Democratic representation in Europe: diversity, change, and convergence

Democratic representation in Europe: diversity, change, and convergence Contents List of Figures x List of Tables xv Notes on Contributors xviii Preface xxii 1. Parliamentary Representatives from Early Democratization to the Age of Consolidated Democracy: National Variations and International Convergence in a Long-term Perspective Maurizio Cotta and Heinrich Best 1.1. A long-term perspective on the democratization of Europe: political representation and the great change of European societies 1.2. Research bases 1.3. Theoretical perspectives 1.4. Previous findings: variations and common trends in the long-term change of European parliamentary recruitment and careers 1.5. Mapping differences arid similarities: research questions and guidelines for this book 1.6. Searching for explanations 1.7. The plan of the book, chapters, and their contents 1 1 5 7 13 16 22 23 Part I Dimensions of Variation 2. The Decline of the Nobility Michael Rush 2.1. Introduction 2.2. The pre-democratic role of the nobility 2.3. The nobility and democratization 2.4. Conclusion 3. From Servants of the State to Elected Representatives: Public Sector Background among Members of Parliament Maurizio Cotta and Pedro Tavares de Almeida 3.1. Preliminary remarks 3.2. Two perspectives for understanding the weight of the étatiste background among parliamentary elites 29 29 33 38 48 51 51 53 Contents 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.7. 3.8. The variables and data in the DATACUBE An historical trend Components of the public service Variations across countries Variations across parties Concluding remarks 4. Why so Few and Why so Slow? Women as Parliamentary Representatives in Europe from a Longitudinal Perspective Verona Christmas-Best and Ulrik Kjœr 4.1. Introduction 4.2. The concept of gender parity 4.3. Research findings from the literature 4.4. Hypotheses and methods 4.5. Data analysis 4.6. Conclusion: why so slow, and why so few? Gender parity in the European Parliaments 5. Cultural Capital and Political Selection: Educational Backgrounds of Parliamentarians Daniel Gaxie and Laurent Godmer 5.1. Historical transformations of educational backgrounds of parliamentarians 5.2. The causes of the elevation of parliamentarians' education level 5.3. Consequences: towards new forms of political professionalization and new channels of representation 6. A Career through the Party: The Recruitment of Party Politicians in Parliament Stefaan Fiers and Ineke Secker 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Parties and 'party politicians' 6.3. Recruitment of party officials 6.4. Recruitment of party functionaries 6.5. The role of the parties 6.6. Concluding analysis and discussion 7. The Geographical Dimension of Parliamentary Recruitment — among Native Sons and Parachutists Mogens N. Pedersen, Ulrik Kjœr, and Kjell A. Eliassen 7.1. Geography and recruitment 7.2. A conceptual framework 7.3. A micro approach 7.4. A quick tour of Western Europe 56 57 59 61 68 74 77 77 78 79 84 86 101 106 109 123 131 136 136 137 139 143 145 152 160 160 163 166 168 Contents 7.5. The longitudinal perspective 7.6. A two-country exploration: 7.7. Propositions for future research Denmark and Norway 175 180 187 Part II. Variations across Party Families 8. The Changing Nature and Role of European Conservative Parties in Parliamentary Institutions from 1848 to the Twenty-first Century Valerie Cromwell and Luca Verzichelli 8.1. Questions, expectations, and rationale of the chapter 8.2. The fortunes of conservative parties within European parliaments 8.3. The original profile of conservative parliamentary recruitment 8.4. Conservative politicians in the age of 'catch-all parties': towards a 'centre-right' pattern of recruitment? 8.5. The recent 'neoconservative' elite 8.6. Conclusions 9. Restructuring of the European Political Centre: Withering Liberal and Persisting Agrarian Party Families Ilkka Ruostetsaari 9.1. The liberal party family 9.2. The agrarian party family 9.3. Transformation of the agrarian parties into centre parties 9.4. Hypotheses 9.5. Education 9.6. Occupation 9.7. Political experience 9.8. Female representation 9.9. Conclusions 10. Christian Democratic Parliamentarians: From a Century of Multifaceted Recruitment to the Convergence within a 'Larger Family'? Luca Verzichelli 10.1. Introduction: research questions and structure of the chapter 10.2. The emergence of a Christian Democratic parliamentary elite: When and how? 10.3. Parliamentary recruitment of the European Christian democratic parties: long-term trends 10.4. Recent developments: new types of Christian Democratic representation? 193 193 1% 198 205 210 214 217 219 223 226 227 229 233 241 248 248 253 253 255 265 276 Contents 10.5. Conclusion: from the multifaceted recruitment patterns of an historical party family to converging but 'less Christian Democratic' elites 11. Socialist and Communist Members of Parliament: Distinctiveness, Convergence, and Variance Gabriella Ilonszki 11.1. Framework and hypotheses 11.2. The beginning — how to be distinctive 11.3. Socialists, communists, and the others 11.4. Variations within the party family 11.5. Conclusions 280 284 284 288 292 309 313 12. The Extreme Right 316 Juan J. Linz, Miguel Jerez Mir, and Carmen Ortega 12.1. Introduction:extremisms on the right 316 12.2. From the late nineteenth century to the Second World War 322 12.3. Post-war extremists and neo-fascists 339 12.4. Conclusions 350 13. Parliamentary Elites of New European Party Families: Unsuccessful Challenges or Chaotic Signs of Change? Filippo Tronconi and Luca Verzichelli 13.1. Anarchists, alternatives, beginners?'New politics' representative elites after 1970 13.2. The impact of three 'new' party families within parliamentary representation in European countries 13.3. How to deal with data on new parties: the small 'N' problem and the significance of 'challengers' MPs 13.4. Working hypotheses and data exploration 13.5. Towards a tentative interpretation 13.6. Final remarks 353 353 356 358 360 380 387 Part III. Comprehensive Analyses 14. Cleavage Representation in European Parliamentary History Heinrich Best 14.1. The cleavage concept and elite theory 14.2. Research concepts and methods 14.3. Elite structure and cleavage development: France in comparative perspective 14.4. Strategies and dynamics of cleavage representations: a comprehensive view 393 393 397 401 413 Contents 15. Paths of Institutional Development and Elite Transformations Maurizio Cotta and Luca Verzichelli 15.1. Democratization and the transformation of parliamentary elites 15.2. Searching for explanations: some preliminary hypotheses 15.3. The dependent variables 15.4. The independent variables 15.5. What empirical evidence for our hypotheses? 15.6. Between discontinuity and adaptation: the effects of regime changes on the European parliamentary elites of the late twentieth century 15.7. Conclusions 417 417 420 424 429 440 459 470 16. Conclusions Maurizio Cotta 474 References 483 Index 509