16
Building the Route Over Time: Memory
of a Processional Road in Kos*
Monica Livadiotti and Giorgio Rocco
The street is an essential element in ¿[ing and organising the
urEan sSace and could Ee de¿ned as a dynamic e[Sression
of a collective e[Serience The study of its genesis
development and even its survival in the long term can
enrich our knowledge of the evolution of urban landscapes
throughout their history
Research implemented over the last few years in
Kos carried out by the Polytechnic 8niversity of Bari
(Italy) in collaboration with the Ephorate of Antiquities
of the Dodecanese and the Archaeological Institute for
Aegean 6tudies of Rhodes has resulted in more detailed
knowledge of the topography and monumental architecture
of the city conveying a more precise picture of its urban
transformation over time1 Moreover the more profound
knowledge of its different phases highlighted a remarkable
persistence over time of the road network traces of which
can be recogni]ed until the period of Turkish rule over Kos
evidenced by cartography of the 1 th and th centuries
and even in the modern town designed by Italian architects
*
:e should like to e[press our warmest thanks to the congress
organi]ing committee and in particular Poul Pedersen for
having invited us to participate in this interesting event
In addition we remember with gratitude all those who for
various reasons helped us in Kos over the years: Melina
Philimonos former Director of the 22 Prehistoric-Classic
Ephorate of Dodecanese Maria Michailidou present director
and the directors of the Archaeological Institute of Aegean
6tudies formerly Angheliku *iannikouri and then Pavlos
Triantaphyllidis and our friends and colleagues Dimitri
Bosnakis 9assiliku Christopoulou 6ophia Didioumi Dora
*rigoriadou Toula Marketou Eirene Papanikolaou Elpida
6kerlou and Maria Chalkiti for having facilitated our research
in Kos in every way )inally sincere thanks to our friend Rita
6assu who has kindly reviewed our English te[t
after a destructive earthquake in 1 2 As part of this
phenomenon this contribution aims to follow through
time, the transformation of the Processional :ay of Kos
a large plateia crossing the urban settlement from east to
west ()ig 161 no 1)
The Hellenistic phase
As a result of a synoicism among the demes of the island
Kos was founded in 366 BC3 around a good natural harbour
and along an important maritime route from the southeastern Mediterranean to the northern Aegean Because of
these favourable conditions the site was already inhabited
as far back as the Mycenean Period and the new town was
a substantial enlargement of the ancient settlement from the
*eometric and Archaic periods known from the ancient
sources as Kos Meropis4
The 4th-century BC town ()ig 161) was based on
an urban plan typical of the period organi]ed on a grid
of blocks generally oriented north±south it was de¿ned
by the regularity of the orthogonal grid of streets and by
the close application of principles of ]oning aimed at
the rational de¿nition of public and private spaces5 and
urban sanitation devices probably borrowing from the
prescriptions of +ippocrates6 Besides the residential areas
especially located in the southern and eastern part of the
city there were large spaces for public monuments like
the agora7 ()ig 161 no 2) with the civic buildings but
also sanctuaries three gymnasia8 ()ig 161 nos 3±5) a
stadium9 ()ig 161 no 6) and a theatre10 ()ig 161 no 7)
These public spaces were located like a sort of large belt all
around the acropolis hill ()ig 161 no 8) In the southern
and south-eastern districts the system was based on a grid
of rectangular blocks generally oriented north±south while
Fig. 16.1: Kos, general map of the town. 1. plateia/decumanus; 2. agora, divided in a) original south agora, b) northern added agora;
. central gymnasium; . western gymnasium; . northern gymnasium; 6. stadium; . theatre; . acropolis; . urban forti¿cation walls;
1. harbour forti¿cation walls; 11. 6anctuary of $phrodite Pandamos and Pontia; 12. 6anctuary of +eracles Kallinichos; 13. eastern
stoa of the port; 14. emporion, or ³¿sh marNet´; 1. shipsheds; 16. possible location of the archeia; 17. continuation of the plateia till the
western walls; 18. possible temple at the western end of the larger plateia; 1 . public +ellenistic Lshaped building on an open sTuare;
2. socalled cardo; 21. &asa Romana; 22. odeion, 23. 6outh 6toa of the agora; 24. altar in the agora; 2. $ttalids¶ temple; 26. imperial
new access of the 1orth $gora from Livadiotti and Rocco 211, ¿g. 1).
156
Monica Livadiotti and Giorgio Rocco
the western part shows a directional change following the
orography of the acropolis and the orientation of the stadium
and the western gymnasium ()ig 161 no 4) located Must
to the west of the hill
6ince its foundation the new city was protected by a
strong forti¿cation wall ()ig 161 no 9) with towers and
gates celebrated by ancient authors for the precision of its
construction11 The harbour quarter was also defended by
an independent wall circuit reali]ed by two different arms
of walls ()ig 161 no 10) struck out to the north which
surrounded the gulf and closed the port like other defensive
systems known in coastal towns such as Thasos Knidos
+alikarnassos Iasos and later Ale[andria itself12 Probably
the port was given additional protection by a fortress13
situated on an inlet in front of the gulf
Breaking the rigid +ippodamian grid the harbour district
had a different layout: there all the public buildings ± the
Sanctuaries of Aphrodite Pandamos and Pontia14 ()ig
161 no 11) and +eracles Kallinichos15 ()ig 161 no
12) connected by a monumental L-shaped stoa16 ()ig
161 no 13) an emporion on the port17 ()ig 161 no 14)
and the military ship sheds (neoria)18 ()ig 161 no 15)
± were oriented radially around the inlet 8sing terracing
that raised the buildings above the level of the quay these
architectural comple[es constituted an urban scenography
offering a privileged view to those who came from the sea
as con¿rmed by Strabo19
In the city centre the agora about 350 m long was
one of the largest of the ancient world Its con¿guration
was the result of a succession of different constructive
moments: in fact the original square ()ig 161 no 2a)
located in the central area of the urban layout between
the end of the 4th and the beginning of the 3rd century
BC was substantially enlarged and Moined by a further
elongated square ()ig 161 no 2b) to the emporion at the
port ()ig 161 no 14) The northern pia]]a with its very
practical and convenient position for trading purposes20 had
an obvious commercial function while the main political
and religious structures of the agora the archeia (archive)
cited by epigraphic documents21 had to be located on the
western side of the southern agora the older agora ()ig
161 no 16) In its ¿nal development the agora occupied
an area corresponding to 16 blocks of the urban grid; it
was surrounded by Doric porticoes with different functions
and built in different phases on an arti¿cial terrace its site
dictated by the difference of level between the south part
of the town the more elevated and the harbour ]one only
15 m above sea level
Thus the huge square started near the port and ended
in the centre of the town where it was directly connected
with the main east±west street a long plateia ()ig 161 no
1) 20 m wide After having crossed the square the road
continued to the east with the same orientation up to the
eastern forti¿cation wall its width now reduced to 10 m
as testi¿ed by e[cavations of the *reek Archaeological
Service22 Following the plateia westward probably due to
an obstacle on its course (see infra) the road continued up
to the western walls but again with a narrow width probably
about 10 m (Fig 161 no 17) From the western gate and
through an e[tensive area of necropolis it was possible to
reach the important e[tra-urban Sanctuary of Asklepios
along a processional route that started from the agora and
crossed the entire town centre
In 1940 Luigi Morricone trying to follow the decumanus
westward in a trench made to create the new boundary wall
of the western archaeological area found the remains of the
north-eastern corner of a Hellenistic building; it was oriented
east–west and consisted of a travertine euthynteria with the
remains of a dark grey limestone Nrepus (Fig 161 no 18
and Fig 162); he discovered appro[imately 738 m of the
east side at a depth of 252 m below the level of the modern
street but he could not continue the e[cavation because
the building was largely under the latter23 According to
the archaeologist the remains belonged to a temple whose
importance Musti¿ed the partial occupation of the plateia
and the change of its width which after this point was
narrower :e do not know the dedication of the sacred
edi¿ce but as it was not destroyed either in the 3rd century
AD when the plateia was partially occupied by a large stoa
and the imperial decumanus received a new paved Àoor (see
infra)24 it may have been dedicated to an important divinity
associated with the religious ceremonies whose processions
were held between the plateia and the agora
In fact the entire area seems to have played an important
sacred role in town: not only a horos of Athena was found
nearby25 but in the same plot there is a pediment and other
Hellenistic architectural marble elements reused in later
walls and formerly belonging to a naisNos Furthermore
a recent analysis of the Roman house north of the temple
revealed that the 4th–3rd-century BC phase interpreted
by Morricone as a Hellenistic house26 was con¿gured
instead as an L-shaped public building around an open
square (Fig 161 no 19) The two wings of the building
are not contemporary: the north–south one was the older
part and was a Doric portico with very tall columns
high on a three-step Nrepus and opened eastward while
the east–west wing added in a later Hellenistic period
comprised a series of rooms open towards south towards
a common vestibule The edi¿ce seems to be a public
building framing the square and it was linked with the
temple and the plateia.27 This piazza was also linked with
another important road which running along the foot of
the acropolis hill connected the plateia with the poliadic
sanctuaries (Fig 161 no 20); moreover from the same
place it was possible to reach the western gymnasium and
the stadium For these reasons the recently identi¿ed square
has to be considered an important focus of roads all linked
to the religious life of the city
16. Building the Route Over Time: Memory of a Processional Road in Kos
It is thus possible that coming from the $sNlepieion the
urban trait of the processional street started from this square
brought together other thoroughfares coming from the
gymnasium and reached the south part of the agora which
was the main religious and political centre of the polis.
Actually epigraphic documents refer to many cults located
in the agora among others worship of =eus Boulaios whose
shrine was probably close to bouleuterion and prytaneion28
Hestia29 and other divinities30
The plateia of Kos displays some features recognized
as typical of this kind of street by Laurence Cavalier and
-acques des Courtils in a recent paper31 that are consistent
with its possible function as an important processional route:
a)
its location in the town in a central position connecting
the main public areas like the L-shaped stoa with the
temple nearby the western and central gymnasia and
the agora with its altars and archeia
b) its width and monumentality at least in Roman times
increased by a stone paving
c) the presence of monuments such as naisNoi and exedrae
along its edges
Fig. 16.2: Kos, remains of the northeastern corner of a +ellenistic
building found by L. Morricone in 1 4, seen from the north from
Livadiotti and Rocco 1 6, ¿g. 312).
157
The road is therefore perfectly suited to the performance of the
processions that accompanied the religious festivals of Kos32
promoting the social integration of the entire community in
participating and becoming a place of civic identity
Following the development of the road through time we
can gather information about its Hellenistic phase Remains
of the important street also in its Imperial phase were found
in the western part of the modern town by Morricone who
e[cavated appro[imately 150 m of the street and found
other remains in another plot 200 m to the east33 However
considering a drainage channel discovered some years
before by Luciano Laurenzi in front of one of the most
monumental houses of Kos the so-called ³Casa Romana´
(Fig 161 no 21) built south of the agora in the 4th century
BC34 the archaeologist thought that this channel attested to
the route of the Hellenistic plateia (Fig 163) inferring that
the long paved street discovered in the western district was
rather the imperial decumanus parallel to the Hellenistic
plateia but several metres towards north35
The recent discovery of a huge Doric stoa the so-called
³South Stoa´ (Fig 161 no 23) – ca 17580 m long or 600
feet e[actly a stadium36 – which constitutes the real southern
limit of the agora37 con¿rms that the 4th-century BC plateia
substantially coincides with the Roman decumanus and that
it did not go in front of the Casa Romana as Morricone
thought Furthermore the new evidence indicates that the
Hellenistic plateia was appro[imately 20 m in width until
the imperial period
In fact the sewer discovered by Laurenzi in front of Casa
Romana is not the main one but belongs to a secondary
drainage system running below a narrow stenopos parallel
to the plateia where the sewers of the north–south streets
merged (Fig 164);38 in fact due to the South Stoa which
Fig. 16.3: Kos, the draining channel found by Laurenzi in front
of the north side of Casa Romana, seen from east; on the left, the
4thcentury BC basement of Casa Romana, built together with the
channel G. Rocco).
158
Monica Livadiotti and Giorgio Rocco
closes the passages the north–south sewers could not Àow
ahead and into the main east–west drainage This e[plains
the necessity of constructing a secondary road with another
cesspool system which Moined the main channel more to
the east as demonstrated by an e[cavation of the *reek
Archaeological Service in Tsochas property (Fig 164
north–south stenopos no 20)39 We know now that the main
sewer known from Morricone¶s e[cavations in the western
district was located Must under the southern boundary of the
plateia thus in front of the South Stoa con¿rming that the
street never changed its route
The architectural shape of the 4th-century and Hellenistic
plateia is hard to determine because of the profound
transformations that occurred during the Imperial Period
when a colonnaded street was built on the site (see infra)
However the e[istence of some walls entirely the product
of Hellenistic building techniques and materials40 in its
western sector (structures in black in Fig 167) between
the north limit of the imperial portico and the retaining
wall of the acropolis hill can provide some clue about the
e[istence in this zone of a previous building along the street
It was a long row of rooms possibly used for commercial
purposes open towards the plateia to the south Many
thresholds made of amygdalopetra (travertine) and reused
in the rear rooms of the imperial portico clearly belong to
this previous phase
These walls have the peculiarity of being relatively high
compared to the level of the Hellenistic road and therefore it
is possible that in front of them there had been a platform
accessible by means of a few steps In fact an indirect
clue comes from the observation that the Imperial Nrepus is
almost entirely made of reused blocks (Fig 165) mostly
of greenish tufa and local travertine Although there are not
decisive data for us to assume the e[istence of a previous
portico there may have been at least a sort of elevated
sidewalk like the similar structure identi¿ed in Phaselis
Kadyanda and Miletos clearly intended to accommodate a
great number of people during the passage of the pompé.41
Evidently during the several religious festivals the
processions passing along the plateia which was part of
the urban scenery during these religious ceremonies reached
the south part of the agora with all its altars and shrines
Fig. 16.4: Kos, detailed map of the south side of the agora, with the plateia and its main drainage channel, the stenopos in front of Casa
Romana =1) with its secondary sewer, the north±south roads 1±2) from Rocco 213, ¿g. ).
16. Building the Route Over Time: Memory of a Processional Road in Kos
People could follow the celebration standing above these
elevated sidewalks and once arrived inside the agora could
also use for the same purpose the Nrepus of the South Stoa
Giorgio Rocco
The imperial phase
During the imperial period as part of a general programme
of renewal of the public spaces in Kos42 the plateia was
lavishly monumentalized Already in the second half of
the 2nd century AD the road had been paved but at the
beginning of the following century long stoai on both
sides were built creating a real colonnaded street as in
other imperial provincial towns of the period43 The Italian
e[cavations in its western sector brought to light the
foundations of the 1orth Stoa for about 200 m while the
opposite portico was not e[cavated in depth since it passed
beneath the modern road44 the 9iale di Circonvallazione
Fig. 16.5: Kos, western sector of the krepus of the imperial stoa, made
by reused materials on a foundation made with opus caementicium
M. Livadiotti).
159
(current Odos Grigoriou 9) built by Italians in 1925–1926
and retained in the new Master Plan of 1934 However under
the earth slope which supports this new road it is possible
to observe the remains of the second step of a Nrepus still
in situ at the same level and very similar to the opposite
one Furthermore the discovered ancient street named
decumanus by the Italian archaeologists the paved surface
of which had been largely repaired was provided with
large stone sidewalks in front of the stoai (Figs 166a–b)
8nder the southern one Morricone found the Hellenistic
main drainage channel retained in the Roman period and
continuously repaired until a late date45
The North Stoa Nrepus well-preserved in its western
end (Fig 165) had three steps on an opus caementicium
foundation appro[imately 190 m thick The ¿rst two steps
all made of reused materials are rather high (more than
30 cm) the ¿rst one being constructed with a greenish tufa
(rhyolite) the second with the local travertine the so-called
amygdalopetra46 The third the actual stylobate was made
of white marble; due to its material this entire step was
stolen but some elements visible nearby later re-worked to
make fountain basins have to be identi¿ed with elements of
the upper step because of their dimensions the anathyrosis
on the lateral and back faces and the upper outer edges
consumed by continuous passage (Fig 16 8a)
For the North Stoa which partially occupied the plateia
and narrowed it to 11 m we can estimate the width (825
m at the Nrepus bottom step appro[imately 28 feet of
295 cm) and establish the e[istence of rear rooms built
reusing previous structures (see supra) and maybe utilised
for commercial purposes (Fig 167); these rooms brought
the overall width of the building to 1680 m (57 feet of
295 cm)47
In the western sector of the stoa the walls separating the
compartments are at an oblique angle to the stoa front but
parallel to the other important road the so-called cardo48
the southernmost stretch of which survived from the ancient
Fig. 16.6: Kos, decumanus: a. view from the east after the excavation of 1 38±1 4 from Livadiotti and Rocco 1 6, ¿g. 311); b. detail
of the northern sidewalN M. Livadiotti).
Fig. 16.7: Kos, plan of the decumanus with its porticoes and rear rooms. ,n blacN the +ellenistic structures reused by the imperial ones, in grey. The drawing is part of the plan of the western
district of Kos in scale 1:2 by G. Rocco and M. Livadiotti edited in Livadiotti and Rocco 1 6, ¿g. 3 ).
16. Building the Route Over Time: Memory of a Processional Road in Kos
square at the intersection with the plateia (see supra); instead
in the central part of the stoa the rooms are more regular and
have north–south walls perpendicular to the porch front In
this particular sector the walls reused whenever possible
remains of Hellenistic structures: their base was mostly
made by two paired orthostats of greenish tufa bonded by
a course of Àat travertine perpends or diatones However
this base built in a thoroughly Hellenistic manner rests
on a foundation built in opus caementicium typical of the
Roman constructions
Despite the reuse of Hellenistic materials in the rear
wall of the porch and in the bottom steps of the Nrepus
the front was entirely realized using marble (Fig 168) In
fact several marble fragments have been preserved along
the North Stoa and permit one to describe its architecture
reconstructing a lavishly decorated Corinthian order
The columns had smooth monolithic shafts of grey
granite and breccia marble (Fig 168c) on Ionic-Attic bases
with a plinth of white local marble49 (Fig 168b) The height
of shaft and base without capital is about 85 times the
Fig. 16.8: Kos, northern portico of the decumanus: architectural
fragments of the Corinthian order: a. element of stylobates reused
as a basin; b. attic base; c. column shafts; d. Corinthian capital; e.
,onic architrave the crowning moulding is missing); f. ,onic frieze;
g. cornice with dentils and modillions; h. sima M. Livadiotti).
161
lower diameter a proportion typical of the Corinthian order
in the Imperial period50 The Corinthian capitals (Fig 168d)
display decorative features of Asiatic tradition realized with
the drill used since the Flavian period but more e[tensively
in the 3rd century AD
Several fragments of the entablature have been identi¿ed:
the e[ternal front of the architrave is decorated with three
fasciae (Fig 168e) and a crowning moulding with astragal
Ionic Nyma and cavetto a combination of pro¿les which
¿nds its roots in the Hellenistic Asiatic Ionic order The
architrave ceiling is decorated with a central elongated panel
framed by a cyma reversa On the architrave there was a
frieze (Fig 168f) decorated with vegetable scrolls on a
conve[ surface and crowned by an Ionic Nyma on an astragal
On the frieze there were Ionic cornices with dentils and
modillions decorated with acanthus leaves and framed by a
small ovolo (Fig 168g); the coffers between the modillions
are also framed by an Ionic Nyma and decorated with vegetal
motives The modillions support a drip with cavetto pro¿le
and simple vertical fascia with an Ionic Nyma as crowning
moulding; the cornice was worked together with a tall sima
(Fig 168h) which e[hibits a highly elaborated anthemion
on a cyma recta pro¿le
Morricone maintained that the monument dates back
to the 3rd century AD a date con¿rmed by the Corinthian
order well attested in this period and with comparisons
with many Imperial buildings in Roman provincial towns all
over the Mediterranean from Asia Minor to North Africa
all made in that ³international marble style´ so well de¿ned
by -ohn B Ward-Perkins51 The Koan e[ample is clearly
inspired by these imperial models now part of the language
of the of¿cial architecture of the Empire (Fig 169)52
The nearest comparison for the imperial colonnaded street
of Kos is to be found in a similar construction in Rhodes
where between the last decades of the 2nd and the beginning
Fig. 16. : Kos, reconstructive sNetch of the imperial colonnaded
street, seen from west towards the agora drawing by $. Fino based
on hypothesis of M. Livadiotti).
Fig. 16.10: Kos, general map made by the Italian Geographical Institute in 1926. In grey the Viale di Circonvallazione, current Odos Grigoriou V; the road is on the same alignment of the
ancient plateia-decumanus from Livadiotti and Rocco 2012, ¿g. 7).
16. Building the Route Over Time: Memory of a Processional Road in Kos
of the 3rd century AD a previous Hellenistic street was paved
and monumentalized building Corinthian porticoes with the
same dimensional and morphological features of the Koan
one53 Furthermore also in Rhodes the street one of the most
central of the urban grid connected two important poles of
the town the harbour and the agora and must have been an
important route also in Hellenistic times54
Inspired by the porticoed plateiai of Ale[andria seen and
described by Strabo by the porticoed street of Apamea built
in the late Seleucid period or by the e[ample of Antiochia
ad Orontem where in the 1st century AD Herod of -udaea
built one of the ¿rst e[amples of the Roman age55 all these
impressive comple[es aimed to confer a concrete image of
the Roman power in the eastern provincial towns and to
provide an Imperial scenery for the same ceremonies of the
local religious traditions
The Kos plateia/decumanus, and above all its porticoes
were this important in the imperial period to determine the
modi¿cation of the cardo which since the ¿rst phases of
the settlement connected the south-western districts to the
gymnasium and the acropolis Despite its importance in
the 3rd century AD the southern e[tremity of the street was
interrupted by the North Stoa of the imperial decumanus
Thus it was necessary to construct another road to bypass
the western end of the portico and reach again the principal
road (Fig 167)56
The large colonnaded street certainly survived for a long
time as testi¿ed by the tall earth levels with terracotta
pipes for water supply discovered by Morricone in 1940
and now visible only in archive photographs (Fig 166a);57
these later levels were dated by Morricone to the 5th–6th
century AD 58 Some later structures built inside the
imperial portico and parallel to it were entirely constructed
of marble splinters taken from its destruction These walls
lead to the hypothesis that also in a later period although
the portico was destroyed its rear rooms now with a new
front and new doors open on the same road continued to
be used
Thus the street continuously used and repaired left
considerable traces also in the medieval urban storyline As a
map of the British Admiralty of 1838 shows one of the most
important roads that connected the countryside to the small
medieval town of Nerantzia (Kos¶s name in the Turkish period)
followed the e[act direction of the ancient processional route
testifying to its remarkable persistence over time59
Even in the 1926 town whose image is in a map of the
Italian Geographic Military Institute the new principal
road 9iale di Circonvallazione is still on the ancient
plateia/decumanus (Fig 1610) Probably it was relatively
simple and natural to design a road where free from private
buildings and properties a thoroughfare had always e[isted
Only after the earthquake of 1933 and the beginning of the
intense archaeological survey by Laurenzi and Morricone
has the western sector of the modern road been slightly
163
shifted towards the north in order to allow the e[cavation
of the decumanus60
The history of the street from the Hellenistic plateia to the
imperial decumanus until the current Odos Gregoriou V one
of the main avenues of the new touristic Kos runs through
the entire history of the town Its path almost unchanging in
time renders it a veritable monument of memory
Monica Livadiotti
Notes
1
On this topic: Rocco and Livadiotti 2011; Lippolis and Rocco
2011 292–295 (G Rocco); Rocco 2013 17–24; Baldini and
Livadiotti 2015 1–11 (G Rocco)
2
Livadiotti 2016b
3
This date for the foundation derives from Diodorus Siculus
(1576) About the history of the synoicism or better a
metoiNism of Kos see Caliz 2005 81–91 (E Interdonato)
with further bibliography
4
Hdt 11443; Thuc 8412 Probably the settlement was
situated on the low hill later organized as the acropolis of
the 4th-century town: Sherwin-White 1978 46–47; Kantzia
1988a; ($$ Suppl 2 s.v. Coo (C Kantzia); Reger 1997
454–455; Costantakopoulou 2005 8 and 13
5
Rocco 2006
6
On this topic see Livadiotti 2012 On the management of
water in the organization of the Greek polis see also Caliz
2009 esp 111–115 and 179–181
7 On the agora of Kos Laurenzi 1936–1937 129–148;
Morricone 1950 esp 71–73; ($$ Suppl 2 s.v. Coo (C
Kantzia); Livadiotti and Rocco 1996 102–106 (M Livadiotti);
2001; Rocco and Livadiotti 2011; Giannikouri Skerlou and
Papanikolaou 2011; Rocco 2013
8 On the Northern Gymnasium Livadiotti 1994 On the Central
Gymnasium Livadiotti 2016a On the Western Gymnasium
Rocco forthcoming a
9
Morricone 1950 222; Livadiotti and Rocco 1996 153–154
(G Rocco) with further bibliography On the hysplex (starting
gate) see 9alavanis 1999 119–141 On the aphesis (starting
line) architecture see Rocco 2013 52
10 Livadiotti and Rocco 1996 156–158 (M Livadiotti) with
further bibliography
11 Diod Sic 15762 The forti¿cation of Kos embraced an area
of 87 hectares for a perimeter of about 35 kilometres plus
the harbour zone e[tended for another 5 hectares Morricone
1950 60–62 243–244; Livadiotti and Rocco 1996 96–102
(G Rocco); Lippolis and Rocco 2011 292–295 (G Rocco);
Caliz 2012
12 This very well-protected harbour occasionally closed by
metal chains is known as limqn Nleistzs in the ancient sources:
Lehmann Hartleben 1923; Susini 1957 10 Like the ports of
Rhodes and Piraeus the harbour of Kos was also equipped
with shipsheds for naval vessels Kantzia 1987a; Brouskari
2004; Blackmann 2004; Livadiotti 2012 109 n 71; Blackman
and Rankov 2014 362–371 (K Baika)
13 Scanty traces of this fortress were found under the Medieval
Castle of the Knights of St -ohn: Maiuri 1921–1922
164
Monica Livadiotti and Giorgio Rocco
14 On the $phrodision see Laurenzi 1936–1937 136; Morricone
1950 54–57 66–69; Shoe 1950 357 359; Coulton 1976 248;
Livadiotti and Rocco 1996 112–116 (M Livadiotti); Rocco
2004; 2009; Rocco and Caliz 2016 (G Rocco)
15 On the Sanctuary of Herakles KalliniNos Morricone 1950
62–64; Livadiotti and Rocco 1996 116–119 (G Rocco); De
Matteis 2001; Malacrino 2006; Campanelli 2011
16 Rocco forthcoming b
17 On the recently identi¿ed ³¿sh agora´ of Kos Rocco and
Livadiotti 2011 394 (G Rocco); Rocco 2013 17
18 See n 12
19 Strabo 14657 On this argument see also Rocco and Caliz
2016 (G Rocco)
20 This is rather common in the coastal cities of the period:
Martin 1951 284; Sherwin-White 1978 2
21 Herzog 1929 46; Segre 1993 ED 1957; 20112; ED 3211
15; 71g (A)8; ED 58; 25(B)7–8; 2007 EF 3324–6;
Sherwin-White 1978 24 and n 63 On the possible location
of the archeia and the political buildings on the west side of
the South Agora Rocco 2013 20–21
22 E[cavation in Lengou property where Kantzia found a
Hellenistic street with its drainage channel Kantzia 1984
23 Livadiotti and Rocco 1996 134–136 (G Rocco)
24 Instead Morricone wrote in his notes that the new road
passed the ruins of the temple destroying it but the old
photos demonstrate without any doubt that the new road
pavement rested on the second step of the Nrepus evidently
still in situ
25 Sherwin-White (1978 37 and n 50) dates the inscription to
some time in the period 425–400 BC See also Paul 2013 n
151 with further bibliography
26 Morricone 1950 227
27 In Roman times the square was partially occupied by a new
building which included and reused also the L-shaped edi¿ce
28 For =eus Boulaios Segre 1993 ED 514 For =eus Polieus
Paton and Hicks 1891 37; Dittenberg 6yll3 1025; Herzog
1929 1; Sokolowsky 1969 151A; Sherwin-White 1978 159
322–324; Paul 2013 43–44
29 Paton and Hicks 1891 37; Segre 1993 E9 1345; SherwinWhite 1978 322–323; Paul 2013 32–37 43–44
30 On the basis of the inscriptions there is evidence of worship
of Aphrodite Pandamos (Segre 1993 ED 2398) Herakles
KalliniNos (Segre 1993 ED 1808–9) and Dionysos (Segre
1993 20623–24) all to be held in the agora
31 Cavalier and des Courtils 2008 84
32 See the contribution by Caliz in this volume
33 It is the e[cavation of the so-called ³decumanus´ begun in
1938 Morricone 1950 234–236; Livadiotti and Rocco 1996
134–136 (G Rocco); Baldini and Livadiotti 2015 123–137
(M Livadiotti)
34 Laurenzi 1936–1937 138–140; 1955–1956 64–65; ($$
s.v. Coo (L Laurenzi) 797; Morricone 1950 235–237;
Albertocchi 1996 125–130; 1997; 2001; 2010; Bonini 2006
298–300
35 Morricone 1950 235
36 This is a meaningful measure and certainly a recurring one
in the planning of the great Hellenistic capitals as evidenced
by the ancient sources for Ale[andria whose gymnasium
with a one-stadium-long colonnade was described by Strabo
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
as one of the most beautiful buildings of the city (Strabo
1716) Diodorus Siculus (20100) states that the gymnasium
of Rhodes built in 304 BC to honour Ptolemaeus I had
one-stadium-long stoai (archaeological e[cavations results
in Filimonos 1989) On this issue see Burkhalter 1992 361
On the monument see Rocco 2013 The e[istence of the South
Stoa on the south side of the plateia makes the agora of Kos
consistent with the typology of the Ionic agora which ¿nds
comparisons on the opposite coast in Miletos Magnesia and
Priene
For the management and disposal of rainwater and wastewater
in Hellenistic-Roman Kos see Livadiotti 2012
On the e[cavation in Tsochas property see for the eastern
part Kantzia 1987b; 1988b and the western part in which
the channel was found Kantzia 1990; Christopoulou 1991
Even if of Roman date and corresponding to a sector of the
rear wall of the imperial portico these structures are built
of large orthostats of a particular greenish tufa a rhyolite or
prasinzpetra used in Kos mostly in the 4th century and in
the Hellenistic period
On this argument see also Graf 1998; Hollinshead 2012
After the earthquake of AD 142 in Kos many buildings
required restoration and between the end of the 2nd and the
¿rst half of the 3rd century AD the event provided a good
opportunity to restructure the old monuments adapting them
to models inspired by the imperial architecture of the Eastern
Provinces For e[ample in the North Agora dismantling the
northern city wall meant a new access was realized (Fig 1
no 26) like a monumental faoade raised on a high terrace
and accessible by a broad stairway It was a monument of
representative type in keeping with the provincial Imperial
constructions due to the evergetism of the emperors Rocco
and Livadiotti 2011 (M Livadiotti) More generally on
the imperial transformation of the Hellenistic cities in Asia
Minor see <egl 2000; Barresi 2003 For the importance of
architectural forms as symbols of Imperial power see Thomas
2007 1–25 and 53–56
A good synthesis on this argument is found in BeMor 1999
Livadiotti and Rocco 2012 In 1940 Morricone requested and
was granted a variation to the Master Plan: the new avenue
was then slightly shifted to the south to enlarge the e[cavation
area of the decumanus Baldini and Livadiotti 2015 135 (M
Livadiotti)
After the 4th century AD a new drainage system going from
west to east was built in front of the North Stoa After a
straight section the new channel the covering of which was
entirely built with reused architectural blocks crossed the
roadway to merge again into the main drain under the south
sidewalk
The travertine quarries have been identi¿ed near the village
of Pyli 21 km west of Kos Chatziconstantinou and Poupaki
2004
On the use in Kos of an Attic foot of 293 cm since the 3rd
century BC see Rocco 2013 30; for the use of an Attic foot
of 295 cm found by Morricone in the stadium of Kos see
Baldini and Livadiotti 2015 138 and n 794 (M Livadiotti)
Morricone 1950 230–231; Livadiotti and Rocco 1996
141 (M Livadiotti); Baldini and Livadiotti 2015 126–127
(M Livadiotti)
16. Building the Route Over Time: Memory of a Processional Road in Kos
49 On the local marble quarries of Kos situated on the south
slope of the mount Dikaios see Kokkorou-Alevra et al 2014
31–33 (E Poupaki) with further bibliography
50 Cozza 1982
51 Ward-Perkins 1992
52 Pensabene and =evi 1972 revised by Pensabene and Lazzarini
2007 291–295; Pensabene 1997
53 The intera[ial distance is the same 270 m and so are the
dimensions of the architectural elements the diameter of the
column shafts and the general proportions On the Rhodian
colonnaded street see Cante 1986–1987 198–200 for the
chronology 202 265; BeMor 1999 44
54 Cante 1986–1987 201
55 In general Ball 2002 264–265 For Apamea Balty 1981
46–51 For Antiochia Lassus 1972
56 Baldini and Livadiotti 2015 127 145 (M Livadiotti)
57 Livadiotti and Rocco 1996 134–136 (G Rocco); Baldini and
Livadiotti 2015 135 (M Livadiotti)
58 Morricone 1950 234–236
59 On this argument Baldini and Livadiotti 2015 138–145 (M
Livadiotti); Livadiotti 2016b
60 Morricone 1950 234–236; Livadiotti and Rocco 1996
134–136 (G Rocco); Baldini and Livadiotti 2015 135 (M
Livadiotti)
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