf. Fig. 49.4 for an overview of the sentence patterns used in the dictionaries of German as a foreign language. Information about spelling difficulties is labeled by a grey rhombus followed by cross-references, which lead to the corresponding front-matter component, and further explanations (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.18). Pons-GWbDaF uses blue color for the lemmas, their spelling variants, and, if the lemma sign is a noun, for its corresponding definite article which also gives the grammatical gender of the noun. The articles have an integrated microstructure which is annexed if idiomatic expressions are collected in a postintegrate after the last semantic integrate of the article instead of being assigned to a particular semantic variant within the article, and/or which is right-expanded if there is further information about the spelling of the lemma sign in a post-comment at the end of the article, as in Dictionary excerpt 49.18. The microstructure is not microarchitecturally extended. Pons-GWbDaF is also available as a CD-ROM version. Pons Kompaktwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache (" Pons-KWbDaF ) was elaborated on the basis of Pons-GWbDaF; it appeared in 2005. Its front and back matter texts are similar to Pons-GWbDaF with some exceptions: there is no Streifzug durch die deutsche Sprache in the front matter, and in the back matter there is a component Zahlwörter, Buchstabieralphabet, Maße und Gewichte which is not a part of Pons-GWbDaF. Info boxes, which are inserted into the word Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 774 IX. The Germanic languages Dictionary excerpt 49.18: Article dazu (PonsGWbDaF ). list, are identical to Pons-GWbDaF, the 18 full-page four-color pages of illustrations are different from the ones in Pons-GWbDaF. These pages are skipped by the page numbering, they are not accessible via the table of contents and there are no cross references leading to them from within the articles. Pons-KWbDaF has a straight-alphabetical outer access structure and it lists about 18,000 lemmas & about a third of the number of lemmas of Pons-GWbDaF. The subject matter of Pons-KWbDaF is identical to the one of Pons-GWbDaF with one exception: Pons-KWbDaF explicitly labels vocabulary belonging to the Zertifikat Deutsch by a black dot before the lemma. Furthermore, Pons-KWbDaF has more items giving the pronunciation in the IPA. The microstructure of the articles is integrated and not microarchitecturally extended. In articles on nouns, the definite article, which also gives the grammatical gender of the noun, is located before the lemma & in these cases, and if a lemma is labeled by a preceding dot (to show that the lemma sign belongs to the Zertifikat Deutsch), the microstructure is left-expanded. As in Pons-GWbDaF, if there is a post-integrate for idiomatic expressions or a post-comment for orthographical difficulties, the microstructure is annexed or right-expanded respectively. At this point, also a further, small dictionary by Pons shall be mentioned: The Basiswörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache (" Pons-BWbDaF) was published already in the year 1999. Its one-column main word list lists straight-alphabetically about 8,300 lemmas & “important German words”T (Pons-BWbDaF, V) &, and it has a macrostructural front matter text: Deutsche Abkürzungen ‘German abbreviations’ which lists abbreviations actually used in German language and not abbreviations used in the dictionary only. PonsBWbDaF includes further front and back matter texts not included in Pons-GWbDaF or Pons-KWbDaF, for example a map of German dialects, a list of numbers, the names of weekdays and months, an overview of how to write a letter in German, or how to tell and understand what time it is. On the left and right margin of each double page, the users find illustrations & more than 400*, according to the preface (cf. Pons-BWbDaF, V), which were not taken over into the later Pons dictionaries & and information boxes about selected expressions, which differ from the information boxes of Pons-GWbDaF and Pons-KWbDaF. Inside the articles, the vocabulary of the Zertifikat Deutsch is already labeled by a dot before the lemma; this was later adapted by Pons-KWbDaF (PonsGWbDaF, which is based on the Pons-GSWb 2001, does not give that information). The boundary between a verbal particle and the base verb is explicitly marked & another difference to the later Pons dictionaries. The lemmas are printed in green. The microstructure of the articles is integrated and it is not microarchitecturally extended. Duden, Standardwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache (" 1 Duden-DaF ) and Duden, Deutsch als Fremdsprache (" 2 Duden-DaF) can be regarded as special cases. With only minor differences, 1 Duden-DaF is almost identical to 3 Duden-10 and 2 Duden-DaF is almost identical to 4 Duden-10 (cf. 2.2.3). This holds for the presentation, the structure and the content of the dictionaries alike. Extensive checks reveal in particular that the word lists of the corresponding editions, including the inserted info boxes, are absolutely identical, and so are most of the front matter components. Only the prefaces are slightly adapted: in the preface of the Duden-10 less emphasis is put on foreign language learners than in the one of the Duden-DaF. The Duden-DaF contain a back matter component titled Deutsch als Fremdsprache, which is Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 775 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography listed in the table of contents of 1 Duden-DaF as Landeskundliche Informationen ‘regional studies’ and which gives information about the political and educational systems of Germany, Austria and Switzerland, about public holydays, and about linguistic aspects such as addressing someone formally or informally (Siezen & Duzen), how to tell and understand the time, German dialects, and a list of about 230 idiomatic expressions containing names of body parts (head, hat [!], eye, ear, nose, mouth and tongue, arm, hand and foot). In 2 Duden-DaF this back matter texts still exists, but it is not listed in the table of contents anymore which makes the table of contents of 2 Duden-DaF identical to the one of 4 Duden-10, and the users can only find this component by chance. This back matter text is the only noteworthy difference between the Duden-DaF and the Duden-10, which reveals an interesting attitude of Duden’s editorial department of the needs of foreign language learners on the one hand and of native speakers on the other hand, and of the nature of different types of dictionaries in general. In none of the four editions the similarity between these dictionaries is pointed out. A further dictionary of German as a foreign language was published in 2003 by Duden in cooperation with Hueber, a publishing house with a focus on the development of resources for German as a foreign language: Duden, Wörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache (" Hueber-Duden-DaF). The front matter texts do not inform about the dictionary basis or about sources and methods used to compile the dictionary. The dictionary is supposed to give an “overview of a significant portion of German words”T (1Hueber-Duden-DaF, 5); according to its cover it is aimed at learners at an elementary or intermediate level of German. Among the front matter texts of Hueber-Duden-DaF are: a component Kommunikative Einheiten ‘communicative units’, which presents dialogues and phrases used in particular situations (in a café/restaurant, during a telephone call, while writing a letter of application or a private letter); a component with information about German spelling; a component about how to tell the time; lists of numbers; German abbreviations; and adjectives for geographical names. Maps of Germany, Austria and Switzerland and graphical overviews of their corresponding educational systems have only minor linguistic relevance in the narrower sense. Info boxes, which are not explained in the front matter, were inserted into the word list. They contain linguistic and cultural information and they are not identical with and dealing with other expressions than the ones in the Duden-DaF. 2Hueber-Duden-DaF is extended by back-matter components giving further hints on how to use the dictionary, on the learning of words, and a list of the words relevant for the levels A1 to B1 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. Besides, both editions contain about 300* small illustrations which are presented nearby their corresponding articles inside the word list. The outer access structure of the two-column main word list is straight-alphabetical. The dictionary has a printed thumb index and running heads. The main word list lists about 11,000 lemmas, it lists also affixes and verbal particles. It does not contain abbreviations; these are part of a front matter text with about 150 entries. Hueber-Duden-DaF has as its subject matter: & spelling (incl. word division and spelling variants) & pronunciation & grammar & pragmatic/stylistic usage & regional usage & meaning & synonymy & antonymy & compound words & examples and idiomatic expressions & phraseology & illustrations. If the lemma sign is part of the Zertifikat Deutsch, it is printed in blue. The pronunciation is always given in the IPA. Synonymy is indicated by the marker “Syn.:”, printed in blue; anonymy is indicated by the marker “Ggs.” and the whole item giving the antonym is printed in slashes, as in the article einschalten: “/Ggs. ausschalten/”. Fixed phrases are introduced by an asterisk. Compounds are indicated by the marker “Zus.:”, printed in blue again. The articles have an integrated microstructure which is left-expanded in the case of articles on nouns: the definite article which also gives the grammatical gender of the noun is given in a pre-comment before the lemma. The microstructure is not microarchitecturally extended. For further aspects of Hueber-Duden-DaF cf. Klosa (2004). Wahrig & or, more precisely, the owner of the brand, Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag & was the last publisher to present a dictionary Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 776 IX. The Germanic languages Dictionary excerpt 49.19: Pictorial table from Wahrig-GWbDaF. of German as a foreign language: Wahrig Großwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache (" Wahrig-GWbDaF ) appeared in 2008. Just like other new editions of Wahrig dictionaries, Wahrig-GWbDaF was compiled with the use of the WAHRIG Textkorpus digital and, besides, on the basis of the Wahrig-DW, whose articles were worked over: “Usability was increased considerably by deleting older, rarely used meanings, by simplification of definitions and by presenting verbs within sentence context”T (Wahrig-GWbDaF, 18). Wahrig-GWbDaF has relatively few front and back matter texts directed at foreign language learners: a list of geographical names and of the terms denoting the inhabitants of geographical locations and a so-called introduction (“Einleitung”), which is basically an overview of German grammar. Furthermore, it contains 17 bicolored pictorial tables on 16 pages (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.19), which are referred to from within the dictionary articles via the indicator “ ” and the corresponding page number of the illustrating table, and info boxes about cultural and linguistic aspects of German which are often placed before their corresponding article (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.20). The two-column word list has a straightalphabetic outer access structure; furthermore, Wahrig-GWbDaF has a printed thumb index and running heads. It contains about 35,000 lemmas, including the vocabulary of the Zertifikat Deutsch which is marked by blue lemmas. Affixes, affixoidal elements and verbal particles are listed as lemmas. Cf. Fig. 49.2 for a comparison of selected article stretches of Wahrig-GWbDaF with other dictionaries. The subject matter is: & spelling (incl. word division and spelling variants) & pronunciation (incl. word stress; vocal quantity) & grammar & abbreviation & pragmatic/stylistic usage & regional usage & meaning & synonymy & antonymy & compound words and derivatives & idiomatic expressions and examples. With regard to word division, a blue vertical line marks the joint between separable verbal particles and the base verbs. For separable verbs, Wahrig-GWbDaF also cites the infinitive form with “zu” (cf. Dictionary excerpt Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 777 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography Dictionary excerpt 49.20: Excerpt with an information box about the different usage of Café/Kaffee (Wahrig-GWbDaF ). Dictionary excerpt 49.21: Article abgrenzen (Wahrig-GWbDaF ). 49.21). Word division is also indicated for inflected forms in the comment on form. Inflected forms are presented directly in the articles, there are no numerical cross-references as in other Wahrig dictionaries. Pronunciation is given in the IPA in problematic cases; if an IPA item exists, word stress and vocal quantity can be seen only in the IPA item, else word stress and vocal quantity are indicated via functional item additions (subscripted dots or lines) together with the lemma. Spelling variants (“oV”), synonyms (“Syn”), antonyms (“Ggs”), compounds (“Zus”), derived forms (“Abl”) and linguistic peculiarities (“Bes”) are indicated by the just mentioned abbreviations in blue color. Cf. Fig. 49.4 for an overview of the sentence patterns used in the dictionaries of German as a foreign language. The articles of WahrigGWbDaF have a non-integrated microstructure, like in the Wahrig-DW. Examples are indicated by a blue triangular arrow and they are grouped and arranged according to the part of speech of the most important cotext partner & printed in blue & of the lemma sign. The microstructure is not microarchitecturally extended. The most notable difference between the general language dictionaries and the dictionaries of German as a foreign language examined above is a difference in the types of items presented. Whereas several of the general language dictionaries give information about the etymology of an expression, none of the learner’s dictionaries have such items. Instead, all of the latter list compounds (among the general language dictionaries, only the Duden-10, which are identical to the Duden-DaF in this respect, do), and most of them also list derivative forms of the lemma sign. Illustrations can be found in most of the learner’s dictionaries, but in few of the printed general language dictionaries. Several publishers developed different ways for the presentation of verbal complements and of sentence patterns which go hand in hand with different meanings and different ways the expressions are used. Generally, they are similar, but they do show characteristic peculiarities: DGWbDaF explicitly labels the subject within a pattern but arranges the complements (and the tilde replacing the verb) as in an infinitive or verb-last construction. Pons-GWbDaF presents a verb-second order including the subject, and the verb is written out in full. LGWbDaF and WahrigGWbDaF do not include the subject and list only complements for infinitive constructions. Some dictionaries are more detailed with regard to the complement, for example Wahrig-GWbDaF in the article geben: “ein Konzert, Theaterstück, eine Vorstellung ~”, others are more general, for example LGWbDaF for the same verb: “etw. g.”. Fig. 49.4 shows an overview of the structure of the sentence patterns for one particular verb in selected dictionaries of German as a foreign language. Which of these different sentence patterns is suited best for language learners remains to be tested empirically. With regard to lemma Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 778 (a) IX. The Germanic languages (b) (d) (c) Fig. 49.4: Overview of the sentence patterns (without further context) for the verb geben in dictionaries of German as a foreign language: (a) 2.6 LGWbDaF, (b) DGWbDaF (slashes / … / mark the subject; if etwas is written out it cannot be substituted by another object), (c) Pons-GWbDaF, (d) Wahrig-GWbDaF. selection and description, the learner’s dictionaries focus on frequently and supra-regionally used expressions whereas general language dictionaries more often list obsolescent and regional lexis. Generally speaking it can be stated that the long time nonexistent dictionary type of the dictionary of German as a foreign language became well established in German lexicography within a time span of about fifteen years. Fig. 49.5 shows an overview of the publication period of dictionaries of German as a foreign language between 1990 and 2010. 3.1.2. Further dictionaries for specific user types Further dictionaries for specific user types include children’s dictionaries, among them Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 779 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography Dictionaries of German as a foreign language 1990 1991 1992 1993 1 LGWbDaF 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2 1999 Pons-BWbDaF 2000 DGWbDaF LGWbDaF 2001 2002 1 2003 1 Duden-DaF Hueber-Duden-DaF LGWbDaF 1 LTWbDaF 3 2004 Pons-GWbDaF 2005 1 Pons-KWbDaF 2006 2007 2 2008 4 LGWbDaF Wahrig-GWbDaF Hueber-Duden-DaF LTWbDaF 2 Pons-KWbDaF 2 2009 LPWbD 2010 2 3 lemma signs of particular types and/or information items of particular types. The present section describes syntagmatic dictionaries, which focus on groups of words or words within particular constructions. These dictionaries include valency dictionaries, dictionaries of collocations and phraseological dictionaries. 3.2.1. Valency dictionaries VALBU is a valency dictionary of German verbs. It lists 638* verbs which are described with regard to the syntactic and semantic quality of their complements. For each complement a semantic description and example sentences from a corpus are given where the complement is printed in bold letters. The semantic description is written out in full without dictionary-idiosyncratic abbreviations, which makes it easier to understand the article. Furthermore, VALBU includes items giving the principal parts of the lemma sign, its characteristics in passive voice, derivations of and phrases with the lemma sign and further remarks. Dictionary excerpt 49.22 shows a short article from VALBU. VALBU is also available as an extended on-line version: E-VALBU. This dictionary has an extended search function where the users can specify the complement classes, the Duden-DaF LTWbDaF Fig. 49.5: Overview of the publication period of dictionaries of German as a foreign language. kindergarten dictionaries and dictionaries for primary school; school dictionaries, such as the above-mentioned Pons-GSWb 2001, are addressed at elder children. These dictionaries will not be treated here. 3.2. Syntagmatic dictionaries Whereas the dictionaries dealt with up to this point contain articles about general language expressions of German in a broader sense and describe these expressions with regard to several aspects (such as pronunciation, grammar, meaning, etc.), the dictionaries covered in the following sections are restricted to Dictionary excerpt 49.22: Article frieren (VALBU). Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 780 IX. The Germanic languages sentence structure, characteristics of passive voice and dative or accusative of possession. Djordjević-Engel 2009 is a valency dictionary of German and Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian verbs, where the German part of the description fills the left column and the Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian description fills the right column of the two-column word list (remarks take up the whole width of the page). The left column can be used as a German valency dictionary as it is not dependend on but only contrasted with the right column. For each verb, the syntactic and semantic characteristics of its complements are listed in abbreviated form together with examples (the complements are not labeled within the example sentences) and information about the usage of the verb in passive voice; furthermore its principal parts, its meaning and its derived forms are given. Sommerfeldt/Schreiber 1996 is a valency dictionary of etymologically related words. The word list is structured according to semantic fields (Fortbewegung, Transport, Besitzwechsel etc.). Articles are presented for groups of words with a common root, such as vermieten / untervermieten & vermietbar & Vermieten / Vermietung. For every word within these groups an example sentence is given which contains one realization of every class of complements; this accounts for verbs, nouns and adjectives, as in the article mentioned above: Der Hausbesitzer (a) vermietet dem Wohnungssuchenden (b) eine Zwei-Zimmer-Wohnung (c). Der Mieter (a) kann dieses Zimmer (c) an eine Studentin (b) untervermieten. Diese Wohnung (c) ist nur an eine Familie (b) ohne Kinder vermietbar. Das Vermieten / Die Vermietung von Ferienwohnungen (c) an Urlauber (b) durch zahlreiche Hausbesitzer (a) belebte den Tourismus in dieser Gegend. (Sommerfeldt/Schreiber 1996, 84) The lower-case letters refer to the characterizations of the complements given underneath the examples; these explain the semantic role of the complement and the syntactic realization for verbs, nouns and adjectives. Thus, Sommerfeldt/Schreiber 1996 is one of the rare valency dictionaries which are not restricted to verbal valency. Two further valency dictionaries are mere reprints: Engel/Schumacher 2003 is a facsimile of the 1978 edition; Helbig/Schenkel 1991 is a revision of the 1983 edition. Schröder 1992 and 1993, which deal with prefix verbs and verbs of locomotion and which also give valency information in their articles, are described in section 3.4. Griesbach/Uhlig 1994, finally, is a special type of dictionary at the border of valency dictionaries and other dictionary types. Its lemmas are strong and irregular verbs, which also makes it a dictionary of a particular word class. According to its subtitle it informs about syntax, valency and collocations. It has also characteristics of a dictionary of word formation because it lists prefix and particle verbs as sublemmas of the simplex lemmas, resulting in a number of about 3,600* verbal lemmas and sublemmas included. An alphabetical list in the back matter shows all the verbs included into the dictionary as lemmas or sublemmas. For each sublemma within the word list a number of example sentences are given which show typical cotext partners of the verb (this is the collocational aspect of the dictionary, which differs from the conception of, for example, Hausmann 2004). Furthermore, the “manner of action” (put into quotation marks on p. 10) of each verb is indicated (H: Handung ‘action’, V: Vorgang ‘process’, S: Sein ‘state’). The example sentences are ordered and described according to their Satzstruktur ‘sentence structure’ (from a semantic and functional point of view) and to Funktionskennzeichen ‘function markers’, i.e. formal-morphological case marking, encoded by numerical codes which consist of four digits: within the sentence structure code the first digit encodes the type of subject (1: person, 2: thing, 3: concept, 4: facts etc.), the second digit encodes the type of the “first” or “direct” object, the third digit encodes the type of the “second” or “indirect” object and the fourth digit encodes predicative complements of prepositional objects. Within the function markers code, the morphological case of subject and objects, or the case within a prepositional object governed by the verb, is encoded (1: nominative case, 2: accusative case etc.). These structural codes make Griesbach/Uhlig 1994 a valency dictionary, if an unusual one. 3.2.2. Dictionaries of collocations Quasthoff-Koll is the first German dictionary explicitly and exclusively dedicated to collocations, basically in the sense of Hausmann (2004). It lists 3,253* nouns, verbs and adjectives as lemmas which act as the bases of more than 192,000* collocations collected statistically. For nouns (as bases), adjectives and verbs are listed as collocators; these lat- Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 781 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography Dictionary excerpt 49.24: Article Gerechtigkeit (Agricola 1992). Dictionary excerpt 49.23: Quasthoff-Koll. ter verbs are ordered according to the syntactic function of the noun within their complement structure: firstly verbs are listed for which the base (the lemma sign) acts as subject, then verbs with an object in accusative or dative case and finally verbs with a prepositional complement including the base. For verbs and adjectives as bases, adverbs and other adjectives are listed. Collocators which are syntactically similar and semantically related are separated by small middle dots; groups of similar collocators are separated from other groups by larger squares. Cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.23 for an example article. There is no index of the collocators so that an analysis of the collocators with regard to their affinity towards particular (types of) bases is not possible with this dictionary. Further dictionaries which can be classified as dictionaries of collocations (cf. also Hausmann 1989b, 979; 1989c) are Agricola 1992 and Duden-2. Agricola 1992 is an only marginally revised edition of earlier (unaltered) editions of this dictionary; Duden-2 was published in two editions after 1989/90, which do not differ fundamentally from earlier editions as well (formally, the recent editions have a microarchitecturally extended microstructure, which facilitates access to the article data). Both dictionaries do not only list bases and their collocators but also larger constructions of typically co-occurring words. For a comparison with Quasthoff-Koll cf. also Dictionary excerpt 49.24 and Dictionary excerpt 49.25. Feste-Wortvb-onl is part of the on-line dictionary portal OWID. At the time this article is written it lists only 125 common co-occur- Dictionary excerpt 49.25: Article Gerechtigkeit (8 Duden-2). rences of selected German words; a part of them are collocations consisting of a base and a collocator. An extension of this project is desirable. For the treatment of collocations within general language dictionaries cf. Köster/ Neubauer (2002) (about DGWbDaF), Lehr (1998) (about LGWbDaF) and Schafroth (2003) (about Duden-GW). 3.2.3. Phraseological dictionaries Phraseological dictionaries since 1990 include Duden-11, Duden-RA, Duden-GBZRW, Bünting-ZR, Müller 1994, Schemann 1993 and 2000, and Walter 2008. The dictionary of Röhrich (cf. Wiegand 1990, 2174&2175) was published in various editions (for example Röhrich 1991/1992). Schemann 1993 (a second edition is announced for 2011) contains a large number of expressions & about 33,000*, according to its introduction (Schemann 1993, XII). Yet, no explanation of their meaning or of their origin is given in this dictionary; apart from stylistic items (such as ugs " umgangssprachlich ‘colloquial’ or path " pathetisch ‘dramatic’) only examples are presented. Thus, this dictionary is useful basically for native speakers which are looking for an expression they already know but do not have in their mind in a certain moment. It can hardly be of help to someone who does not Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 782 IX. The Germanic languages Dictionary excerpt 49.26: Article Flöhe (Schemann 1993). understand an expression and looks for an explication (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.26). Duden-11 first appeared in 1992; it extended the long-time series Der Duden in 10 Bänden. This dictionary explains more than 10,000* of “the most common fixed expressions of present-day German” T (2 Duden-11, 15), which are sorted alphabetically according to their first word or one of the most important words bearing meaning, the Hauptstichwort (cf. ibid., 21), which is printed in black. If an expression contains more than one important word, cross references in the word list, at all relevant places of those further important words, lead to the correct head word. Thanks to this extensive crossreference system, Duden-11 does not need to include an index. Since 2 Duden-11, the fixed expressions which are assigned to a Hauptstichwort are printed in blue. These expressions are explained by a paraphrase of their meaning (printed in italics) and example sentences and/or citations (printed upright). Examples are separated from citations by a middle dot (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.27). For many expressions, the Duden-11 give explanations about their origin; these are indicated by a blue rhombus. As well every fixed expression belonging to a Hauptstichwort as the explanations of its origin start at the beginning of a new line, therefore the microstructure of the articles is microarchitecturally extended. 25 images which cover one whole page each are included in the Duden-11 & yet, these images do not actually visualize the expressions but show (mostly historic) illustrations (carvings, etchings etc., by Ludwig Dictionary excerpt 49.27: Article Donner of 2 Duden-11. Richter, Gustave Doré and other artists) of situations more or less loosely related to an expression. Duden-GBZRW contains more than 15,000* fixed expressions and citations which are ordered alphabetically (without considering articles and certain pronominal elements) and which are explained in a noncondensed article text that is not clearly structured: the explanation of the meaning and of the origin of the expression and examples or citations which contain the expression are not clearly separated and are not presented in a consistent order. Duden-GBZRW also includes a number of colored and black and white illustrations, including but not limited to the ones from 2 Duden-11. It also lists a large number of cross-reference lemmas in its word list at places where the complete article could have been inserted, considering important words in the expression. The potential & but not actual & head word within a cross-reference lemma, which is also the carrier of the guiding element, is printed in bold, and the central word which actually shows the head word of the target article is indicated by an arrow (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.28). Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 783 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography (a) (b) Dictionary excerpt 49.28: Cross-reference article (a) and article (b) Jemandem lacht das Herz im Leibe (Duden-GBZRW). Hessky/Ettinger 1997 is a phraseological dictionary and a workbook at the same time. About 1,200* phraseological expressions are organized onomasiologically into semantically related groups, entitled by a corresponding key concept; within these groups the expressions are listed alphabetically according to the first noun/adjective/verb of the expression. An explanation of the meaning and example sentences or citations are given; sometimes also an explanation of the origin of the expression. Alphabetical indexes of the key concepts and of the expressions present different outer access structures. This dictionary also contains about 50 pages of exercises, addressed at learners of German. Apart from these dictionaries, which list fixed expressions, also a large number of dictionaries of citations exist (including Duden12, the most recent and last volume of the current Duden series). 3.3. Paradigmatic dictionaries The paradigmatic dictionaries presented here include dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms, dictionaries of word families, retrograde dictionaries and pictorial dictionaries. These dictionaries group expressions which are related to each other in terms of form or meaning. 3.3.1. Dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms Dictionaries of synonyms are divided into cumulative synonym dictionaries, partially distinctive synonym dictionaries and distinctive synonym dictionaries (with gradual transitions). Peltzer/Normann 1992 and 8 Dornseiff are, to a large extent, examples of the first, Bulitta 2007a and 2007b, Duden-8, DudenSyn, Görner/Kempcke 1999 and Textor 2004 are examples of the second type. Truely distinctive synonym dictionaries, which systematically include items explicitly explaining the meaning of the semantic variants, have not come to the author’s notice (Görner/Kempcke 1999 comes closest to this type because it gives distinguishing explanations of meaning at least for some synonyms; the other dictionaries merely group related expressions so that the synonyms have to serve as explanations of meaning between themselves). The dictionaries cited above are successors of earlier editions, which were already discussed in Wiegand (1990) (Duden-Syn is a shorter and less detailed version of Duden-8). 3 Duden-8 now has information boxes with hints on the negative connotation or association of words, and hints on words which are often confused as synonyms, such as anscheinend/scheinbar or Lexikon/Wörterbuch. Articles on idiomatic expressions are also presented in a blue box. 3 Duden-8 furthermore has a microarchitecturally extended microstructure, and so has & at least basically & Peltzer/Normann 1992, where the arrow symbol indicating antonyms is always placed at the beginning of a new line now; furthermore Peltzer/Normann 1992 does not have a separate index of foreign words any more. Apart from 8 Dornseiff, these dictionaries have alphabetically ordered word lists. 8 Dornseiff is a major revision of this dictionary. It is still organized according to concepts & or: onomasiologically &; number and scope of these concepts changed in some aspects but remained largely similar (cf. Fig. 49.6 for a comparison). With regard to the content, several changes can be noticed. Some aspects are treated much less detailed as in earlier editions, for example section 2.2 Pflanzenarten ‘plant species’, which occupies 81 pages in 5 Dornseiff and only one in 8 Dornseiff. Furthermore, no diasystematic (esp. no diatopic) labels are given in 8 Dornseiff. This is due to the corpus and frequency based approach chosen in 8 Dornseiff which leads to less frequent expressions being excluded (cf. ibid., *193 ff.; Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 784 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. IX. The Germanic languages Anorganische Welt. Stoffe Pflanzen. Tier. Mensch (körperlich) Raum. Lage. Form Größe. Menge. Zahl. Grad Wesen. Beziehung. Geschehnis Zeit Sichtbarkeit. Licht. Farbe. Schall. Temperatur. Gewicht. Aggregatzustand. Geruch, Geschmack Ortsveränderung Wollen und Handeln Sinnesempfindungen Fühlen. Affekte. Charaktereigenschaften Denken Zeichen. Mitteilung. Sprache Schrifttum. Wissenschaft Kunst Soziale Verhältnisse Geräte, Technik Wirtschaft Recht. Ethik Religion. Das Übersinnliche 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Natur und Umwelt Leben Raum, Lage, Form Größe, Menge, Zahl Wesen, Beziehung, Geschehnis Zeit Sichtbarkeit, Licht, Farbe, Schall, Temperatur, Gewicht, Aggregatzustand Ort und Ortsveränderung Wollen und Handeln Fühlen, Affekte, Charaktereigenschaften Das Denken Zeichen, Mitteilung, Sprache Wissenschaft Kunst und Kultur Menschliches Zusammenleben Essen und Trinken Sport und Freizeit Gesellschaft Geräte, Technik Wirtschaft, Finanzen Recht, Ethik Religion, Übersinnliches Fig. 49.6: Titles of the first-level concepts in 5 Dornseiff (left) and 8 Dornseiff (right). cf. also Storjohann 2005 for information about the corpus-based preparation of 8 Dornseiff). Information about grammar and meaning & very sparsely included in earlier editions & is eliminated as well. On the other hand, new areas of life are included, such as computers and the Internet. The word list now has a two-column design and the cross-references to other conceptual groups are more clearly arranged. As in earlier editions, expressions which are closely related are separated from expressions which are less closely related within the article (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.29). The groups and subgroups bear numbers to enable the access to the otherwise practically inaccessible articles, i.e. the word list has a numerical access structure. The numbers are being referred to by two indexes: an index of all the conceptual groups included in 8 Dornseiff, placed before the word list and arranged according to the order of the appearance of the conceptual groups in the word list, and an index of all the expressions included in the word list, arranged alphabetically. 8 Dornseiff comes with a CDROM containing an electronic version of this dictionary. Whereas Bulitta 2007a, 8 Dornseiff, Duden-8 and Duden-Syn, Görner/Kempcke 1999 and Textor 2004 do not give antonyms, Bulitta 2007b and Peltzer/Normann 1992 do. Dictionary excerpt 49.29: Article Satz (8 Dornseiff). Besides, there are dictionaries of antonyms which are specialized in this subject matter; these include Duden-WG and Müller 1998. Duden-WG is a small pocket dictionary which lists complementary antonyms, gradable antonyms, relational antonyms and contrastive word pairs of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Semantically related antonyms Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 785 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography are grouped and separated from other antonyms within the same article by the symbol ‘✦’. Antonyms which refer to one particular semantic variant of the lemma sign are labeled with a distinguishing expression, often a collocational partner; reflexivity of the verbal lemma sign is indicated. Müller 1998 extends the scope of its subject matter to complementary pairs known from literature, culture and history; this dictionary lists, for example, Hänsel and Gretel, Tee and Kaffee, or NATO and Warschauer Pakt as antonyms. The word list has a tabular design; in the left column the antonyms are listed, separated by a slash and arranged alphabetically according to the expression on the left of the slash which acts as the lemma. In the right column examples of the usage of the lemma sign are given (in some cases also the antonym is mentioned in the example), or an explanation of the meaning of the lemma sign is given, or the special field the expressions belong to. Apart from the main word list, Müller 1998 also includes an alphabetic list of antonymous elements of word formation, such as auf…/ab…, exo…/endo…, or …philie/ …phobie. Lutzeier 2007 is a special type of dictionary of oppositional meanings: it lists 1861* polysemous expressions, of whose semantic variants at least two have oppositional meanings, called Gegensinne, e.g. aufrollen: 1. zusammenrollen ‘to coil up’, 2. entrollen ‘to uncoil’. This conception includes principles of opposition at a very general level of incompatibility, e.g. person vs. bodypart (with Fettbauch or Glatzkopf as two examples of expressions having oppositional semantic variants) or institution vs. object (with Eisenbahn or Gewürzmühle as two examples). The articles include information about the part of speech (verb, noun, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, particle, phrase), about the scope of the Gegensinn (intradomain/interdomain), about its aspect, about the meaning of the Gegensinne (exemplified by madeup examples and citations), about the principle of opposition, the type of Gegensinn and about possible ambiguity in the usage of the opposite expressions. Cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.30 for an example article. Apart from the main word list, this dictionary also contains a list of the lemmas with information about their part of speech (whereas in the main word list all the lemmas, even nouns, are printed in lower-case letters, in this list all the entries are printed Dictionary excerpt 49.30: Article Festspiel (Lutzeier 2007). with an upper-case initial). As the entries of this list appear in the same order as in the word list, and as the part of speech is also given in the articles, the purpose of this list is unclear. A further, important component is the list of principles of opposition, which shows all of the opposite concepts together with the concrete expressions whose semantic variants correspond to a concept. Lutzeier 2007 includes articles from A to G. Further volumes have not been published up to the time this article is written. 3.3.2. Dictionaries of word formation and word families Kandler/Winter 1992 ff. is a 10-volume dictionary which alphabetically lists morphemes and words which are formed with them. If a word consists of more than one morpheme, that word is listed at every corresponding place inside the dictionary: at every place one of its morphemes is sorted in alphabetically. Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 786 IX. The Germanic languages Dictionary excerpt 49.31: Word formations with the morpheme bast (Kandler/Winter 1992 ff.). The dictionary has a four-column tabular design where every row is an article (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.31): in the first column the morphemes are listed, discriminated from each other by an index of homonymy if necessary. The second column gives encoded information about the length of one particular word which is formed with that morpheme and about the position of the morpheme within the word. A means that the word consists of one morpheme (as A is the 1st letter of the alphabet), B means that it consists of two (the 2nd letter) etc.; 1 means that the morpheme which is the lemma sign is the 1st morpheme within the word, 2 means that it is the 2nd morpheme etc. In the third column the word is given, with hyphens indicating morpheme bounders. The fourth line gives information about grammatical aspects and, sometimes, also about pragmatic aspects of the word. Kandler/Winter 1992 ff. lists about 72,000* words consisting of about 11,000* word formation elements (including foreign elements) and building about 8,300* word families (cf. ibid., 17). Augst 1998 is a much shorter one-volume dictionary of word families. It contains short articles which include the lemma, compounds and/or derivations formed with the lemma, and information about grammar, meaning and sometimes pragmatic aspects and examples. More complex articles of polysemous expressions present a tabular overview of all the word formations formed with the lemma and indicate which semantic variant a word formation belongs to (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.32). The back end paper shows a tabular compilation of affixes and verbal particles together with their basis words, their meaning and examples. Karbelaschwili 2001 is small dictionary listing augmentative (in its first part) and diminutive (in its second part) elements of word formation. Within each part, these elements are ordered first according to the part of speech of the expressions formed with Dictionary excerpt 49.32: Tabular overview of the semantic variants and their corresponding word formations in an excerpt of the article Grenze (Augst 1998). them (noun, adjective and verb), and within these groups according to their position as the first or the final constituent of a complex expression. The articles include information about etymology, frequency and meaning, and a number of exemplifying words formed with the lemmatic element. Dictionary excerpt 49.33 also includes an example sentence. Karbelaschwili 2001 also contains an Elementenregister ‘index of elements’ which lists all the elements treated in the dictionary in the same order in which they appear in the main element list. No cross-referring page number or further information is given in the index so that the only possible purpose of this component can be to provide a short overview of the main element list. Splett 2009 is an extensive, 18-volume dictionary of word families. The volumes 1 to Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 787 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography Dictionary excerpt 49.33: Article Zwerg- (Karbelaschwili 2001). 14 cover the word families from A to Z, they list main lemmas and assign compounds, derivations and etymologically related words to them in a tabular form. The abstract morpheme structure & i.e. the constituent hierarchy and the morpheme type and the part of speech of the constituent morphemes and of the resulting word & of each member of the word family is given in bracket form, furthermore some semantic information is added. The volumes 15 to 18 list prefixed and suffixed words with cross references leading to the corresponding word families. An alphabetic index in vol. 18 lists those words which cannot be easily assigned to a word stem, such as “Furt F. J FAHREN”, where the membership of the feminine (F.) noun Furt to the word family of fahren is indicated. The on-line service Canoo-onl includes the functionality to segment and analyze expressions typed into the search form and to visualize the result on-line. 3.3.3. Further paradigmatic dictionaries The retrograde dictionaries published after 1989/90 include Muthmann-Rück, which experienced a third, revised but not fundamentally altered edition in 2001; Theissen-Rück, which does not show new lexicographical features; Mater-Rück-CD, which is a revised CD-ROM version of earlier editions of Mater’s Rückläufiges Wörterbuch der deutschen Gegenwartssprache; and Lee-Rück. Lee-Rück shows groups of compounds and derivations whose extent is indicated by using typographic features and different font size within the word list: the beginning of a group is marked by a bold lemma, its end by a bold and italic lemma. If there is a further group of compounds or derivations within a group, the larger group is marked by increased font size for the first and the last lemma of the group. Within the groups, the lemmas are not ordered final-alphabetically, but initial-alpha- Dictionary excerpt 49.34: Lee-Rück. betically (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.34). This is a new form of ordering the lemmas which takes into account aspects of word formation (by building groups) as well as aspects of usability (by presenting the members of the groups initial-alphabetically, which makes them easier to find). Weber 1996 is a dictionary of homographs. Its three main components are an index of word forms and an index of base forms, each of these being cross-linked to the third main component, a classification of homographs. The index of word forms lists, in a three-column table, inflected word forms, the homographs with their corresponding part of speech and the classification number; the index of base forms has two columns: the base form, with information about its part of speech, and the classification number. Due to the complex classification system, this dictionary is advisable only for experts, not for the lay user. Olschansky 1999 is a small dictionary of folk etymology. It lists expressions whose meaning today might be confused due to hom- Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 788 IX. The Germanic languages onyms. The true etymology is explained in non-condensed article texts. Muthmann 1994 is a dictionary & according to its subtile, a study & of so called Doppelformen ‘double forms’. It lists words which have more than one pronunciation variant, more than one spelling variant and/or more than one form variant (word formation variant or inflection variant). The dictionary is arranged according to these types of variants; within the articles the variants are confronted. Paraschkewow 2004 is a dictionary of words which have the same etymology and structure, but which were submitted to semantic change. It is not a dictionary of homographs, as the form of the words may have changed. All these doublets are listed in an alphabetical index to guarantee accessibility; the article text is largely non-condensed. Pictorial dictionaries such as Duden-3, Pons-GBWb or Vis-Wb-Technik show images and illustrations; linguistic expressions or explanations are assigned to these illustrations or to parts of them by numbers (Duden-3) or lines (Pons-GBWb, Vis-Wb-Technik). 6 Duden-3 did not change its concept notably compared to earlier editions, but it presents four-color pictures instead of the earlier blackand-white drawings. It also uses a color code to support navigation: different colors are assigned to different topics; these colors are present in a colored line at the top of each page, beneath the page number and the number and title of the pictorial table. That way, if a user wants to explore, for example, the topic animals and plants, he or she can focus on the greenish section of Duden-3, whereas someone interested in sports, games, leisure time orients towards the yellow section. Pons-GBWb, which bases on the Visual Dictionary by QU International, uses a similar color-code supported navigation. VisWb-Technik does not only give the German designation but also the English, French, Spanish and Italian designations. 6 Duden-3 was published in identical form as DudenBWbDaF (a note on this is placed inside Duden-BWbDaF ). Duden-9, Pons-WbVW and Ostermair 1992 are dictionaries of cases of doubt. Whereas Duden-9 focuses on the usage of concrete expressions with regard to grammar, spelling and pragmatics/style and has also insertions dealing with general grammatical, orthographical and communication aspects, PonsWbVW (which is a very small dictionary) contrasts expressions with similar meaning and/or pronunciation which are frequently confounded. 3.4. Dictionaries of particular parts of speech and word classes The dictionaries Buscha 1989 (about conjunctions), Grimm 1987 (about articles), Helbig 1988 (about particles) and Schröder 1986 (about prepositions) as parts of a series of dictionaries of particular word classes published by VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie Leipzig were already mentioned in Wiegand (1990, 2188 ff.). After 1989/90, all of them were republished in partly unaltered, partly revised editions; the most recent one being an unaltered edition of Buscha’s Lexikon deutscher Konjunktionen in 1995. But there are also further releases covering further word classes: Helbig/Helbig 1990 (2nd edition in 1993), Schröder 1992 and Schröder 1993 came out after the compilation of Wiegand (1990) (fulfilling his wish that this series should be continued; cf. ibid., 2189). Helbig/Helbig 1990 describes comment adverbs & which are listed alphabetically & with regard to semantic and syntactic aspects. Schröder 1992 is about German prefix verbs which are listed firstly according to their prefix (be-, ent-, er-, ver- and zer-) and then according to base models (Grundmodelle) which are described verbally and presented graphically, with the graphical model outlining and interconnecting the three levels of logical valency (first level, R is the predicate, the lower-case letters are (variables for) the logical arguments), semantic valency (second level, naming semantic roles) and syntactic valency (third level, giving syntactic requirements for the elements of the model) of each group (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.35). Within these groups, the prefix verbs are furthermore grouped according to semantic features of particular complements and illustrated by example sentences. As this grouping is not in agreement with the alphabetical order, an alphabetical index of all of the prefix verbs treated concludes the dictionary. Schröder 1993 is a dictionary of verbs of locomotion. Apart from a verbal paraphrase of the meaning of the verb, example sentences and a list of inherent semantic features of the verb (the latter indicated by ‘I’), each verb is also described according to various levels of valency and the quality of its complements: logical valency ((variables for) the logical arguments), quantitative syntactic va- Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 789 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography Dictionary excerpt 49.35: Example of a base model of action verbs and the first corresponding article ergänzen (Schröder 1992). Dictionary excerpt 49.36: Article torkeln (Schröder 1993). lency (distinguishing obligatory and facultative complements), semantic valency (semantic roles and their corresponding semantic features, indicated by ‘II’), and syntactic valency (the syntactic functions of the complements and their morphosyntactic realisation, indicated by ‘III’), cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.36. Thus, Schröder 1993 can be characterized as a highly specialized dictionary, but a very relevant one for investigations within its subject area. The Handbuch deutscher Kommunikationsverben (" HdK) consists of two volumes of which the first is a dictionary of communication verbs. The verbs are grouped into paradigms (general verba dicendi, speech act verbs: representatives, directives, commissives, expressives, declaratives; and other classes) and within these paradigms according to their lexical meaning. An alphabetical index ensures that the users can find every verb in the word list. Within the rather detailed articles the verbs are described with regard to their complements, their meaning Dictionary excerpt 49.37: Mater 2007. and usage, and their position within the paradigm, also synonyms and antonyms and a quite large number of citations are given. This dictionary is another relatively extensive presentation of a very specific word class. Mater 2007 also treats verbs, but has a much less detailed structure. This dictionary lists German verbs, sorted alphabetically by base verbs, to which prefixes, verbal particles and other elements of word formation are assigned. As shown in Dictionary excerpt 49.37, also pseudo prefixes like bruch- or not- (from bruchlanden < Bruchlandung or notlanden < Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 790 IX. The Germanic languages Notlandung) are listed. A back matter text lists the base verbs sorted by the number of words which are formed using the base verb as a constituent. “33: spülen” means: there are 33 words formed with the base verb spülen. This mere list is useful mainly for researchers interested in the potential word formation capacity of German verbs. Métrich/Faucher 2009 is a dictionary of German particles which gives all items in German and also equivalents and example sentences in French. The articles are rather long and elaborate: The article stretch A, which takes up 137 pages of the 983-page word list, lists only 15 word form types which 32 different word class types are assigned to in total. If a particle can be assigned to more than one word class, each class is treated separately. The particles are described in terms of standardized (but not always obligatory) aspects of their meaning, their diasystematic usage, their cotext, their position within the topological field or relative to the word they refer to, their accentuation, synonyms, and French equivalents. Each particle is furthermore treated more detailed in a less standardized way. Example sentences in German and French, presented opposing each other, one as a translation of the other, take up a major share of the article. Within the example sentences, words which have to be accentuated for the particular particle to be applicable are labeled with a circle symbol ‘∞’. With all this, the main purpose of this dictionary is to help the users with problems of understanding and translation (cf. Métrich/ Faucher 2009, V). Köster 2003 is a dictionary of eponyms. It gives only little grammatical (part of speech, where possible) and diasystematic information, the focus is on the meaning, which is given in a little-condensed half-sentence, and on the explanation of the origin of the expressions, which is given in a non-condensed text. Alphabetically neighboring expressions with a related etymology are presented as niche articles (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.38). Further dictionaries of particular word classes include dictionaries of names, which are to a large extent etymological dictionaries as they explain the origin and the development of names, or dictionaries of abbreviations, for example Schuler 2009, or DudenAbk, whose fifth edition has several insertions treating abbreviations of particular fields, such as chemical elements, Internet abbreviations or abbreviations on vehicle registra- Dictionary excerpt 49.38: Article Labrador (Köster 2003). tion plates; furthermore it has a reverse index leading from a full form to its abbreviation. For Karbelaschwili 2001, which lists augmentative and diminutive elements of word formation, cf. 3.3.2 Dictionaries of Word Formation and Word Families; for Griesbach/ Uhlig 1996, which lists strong and irregular verbs, cf. 3.2.1 Valency Dictionaries. 3.5. Dictionaries of labeled lemma types Dictionaries of labeled lemma types list expressions which are not necessarily uncommon or unfrequent, but which have particular common features or characteristics, for example with regard to their origin or their usage. Dictionaries dealing with such expressions include dictionaries of neologisms, dictionaries of foreign words, or dictionaries of catchwords. 3.5.1. Dictionaries of neologisms Herberg-Neo was published in 2004. It treats neologisms which were borrowed or formed in everyday German in the 1990s. As sources, the authors used newspaper and magazine texts from that time as well as scientific and non-scientific texts about neologisms from which they selected those words which appeared appropriate “on the basis of subjective language competence” T (HerbertNeo, XIII). The list of expressions obtained from the sources was checked using dictionaries and an electronic corpus to filter out those expressions already used before 1990. Dialectal expressions and expressions which are only used in Austria or Switzerland were excluded from the list, and so was vocabulary of specialized languages. About 700* expressions passed this procedure and were included into the dictionary. About 40 % of Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 791 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography these are borrowings from English; the remaining 60 % were formed in German (cf. Herberg-Neo, IX&XVIII). The outer access structure of the word list is straight-alphabetical. The microstructure is integrated which can be seen in articles on expressions with more than one semantic variant, e.g. Upgrade. Each article consists of several components: the obligatory head of the article („ Artikelkopf “) with the lemma, the definite article (only for nouns), the type of neologism the lemma sign belongs to: Neulexem ‘new lexeme’ for one-word expressions, Neuphraseologismus ‘new phraseologism’ for multi-word expressions which did not exist in that form before, and Neubedeutung ‘new meaning’ for expressions which existed in that form before 1990 but adopted a new meaning. Furthermore, the head of the article gives information about the time the expression appeared: at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of the 1990s. An optional position for spelling and pronunciation (“Schreibung und Aussprache”) lists spelling variants, information about word division and an IPA transcription. The obligatory position for meaning and usage (“Bedeutung und Verwendung”) lists the items for the meaning, highlighted by a frame, the items for synonyms, antonyms, typical ways of usage, citations and information about the connotation of the expression. The obligatory position for grammar lists items specific to the part of speech of the lemma sign, for example items for inflection and for the syntactic function; information about the type of word formation and the word-formation productivity of the lemma sign. The optional positions for historical and encyclopaedic aspects (“Geschichtliches und Sachliches”) and for critical and normative aspects (“Kritisches und Normatives”) give information about the etymology and the first citation in another dictionary, they present reflections upon the neologism and about stylistic aspects. The microstructure of Herberg-Neo is microarchitecturally extended: each position within the dictionary is introduced by its title, starting at a new line, and each type of item starts with the indication of the type of item, written out in full, at the beginning of a new line as well. Cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.39 for an example article. Herberg-Neo is included in extended form in the Neologismenwörterbuch of OWID (" Neologismen-onl), where about 890* articles are presented. In addition to the items pre- Dictionary excerpt 49.39: Article Updating (Herberg-Neo). sented in the printed version, the articles of the on-line version also contain diagrams of the frequency of the expression listed year by year from 1990 to 2009. A further, independent dictionary of neologisms is Quasthoff-Neo. It contains neologisms that appeared in German between 2000 and 2006. Quasthoff-Neo is based on the corpus data of the project Deutscher Wortschatz at Leipzig University from which a corpus for each year between 1995 and 2006 was extracted. The sources used for the compilation of the dictionary are newspapers and texts from other, not specified on-line media. Expressions were extracted automatically from the corpora and included into the dictionary if their frequency of usage increased strongly Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 792 IX. The Germanic languages from 2000 on and if they exceeded a minimum frequency which is not explicitly mentioned in the front matter texts of QuasthoffNeo (for Zwergplanet, which is documented only in 2006, the total frequency is 52, which has to be close to the minimum). Names, titles, feminine forms of nouns and expressions which are limited to only one region were excluded & with some exceptions of very high frequency (cf. Quasthoff-Neo, 5&11). Kammerer (2008) notes that due to the purely statistical approach the dictionary also contains articles on words like Futtermittel or Kalligrafie which are not neologisms but were used in the survey period more often than before because of cultural or societal reasons. According to its preface, Quasthoff-Neo lists exactly 2,284* articles. The outer access structure of the word list is straight-alphabetical. The articles have a comparatively simple microstructure. The lemma is followed by an item giving the subject area the expression belongs to (e.g. Bildung, Gesundheit, Technik, Geld, etc.) and spelling variants, if these exist. A short paraphrase of the meaning precedes a bar diagram which visualizes the relative frequency of the usage of the expression for each year between 1995 and 2006. The bars are comparable because the frequency counts for each year were normalized to ten million sentences. The width of the bars furthermore shows the frequency of the expression compared to the other expressions listed as lemmas in the dictionary: if the bar is wide, the expression occurs relatively often, if the bar is thin, its frequency is low. Next to the diagram on the right the year with the highest frequency of the expression and the total frequency count is given. Underneath this diagram, a text explains why the lemma sign was used as a new expression in German at the time of its appearance. The last component of each article is a position for citations. According to its back cover, Quasthoff-Neo also gives the time of the first citation of each neologism. This cannot be confirmed. Duden-Neo is a short dictionary which contains about 400* new words found in online newspapers (it bases on the results of the web site wortwarte.de). These expressions, almost exclusively nouns, are classified into categories (for which there is no index) and explained with a non-condensed text. Apart from the part of speech of nouns, no further grammatical information is given. An alphabetical index enables systematic research within this dictionary. Dictionary excerpt 49.40: Article VOIP (Quasthoff-Neo). 3.5.2. Dictionaries of foreign words In 1995 the first volume of the second edition of the multi-volume Deutsches Fremdwörterbuch (" 2 DFWb) was published; in 2010 the seventh volume containing the articles from habilitieren to hysterisch appeared. This project aims at a revision of the alphabetical stretch from A to Q. The structure remained as in the last volumes of the first edition. Duden, Das große Fremdwörterbuch (" Duden-GFW) is a large one-volume dictionary of foreign words which first came out in 1994. According to its back cover, the fourth edition lists more than 85,000* foreign words. All of its editions contain two word lists: the first one is the main word list with a nichealphabetical outer access structure whose lemmas are the foreign words, including regional, obsolescent and special-field expressions as well as elements of word formation (cf. 1 Duden-GFW, 7; 4 Duden-GFW, 7). The items given for each lemma are comparable to the ones given in a general language dictionary: they concern spelling, pronunciation, grammar, etymology, pragmatic/stylistic usage, regional usage, idiomatic expressions. Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 793 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography Dictionary excerpt 49.41: Excerpt from the second word list Deutsches Wort & Fremdwort ( 4 DudenGFW). Dictionary excerpt 49.42: Excerpt from the word list of 8 Duden-5 with an informatory text about the correct spelling of Bowle. There are no examples or citations in the Duden-GFW. Since the second edition, blue color is used for the lemmas. The microstructure of the articles is integrated and the articles are internally expanded: the item on etymology forms the central medial comment. The second, shorter word list titled Deutsches Wort & Fremdwort, which is ordered straightalphabetically, has German expressions as carriers of the guiding elements to which foreign words are assigned within the entries (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.41). Duden-GFW is available as a CD-ROM version as well. Further, smaller dictionaries of foreign words include Duden-5, Duden-KlFW, Hübner-GFW, Langenscheidt-FW, Wahrig-FW, Textor 2008, GWbF, NGWbF, Lechner 1994, Bünting/Ader 1993a (which, astonishingly, does not provide information about pronunciation for any expression, and which gives information about word division in the postcomment of a right-expanded microstructure) and further, rather simple books. There are few new elements in these dictionaries. The word list of Duden-5 was extended by nine double-page insertions dealing with particular aspects of foreign words (for example: What is a foreign word ?; A short history of foreign words; or: Foreign words: threat or gain?); the word lists of both Duden-5 and Wahrig-FW were extended by short informatory texts which point out the correct spelling of frequently misspelled foreign words. For example, between the articles Bola and Bolero in 8 Duden-5, a text about the correct spelling of Bowle, pronounced with a silent w, is inserted & at the place to look for this “misspelled” word in the dictionary (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.42: the article Bowle is between Bowiemesser and bowlen, according to the alphabet). Furthermore, the items giving the pronunciation of Duden-5 were changed from a modified Latin alphabet to IPA, and this dictionary now has info boxes inserted into the word list which explain the etymology and the meaning of elements of word formation and give examples of words formed with these elements. In 10 Duden-5 the recommended form of several possible spelling variants is highlighted with blue color. Wahrig-FW has info boxes about the spelling of foreign words. There are also several new dictionaries which have German expressions as lemmas and list foreign words which can substitute the German lemma signs (as in the second word list of Duden-GFW), for example Bohn 1994, Cropp 1999 and Cropp 2001, DudenDWFW, Normann 1991 and 2009. A specialized dictionary at the periphery of the dictionaries of foreign words is Anglizismen-Wb. This dictionary treats Anglicisms borrowed into German since 1945: expressions taken over directly and (largely) unmodified from English such as Germ. Computer < Engl. computer, expressions that show their English origin but were modified in German such as Germ. Flipper < Engl. to flip, and expressions that are formed with German language material but can be traced back to an English source such as Germ. Luftsack < Engl. air bag (cf. AnglizismenWb, 58* ff.). Especially the latter are expressions which are usually not included into dic- Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 794 IX. The Germanic languages Dictionary excerpt 49.43: Article Popper (Anglizismen-Wb). tionaries of foreign words as their form does not suggest a non-German origin. The dictionary makes relative extensive use of microstructural indicators (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.43): ‘<’ and ‘>’ mark the beginning and end of the comment on the form; ‘ 2 ’ and ‘ 9 ’ mark the beginning and end of the item giving the meaning. Between a rhombus ‘ ’ and a circle ‘#’, the first citation within a corpus and the first citation within a German dictionary are separated by two vertical lines ‘ || ’. After that, the English word of origin and often also its pronunciation are given, followed, after a square ‘ & ’, by further information about the lemma. Citations are presented in a two-column layout; the final position of the second column can be a collection of word formations with the lemma sign between curly brackets. This rich microstructure makes the Anglizismen-Wb a valuable resource for research into linguistic borrowing. Cf. Reichmann/Wiegand (1980) and Kirkness/Wiegand (1983) for documentary notes on the planning and development of Anglizismen-Wb. Apart from this scientific dictionary, there are also compilations with a puristic motivation, aiming at a substitution of Anglicisms by other expressions, such as Bartsch/Pogarell/ Schröder 2004 or Junker 2007, the latter classifying Anglicisms into ergänzend ‘complementary’, differenzierend ‘differentiating’ and verdrängend ‘suppressing’ (and proper nouns), though no operationalizable criteria are given by which this classification could be reproduced. Kytzler/Redemund 1992 is a dictionary of words with a Latin background. Its word list has an interestingly structured tabular design with five columns: In the first column a number is given for one German expression or for several expressions which constitute a word family. A dash in the first column indicates that the German expression treated in this row forms part of the word family which begins with the last foregoing expression which has a number. In the second column the German expression, which is the lemma, is cited. The word list is arranged alphabetically according to these expressions. Furthermore, the languages in which the expression was used before it entered the German language are listed. The third column mainly gives the meaning of the lemma sign; the fourth column gives the original Latin word (with few grammatical items). The fifth column gives a translation of the Latin expres- Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 795 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography Dictionary excerpt 49.44: Kytzler/Redemund 1992. sion, so that a change of meaning can be inferred (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.44). Kytzler/Redemund 1992 also has a list of words of Greek origin in its back matter, furthermore a list of Latin phraseological expressions. An index of the original Latin words with a cross-reference address citing the number of the corresponding German word family enables to search the other way round, departing from Latin. Kytzler/Redemund/Eberl 2001 is a similar dictionary treating Graecisms; Althaus 2006a and Stern 2000 are dictionaries of words of Yiddish origin, Maier 2003 collects words of Celtic origin. 3.5.3. Dictionaries of catchwords A further subtype of the dictionaries of labeled lemma types is the dictionary of catchwords. It lists expressions which are typical for a particular political or social period. These dictionaries often comprise rather long, uncondensed, essayistic articles about the history of expressions and concepts and they seldom show features interesting for lexicography from a formal-structural point of view. Dictionaries of catchwords since 1989/90 include Schmitz-Berning 1998 (about the vocabulary of National Socialism), Felbick 2003 (about the immediate post-WWII era), Eitz/ Stötzel 2007, Kämper 2007 (about the later handling of the period of National Socialism), Weißgerber 2010 (about the language of the SED, the former Socialist Unity Party of the GDR), Herberg/Steffens/Tellenbach 1997 (about the period of German reunification), Jung/Niehr/Böke 2000 (about the way migrants were dealt with in newspapers after 1945, with a large number of citations), Niehr 1993 (about the time between 1966 and 1974), Stötzel/Wengeler 1995 and Stötzel/Eitz 2002 (about catchwords in present-day German), or Panagl/Gerlich 2007 (about the language of politics in Austria form 1918 to present). 3.6. Dictionaries of specific information types The dictionaries dealt with in this section are not restricted to a particular lemma type but to the item types presented for each lemma. The main dictionary types in this section are spelling dictionaries, pronunciation dictionaries and phonetic dictionaries. 3.6.1. Spelling dictionaries Due to the German spelling reform of the years 1996/1998 (with revisions in 2004 and 2006), which also lead to Duden losing its quasi monopoly position for interpreting German orthography, a number of spelling dictionaries were published in the Germanspeaking countries, and the confusion accompanying the reform lead to new lexicographic features. Duden, Die deutsche Rechtschreibung (" Duden-1) is still one of the most well-known dictionaries of this type. Since 1989/90 and before the spelling reform, it was published in its 20th edition in 1991. This was also the first edition of Duden-1 after German reunification and thus the first all-German edition since the 13th edition in 1947. One year before, in 1990, a last release of the 18th edition of the GDR version of Duden’s spelling dictionary was published in Leipzig (" 18.6 Duden-1L), as well as a dictionary titled Deutsches Wörterbuch in Mannheim, in the same publishing house as the FRG version of Duden’s spelling dictionary (" BI-DW). Only in the preface the user learns that the BI-DW “bases upon decades of experience of the editorial staff of Duden Leipzig” T (BI-WB, 5). The BI-DW is highly similar to the 18.6 Duden-1L, this refers to the front matter texts as well as to the word list. The spelling guidelines are structured as in 18.6 Duden-1L, using Kennzahlen ‘key numbers’ (abbr. “K”; the FRG version used Richtlinien ‘guidelines’, abbr. “R”). There are, though, updates and revisions with regard to the recent political changes; cf. Dictionary excerpt Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 796 IX. The Germanic languages Dictionary excerpt 49.45(a): Articles from Brücke to Bruder (18.6 Duden-1L). Dictionary excerpt 49.45(b): Articles from Brücke to Bruder (BI-DW). 49.45a/b, where in BI-DW Bruderpartei is deleted and Bruderkuß is inserted instead. Apart from Duden-1, only a limited number of spelling dictionaries were published in the years before the spelling reform; these include Bünting/Ader 1993b, which does not give information about the meaning of the lemma signs (with only very few exceptions), or Coron 1993, a licensed edition of Knaurs Rechtschreibung. In 1996, the first dictionaries edited according to the revised spelling rules were published. Both 21 Duden-1 and Bertelsmann-RS 1996 (the latter as a successor of Knaurs Rechtschreibung) use red color to highlight the new forms (and so did other dictionaries brought out by less well-known publishing houses at that time, such as Schöneck/Timmler; these will not be treated in detail): 21 Duden1 prints whole expressions or, in the case of revised word division, parts of words in red, whereas Bertelsmann-RS 1996 uses red arrows to indicate revised forms, red vertical lines for revised word division, and red- framed info boxes which contain short explanations of the changes. The dictionaries also include the complete text of the official spelling rules; Bertelsmann-RS 1996 cross-refers to them from inside the word list, 21 Duden1 still also contains its own guidelines and refers to them, not to the official rules, from inside the articles (for the development of Duden-1 up to 21 Duden-1 cf. also Böhme 2001). 22 Duden-1 also includes boxes to explain particularly hard cases, and so does 23 Duden-1, the latter also has info boxes about linguistic problems not related to the spelling reform: about frequently misspelled words and about expressions whose usage might be problematic. Wahrig-dtv-RS 2002 uses blue color for cross-references to the spelling rules but not for revised forms, furthermore it contains blue info boxes about linguistic/grammatical terms and about some orthographic difficulties. Wahrig-RS 2005 has blue color for revised forms and for cross-references to the spelling rules, and it has blue info boxes about the new spelling rules, about misspelled words, and about problematic word division (as described for the Wahrig-DW, cf. 2.2.2). Wahrig-RS 2006 furthermore has info boxes about recommended spelling variants. Apart from black color for apparently unproblematic expressions and red color for revised forms, 24 Duden-1 uses yellow and blue color for the first time: yellow color marks recommendations by the editorial staff in cases where the spelling rules allow more than one variant. Blue color is used for further information (as described above), and for cross references to the guidelines. 25 Duden-1 continues with this design, which marks a climax in the usage of color for lexicographic purposes (Pons-RS uses dark blue color as the standard color for the dictionary and has green info boxes about spelling problems). All these dictionaries are not pure spelling dictionaries as they also have items about grammatical, stylistic and other linguistic aspects of some of the expressions dealt with. Duden and Wahrig furthermore both published a dictionary which only lists the forms recommended by the editorial staff respectively, and not all the variants permitted by the rules (" Duden-WDE; WahrigEWES). ÖWB, the official spelling dictionary for schools and administration in Austria, was also revised due to the spelling reform; since 40ÖWB info boxes are being used as well (cf. also 3.7.1. Dictionaries of National Varieties). Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 797 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography Pons-RS-onl, Wahrig-RS-onl and Canooonl are spelling dictionaries with a simple search form available on-line. Aside from these dictionaries of reformed spelling, Ickler, who publicly criticized the spelling reform and also pointed out erroneous or deviant interpretations of the spelling rules found in different dictionaries (esp. Duden and Wahrig, cf. for example Ickler 2006a and 2006b), compiled a dictionary based on the “common” spelling, which was used before the reform (" Ickler 1999; 2000). The subject matter of this dictionary is restricted largely to information about spelling; it has comparatively few items on etymology, meaning, grammar etc. Dictionary excerpt 49.46: Excerpt from the word list with an information box about the pronunciation of beruhigen (Krech et al. 2009). 3.6.2. Pronunciation dictionaries and phonetic dictionaries This section shortly introduces pronunciation dictionaries, which give the pronunciation of the lemma signs ordered alphabetically according to the written alphabet, and phonetic/phonological dictionaries & these give the graphic form of and/or other information about the lemma signs which are ordered according to certain phonetic/phonological principals. Krech et al. 2009 is a major pronunciation dictionary of German & a dictionary of German standard pronunciation, to be more precise. It lists about 150,000* lemmas, including a large number of names, and it has an extensive, about 275-page front matter treating standard pronunciation in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, including pronunciation rules, which are exemplified by 98 audio files on an enclosed DVD, and with a particular focus on the phonetic integration of expressions of 19 other languages. Pronunciation is given in the IPA, and the word list also contains info boxes with hints on particular pronunciation problems and with cross-references to the front matter (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.46). Unfortunately, these info boxes are not presented systematically: For some lemmas an info box is given, for other lemmas bearing the same or a similar feature no info box and no cross-reference to an info box or to a section of the front matter is given: the info box shown in Dictionary excerpt 49.46 is given in slightly modified form for the lemmas beruhigen and Brühe, but not for beruhen or beschuhen (which are on the same double page with beruhigen), or Bähung, bedrohen etc., befähigen etc., Begehung, bejahen etc., Bemühung, bestehen, Bettruhe, Betttruhe, beunruhigen, bevorstehen, beziehen etc., Blahe, blähen etc., blühen etc. or buhen, which are not on one page with a similar info box. If there is a criterion for the placement of these info boxes, it is not explained in the user’s guide. This makes it more or less a matter of chance if the users can or cannot notice these useful hints. Duden’s pronunciation dictionary (" Duden-6) was published in four editions since 1989/90. It also uses the IPA to transcribe the lemmas (about 130,000* in 6 Duden-6) and it has an introduction into phonetic and phonological basics of about 120 pages (6 Duden6). Duden-6 does not work with info boxes; it has a simple, alphabetically ordered word list. Muhr 2007 is a pronunciation dictionary focused on Austrian pronunciation including a DVD with the Österreichische Aussprachedatenbank (Austrian pronunciation database). The dictionary lists 42,000* lemmas, the database provides audio recordings of 12,946* of them, read by a female and a male Austrian, German and Swiss speaker each, resulting in 75,964* audio files (cf. Muhr 2007, 12). Dictionary articles for which audio pronunciation is available are labeled with a loudspeaker symbol ‘ ’. The dictionary does not list only the Austrian pronunciation: For each expression which is part of the dictionary and of the database, the Austrian (A), German (D) and Swiss (S) pronunciation is given (in this order) in an extended IPA transcription to permit comparison between these variants (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.47). Only if there is no audio file for an expression, the Austrian pronunciation is the only one given. Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 798 IX. The Germanic languages Dictionary excerpt 49.47: Muhr 2007. Dictionary excerpt 49.48: Muthmann 1996. The search options of the database include orthographical search, phonetic search by IPA symbols or SAMPA, and search by phone categories (such as consonants, vowels, occlusives, spirants, uvulars etc.). That way, the database can also be used as a phonetic dictionary. Dictionary excerpt 49.49: Excerpt from the first part: assonances (Buchmann 2002). The 19th edition (from the year 1969) of Siebs’ Deutsche Aussprache, the classical pronunciation dictionary of German, was reprinted without changes in 2000 (" Siebs 2000). Muthmann 1996 is a phonetic dictionary: it orders expressions according to their pronunciation. That way, for example, the word Hommage has its place between Oxtailsuppe and Omelett(e) (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.48). The order within the word list is not based on the written alphabet, due to the opinion “that spoken language, opposite to written language, is an independent domain whose structure should be analyzed based on its own principles of ordering. […] It is only consequent when a phonological dictionary abandons conventional ideas of a graphemic alphabet and follows a phonological order instead” T (Muthmann 1996, 5). This order is (with x < y signifying x precedes y): vocals < consonants, and more detailed: [a] < [ε] < [e] < [i] < [o] < [c] < [ø] < [u] < [w] < [y] (including diphthongs and other phonetic realisations not cited here for the sake of brevity) < occlusives < nasals < laterals < vibrants < spirants. This order is valid for the ordering of the article stretches within the word list as well as for the articles in each article stretch. Thus, Ostern comes before on- Dictionary excerpt 49.50: Excerpt from the second part: alliterations (Buchmann 2002). togenetisch (long/tense vowel [o] before short/ lax vowel [c]), which on its part comes before Onkel ([n] before [n ]), which comes before oll (nasal before lateral consonant). That way, an ordering is established which is closer related to phonetics and phonology, but then this order is not a widely known one and untrained users will face problems locating the expression they are looking for. Buchmann 2002 orders the expressions it treats according to their stressed syllable. This dictionary consists of two parts: the first Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 799 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography part is Assonanzen ‘assonances’, the second is Alliterationen ‘alliterations’. In the first part the expressions are ordered according to the quality and quantity of the vowel of the stressed syllable as the first criterion and according to the vowel of the following syllable as the second criterion (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.49; the stressed vocal is underlined and long vowels are indicated by duplicated letters). Within each block of equal vowel sequences the expressions are furthermore ordered alphabetically according to the consonant following the stressed vowel (taking terminal devoicing into account). In the second part the expressions are ordered according to the consonantal onset and the vowel of the stressed syllable, furthermore according to the consonant following the vowel (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.50). Buchmann 2002 is intended “not for the readers but for the producers of text ” T (ibid., 9) as an aid to generate catchy expressions and slogans. 3.6.3. Further dictionaries of specific information types Encyclopaedic dictionaries inform about linguistic and, likewise, about non-linguistic topics. One example of an encyclopaedic dictionary which will be described shortly, representing this whole type of dictionaries, is Hirsch 1996, a specialized dictionary of music. This dictionary has items about the etymology of foreign language terms and it includes cross-references leading to synonymous, antonymous and otherwise semantically related terms; this information can be classified as primarily linguistic. It also specifies the affiliation of musical instruments to larger groups of instruments as a separate item within the microstructure (cf. Hirsch 1996, 8). The explanation of the meaning may contain information about components, material, size or sound quality of a musical instrument, which are considered rather encyclopaedic aspects (cf. the article Große Flöte in Dictionary excerpt 49.51). (The discussion of linguistic vs. encyclopaedic meaning cannot be repeated here, cf., for example, Wiegand 1994 or Bauer 2005.). 3.7. Dictionaries of specific varieties In this chapter, firstly dictionaries of national varieties will be introduced, afterwards dialect dictionaries and some notes on dictionaries of group languages are presented. A short insight into author’s dictionaries concludes the chapter. 3.7.1. Dictionaries of national varieties Duden-Österr is a small (about 4,000* lemmas) but intended-to-be-exhaustive dictionary of Austrian standard language & it is explicitly not to be perceived as a dialect dictionary (cf. 4 Duden-Österr, 9). It lists items on grammar, on pragmatic and stylistic aspects, and in some cases on pronunciation; yet, its main focus is on the explanation of the meaning of Austrian lexis and on the example sentences and citations which are presented for most of the lemmas. Compared to 38 ÖWB, which is “a dictionary of standard German in its Austrian form” T ( 38 ÖWB, 9), 3 Duden-Österr lists a number of expressions which are not included in the official dictionary. In two randomly chosen article stretches from Frigelesuppe to Funken and from Maiß to Markt, these are: frischgefangt, Fristerstreckung, Frittatenroulade, froh (um etw.), Froschgoscherl, Frühspitze, Fru-Fru/Frufru, fuchsen (‘nicht gelingen’), führen (‘transportieren’), Fummel (‘dumme Frau’), Fünfzigerl; Mamatschi, Mammeler, Mamsch, Mantelsack, Manuduktionspflicht, marenden, Mariage, Marienfäden, Marillenkoch, Marillenröster, Marillenspalte, Marillenstrudel, Märke, Markerl, Markör. Dictionary excerpt 49.51: Article Große Flöte (Hirsch 1996). Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 800 IX. The Germanic languages Furthermore, phraseologisms, compounds and derived forms are listed in Duden-Österr. Altogether, the noteworthiness of this dictionary lies in its subject and not in its lexicographic features, which are similar to other general language dictionaries. This also accounts for Meyer 2006, which is a dictionary dealing with peculiarities of the German variety in Switzerland, listing about 4,000* lemmas as well. It is a revised edition of DudenSchweiz, which appeared in the same series as Duden-Österr. Meyer 2006 furthermore contains a front-matter text about distinctive grammatical features & within the articles, cross references refer to this text & and an index Binnendeutsch/Gemeindeutsch & Schweizerdeutsch, which gives expressions from Swiss German for expressions from common German and which is supposed to serve as a search aid for the word list. Apart from this small Swiss German dictionary, the 15 th volume of the major project Schweizerisches Idiotikon, whose first volume appeared in 1881, was published in 1999 (" Schw-Id-15). Since 2010, this dictionary is also available on-line (" Schw-Id-onl). Ammon 2004 is a dictionary of “the standard language in Austria, Switzerland and Germany as well as in Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, East Belgium and South Tyrol ” T. It lists about 12,000* expressions that show characteristic features with regard to their occurrence, their meaning, their usage or their frequency in these countries or regions. The item giving the area, which is vital for a dictionary of this type, is given directly after the lemma and even before the items on grammar, so that the microstructure is internally left-expanded (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.52). Further obligatory items are items giving the meaning, citations and information about the pronunciation. Additionally, information about etymology, pragmatics, age, frequency, further variants within other varieties, comments and cross-references can be given optionally; phraseologisms are treated as well. Wolf 2000 is a dictionary of the language of the German Democratic Republic, compiled after German reunification. Unlike Weißgerber 2010 (cf. 3.5.3), Wolf 2000 is not a dictionary (only) of political catchwords but of everyday language between 1949 and 1989 (cf. Weißgerber 2010, XII). It lists about 1,900* lemmas (including phrases) and it gives an explanation of their meaning and, if relevant, information about grammar, spell- Dictionary excerpt 49.52: Article Gabelfrühstück (Ammon 2004); A-ost ‘East Austria’ refers to Burgenland, Vienna, Lower Austria, and parts of Styria. ing variants, pronunciation, synonyms and information about typical ways of usage. This dictionary is an attempt to treat the lexis of the GDR scientifically; unfortunately, the methods used to gather the information are not explained. Yet, Wolf 2000 can be seen as a documentation of this special national variety of German. 3.7.2. Dialect dictionaries A number of dialect dictionaries were published since 1989/90; as well volumes of major multi-volume dictionary projects as small, independent one-volume dictionaries. The multivolume dictionaries which were begun, continued or brought to an end include BadischWb (continued; Baden dialect), BWB (begun; Bavarian dialects in Bavaria), Hamburg-Wb (finished: 5 vols.; Hamburg dialect), NiedersWb (continued; Lower Saxony dialect), Nordsiebb-Sächs-Wb (finished: 5 vols.; North Transylvanian Saxon), Pommer-Wb (begun; Pomeranian), SdWb (continued; German dialects in Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia), ThWb (finished: 6 vols.; Thuringian), WbObers (finished: 4 vols.; Upper Saxony dialect), WBÖ (continued; Bavarian dialects in Austria). For Hessen-Nassau-VWb further fascicles up to Zankdiviensalat were published. One-volume dialect dictionaries include Bhatt/Herrwegen 2005 (Cologne dicalect), Friedrich 2001 (dialect of Upper Franconia/Bad Rodach), Hornung 1998 (Vienna dialect), HWBF (East Franconia), KlThWb (Thuringian), Kraeber 1991 (Koblenz dialect), Laude 1995 (Trans- Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 801 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography Dictionary excerpt (WbUnterfr). 49.53: Article Faselstier Pomerania), Post 2000 (Palatine dialect), Suchner 1996 (Silesian), WbMittelfr (Middle Franconia), WbUnterfr (Lower Franconia), Zehetner 1997 (Bavarian) (this list is not exhaustive). Some of these dictionaries show remarkable lexicographic features which are typical for their subject and for this dictionary type. If the dictionary is based on field work and on on-site findings, the place where the data was collected is given as an item in the microstructure (for example in BWB, HWBF or WbUnterfr). The microstructure of WbUnterfr and WbMittelfr includes cross references which lead to true outer texts: a number which comes directly after the lemma (in the case of WbUnterfr) or at the end of the article (in the case of WbMittelfr) gives the number of the corresponding question of the questionnaire which was used during data acquisition (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.53). This questionnaire is an outer text as it is not a part of the front or back matter of the dictionary. WbUnterfr was primarily developed as an internal aid for the ongoing work on the Sprachatlas von Unterfranken (cf. WbUnterfr, 10); this may be the reason why several abbreviations used in the articles (for example SH in Dictionary excerpt 49.53) are not explained. WbUnterfr furthermore contains an index where standard German expressions are grouped into 59 thematic domains. Dialect expressions, which can serve as cross reference addresses leading into the word list, are assigned to the standard German expressions. Zehetner 1997 contains a similar index, extended by further information about the usage of the (standard and dialect) expressions. Even within the dictionary articles, for example within the items giving the pronunciation or the meaning, Zehetner 1997 labels non-dialectal pronunciation/synonyms with an asterisk as an indicator of heteronymy. Several dictionaries, such as Hornung 1998 and Zehetner 1997, use a modified Latin alphabet to reproduce characteristic pronunciation features of the dialect they treat. Zehetner 1997, for example, distinguishes a & a rather dark vowel & and à & a bright vowel &, Dictionary excerpt 49.54: Articles Reev, Reewekraut and Reibach (Kraeber 1991). but treats both of them like a in the alphabetical arrangement. Hornung 1998 uses diacritics and superscripted letters to express Vienna pronunciation. This dictionary & like other dialect dictionaries & does not have article stretches for P, T and V; the words which could be expected there are listed in the article stretches of B, D and F respectively. Whereas most dictionaries use the Latin-based abbreviations m, f, n or the standard German definite articles der, die, das to indicate the grammatical gender of nouns, Kraeber 1991, which is a dictionary of Koblenz dialect, uses a form which is adapted to the local pronunciation: instead of der, die, das, this dictionary uses dä, die, dat. This dictionary uses a dialectal diction in the explanation of the meaning as well (cf. Dictionary excerpt 49.54). Usually, the lemma signs of these dialect dictionaries are dialectal expressions. Herrmann-Winter 1999, contrariwise, is a small dictionary giving Low German expressions for High German (standard German) lemma signs. Knoop 1997, finally, is a dictionary which lists expressions from ten German dia- Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 802 IX. The Germanic languages lects (West Low German, East Low German, Saxon, Thuringian, Hessian, Rhenish, Palatine, Swabian-Alemannic, Franconian, and Bavarian). On the one hand these expressions are presented in a contrastive way in tabular form & the so-called synopsis & with every row containing one concept (denoted by the standard German expression, given in the outer left and in the outer right column of the table, which serves at the same time as guiding element and as an explanation of the meaning) and every column presenting one dialect. On the other hand there is a section where every expression is assigned to one out of 15 thematic domains, and within these domains all the words belonging to one dialect are listed alphabetically. Furthermore, this dictionary lists about 2,000* idioms and it contains two indexes enabling the access to the synopsis, to the thematic domains and to the list of the idioms, starting from the dialectal form. On the web site Woerterbuchnetz-onl also a number of dialect dictionaries are linked, these include dictionaries treating Palatine and Rhenish dialects as well as German-Lorraine, Alsatian or Luxembourg dialects. This broad variety of dialect dictionaries demonstrates that dialect lexicography and & together with language and dialect atlases & dialect documentation are vivid fields of activity in linguistics and in lexicography. 3.7.3. Dictionaries of group languages Dictionaries of young people’s language are quite popular and receive much attention in the media. All of them are rather short. The methodology of their compilation varies: Ehmann 1993 and 2001, for example, claim to have used an empirically founded approach by observing and interviewing young people and by using questionnaires. These dictionaries explain expressions of young people’s language in a partially but not highly condensed form. Pons-Jugend, on the other hand, compiles expressions which were sent in by pupils at German schools. For these expressions information about their part of speech is given, the meaning is explained in the form of a standard German synonym or a short phrase and an example sentence. This dictionary also lists English (BE and AE), French and Spanish equivalents and example sentences; yet, no information is given about who translated the German expressions. Considering that this method is highly problematic, and so is the general claim to treat “the” language of young people in Germany in a dictionary so small, this dictionary could also have been dealt with in section 3.8 Non-scientific Lexicography. Duden-Szene 2000 is a dictionary of expressions of popular culture. It is subdivided into chapters covering sports, music, fashion, computer, love and partying; the article text is not condensed. Duden-Szene 2009 is similar to Duden-Szene 2000, but it is based on the web site szenesprachenwiki.de. In its structure, Duden-NewEc is similar to DudenSzene 2000 as well; this dictionary deals with the language of the so-called New Economy. In this case, the borders between a specialized dictionary of a group language (represented especially by the chapter about Work-culture) and a special-field dictionary (represented by the other chapters, e.g. about stock exchange or life sciences) become blurred. Burkhardt 2006 is a similar hybrid dictionary of soccer language which includes soccer terminology such as Anstoß or Verteidiger, but also colloquial and newspaper language such as (ein Tor) einschenken or Pokalknüller. Althaus 2006b, on the other hand, is much closer to a genuine special-field dictionary about wine language, which is “put to the test from the viewpoint of wine enthusiasts”T (cf. ibid., 8). In terms of their structure and lexicographic features, there is nothing of particular note in these dictionaries. All the dictionaries cited in this section are not very voluminous. There have not been many dictionaries dealing with classic group language research areas since 1989/90: Wolf 1993 is a reprint of the 1987 edition about Gypsy language; Roth 2001 is a dictionary of Yeniche. Küpper 1997 is a reprint of this well-known dictionary of colloquial language; it was published as a retro-digitized CD-ROM version in 2000. 3.7.4. Text lexicography and author’s dictionaries In this section, a few examples of dictionaries dealing with the lexis of German authors or with selected works of a German author are presented. These range from major projects (Goethe-Wörterbuch) to small dictionaries. In 1998 and 2004 the third and fourth volume of the major project Goethe-Wörterbuch (first volume 1978) appeared (" GWb-3, GWb-4). From the 11th fascicle of the fourth volume on, decisions were realized to achieve higher efficiency and a faster editing time; these decisions include a delimiting of articles on high-frequency expressions of common Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 803 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography language to peculiarities in the usage of these words by Goethe, and a “tightening” of the article structure (cf. GWb-4, Vorwort [n.p.]). This latter measure does not become evident at first sight, there are no elements apparently missing or left out within the articles at the end of vol. 4, compared to the articles at the beginning of the same volume. Nevertheless, the users have to be aware that the articles might have been more detailed if they had been formulated according to the proceeding in earlier volumes. Goethe-Wörterbuch is also available on-line as a part of Woerterbuchnetz-onl. A further dictionary of words used by Goethe is Müller 1999. This small dictionary focuses on words which underwent a semantic change or a process of obsolescing and which are therefore easily misunderstood today or hard to understand at all. Müller 1999 gives contemporary synonyms for these words and lists citations. Whereas the length of the articles in GWb3 or GWb-4 only rarely exceeds half of a column, the articles in (the first volume of) Nietzsche-Wb are rather extensive: the article stretch A lists only 26 articles on 220 pages. Each article consists of several sections (of which not every single one is obligatory): quantitative and encyclopaedic information about the lemma; an overview of its meaning in Nietzsche’s works; a detailed description of the meaning an expression adopts in different texts and cotexts (incl. citations); information about the history of the word/concept; an interpretation; further comments; information about the reception history; bibliographic references and cross-references. The detailed description of the meaning and the interpretation usually take up the largest part of an article, making Nietzsche-Wb a dictionary of interpretation rather than a dictionary of documentation. Fackel-WbRedensart and FackelSchimpfWb treat aspects of the journal Die Fackel, edited by Karl Kraus (cf. also Wiegand 1993). Fackel-WbRedensart is a dictionary of 144 idioms used in Die Fackel, which is a selection of a larger number of idioms within this journal. For these idioms an extensive number of citations are given. This dictionary has an outstanding, three-column/ tabular, highly microarchitecturally extended layout. The middle column, which is the largest, contains the article titles, citations and images; documentary information (the exact place of a citation and further idioms used in the citations) is given in the left column, inter- pretations (comments on the usage of the idiom within Die Fackel ) in the right column. Each article consists of a part for orientation (including the article title & the idiom &, one citation of particular interest and variants of the idiom), a small part for references (including references to other dictionaries which list the idiom), a part for information about the citations (including the number of citations covered and a listing of these citations with minimal context), a part for the citations (including larger parts of the text the idiom is used in, and a list of further idioms used in these texts), and a part for comments on the meaning and usage of the idiom. Some of these parts extend over all three columns, some only take up one column; design elements (lines etc.) combine related components in different columns. The front matter contains an index of the idioms; the back matter contains a text about the graphic design, which is unusual in dictionaries but appropriate in this one, as Fackel-WbRedensart received several honors for its design. FackelSchimpfWb is a dictionary of 2,775* insulting expressions used in Die Fackel, presented in three volumes (alphabetical, chronological, and an explicating volume) in a slipcase. The alphabetic (print!) volume gives Internet links to the Austrian Academy Corpus, for which a password is required. This volume also has an interesting access structure: the letters of the printed thumb index identify one line on a page each. As elements of a thumb index they serve as aids for the outer access; at the same time they serve as sub-addresses for the index of Fackel-SchimpfWb. This index lists all the important words within the insulting expressions (which are ordered according to the first important word of the insult). Thus, the index entry “Barrikade 49H” means: the word Barrikade is used in an insulting expression listed on page 49 (which is the primary address) in the line labeled by the letter H of the printed tumb index. If the users follow this cross reference, they read the citation “wo Jugendführer mitten im Aufruf zur Barrikade das Bett vorziehen”. This feature demonstrates that the innovative design approach of Fackel-WbRedensart is continued. Grass-Blechtr-Ix is an index of Günter Grass’ novel Die Blechtrommel. It lists all the word forms alphabetically and gives their number of occurrence and their corresponding page and line numbers. Since the spread of the computer and of concordance software and software with full-text search as working Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 804 IX. The Germanic languages tools, such indexes in printed form are rather uncommon. To name but one example, the software of Digitale Bibliothek (" DigiBib), for which a number of pieces of work of various authors are available, has a full-text search function which gives the “page number” and an optional KWIC presentation of the results. 3.8. Non-scientific lexicography Apart from the dictionaries described up to this point, a number of further products were brought to the market which are most likely not intended to be consulting dictionaries but which are made to be browsed and rummaged in; often they have a humorous diction, sometimes a language pedagogic or a puristic intention becomes apparent. These dictionaries did not receive much attention in metalexicography up to now; and here this subject will only be broached as well. Krämer/Sauer 2001 is about common misapprehensions with regard to particular linguistic expressions; among the dictionaries listed in the present section this one is closest to a scientific dictionary. Like Olschansky 1999 (cf. 3.3.3 Further Paradigmatic Dictionaries), it is largely about folk etymology, but it also lists other popular misapprehensions (such as the supposed belief that Handy or Sammelsurium are English or Latin words respectively, or that the Kiwis (‘kiwi-fruits’) always had that name), making it a ragtag collection of different topics, yet also an edutainment dictionary. Krämer 2000, on the other hand, is a typical example for a dictionary without any scientific pretension. It lists, in alphabetic order, about 800* articles about Anglicisms (and pseudo-Anglicisms). The article text, which is largely non-condensed, treats these expressions critically and mockingly, often showing an intentional misunderstanding of the expression & in many articles, the reader is not provided with an actual explanation of the lemma sign at all. Thus, the intention of this dictionary can only be to entertain the reader and to call attention to a trend in language the author of this dictionary does not appreciate. It can most certainly not “help you with business and night life small talk ” T, as is advertised on the back cover (the words in italics are English in the original). Another dictionary which lists mostly Anglicisms is Schönfeld 1995, a dictionary of about 700* “neo-German” expressions. In contrast to Krämer 2000, this dictionary actually explains the ex- pressions it lists as lemmas, if often with a humorous tone. Articles on Anglicisms are provided with a translation or an explanation of the meaning of the English term. Mrozek 2005 and 2006 and Thiele 2006 list obsolescent and obsolete expressions & all of these dictionaries apply the wording bedrohte Wörter ‘endangered words’, which also communicates a conception of words and language as being something in the need of protection from damaging influence. From this point of view, Limbach 2008 is a more optimistic compilation: this book is a small selection of loan words (for example Siesta *Spanish+ or Jaguar *Guaranı́+) which were chosen by the participants of a preceding call to send in one’s favourite loan word. Limbach 2007 is a similar compilation of German words which were borrowed into other languages (for example Engl. to shlep < Germ. schleppen or Nederl. schwalbe < Germ. Schwalbe ‘dive [soccer]’). The articles in both of these books are not arranged alphabetically (an alphabetical index is included); the explanations are formulated by the senders of the nominations. Sprachnudel 2008 is a dictionary of the ‘language of now’ (Jetztsprache). The expressions compiled in this book were collected via a public web site (sprachnudel.de), where volunteers provided both the expressions and the explanations of their meanings. Thus, Sprachnudel 2008 is one of the first dictionaries which were first available on-line and which only later were published in print. Probably all of the expressions are taken from colloquial language; some of them (e.g. chillen ‘to chill, relax’, Mucke ‘music’) are relatively familiar, others are probably rather uncommon occasionalisms and humorous metaphors, often dealing with aspects of appearance, alcohol, sex and digestion; this dictionary serves for entertaining purposes only. Other dictionaries, such as Schöne 2009, just list arbitrary expressions with comments, bon mots or aphorisms by their authors. In sum, dictionaries of this kind are not compiled scientifically and they are not addressed at a scientific or professional audience either, but at an audience of laypersons interested in language, yet without professional ambitions. 4. Conclusion The present article covers more than 200 dictionaries of (synchronic) aspects of German published since 1989/90. These dictionaries belong to a kaleidoscope of dictionary types Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 805 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography and show a number of interesting approaches and lexicographic features. Most obvious, especially with regard to general language dictionaries, is a tendency towards including more and more background information into the word lists, using info boxes and frames, and highlighting this information by using different colors. The starting point of this development was the German spelling reform of 1996 ff. At that time, many dictionaries started to use different colors to indicate the reformed spelling variants in differentiation to the previous forms. Information boxes explaining the basics of the new spelling rules followed. Later, these methods of presentation were extended to further types of information: word division, the usage of word formation elements, easily confused or frequently misspelled words, warnings about the negative connotation of expressions, cultural knowledge, vocabulary belonging to a language diploma, variants recommended by the dictionary editors & a number of additional hints were included which before had not been given in the word lists of German dictionaries. Several of these methods are applied not only in one, but in several dictionaries; some were taken over from one dictionary of a publishing house into another of the same publisher; some even into dictionaries of other publishers. Another development is the increased usage of computers, notably in linguistic and lexicographic research: electronic text corpora established as standard sources and tools in the process of dictionary making. However, the computer has become probably even more important in the distribution and presentation of dictionaries: apart from printed books, some electronic dictionaries on CDROM and on the Internet are included in this article. Further lexicographic developments, such as dictionary applications for mobile phones or tablet computers (with their particular requirements with regard to display size or data input) and dictionary plug-ins for computer software, are not treated here, yet, they will most certainly play a major role in the future of German and general, synchronic and diachronic lexicography. Stagnation in German lexicography is not in sight. 5. Selected bibliography 5.1. Dictionaries Agricola 1992 " Wörter und Wendungen. Wörterbuch zum deutschen Wortgebrauch. Rev. of the 14th ed. Ed. by E. Agricola with the coll. of H. Görner and R. Küfner. Mannheim 1992. Althaus 2006a " Althaus, H. P.: Kleines Lexikon deutscher Wörter jiddischer Herkunft. 2nd, rev. ed. München 2006. [ 12003.] Althaus 2006b " Althaus, H. P.: Kleines Wörterbuch der Weinsprache. München 2006. Ammon 2004 " Ammon, U. et al.: Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen. Die Standardsprache in Österreich, der Schweiz und Deutschland sowie in Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Ostbelgien und Südtirol. Berlin/New York 2004. Anglizimen-Wb " Anglizismen-Wörterbuch. Der Einfluß des Englischen auf den deutschen Wortschatz nach 1945. Founded by B. Carstensen, cont. by U. Busse. Berlin/New York. Vol. 1: A&E, 1993. Vol. 2: F&O, 1994. Vol. 3: P&Z, 1996. [Threevolume paperback ed. in 2001.] Augst 1998 " Augst, G.: Wortfamilienwörterbuch der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. In coll. with K. Müller/H. Langer/A. Reichmann. Tübingen 1998. Badisch-Wb " Badisches Wörterbuch. Vol. 3: Begun and ed. by E. Ochs. Cont. by K. F. Müller. Cont. and ed. by G. W. Baur. I, J, K, L, M. Lahr 1975&1997. Vol. 4: Begun by E. Ochs. Cont. by K. F. Müller/G. W. Baur. Ed. by R. Post, from the letter S on with the coll. of F. Scheer-Nahor. N, O, Q, R, Sa&Schw. 1999&2009. [Vol. 1: A, B/P, D/T, E. 1925&1940; Vol. 2: F/V, G, H. 1942&1974.] Bartsch/Pogarell/Schröder 2004 " Wörterbuch überflüssiger Anglizismen. Ed. by R. Bartsch/R. Pogarell/M. Schröder. 6th, considerably rev. and aug. ed. Paderborn 2004. [11999.] Bertelsmann-RS 1996 " Die neue deutsche Rechtschreibung. By U. Hermann, completely rev. and enl. by L. Götze, with a foreword by K. Heller. Gütersloh 1996. [Fundamentally enl. and updated ed. 1999.] Bertelsmann-Wb " BERTELSMANN Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. *http://www.wissen.de/ wde/generator/wissen/services/suche/wbger/index. html+. Bhatt/Herrwegen 2005 " Bhatt, C./Herrwegen, A.: Das Kölsche Wörterbuch. Kölsche Wörter von A& Z. 2nd rev. and enl. ed. Bachem 2005. BI-DW " Deutsches Wörterbuch. Mit einem Leitfaden der deutschen Rechtschreibung. Ed. by D. Baer et al. Mannheim/Leipzig 1990. Bohn 1994 " Bohn, R.: Fremdwörterlexikon Deutsch & Fremdwort. Berlin 1994. Buchmann 2002 " Buchmann, J.: Wörterbuch deutscher Assonanzen und Alliterationen. Berlin 2002. Bulitta 2007a " Bulitta, E./Bulitta, H.: Das große Lexikon der Synonyme. 2nd ed. Frankfurt/M. 2007. Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 806 IX. The Germanic languages Bulitta 2007b " Bulitta, E./Bulitta, H.: Wörterbuch der Synonyme und Antonyme. Sinn- und sachverwandte Wörter und Begriffe sowie deren Gegenteil und Bedeutungsvarianten. 4th ed. Frankfurt/M. 2007. Vol. 7: habilitieren&hysterisch. Ed. by H. Schmidt et al. Berlin/New York 2010. Bünting/Ader 1993a " Bünting, K.-D./Ader, D.: Fremdwörter-Lexikon. With the coll. of H. Bünting and S. Schatten. Chur 1993. DigiBib " Digitale Bibliothek. *http://www.digitalebibliothek.de/+. Bünting/Ader 1993b " Bünting, K.-D./Ader, D.: Wörterbuch zur deutschen Rechtschreibung. With the coll. of H. Bünting. Chur 1993. Bünting-DW " Bünting, Wörterbuch. Chur 1996. K.-D.: Deutsches Bünting-ZR " Bünting, K.-D.: Lexikon der Zitate und Redensarten. Köln [n.d.]. Burkhardt 2006 " Burkhardt, A.: Wörterbuch der Fußballsprache. Göttingen 2006. Buscha 1989 " Buscha, J.: Lexikon deutscher Konjunktionen. Leipzig 1989. 21995. BW " Brockhaus-Wahrig: Deutsches Wörterbuch in sechs Bänden. Ed. by G. Wahrig, H. Krämer/H. Zimmermann. Wiesbaden. Vol. 1: A&BT, 1980. Vol. 2: BU&FZ, 1981. Vol. 3: G&JZ, 1981. Vol. 4: K&OZ, 1982. Vol. 5: P&STD, 1983. Vol. 6: STE& ZZ, 1984. BWB " Bayerisches Wörterbuch (BWB). Ed. by the Kommission für Mundartforschung. Ed. by J. Denz et al. Vol. 1: A&Bazi. München 2002. [Further fascicles.] Canoo-onl " canoonet. Deutsche Wörter und Grammatik. *http://canoo.net+. Coron 1993 " Der kleine Coron. Rechtschreibung, Fremdwörter, Grammatik. Lachen/Zürichsee 1993. Cropp 1999 " Cropp, W.-U.: Sofort das richtige Fremdwort. 20000 Stichwörter mit originellen Anwendungsbeispielen und hilfreichen Zitaten. Frankfurt/M. 1999. Cropp 2001 " Cropp, W.-U.: Das andere Fremdwörter-Lexikon. Das passende Fremdwort schnell gefunden. München 2001. 2 DFWb " Deutsches Fremdwörterbuch. Begun by H. Schulz, cont. by O. Basler. 2nd ed., completely rev. in the Institut für Deutsche Sprache. Vol. 1: aPräfix&Antike. Ed. by G. Strauß et al. Berlin/New York 1995. Vol. 2: Antinomie&Azur. Ed. by G. Strauß et al. Berlin/New York 1996. Vol. 3: Baby& Cutter. Ed. by G. Strauß et al. Berlin/New York 1997. Vol. 4: da capo&Dynastie. Ed. by G. Strauß et al. Berlin/New York 1999. Vol. 5: Eau de Cologne&Futurismus. Ed. by G. Strauß (†) et al. Berlin/New York 2004. Vol. 6: Gag&Gynäkologie. Ed. by G. Strauß (†) et al. Berlin/New York 2008. DGWbDaF " Kempcke, G.: Wörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache. With the coll. of B. Seelig, B. Wolf, E. Tellenbach […]. Berlin/New York 2000. Djordjević-Engel 2009 " Djordjević, M./Engel, U.: Wörterbuch zur Verbvalenz. Deutsch&Bosnisch/ Kroatisch/Serbisch. München 2009. 5 Dornseiff " Dornseiff, F.: Der deutsche Wortschatz nach Sachgruppen. 5th ed. Berlin 1959. [6th, unaltered ed. 1965. 7th, unaltered ed. 1970.] 8 Dornseiff " Franz Dornseiff. Der deutsche Wortschatz nach Sachgruppen. 8th, completely rev. ed. by U. Quasthoff. Berlin/New York 2004. Duden-1 " Duden, Rechtschreibung der deutschen Sprache. 20th, completely rev. and enl. ed. Ed. by the Dudenredaktion. On the basis of the official spelling rules (Duden 1). Mannheim 1991. [" 20 Duden-1. 21 Duden-1 " 21st, completely rev. and enl. ed. On the basis of the new official spelling rules. 1996. 22 Duden-1 " 22nd, completely rev. and enl. ed. 2000. 23 Duden-1 " 23rd, completely rev. and enl. ed. 2004. 24 Duden-1 " 24th, completely rev. and enl. ed. 2006. 25 Duden-1 " 25th, completely rev. and enl. ed. On the basis of the current official spelling rules. 2009.] 18.6 Duden-1L " Der Große Duden. Wörterbuch und Leitfaden der deutschen Rechtschreibung. 6th ed. of the 18th revision. Leipzig 1990. Duden-2 " Duden, Das Stilwörterbuch. 8th, completely rev. ed. Ed. by the Dudenredaktion (Duden 2). Mannheim 2001. [" 8 Duden-2. 9 Duden-2 " 9th, completely rev. ed. 2010.] Duden-3 " Duden, Bildwörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. 4th, rev. and updated ed. Ed. by Meyers Lexikonredaktion in coll. with the Dudenredaktion (Duden 3). Mannheim 1992. [" 4 Duden-3. 5a Duden-3 " 5th, rev. and updated ed. 1999. 5b Duden3 " 5th, rev. and updated ed. On the basis of the new official spelling rules. Ed. by the Dudenredaktion. 2000. 6 Duden-3 " Duden, Das Bildwörterbuch. 6th, rev. and enl. ed. Ed. by the Dudenredaktion. 2005.] Duden-5 " Duden, Fremdwörterbuch. 5th, rev. and enl. ed. Ed. by the Scientific Council of the Dudenredaktion […] (Duden 5). Mannheim 1990. [" 5 Duden-5. 6 Duden-5 " 6th, rev. and enl. ed. On the basis of the official revision of German orthography. 1999. 7 Duden-5 " 7th, rev. and enl. ed. Ed. by the Dudenredaktion. On the basis of the new official spelling rules. 2001. 8 Duden-5 " 8th, rev. and enl. ed. 2005. 9 Duden-5 " Duden, Das Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 807 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography Fremdwörterbuch. 9th, updated ed. 2007. 10 Duden-5 " 10th, updated ed. On the basis of the current official spelling rules. 2010.] Duden-BWbDaF " Duden, Bildwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Ed. by the Dudenredaktion. Mannheim 2005. Duden-6 " Duden, Aussprachewörterbuch. Wörterbuch der deutschen Standardaussprache. 3rd, completely rev. und enl. ed. Ed. by M. Mangold in coll. with the Dudenredaktion (Duden 6). Mannheim 1990. [" 3 Duden-6. 4 Duden-6 " 4th, rev. and updated ed. 2000. 5 Duden-6 " Duden, Aussprachewörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. On the basis of the new official spelling rules. 5th, rev. and updated ed. 2003. 6 Duden-6 " Duden, Aussprachewörterbuch. 6th, rev. and updated ed. 2005.] Duden-DaF " Duden, Standardwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Ed. by the Dudenredaktion. Mannheim 2002. [" 1 Duden-DaF. 2 DudenDaF " Duden, Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Standardwörterbuch. 2nd, rev. and enl. ed. 2010.] Duden-8 " Duden, Das Synonymwörterbuch. Ein Wörterbuch sinnverwandter Wörter. 3rd, completely new compiled ed. Ed. by the Dudenredaktion (Duden 8). Mannheim 2004. [" 3 Duden-8.] Duden-9 " Duden, Richtiges und gutes Deutsch. Wörterbuch der sprachlichen Zweifelsfälle. 4th, rev. and enl. ed. On the basis of the official revision of German orthography. Ed. by the Scientific Council of the Dudenredaktion (Duden 9). Mannheim 1997. [" 4 Duden-9. 5 Duden-9 " 5th, rev. ed. Ed. by the Dudenredaktion. 2001. 6 Duden-9 " 6th, completely rev. ed. Ed. by P. Eisenberg with the coll. of F. Münzberg und K. Kunkel-Razum. 2007.] Duden-10 " Duden, Bedeutungswörterbuch. 2nd, completely rev. and enl. ed. Ed. by W. Müller […] (Duden 10). Mannheim 1985. [" 2 Duden-10. 3 Duden-10 " Duden, Das Bedeutungswörterbuch. 3rd, rev. and enl. ed. Ed. by the Dudenredaktion. Mannheim 2002. 4 Duden-10 " 4th, rev. and enl. ed. 2010.] Duden-11 " Duden, Redewendungen und sprichwörtliche Redensarten. Wörterbuch der deutschen Idiomatik. Ed. by G. Drosdowski and W. ScholzeStubenrecht (Duden 11). Mannheim 1992. [" 1 Duden-11. 2 Duden-11 " Duden, Redewendungen. Wörterbuch der deutschen Idiomatik. 2nd, rev. and updated ed. Ed. by the Dudenredaktion. 2002. 3 Duden-11 " 3rd, rev. and updated ed. 2008.] Duden-12 " Duden, Zitate und Aussprüche. Ed. by W. Scholze-Stubenrecht […] (Duden 12). Mannheim 1993. [" 1 Duden-12. 2 Duden-12 " 2nd, rev. and updated ed. 2002.] Duden-Abk " Duden, Wörterbuch der Abkürzungen. Rund 40 000 Abkürzungen und was sie bedeuten. 4th, rev. and enl. ed. v. J. Werlin. Mannheim 1999. [" 4 Duden-Abk. 5 Duden-Abk " Duden, Das Wörterbuch der Abkürzungen. Rund 50 000 nationale und internationale Abkürzungen und Kurzwörter mit ihren Bedeutungen. 5th, completely rev. and enl. ed. By A. Steinhauer. 2005.] Duden-DUW " Duden, Deutsches Universalwörterbuch. 2nd, completely rev. and highly enl. ed. Ed. by the Scientific Council and the staff of the Dudenredaktion under the direction of G. Drosdowski. Mannheim 1989. [" 2 Duden-DUW. 3 Duden-DUW " 3rd, rev. and enl. ed. On the basis of the new official spelling rules. Ed. by G. Drosdowski and the Dudenredaktion. Mannheim 1996. 4 Duden-DUW " 4th, rev. and enl. ed. Ed. by the Dudenredaktion. 2001. 5 Duden-DUW " 5th, rev. and enl. ed. 2003. 6 Duden-DUW " 6th, rev. and enl. ed. 2007. 7 Duden-DUW " 7th, rev. and enl. ed. Mannheim 2011.] Duden-DWFW " Duden, Vom deutschen Wort zum Fremdwort. Wörterbuch zum richtigen Fremdwortgebrauch. Ed. by the Dudenredaktion. Mannheim 2003. Duden-GBZRW " Duden, Das große Buch der Zitate und Redewendungen. Ed. by the Dudenredaktion. Mannheim 2002. Duden-GFW " Duden, Das große Fremdwörterbuch. Herkunft und Bedeutung der Fremdwörter. Ed. by the Scientific Council of the Dudenredaktion. Mannheim 1994. [" 1 Duden-GFW. 2 DudenGFW " 2nd, rev. and enl. ed. 2000. 3 Duden-GFW " 3rd, rev. ed. 2003. 4 Duden-GFW " 4th, updated ed. 2007.] 1 Duden-GW " Duden, Das große Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache in sechs Bänden. Ed. by the Scientific Council and the staff of the Dudenredaktion under the direction of G. Drosdowski. Mannheim. Vol. 1: A&Ci, 1976. Vol. 2: Ci&F, 1976. Vol. 3: G& Kal, 1977. Vol. 4: Kam&N, 1978. Vol. 5: O&Sp, 1980. Vol. 6: Sp&Z, 1981. 2 Duden-GW " Duden, Das große Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache in acht Bänden. 2nd, completely rev. and highly enl. ed. Ed. by the Scientific Council and the staff of the Dudenredaktion under the direction of G. Drosdowski. Mannheim et al. Vol. 1: A&Bim, 1993. Vol. 2: Bin&Far, 1993. Vol. 3: Fas&Hev, 1993. Vol. 4: Hex&Lev, 1994. Vol. 5: Leg&Pow, 1994. Vol. 6: Poz&Sik, 1994. Vol. 7: Sil&Urh, 1995. Vol. 8: Uri&Zz, 1995. 3 Duden-GW " Duden, Das große Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache in zehn Bänden. 3rd, completely rev. and enl. ed. Ed. by the Scientific Council of Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 808 IX. The Germanic languages the Dudenredaktion. Vol. 1: A&Bedi. Vol. 2: Bedr&Eink. Vol. 3: Einl&Geld. Vol. 4: Gele&Impr. Vol. 5: Impu&Leim. Vol. 6: Lein&Peko. Vol. 7: Pekt&Schi. Vol. 8: Schl&Tace. Vol. 9: Tach&Vida. Vol. 10: Vide&Zz. Mannheim 1999. [Also on CDROM.] 5 Duden-KlFW " Der kleine Duden, Fremdwörterbuch. 5th, rev. and supplemented ed. Ed. by the Dudenredaktion. Mannheim 2004. Duden-Neo " Lemnitzer, L.: Duden, Hirndiebstahl im Sparadies. Was so (noch) nicht im Duden steht. Mannheim 2008. Duden-NewEc " Duden, Wörterbuch der New Economy. Ed. by Trendbüro. Mannheim 2001. Duden-onl " Duden online. *http://www.duden. de/+. Duden-Österr " Duden, Wie sagt man in Österreich? Wörterbuch des österreichischen Deutsch. 3rd, completely rev. ed. By J. Ebner. Mannheim 1998. [" 3 Duden-Österr. 4 Duden-Österr " 4th, completely rev. ed. Mannheim 2009.] Duden-RA " Duden, Redensarten. Herkunft und Bedeutung. Mannheim 1999. [" 1 Duden-RA. 2 Duden-RA " 2nd, rev. and enl. ed. 2007.] Duden-Schweiz " Duden, Wie sagt man in der Schweiz? Wörterbuch der schweizerischen Besonderheiten. By K. Meyer. Mannheim 1989. Duden-Syn " Duden, Das Wörterbuch der Synonyme. 150,000 sinnverwandte Wörter für den alltäglichen Schreibgebrauch. Updated reprint of the 1st ed., according to the German spelling rules adopted in 2006. Mannheim 2006. Duden-Szene 2000 " Duden, Wörterbuch der Szenesprache. Ed. by Trendbüro. Mannheim 2000. Duden-Szene 2009 " Duden, Das neue Wörterbuch der Szenesprache. Ed. by Trendbüro. Mannheim 2009. Duden-WDE " Duden, Wörterbuch neue Rechtschreibung. Was Duden empfiehlt. Mannheim 2005. Duden-WGW " Duden, Wörter und Gegenwörter. Wörterbuch der sprachlichen Gegensätze. 2nd, rev. ed. by C. Agricola and E. Agricola. Mannheim 1992. DWDS-onl " Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (DWDS). *http://www.dwds.de/+. Ehmann 1993 " Ehmann, H.: affengeil. Ein Lexikon der Jugendsprache. München 1993. Ehmann 2001 " Ehmann, H.: voll konkret. Das neueste Lexikon der Jugendsprache. München 2001. Eitz/Stötzel 2007 " Eitz, T./Stötzel, G.: Wörterbuch der „Vergangenheitsbewältigung“. Die NSVergangenheit im öffentlichen Sprachgebrauch. Hildesheim. Vol. 1: 2007. Vol. 2, with the coll. of K. Berentzen and R. Frenking: 2009. elexiko. *http://www.owid.de/elexiko_/index.html+. Engel/Schumacher 2003 " Engel, U./Schumacher, H.: Kleines Valenzlexikon deutscher Verben. Unaltered reprint of the 2nd, rev. ed. Tübingen 2003. E-VALBU " E-VALBU. Das elektronische Valenzwörterbuch deutscher Verben. *http://hypermedia2. ids-mannheim.de/evalbu/index.html+. Fackel-WbRedensart " Welzig, W. (ed.): Wörterbuch der Redensarten zu der von Karl Kraus 1899 bis 1936 herausgegebenen Zeitschrift Die Fackel. Wien 1999. Fackel-SchimpfWb " Welzig, W. (ed.): Schimpfwörterbuch zu der von Karl Kraus 1899 bis 1936 herausgegebenen Zeitschrift Die Fackel. 3 vols.: Vol. 1: Alphabetisches. Vol. 2: Chronologisches. Vol. 3: Explikatives. Wien 2008. Felbick 2003 " Felbick, D.: Schlagwörter der Nachkriegszeit. Berlin/New York 2003. Feste-Wortvb-onl " Feste Wortverbindungen. *http://www.owid.de/Wortverbindungen/+. Friedrich 2001 " Friedrich, W.: Oberfränkisch. Auch ein Wörterbuch der Bad Rodacher Mundart. Würzburg 2001. GIWbDS " Das große illustrierte Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Das aktuelle Nachschlagewerk der 100 000 Begriffe. 2 vols. Vol. 1: A&L. Vol. 2: M&Z. Stuttgart 1995. Görner/Kempcke 1973 " Synonymwörterbuch. Sinnverwandte Ausdrücke der deutschen Sprache. Ed. by H. Görner and G. Kempcke. Leipzig 1973. Görner/Kempcke 1999 " Wörterbuch Synonyme. Rev. and ed. by H. Görner and G. Kempcke. München 1999. [3rd, rev. ed. 2003. 4th ed. 2005. CD-ROM edition: Berlin 2003.] Grass-Blechtr-Ix " Wortindex zur „Blechtrommel“ von Günter Grass. Ed. by F. J. Görtz, R. L. Jones and A. F. Keele. Frankfurt/M. 1990. Griesbach/Uhlig 1994 " Griesbach, H./Uhlig, G.: Die starken Verben im Sprachgebrauch. Syntax & Valenz & Kollokationen. Leipzig 1994. Grimm 1987 " Grimm, H.-J.: Lexikon zum Artikelgebrauch. Leipzig 1987. 2nd, unaltered ed. 1989. [3rd, rev. ed. 1992.] GWb-3 " Goethe-Wörterbuch. Ed. by the BerlinBrandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, the Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen and the Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. Vol. 3: einwenden & Gesäusel. Stuttgart/Berlin/Köln 1998. Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 809 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography GWb-4 " Goethe-Wörterbuch. Ed. by the BerlinBrandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, the Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen and the Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. Vol. 4: Geschäft & inhaftieren. Stuttgart 2004. GWbF " Großes Wörterbuch Fremdwörter. Ed. by D. Binder et al. Köln 1990. Hamburg-Wb " Hamburgisches Wörterbuch. Vol. 2: Ed. by J. Meier/D. Möhn. Ed. by J. Meier and J. Ruge. F&K. Neumünster 2000. Vol. 3: Ed. by B. Hennig/J. Meier. Ed. by B. Hennig/J. Meier/ J. Ruge. L&R. 2004. Vol. 4: S. 2005. Vol. 5: T&Z, Nachträge. 2006. [Vol. 1: A&E. 1985.] HdK " Handbuch deutscher Kommunikationsverben. Part 1: Wörterbuch. By G. Harras et al. Berlin/New York 2004. Part 2: Lexikalische Strukturen. By G. Harras/K. Proost/E. Winkler. Berlin/ New York 2007. Helbig 1988 " Helbig, G.: Lexikon deutscher Partikeln. Leipzig 1988. 2nd, unaltered ed. 1990. 3., rev. ed. 1994. Helbig/Helbig 1990 " Helbig, G./Helbig, A.: Lexikon deutscher Modalwörter. Leipzig 1990. 2nd, rev. ed. 1993. Helbig/Schenkel 1991 " Helbig, G./Schenkel, W.: Wörterbuch zur Valenz und Distribution deutscher Verben. 8th, rev. ed. Tübingen 1991. Herberg-Neo " Neuer Wortschatz. Neologismen der 90er Jahre im Deutschen. By D. Herberg/M. Kinne/D. Steffens, with the coll. of E. Tellenbach/ D. al-Wadi. Berlin/New York 2004. Herberg/Steffens/Tellenbach 1997 " Herberg, D./ Steffens, D./Tellenbach, E.: Schlüsselwörter der Wendezeit. Wörter-Buch zum öffentlichen Sprachgebrauch 1989/90. Berlin 1997. Herrmann-Winter 1999 " Herrmann-Winter, R.: Neues hochdeutsch & plattdeutsches Wörterbuch für den mecklenburg-vorpommerschen Sprachraum. Sinngleiche und sinnähnliche Wörter. Phrasen und Redensarten. Rostock 1999. Hessen-Nassau-VWb " Hessen-Nassauisches Volkswörterbuch. Vol. IV (12), sheet 45&48 (Wischer to Zankdiviensalat), selected and ed. by H. J. Dingeldein. Marburg/Lahn 2000. [Vol. 2: L&R. 1943. Vol. 3: S. 1967. Further fascicles of vol. IV.] Hessky/Ettinger 1997 " Hessky, R./Ettinger, S.: Deutsche Redewendungen. Ein Wörter- und Übungsbuch für Fortgeschrittene. Tübingen 1997. Hirsch 1996 " Hirsch, F.: Das große Wörterbuch der Musik. Special ed. Weyarn 1996. Hornung 1998 " Hornung, M.: Wörterbuch der Wiener Mundart. With the coll. of L. Swossil. Wien 1998. Hübner-GFW " Das große Fremdwörterbuch. Ed. by F. Hübner. München 1999. Hueber-Duden-DaF " Duden, Wörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Ed. by the Dudenredaktion in coll. with Max Hueber Verlag. Mannheim 2003. [1Hueber-Duden-DaF. 2HueberDuden-DaF " Hueber, Wörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Das einsprachige Wörterbuch für Kurse der Grund- und Mittelstufe. Ismaning 2007.] Humboldt-Bed " Humboldt-Bedeutungswörterbuch. Ed. by W. Müller. Updated paperback ed. München 1992. [Original ed.: Schülerduden Bedeutungswörterbuch, Mannheim 1986.] HWBF " Willoweit, D./Strunk, K. (eds.): Handwörterbuch von Bayerisch-Franken. Bamberg 2007. Ickler 1999 " Ickler, T.: Deutsche Einheitsorthographie. Wörterbuch der allgemein üblichen Rechtschreibung. Draft. St. Goar 1999. Ickler 2000 " Ickler, T.: Das Rechtschreibwörterbuch. Sinnvoll schreiben, trennen, Zeichen setzen. St. Goar 2000. [Further editions: 2nd, unaltered ed. 2000. 3rd ed. 2001. Normale deutsche Rechtschreibung. Sinnvoll schreiben, trennen, Zeichen setzen. 4th, enl. ed. 2004.] Jung/Niehr/Böke 2000 " Jung, M./Niehr, T./Böke, K.: Ausländer und Migranten im Spiegel der Presse. Ein diskurshistorisches Wörterbuch zur Einwanderung seit 1945. Wiesbaden 2000. Junker 2007 " Der Anglizismen-Index. Sequel ed. 2007. Ed. by G. H. Junker […]. Paderborn 2006. [On-line edition: *http://vds-ev.de/index+.] Kämper 2007 " Kämper, H.: Opfer & Täter & Nichttäter. Ein Wörterbuch zum Schulddiskurs 1945&1955. Berlin/New York 2007. [On-line edition: *http://www.owid.de/Diskurs1945-55/ index.html+.] Kandler/Winter 1992 ff. " Kandler, G./Winter, S.: Wortanalytisches Wörterbuch. Deutscher Wortschatz nach Sinn-Elementen in 10 Bänden. München 1992&1995. Karbelaschwili 2001 " Karbelaschwili, S.: Lexikon zur Wortbildung der deutschen Sprache (Augmentation und Diminution). Ed. by the Fachverband Deutsch als Fremdsprache. 2nd, corrected and enl. ed. Regensburg 2001. [1st ed. 1998.] KlThWb " Lösch, W. et al.: Kleines Thüringer Wörterbuch. Leipzig 1995. Knoop 1997 " Knoop, U.: Wörterbuch deutscher Dialekte. Eine Sammlung von Mundartwörtern aus zehn Dialektgebieten im Einzelvergleich, in Sprichwörtern und Redewendungen. With the coll. of M. Mühlenhort. Gütersloh 1997. Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 810 IX. The Germanic languages Köster 2003 " Köster, R.: Eigennamen im deutschen Wortschatz. Ein Lexikon. Berlin/New York 2003. Kraeber 1991 " Kraeber, H.: Neues Wörterbuch der Koblenzer Mundart. Koblenz 1991. Krämer 2000 " Krämer, W.: Modern Talking auf deutsch. Ein populäres Lexikon. 2nd ed. München 2000. Krämer/Sauer 2001 " Krämer, W./Sauer, W.: Lexikon der populären Sprachirrtümer. Mißverständnisse, Denkfehler und Vorurteile von Altbier bis Zyniker. Frankfurt/M. 2001. [4th paperback ed. München 2005.] Krech et al. 2009 " Krech, E.-M. et al.: Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch. With contributions by W. Haas/I. Hove/P. Wiesinger […]. Berlin/New York 2009. Küpper 1997 " Küpper, Heinz: Wörterbuch der deutschen Umgangssprache. 1st ed. 6th reprint. Stuttgart 1997. [CD-ROM edition: Berlin 2000.] Kytzler/Redemund 1992 " Kytzler, B./Redemund, L.: Unser tägliches Latein. Lexikon des lateinischen Spracherbes. Mainz 1992. Kytzler/Redemund/Eberl 2001 " Kytzler, B./Redemund, L./Eberl, N.: Unser tägliches Griechisch. Lexikon des griechischen Sprachgebrauchs. Mainz 2001. 3 Langenscheidt-FW " Langenscheidts Fremdwörterbuch. Ein neues Fremdwörterbuch mit ausführlichen Bedeutungs-Erklärungen. Ed. by the Langenscheidt-Redaktion. Ed. by F. Hübner. 3rd ed. Berlin 1991. Langenscheidt-onl " Langenscheidt Online-Wörterbücher. *http://services.langenscheidt.de/bsb/+. Laude 1995 " Laude, R.: Hinterpommersches Wörterbuch des Persantgebietes. Ed. by F. Schnibben under the direction of the Ed., supp. by M. Dörries. Ed. by D. Stellmacher. Köln 1995. Lechner 1994 " Lechner’s Fremdwörterbuch. Die wichtigsten Fremdwörter, deren Bedeutung Sie kennen sollten. N.a. [Preface by H. H. Hermann]. Geneva 1994. Lee-Rück " Lee, D. H.: Rückläufiges Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Berlin/New York 2005. LGWbDaF " Langenscheidts Großwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Das neue einsprachige Wörterbuch für Deutschlernende. Mit Informationen zur neuen deutschen Rechtschreibung. Ed. by D. Götz/G. Haensch/H. Wellmann in coll. with the Langenscheidt-Redaktion. Completely new development, 4th ed. Berlin 1995. [" 1.4LGWbDaF. 2.6 LGWbDaF " Langenscheidts Großwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Das einsprachige Wör- terbuch für alle, die Deutsch lernen. In der neuen deutschen Rechtschreibung. Revision, 6th ed. 2002. 3.1 LGWbDaF " Langenscheidt Großwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Das einsprachige Wörterbuch für alle, die Deutsch lernen. Revision. 2003. 4.2LGWbDaF " Revision, 2nd ed. 2008.] Limbach 2007 " „Ausgewanderte Wörter“. Ed. by J. Limbach. Ismaning 2007. Limbach 2008 " „Eingewanderte Wörter“. Ed. by J. Limbach. Ismaning 2008. LPWbD " Langenscheidt Power Wörterbuch Deutsch. Completely new development. Ed. by D. Götz/H. Wellmann in coll. with the LangenscheidtRedaktion. Berlin 2009. LTWbDaF " Langenscheidt Taschenwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Das einsprachige Lernerwörterbuch für Einsteiger. Ed. by D. Götz/H. Wellmann in coll. with the Langenscheidt-Redaktion. Completely new development. Berlin 2003. [" 1LTWbDaF. 2LTWbDaF " Revision. 2007. 3 LTWbDaF " Revision. 2010.] Lutzeier 2007 " Lutzeier, P. R.: Wörterbuch des Gegensinns im Deutschen. Vol. 1: A&G. Berlin/ New York 2007. Maier 2003 " Maier, B.: Kleines Lexikon der Namen und Wörter keltischen Ursprungs. München 2003. [2nd ed. 2004. 3rd ed. 2010.] Mater 2007 " Mater, E.: Gesamtverzeichnis deutscher Verben der Gegenwartssprache. Frankfurt/M. 2007. Mater-Rück-CD " Mater, E.: Rückläufiges Wörterbuch der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. CDROM, enl. and updated ed. Straelen 2001. 13 Mackensen-DW " Mackensen, L.: Deutsches Wörterbuch. Rechtschreibung, Grammatik, Stil, Worterklärungen, Abkürzungen, Aussprache, Geschichte des deutschen Wortschatzes. 13th ed., unaltered compared to the 12th ed. Waltrop 2006. [12th ed. 1986.] Métrich/Faucher 2009 " Métrich, R./Faucher, E.: Wörterbuch deutscher Partikeln. Unter Berücksichtigung ihrer französischen Äquivalente. In coll. with J. Albrecht. Berlin/New York 2009. Meyer 2006 " Meyer, K.: Schweizer Wörterbuch. So sagen wir in der Schweiz. With a contribution by H. Bickel. Frauenfeld 2006. Mrozek 2005 " Mrozek, B.: Lexikon der bedrohten Wörter. Reinbek b. Hamburg 2005. Mrozek 2006 " Mrozek, B.: Lexikon der bedrohten Wörter. Vol. II. Reinbek b. Hamburg 2006. Muhr 2007 " Muhr, R.: Österreichisches Aussprachewörterbuch & Österreichische Aussprachedatenbank. Frankfurt/M. 2007. Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 811 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography Müller 1994 " Lexikon der Redensarten. Ed. by K. Müller. Gütersloh 1994. Müller 1998 " Müller, W.: Das GegenwortWörterbuch. Ein Kontrastwörterbuch mit Gebrauchshinweisen. Berlin/New York 1998. [Unmodified paperback reprint 2000.] Müller 1999 " Müller, M.: Goethes merkwürdige Wörter. Ein Lexikon. Darmstadt 1999. Muthmann 1994 " Muthmann, G.: Doppelformen in der deutschen Sprache der Gegenwart. Studie zu den Varianten in Aussprache, Schreibung, Wortbildung und Flexion. Tübingen 1994. Muthmann 1996 " Muthmann, G.: Phonologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Tübingen 1996. Muthmann-Rück " Muthmann, G.: Rückläufiges deutsches Wörterbuch. Handbuch der Wortausgänge im Deutschen, mit Beachtung der Wortund Lautstruktur. 2nd, unaltered ed. Tübingen 1991. 3rd, rev. and enl. ed. 2001. [1st ed. 1988.] NDW " Das neue deutsche Wörterbuch für Schule und Beruf. 2nd ed. München 1999. Neologismen-onl. men/+. *http://www.owid.de/Neologis NGWbF " Neues großes Wörterbuch Fremdwörter. Ed. by I. Hell. Köln 2001. Nieders-Wb " Niedersächsisches Wörterbuch. Ed. by D. Stellmacher. Vol. 3: Ed. by J. Volquard Gonnsen et al. C&exzēren. Neumünster 1993. Vol. 4: Ed. by U. Scheuermann. F/V. 1994. Vol. 5: Ed. by W. Kramer/K. Schade/U. Scheuermann. Gabbel&Haubö¯n. 1998. Vol. 6: Ed. by U. Scheuermann et al. Haubö¯n&juxwise. 2003. [Vol. 1: A&bersen. 1965. Vol. 2: Bertsche&Būzpott. 1985. Further fascicles.] Niehr 1993 " Niehr, T.: Schlagwörter im politischkulturellen Kontext. Zum öffentlichen Diskurs in der BRD von 1966 bis 1974. Wiesbaden 1993. Nietzsche-Wb " Nietzsche-Wörterbuch. Ed. by the Nietzsche Research Group (Nijmegen) under the direction of P. van Tongeren/G. Schank/H. Siemens. Vol. 1: Abbreviatur&einfach. Berlin/New York 2004. Nordsiebb-Sächs-Wb " Nordsiebenbürgisch & Sächsisches Wörterbuch. Vol. II: D&G. By G. Richter. Köln 1990. Vol. III: H&M. By G. Richter with the coll. of H. Feßler. Köln 1993. Vol. IV: N& Sch. 1995. Vol. V: Se&Z. By G. Richter (†)/H. Feßler with the coll. of U. Galsterer. 2006. [Vol. 1: 1986.] Normann 1991 " von Normann, R.: Das treffende Fremdwort. Wörterbuch deutsch & fremd. Frankfurt 1991. Normann 2009 " von Normann, R.: Das treffende Fremdwort. Mit einem Griff das passende Fremdwort & das clevere Wörterbuch deutsch & fremd. Bern 2009. Olschansky 1999 " Olschansky, H.: Täuschende Wörter. Kleines Lexikon der Volksetymologien. Stuttgart 1999. Ostermair 1992 " Ostermair, H.: Zweifelsfälle Deutsch. München 1992. ÖWB " Österreichisches Wörterbuch. Ed. on behalf of the Bundesministerium für Unterricht, Kunst und Sport. 37th, rev. ed. Wien 1990. [" 37 ÖWB. 38ÖWB " Österreichisches Wörterbuch. With the new official rules. 38th ed. Revision. Wien 1997. 39ÖWB " 39th ed. Revision. 2001. 40ÖWB " Österreichisches Wörterbuch. 40th, rev. ed. 2006. 41 ÖWB " 41st, updated ed. 2009.] Panagl/Gerlich 2007 " Panagl, O./Gerlich, P. (eds.): Wörterbuch der politischen Sprache in Österreich. Wien 2007. Paraschkewow 2004 " Paraschkewow, B.: Wörter und Namen gleicher Herkunft und Struktur. Lexikon etymologischer Dubletten im Deutschen. Berlin/New York 2004. Peltzer/Normann 1992 " Peltzer, K./von Normann, R.: Das treffende Wort. Wörterbuch sinnverwandter Ausdrücke. 22nd ed. Totally rev. Thun 1992. [27th ed. 2004.] Pommer-Wb " Herrmann-Winter, R./Vollmer, M.: Pommersches Wörterbuch. Vol. 1: A&K. With the coll. of U.-H. Bader et al. Berlin 2007. [Further fascicles.] Pons-BWbDaF " Pons, Basiswörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Das einsprachige Lernerwörterbuch. Stuttgart 1999. Pons-GBWb " Pons, Das große Bildwörterbuch. Deutsch & Englisch & Französisch & Spanisch & Italienisch. By J.-C. Corbeil/A. Archambault. Stuttgart 2008. Pons-GSWb 2001 " Pons, Großes Schulwörterbuch Deutsch. Completely new development 2001. Stuttgart 2001. Pons-GWbDaF " Pons, Großwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Stuttgart 2004. Pons-Jugend " Pons, Wörterbuch der Jugendsprache. Deutsch & Englisch & Französisch & Spanisch. By pupils from all over Germany. Barcelona 2007. Pons-KWbDaF " Pons, Kompaktwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Barcelona 2005. [" 1 Pons-KWbDaF. 2Pons-KWbDaF " Revision. 2007.] Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 812 IX. The Germanic languages Pons-RS " Pons, Die deutsche Rechtschreibung. Stuttgart 2009. Pons-RS-onl " Deutsche RechtschreibungWörterbuch: pons.eu. *http://de.pons.eu/deutscherechtschreibung/+. Pons-WbVW " Pollmann, C./Wolk, U.: Pons, Wörterbuch der verwechselten Wörter. Stuttgart 2010. Post 2000 " Post, R.: Kleines Pfälzisches Wörterbuch. Edenkoben 2000. Quasthoff-Koll " Quasthoff, U.: Wörterbuch der Kollokationen im Deutschen. Berlin/New York 2011. Quasthoff-Neo " Deutsches Neologismenwörterbuch. Neue Wörter und Wortbedeutungen in der Gegenwartssprache. Ed. by U. Quasthoff with the coll. of S. Liebold/N. Taubert/T. Wolf. Berlin/ New York 2007. Röhrich 1991/1992 " Röhrich, L.: Das große Lexikon der sprichwörtlichen Redensarten. Vol. 1: 1991. Vol. 2: 1992. Vol. 3: 1992. Freiburg. Roth 2001 " Roth, H.: Jenisches Wörterbuch. Aus dem Sprachschatz Jenischer in der Schweiz. Frauenfeld 2001. Schemann 1993 " Pons, Deutsche Idiomatik. Die deutschen Redewendungen im Kontext. By H. Schemann. Stuttgart 1993. Schemann 2000 " Pons, Deutsche Redensarten. By H. Schemann. Stuttgart 2000. Schmitz-Berning 1998 " Schmitz-Berning, C.: Vokabular des Nationalsozialismus. Berlin/New York 1998. 2nd, rev. ed. 2007. Schmitz-Cliever 2006 " Schmitz-Cliever, G.: Compendium Wortschatz. Deutsch&Deutsch. Enl. new edition. Aachen 2006. Schöne 2009 " Schöne, L.: Schönes Wörterbuch. Mit Zeichnungen von W. Hanel. Merzig 2009. Schöneck/Timmler " Schöneck, W./Timmler, W.: Wörterbuch der Rechtschreibung. Köln [n.d.; published after the spelling reform]. Schönfeld 1995 " Schönfeld, E.: Alles easy. Ein Wörterbuch des Neudeutschen. München 1995. Schröder 1986 " Schröder, J.: Lexikon deutscher Präpositionen. Leipzig 1986. 2nd, unaltered ed. 1990. Schröder 1992 " Schröder, J.: Lexikon deutscher Präfixverben. Berlin 1992. Schröder 1993 " Schröder, J.: Lexikon deutscher Verben der Fortbewegung. Leipzig 1993. Schuler 2009 " Schuler, P.-J.: Historisches Abkürzungslexikon. 1st rev. ed. Stuttgart 2009. Schw-Id-15 " Schweizerisches Idiotikon. Wörterbuch der schweizerdeutschen Sprache. Vol. 15: W& bis W&m. Ed. by P. Dalcher et al. Frauenfeld 1999. Schw-Id-onl " Schweizerisches Idiotikon. *http:// www.idiotikon.ch/+. SdWb " Sudetendeutsches Wörterbuch. Wörterbuch der deutschen Mundarten in Böhmen und Mähren-Schlesien. Vol. II: B/P. Ed. […] by H. Engels/O. Ehrismann. Ed. by N. Englisch/B. Kesselgruber/A. Holzhauer. München 1996. Vol. III: C, D/T, E. Ed. […] by O. Ehrismann. Ed. by E.-M. Englisch et al. 2002. [Vol. I: A. 1988. Further fascicles.] Siebs 2000 " Siebs, T.: Deutsche Aussprache. Reine und gemäßigte Hochlautung mit Aussprachewörterbuch. Ed. by H. de Boor/H. Moser/C. Winkler. 19th, rew. ed. Wiesbaden 2000. [Reprint of the 1969 edition.] Sommerfeldt/Schreiber 1996 " Sommerfeldt, K.E./Schreiber, H.: Wörterbuch der Valenz etymologisch verwandter Wörter. Verben, Adjektive, Substantive. Tübingen 1996. Splett 2009 " Splett, J.: Deutsches Wortfamilienwörterbuch. Analyse der Wortfamilienstrukturen der deutschen Gegenwartssprache, zugleich Grundlegung einer zukünftigen Strukturgeschichte des deutschen Wortschatzes. 18 vols. Berlin/New York 2009. Sprachnudel 2008 " Die Sprachnudel. Das Wörterbuch der Jetztsprache. Ed. by N. Badalgogtapeh/S. Maaß. München 2008. Stern 2000 " Stern, H.: Wörterbuch zum jiddischen Lehnwortschatz in den deutschen Dialekten. Tübingen 2000. Stötzel/Eitz 2002 " Stötzel, G./Eitz, T. (eds.): Zeitgeschichtliches Wörterbuch der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. With the coll. of A. Jährling-Marienfeld et al. Hildesheim 2002. Stötzel/Wengeler 1995 " Stötzel, G./Wengeler, M. (eds.): Kontroverse Begriffe. Geschichte des öffentlichen Sprachgebrauchs in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Berlin 1995. Suchner 1996 " Suchner, B.: Schlesisches Wörterbuch. Husum 1996. Textor 2004 " A. M. Textor: Sag es treffender. Ein Handbuch mit über 57 000 Verweisen auf sinnverwandte Wörter und Ausdrücke für den täglichen Gebrauch. Completely rev. and enl. by R. Morell. 7th ed. Reinbek b. Hamburg 2004. Textor 2008 " A. M. Textor: Sag es auf Deutsch. Das Fremdwörterlexikon. Über 20 000 Fremdwörter aus allen Lebensgebieten. Completely rev. and enl. by R. Morell. Reinbek b. Hamburg 2008. Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 813 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography Theissen-Rück " Theissen, S./Alexis, R./Kefer, M./ Tewilt, G.-T.: Rückläufiges Wörterbuch des Deutschen. Liège 1992. Thiele 2006 " Thiele, J. (ed.): Rotbuch Deutsch. Die Liste der gefährdeten Wörter / Schwarzbuch Deutsch. Die Liste der untergegangenen Wörter. Wiesbaden 2006. ThWb " Thüringisches Wörterbuch. From vol. IV to vol. VI ed. under the direction of K. Spangenberg. Vol. I: Cont. by W. Lösch. Ed. by W. Lösch et al. A&D. Quellen und Literaturverzeichnis. Berlin 1991&1999. Vol. II: Cont. under the direction of W. Lösch, cont. by S. Wiegand. Ed. by W. Lösch et al. E&herabkratzen. 2000&2004. Vol. III: Cont. under the direction of W. Lösch, cont. by S. Wiegand. Ed. by R. Petzold/F. Reinold/S. Wiegand. herablappen&kutzeln. Berlin 2005&2006. [IV. Vol.: L&Q. 1966&1975. Vol. V: R&S. 1982. VI. Vol.: T&Z. 1983 ff.] VALBU " Schumacher, H. et al.: VALBU & Valenzwörterbuch deutscher Verben. Tübingen 2004. Vis-Wb-Technik " Visuelles Wörterbuch Technik, PC und Kommunikation [n.a./ed.]. Köln 2002. Wahrig-dtv 1997 " Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Ed. by G. Wahrig. Newly ed. by R. Wahrig-Burfeind. New edition. München 1997. Wahrig-dtv 2007 " Wahrig, Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Ed. and rev. by R. Wahrig-Burfeind. Completely rev. and updated ed. München 2007. Wahrig-dtv-RS 2002 " Wahrig, Universalwörterbuch Rechtschreibung. By R. Wahrig-Burfeind. With a commented set of rules by P. Eisenberg. Gütersloh 2002. Wahrig-DW " Wahrig, G.: Deutsches Wörterbuch. Mit einem „Lexikon der deutschen Sprachlehre“. Ed. in coll. with numerous scientists and other experts. Complete rev. [n. ed. no.]. München 1986. [" *4 Wahrig-DW. *5 Wahrig-DW " Wahrig, G.: Deutsches Wörterbuch. Newly ed. by R. Wahrig-Burfeind. Mit einem „Lexikon der deutschen Sprachlehre“. New ed. [n. ed. no.]. Gütersloh 1994. 6 Wahrig-DW " 6th, rev. ed., new ed. On the basis of the new official spelling rules. 1997. 7 WahrigDW " Wahrig, Deutsches Wörterbuch. Ed. by R. Wahrig-Burfeind. Mit einem „Lexikon der deutschen Sprachlehre“. On the basis of the new official spelling rules. 7th, completely rev. and updated ed. Gütersloh 2000. 8 Wahrig-DW " Wahrig, Deutsches Wörterbuch. Ed. by R. Wahrig-Burfeind. Mit einem Lexikon der Sprachlehre. 8th, completely rev. and updated ed. Gütersloh 2006.] Wahrig-EWES " Wahrig, Ein Wort & eine Schreibung. Die Wahrig-Hausorthografie von A bis Z. Ed. by the Wahrig-Redaktion. Gütersloh 2006. Wahrig-FW " Wahrig-Fremdwörterlexikon. Newly ed. by R. Wahrig-Burfeind. Gütersloh 1991 [" Wahrig-FW 1991. Wahrig-FW 1999 " New ed. Ed., fundamentally rev. and enl. by R. WahrigBurfeind. Gütersloh 1999. Wahrig-FW 2001 " Rev. ed. Gütersloh 2001. 5 Wahrig-FW " 5th, completely rev. and updated ed. By R. Wahrig-Burfeind. Gütersloh 2004. 6 Wahrig-FW " 6th, completely rev. and updated ed. New ed. 2007. Gütersloh 2007. 7 Wahrig-FW " 7th, completely rev. and updated ed. 2010.] Wahrig-GWbDaF " Wahrig, Großwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache. By R. Wahrig-Burfeind. Gütersloh 2008. Wahrig-IlluWb " Wahrig, Illustriertes Wörterbuch. By R. Wahrig-Burfeind. Gütersloh 2001. [" 1 WahrigIlluWb. 2 Wahrig-IlluWb " 2nd, updated ed. München 2004.] Wahrig-RS 2005 " Wahrig, Die deutsche Rechtschreibung. Comp. by U. Hermann, completely rev. and enl. by L. Götze. New ed. Gütersloh 2005. Wahrig-RS 2006 " Wahrig, Die deutsche Rechtschreibung. Ed. by the Wahrig-Redaktion. Gütersloh 2006. Wahrig-RS-onl " WAHRIG Rechtschreibung. *http://www.wissen.de/wde/generator/wissen/ services/suche/wbger/index.html+. Walter 2008 " Walter, H.: Wörterbuch deutscher sprichwörtlicher und phraseologischer Verweise. Part 1. Hamburg 2008. WbMittelfr " Wörterbuch von Mittelfranken. Eine Bestandsaufnahme aus den Erhebungen des Sprachatlas von Mittelfranken. Comp. by G. Schunk et al. 2nd, rev. ed. Würzburg 2001. WBÖ " Wörterbuch der bairischen Mundarten in Österreich (WBÖ). Ed. by the Institut für Österreichische Dialekt- und Namenslexika […]. Vol. 4: D, T&te˛tzig. Wien 1998. [Vol. 1: A&Azor. 1970. Vol. 2: B (P)&Bezirk. 1976. Vol. 3: Pf&C. 1983. Further fascicles.] WbObers " Wörterbuch der obersächsischen Mundarten. Vol. 1: A&F. Ed. by D. Helm […]. Berlin 1998. Vol. 2: G&K. Ed. by G. Bergmann […]. Berlin 2002. Vol. 3: L&R. Ed. by G. Bergmann […]. Berlin 1994. Vol. 4: S&Z. Ed. by G. Bergmann […]. Berlin 1996. WbUnterfr " Wörterbuch von Unterfranken. Eine lexikographische Bestandsaufnahme. Comp. by M. Fritz-Scheuplein et al. Würzburg 1996. Weber 1996 " Weber, H. J.: Homographen-Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Berlin/New York 1996. WDG " Wörterbuch der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. Ed. by R. Klappenbach/W. Steinitz. Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 814 IX. The Germanic languages Berlin. Vol. 1: A&deutsch (11961; 101980). Vol. 2: Deutsch&Glauben (11967; 71981). Vol. 3: glauben& Lyzeum (11969; 51981). Vol. 4: M&Schinken (11975; 4th rev. ed. 1981). Vol. 5: Schinken&Vater (11976; 4 1980). Vol. 6: väterlich&Zytologie (11977; 31982). Wiktionary " Wiktionary. Das freie Wörterbuch. *http://de.wiktionary.org/+. Wolf 1993 " Wolf, S. A.: Großes Wörterbuch der Zigeunersprache. Wortschatz deutscher und anderer europäischer Zigeunerdialekte. Hamburg 1993. Wolf 2000 " Wolf, B.: Sprache in der DDR. Ein Wörterbuch. Berlin/New York 2000. Woerterbuchnetz-onl " Wörterbuchnetz. *http:// www.woerterbuchnetz.de/+. Zehetner 1997 " Zehetner, L.: Bairisches Deutsch. Lexikon der deutschen Sprache in Altbayern. München 1997. [2nd, rev. ed. 1998. Newly rev. licensed ed. Regensburg 2005.] 5.2. Other literature Barz, I. (1995): Komposita im Großwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache. In: Pohl, I./Ehrhardt, H. (eds.), Wort und Wortschatz. Beiträge zur Lexikologie. Tübingen, 13&24. Barz, I./Schröder, M. (eds.) (1996): Das Lernerwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache in der Diskussion. Heidelberg. Bauer, L. (2005): The Illusory Distinction between Lexical and Encyclopedic Information. In: Symposium on Lexicography XI. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Symposium on Lexicography May 2&4, 2002 at the University of Copenhagen. Ed. by H. Gottlieb/J. E. Mogensen/A. Zettersten. Tübingen, 111&115. Beißwenger, M./Körkel, B. (2002): Die Lemmaselektion im ,de Gruyter Wörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache‘. In: Wiegand (ed.) (2002a), 393& 412. Bergenholtz, H. (2003): Die Entwicklung der Lemmaselektion. In: Wiegand (ed.) (2003), 83&97. Bergenholtz, H./Meder, G. (1998): Die äußere Selektion in ,Langenscheidts Grosswˆrterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache‘. In: Wiegand (ed.) (1998a), 285&296. Böhme, G. (2001): Zur Entwicklung des Dudens und seinem Verhältnis zu den amtlichen Regelwerken der deutschen Orthographie. Frankfurt/M. Coseriu, E. (1974): Die scheinbare Aporie des Sprachwandels. Abstrakte Sprache und synchrone Projektion. In: Coseriu, E.: Synchronie, Diachronie und Geschichte. Das Problem des Sprachwandels. Transl. by H. Sohre. München, 7&22. Götz, D./Haensch, G. (1998): ‘Langenscheidts Großwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache’: Ein-, Aus-, Rückblick. In: Wiegand (ed.) (1998a), 345& 357. Gouws, R. H. (1998): Das System der sogenannten Strukturformeln in ,Langenscheidts Großwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache‘: eine kritische Übersicht. In: Wiegand (ed.) (1998a), 63&76. Haß, U. (ed.) (2005): Grundfragen der elektronischen Lexikographie. elexiko & das OnlineInformationssystem zum deutschen Wortschatz. Berlin/New York. Haß-Zumkehr, U. (2001): Deutsche Wörterbücher & Brennpunkt von Sprach- und Kulturgeschichte. Berlin/New York. Hartmann, R. R. K. (1989): The Dictionary as an Aid to Foreign-Language Teaching. In: HSK 5.1, 181&189. Hausmann, F. J. (1989a): Die gesellschaftlichen Aufgaben der Lexikographie in Geschichte und Gegenwart. In: HSK 5.1, 1&19. Hausmann, F. J. (1989b): Wörterbuchtypologie. In: HSK 5.1, 968&981. Hausmann, F. J. (1989c): Le dictionnaire de collocations. In: HSK 5.1, 1010&1019. Hausmann, F. J. (2004): Was sind eigentlich Kollokationen? In: Steyer, K. (ed.), Wortverbindungen & mehr oder weniger fest. Berlin/New York, 309&334. Herbst, T. (1990): Dictionaries for Foreign Language Teaching: English. In: HSK 5.2, 1379&1385. HSK 5 " Hausmann, F. J./Reichmann, O./Wiegand, H. E./Zgusta, L. (eds.), Wörterbücher, Dictionaries, Dictionnaires. An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography. Berlin/New York. Vol. 1: 1989 (HSK 5.1). Vol. 2: 1990 (HSK 5.2). Vol. 3: 1991 (HSK 5.3). Ickler, T. (2006a): Die Vernunft kehrt nur in Trippelschritten zurück. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 166 (20. 07. 2006), 33. Ickler, T. (2006b): Noch nicht einmal der Duden hält sich an den Duden. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 167 (21. 07. 2006), 37. Jakobson, R. (1971): Zeichen und System der Sprache. In: Jakobson, R.: Selected Writings. Vol. II: Word and Language. The Hague, 272&279. Kammerer, M. (2008): [Review of] Deutsches Neologismenwörterbuch. Neue Wörter und Wortbedeutungen in der Gegenwartssprache. Ed. by U. Quasthoff in coll. with S. Liebold/N. Taubert/T. Wolf. Berlin/New York 2007 […]. In: Lexicographica 24, 359&363. Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM 815 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography Kämper, H. (1999): Wörterbuch und Literatur. Fragen und Gedanken (nicht nur) zur Neubearbeitung des „Großen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache in acht Bänden“. In: Muttersprache 1, 24&42. Kirkness, A./Wiegand, H. E. (1983): Wörterbuch der Anglizismen im heutigen Deutsch. Diskussion zum Kolloquium vom 17. bis 19. Februar 1983 an der Universität-Gesamthochschule Paderborn. In: ZGL 11, 321&328. Klein, W./Geyken, A. (2010): Das Digitale Wörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache (DWDS). In: Lexicographica 26, 79&96. Klosa, A. (2004): ,Langenscheidt Taschenwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache‘ und ,Duden Wörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache‘. Ein kritischer Vergleich. In: Lexicographica 20, 271&303. Klosa, A. (ed.) (2008): Lexikografische Portale im Internet. *http://pub.ids-mannheim.de/laufend/ opal/opal08-1.html+. Köster, L./Neubauer, F. (2002): Kollokationen und Kompetenzbeispiele im ,deGruyter Wörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache‘. In: Wiegand (ed.) (2002a), 283&310. Kühn, P. (1998): ,Langenscheidts Großwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache‘ und die deutschen Wörterbücher. In: Wiegand (ed.) (1998a), 34&60. Kühn, P. (2003): Das ,Duden-Universalwörterbuch‘ und das GWDS: ein Vergleich. In: Wiegand (ed.) (2003), 125&165. Lehr, A. (1998): Kollokationen in ,Langenscheidts Großwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache‘. In: Wiegand (ed.) (1998a), 256&281. Lehr, A. (2005): Die hypertextuelle Gestaltung des GWDS. In: Wiegand (ed.) (2005a), 353&377. Müller, P. O. (2003): Das große ,Duden-Fremdwörterbuch‘ und das GWDS: ein Vergleich. In: Wiegand (ed.) (2003), 115&123. Müller-Spitzer, C. (2007): Der lexikografische Prozess. Konzeption für die Modellierung der Datenbasis. Tübingen. Nielsen, S. (2003): Changes in Dictionary Subject Matter. In: Wiegand (ed.) (2003), 109&114. Reichmann, O./Wiegand, H. E. (1980): Wörterbuch der Anglizismen im heutigen Deutsch. Kolloquium vom 14. bis 16. Februar 1980 an der Universität-Gesamthochschule Paderborn. In: ZGL 8, 328&343. Rothenhöfer, A. (2004): Struktur und Funktion im einsprachigen Lernerwörterbuch. Das de Gruyter Wörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache und Langenscheidts Großwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache im Vergleich. Hildesheim. Runte, M. (2005): Präsentation von Wörterbuchartikeln im digitalen Wörterbuch, Darstellung und Kritik am Beispiel des GWDS. In: Wiegand (ed.) (2005a), 339&352. Schafroth, E. (2003): Kollokationen im GWDS. In: Wiegand (ed.) (2003), 397&412. Schlaefer, M. (2003): Die Entwicklung der Wörterbuchbasis. In: Wiegand (ed.) (2003), 99&107. Storjohann, P. (2005): Korpora als Schlüssel zur lexikografischen Überarbeitung & der neue ,Dornseiff ‘. In: Lexicographica 21, 83&96. Storrer, A. (2010): Deutsche Internet-Wörterbücher: Ein Überblick. In: Lexicographica 26, 155& 164. Wiegand, H. E. (1989): Arten von Mikrostrukturen im allgemeinen einsprachigen Wörterbuch. In: HSK 5.1, 462&501. Wiegand, H. E. (1990): Die deutsche Lexikographie der Gegenwart. In: HSK 5.2, 2100&2246. Wiegand, H. E. (1993): Kritische Lanze für FackelRedensartenwörterbuch. Bericht und Diskussion zu einem Workshop in der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften am 14.2.1994. In: Lexicographica 1993, 230&271. Wiegand, H. E. (1994): Zur Unterscheidung von semantischen und enzyklopädischen Daten in Fachwörterbüchern. In: Schaeder, B./Bergenholtz, H. (eds.), Fachlexikographie. Fachwissen und seine Interpretation in Wörterbüchern. Tübingen, 103& 132. Wiegand, H. E. (1995): Lexikographische Texte in einsprachigen Lernerwörterbüchern. Kritische Überlegungen anläßlich des Erscheinens von Langenscheidts Großwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache. In: Popp, H. (ed.), Deutsch als Fremdsprache. An den Quellen eines Faches. Festschrift für Gerhard Helbig zum 65. Geburtstag. München, 463&499. Wiegand, H. E. (1996): Das Konzept der semiintegrierten Mikrostrukturen. Ein Beitrag zur Theorie zweisprachiger Printwörterbücher. In: Wörterbücher in der Diskussion II. Vorträge aus dem Heidelberger Kolloquium. Ed. by H. E. Wiegand. Tübingen, 1&82. Wiegand, H. E. (ed.) (1998a): Perspektiven der pädagogischen Lexikographie des Deutschen. Untersuchungen anhand von „Langenscheidts Großwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache“. Tübingen. Wiegand, H. E. (1998b): Wörterbuchforschung. 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In: Lexicographica 25, 169&211. Wiegand, H. E./Fuentes Morán, M. T. (2010): Estructuras lexicográficas. Aspectos centrales de una teorı́a de la forma del diccionario. Granada 2010. Wiegand, H. E. (2005b): Über die textuellen Strukturen im GWDS. In: Wiegand (ed.) (2005a), 295& 335. WLWF-1 " Wörterbuch zur Lexikographie und Wörterbuchforschung. Dictionary of Lexicography and Dictionary Research. With English translations of the outer texts and definitions as well as equivalents in nine languages. Ed. and compiled by H. E. Wiegand/M. Beißwenger/R. H. Gouws/ M. Kammerer/A. Storrer/W. Wolski. 4 vols. Vol. 1: Systematic Introduction, A&C. Berlin/New York 2010. Wiegand, H. E. (2008): Zugriffsstrukturen in Printwörterbüchern. Ein zusammenfassender Bei- Michael Mann, Erlangen (Germany) Wiegand, H. E. (ed.) (2005a): Untersuchungen zur kommerziellen Lexikographie der deutschen Gegenwartssprache II. ,Duden. Das große Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache in zehn Bänden‘. Print- und CD-ROM-Version. Vol. 2. Tübingen. 50. New developments in Dutch lexicography from 1990 onwards 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Introduction ‘New’ monolingual dictionaries Developments in lexical infrastructure User-orientation in Dutch dictionaries Metalexicography in the Low Countries Government and bilingual dictionarymaking Conclusion Selected bibliography 1. Introduction In order to give a proper survey of the most important new developments in Dutch lexicography since 1990, it seems useful to start from a clear delineation of the field. In line with Wiegand (1998: 14 ff.) and Gouws we consider lexicography to be ‘eine [...] kulturelle und wissenschaftliche Praxis, in der Einflüsse aus verschiedenen Gebieten ausserhalb und innerhalb der Sprachwissenschaft eine Rolle spielen, wobei die Lexikologie diejenige Teildisziplin der Linguistik darstellt, die den reichhaltigsten Einfluss hat’ (Gouws 2004: 159). [ ‘a [...] cultural and scientific practice in which influences from different disciplines inside and outside of lin- guistics play a role, lexicology playing the most prominent linguistic one.’] Although the above quotation can serve as a first orientation by situating lexicography in the domain of culturally and scientifically defined practical activities, it still needs further specification, like, for instance, which kind of results these activities lead to and which actors/performers are involved in them. A more explicit definition in the form of a ‘frame’ therefore follows (based on Martin 2003: 269): Lexicography is an subtype agent co-agent goal activity production lexicographer metalexicographer (scientific) description has_affected_object (parts/aspects of ) vocabulary has_format book, CD-ROM, database, … means IT-tool agent IT-developer beneficiary user other_participants publisher, sponsor, data provider, project manager, … Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 1/12/15 3:27 AM