Speed of light may not be constant.

A Review of an Article "Speed of Light May Not Be Constant, Physicists Say" written by Jesse Emspak - Live Science Contributor April 27, 2013, by Author, Dadarao Babarao Dhone, Retiree EE, HP,, and retiree faculty of Electrical electrical subjects at Gramin Polytechnic Vishnupuri, Nanded. Maharastra State in India. Abstract: In the last passed century, many experiments have been performed to find out speed of light. But, all gave speed of light constant c. But, the Scientists erred. They took it the speed of light constant c irrespective of all frames and relative motions between the source of light and an observer. Then speed, gravity and recently the particles in space; thease three causes are found to affect the speed of light. The review concentrates on these causes, particularly on the elementary free particles in space. Key Words:Light, Dark Photon, elementary particles, Electric and Magnetic field. Discussions: Speed of light is not constant in free space w.r.t. the relative speed between an observer and the source of light. It is always smaller and is equal to (c2 - v2)1/2 where v is the relative speed between the source and the observer. It is because of the natural laws of perception. Those are revealed by me. 1. An event is said to have happened at the instant observer receives its light signal. 2. We mistake the position of the source of event, to be the point where from, the source released its event signal.(The event source is moving w.r.t. the observer.) Instead, the position of the source is which we as the observer, see at the receipt of the event signal. The source-distance from the observer thus found, involves apparent length/distance contraction due to Special Relativity and that can be corrected by Special Relativistic formulae derived by Lorentz. There is length contraction due to gravity. It is in reality. It is real length contraction due to gravity in space domain where gravity is existed. In this above cited article, gravity in different space zones is considered while analyzing the fact, why the speed of light in cosmos is different in the different zones of cosmos. How gravity affects; speed of light, the length in direction of motion is explained in my published review article, "An Innovative Review of Kennedy-Thorndike Experiment; published in Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), Volume V, Issue V, May 2017: ISSN 2201-2796: Free access." And gravitation length contraction is explaned in my published paer, "Length Contraction, Time Dilation, Gravity, Total Existence of Universe and Beyond; Published in IJCR: Volume,9; Issue 11, Nov. 2017: : ISSN:0975-333X." and regarding birth of light photon and behavior of light photon in space meeting gravity zone and non-gravity zone and much more is explained in my research paper, " The Light Photon, Dark Matter And The Whirling of Dark Matter, The Theory Of The Birth Of The Universe; published in International Journal Of Current Research (IJCR), Volume 9, Issue 09, September 2017: ISSN:0975-333X." The idea of quarks etc. absorb light and emit at suitable frequency within an instant, is also accepted in respect of emissions from excited atoms. Hence, speed of light is affected due to (1) Relative speed between an observer and the stellar body, due to Special Relativity, (2)that due to, gravity, General Relativity, (3) that, due to interaction of elementary particles in free space. Each have to be separated for exact position of a moving object or a moving body in space. One more paper of me discusses How the planks contant energy packet 'h' is the fundamental building block of the universe and it is eternal contained in cosmos beyond the universe also. It is submitted to Isaac.pub's ' Journal of Particle Physics. The cosmologists, to which they refer as 'Zero Point Energy of Vacuum' it is nothing but, the Plank's energy packet 'h'. Regarding constant speed of light c, it is with respect to its source only. Why so, the paper is under construction. And it is a real fact, that the speed of light is constant c w.r.t. its source only, either the source of light is stationary or in relative linear motion w.r.t. the observer. The fundamental particles of the universe are not other than the Plank's particle 'h' in infinite quantities. They have mass, hence gravity, they have proportionate electric charge and gluons also. They are always in different types of motion in space and in elementary particles also. In my above cited gravitational length contraction paper, it is well explained how light travels through free space as well as gravitational space. Free space is the space with big 'G'. the common gravity 'G', the gravitational constant. Again one fact that, the 'G' is due to Dark energy particles each having energy 'h' and mass h/c2. These fundamental particles are not virtual particles as we easily consider them like that. Why? Only because, we cannot catch them, experiment on them! But, they themselves show their properties in nature. One is needed only to observe them, clarify the observations scientifically and believe them. The belief in science doesn't mean final ever acceptance. It means trusting on its properties till known at present and accept those properties for application in hand. Then if something new would be existing will be revealed in the application made. This is the principle that is staring the Science. What Makes the Speed of Light What it is:- I have named that particle 'h' as the Dark Photon because, that particle remains always in speed c w.r.t. other. It is a very complex process. It will consume an article. They form first Quarks then electron neutrinos…, In an atom excited electron ejects out immediately extra dark photons ofa radiation received from outside at speed of light c w3.r.t. the nucleus of the mother atom of the orbiting electron. Speed greater than c w.r.t. the source, here the nucleus; creates more electric charge to oppose the speed rise exceeding the c. There is always a connection between the source nucleus and the light photon emitted by its revolving excited electron. And that is nothing but a Gluon thread per fundamental photon 'h'. Light is emitted from excited atoms. There in, the orbiting electrons revolve at speeds very near to c and the extra photons 'h' are thrown out of the atomic structure as if a pebble is thrown away by means of sling. In an atom the electrical field between the nucleus and the revolving electron in its orbit , works like the sling. To throw away the extra photon out of the atomic structure. The concept of electrical resistance or conductance; similarly the concept of magnetic reactance.or permeance, here mentioned are virtual, Electrical resistance in a conductor is offered by a conductor due to inter action of travelling electrical electrons' field of each one , with the orbiting electrons' field of each such electron. Moving electron constitutes changing magnetic field. Electric and magnetic field in path of a electron causes it resistance and inductive reactance. Free electric charges in space, reduce the space-resistance, so also the reactance. Soto-Sanchez's electrically charged particles in space are -ve real particles and its antiparticles are its induced electrical charges on the source's corresponding elementary particle's masses. Parallel to Wacker say, I plead that, Diagrams is the language of the science, and the write-up is the grammar of that language and the pure perfect logic is the Scientist. Particles like Higgs Boson, the particle X17, recently now being going to be declared, are not fundamental. They are large assemblies of the fundamental Dark Photon of energy 'h' the Plank's constant. These 'h' particles we have notices well in Bose Einstein's condensate at almost standstill in the ghost atom of the condensate, by the scientist Hau. Similarly at Cambrige University light was stopped in the specific crystal for a minute and the light photons observed in the crystal. At CERN, we have got success in colliding two dense light beams directed upon each other in opposite directions and have seen the light photons collide with each other and scatter. My expectation was, some neutrinos must have formed. But, the results does not show it, I think. There is much scope for more experimentation. If we can double the strength of the particle accelerators, much can be achieved definitely. In the article, "Are Dark Photons The Secret 'Fifth Force" Holding our universe Together? By Pul Sutter Astrophysists August 30, 2019; They are taking Dark Photons Different from h/c2 fundamental particles that are pleaded by me time to time. The mentioned probable Dark Photon X17 particle is/will be made up of billions of such h/c2 the fundamental building block of nature that I called 'Dark Photons. X17 can be a Boson other than my Dark Photon. In the article, 'NA64 casts light on dark photons; by Ana Lopes 22 Jly, 2019, their Dark Photon each amounts in GeV; where as my Dark Photon has energy of the order of 4.132x1o-15 eV. It is so small. That can be physically seen when we handle frequencies in the Zone !0-46 to 10-60. The CMS collaboration has searched for collision events in which the Higgs boson transforms into a photon and a hypothetical dark photon, 24 MAY, 2019 By Ana Lopes. There in it is said that, One idea is that dark matter comprises dark particles that interact with each other through a mediator particle called the dark photon. The particles observed during decay of Higgs Boson, all from Higgs Boson are constituted from the Dark Photons h/c2. This particle is only the basic, fundamental particle and is the original building block with gluon, of the universe, please consider. All the particles in Standard Model are constituted from this Dark Photon. The Higgs Boson, X17 all decay rapidly, because they are not glued.They are assembled due to their weak gravity and due to interactions with their suroundins, receiving energy, they decay to smaller and smaller particles. Thus the scientists are busy in decayed particles from Higgs Boson. The particles which decay, are dehinitely made up of particles smaller than those. So, we have to go to the lat ever particle of the say, series of Higgs, X17 … particles till the ultimate h/c2 particle is physically detected. And it is seen by us as light particle photon. Alongwith these my Dark Photons, once the exact nature of Gluon is to be revealed. Primarily, it is very ductile, It forms the path line of light photon. When an opaque body comes in between. The Gluon thread cuts there and attaches itself with the opaque body. The photons beyond the cut path, become light mollases. These Gluon threads form Photon scalar field of light. By the way, I repeat my statement made in my works that, When the light photons travel through space, there it not the Maxwell's EM Field, but, there is photon field as mentioned just now here. Conclusion:The fundamental particle, the building block of the universe is the Plank's photon 'h'. It is light photon. It is also the particle in motion constituting Dark Energy of the universe 68% out of total Dark Energy of the universe. All terrestrial bodies, Particle clouds, elementary particles, All radiations are constituted by these Dark Photons. Hence, it has claim atop at the first place in Standard Particle Model, to be noted as 'G' Strange; because it is the origin of gravity field first. A paper regarding this particle is under process at 'Isaac.pub,s journal of Particle Physics'. An ecopy of it is attached herewith.