1 Space and the Hospital - 13th International Network for the History of Hospitals Conference Abstracts Book Editorial Organization INHH-International Network for the History of Hospitals Edite Martins Alberto CHAM – Centro de Humanidades Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Joana Balsa de Pinho Instituto Europeu de Ciências da Cultura Padre Manuel Antunes ARTIS–InstitutodeHistóriadaArte Authors Various Editor CHAM–CentrodeHumanidadesFaculdadedeCiênciasSociaiseHumanas da Universidade NOVA de Lisboa | Universidade dos Açores Av.ª de Berna, 26-C | 1069-061 Lisboa | Portugal cham@fcsh.unl.pt | www.cham.fcsh.unl.pt ISBN (eletrónico) 978-989-8492-79-1 Place and date of publication Lisbon, May 2021 © CHAM and Authors. Copyright This is an open access work distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence (CC BY 4.0). Thiseventandpublicationhadthesupportof CHAM(NOVAFCSH/UAc),throughthe strategicprojectsponsoredbyFCT(UIDB/04666/2020),and«Hospitalis–HospitalarchitectureinPortugalatthedawnof Modernity:identification,characterizationand contextualization»(PTDC/ART-HIS/30808/2017),fundedbyFCT. Contents Introduction 4 Organization 5 Programme 6 Abstracts and curricula Session1|HospitalsasGenderedSpace 14 Session2|TheoryandMemoryinAsylums 18 Session3|DeathcareandReligioninHospitals 22 Session4|HospitalsinCities: RevitalisingandShapingUrbanEnvironments 27 Session5|TransformingSpacesthroughMedicalTheory  32 Session6|HospitalsintheColdWar 36 Session7|ColonialandIndigenousModels 41 Session8|HospitalsasSocialSpaces 44 Session9|SpacesofKnowledgeandHealing 48 Session10|TheMedicalandCulturalHeritageof Hospitals 52 Session11|ReadbetweentheLines:HospitalsinText 56 Session12|ThePoliticsof Modernisation 60 Session13|Maternity 63 Posters 67 Welcome to Lisbon 81 INTRODUCTION The International Network for the History of  Hospitals (INHH) is supported by the European Association for the History of Health and theWellcomeTrust.The INHH exists to promote studies related to the historical evolution of hospitals, from their beginnings to the present day, by providing an international network to foster collaborationanddiscussionwithinthefield.Weareespeciallycommittedtosupporting postgraduate, early career and independent researchers. The 13th INHH Conference explores the relationship between space and hospital. Space,inbothitsphysicalandconceptualmanifestations,hasbeenapartof howhospitals were designed, built, used, and understood within the wider community. By focusing on space, this conference aims to explore this subject through the lens of its architectural, socio-cultural, medical, economic, charitable, ideological, and public conceptualisations. Thisonlinesymposiumwillbringtogetheracademicsfromarangeofdisciplinesto present case studies from across the globe to explore the relationship between space andhospitalsthroughouthistorybyexaminingitthroughthelensof fivethemes: Ritual,Space,andArchitecture Hospitalsas‘Model’Spaces TheImpactof MedicalTheoryandPracticeonSpace HospitalityasSocialSpace Sponsorship 4 Scientific and Organising Committee AnnaM.Peterson(UniversidaddeCantabria/UniversidadMigueldeCervantes) BarryDoyle(Universityof Huddersfield) CaroleRawcliffe(UniversityofEastAnglia) EditeAlberto(UniversidadeNOVAdeLisboa) ElmaBrenner(WellcomeLibrary) FritzDross(Friedrich-Alexander-UniversitätErlangen-Nürnberg) JaneStevens-Crawshaw(OxfordBrookesUniversity) JoanaBalsadePinho(UniversidadedeLisboa) JohnHenderson(Birckbeck,Universityof London) KathleenVongsathorn(SouthernIllinoisUniversityEdwardsville) SarahLennard-Brown(Birckbeck,Universityof London) Graphic Design CarolinaGrilo Webmaster and Digital Image HenriqueDuarte(CHAM,NOVAFCSH/UAc) OPENING SESSION VIDEO Bernardes Franco This virtual conference is sponsored by INHH - International Network for the History of Hospitals CHAM,CentrefortheHumatinies,NOVAFCSH/UAc ARTIS,InstitutodeHistóriadaArte,FLUL IECCPMA, Instituto Europeu de Ciências da Cultura Padre Manuel Antunes CML, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. In partnership with research projects: Hospitalis:HospitalArchitectureinPortugalattheDawnof Modernity (FCT,PTDC/ART-HIS/30808/2017) andAllSaintsRoyalHospital:cityandpublichealth(CML;CHAM,NOVAFCSH/UAc). 5 ProgramME 26 May Opening Session | 8:30-9:00 Session 1 | 9:00-11:00 Hospitals as Gendered Space Chair:JaneStevens-Crawshaw|Oxford Brookes University Francesca Ferrando | Università degli studi di Verona “Protection or segregation? Gender and spaces in the Genoese hospitals of Early Modern Age” RadhikaHegde|St John’s Medical College “A ‘veiled’ life: The Gosha Hospital in Bangalore” DivyaRamaGopalakrishnan|University of Melbourne “Spaces of Confinement and Refuge: Lock Hospitals and Female Resistance in Madras India in the Late Nineteenth Century” AshokKumarMocherla|Indian Institute of Technology Indore “Hospital and Hospitality as Contested Social Spaces: A Social History of the American Evangelical Lutheran Mission Hospital for Women and Children in Guntur, India (1880-1930)” Debate Break | 11:00-11:15 Session 2 | 11:15-13:15 Theory and Memory in Asylums Chair:ElisabettaGirotto| Universidade NOVA de Lisboa Adelino Cardoso | Universidade NOVA de Lisboa “Gardens as a therapeutic means in the treatment of mental illness” Monika Ankele | Medizinische Universität Wien “Becoming a ‘good’ hospital? Spatial configurations in mental asylums in Germany around 1900” 6 YasminShafei|American University of Beirut “Out of Sight, Out of Mind: Space and Constructions of Madness in Turn-of-the-Century Egypt” Paula Femenias | Chalmers University of Technology, ElisabethPunzi | University of Gothenburg (Presenter)andNikaSöderlund|University of Gothenburg “Psychiatric Hospitals in Transition: The Remembered and the Forgotten” Debate Break|13:15-13:30 Poster Session | 13:30-14:30* Lunch|14:30-15:30 Session 3 | 15:30-17:30 Deathcare and Religion in Hospitals Chair: Elma Brenner | Wellcome Library Marta Ataíde | Independent Researcher “Poverty, pilgrimage and healing – Our Lady of Light Hospital at the beginning of the 17th century” André Bargão | Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, SílviaCasimiro|Universidade NOVA de Lisboa,RodrigoBanhadaSilva|Universidade NOVA de Lisboa andSaradaCruzFerreira|Universidade NOVA de Lisboa “To Mould, To Walk, To Grief: An Archaeological approach to the Royal Hospital of All-Saints, Lisbon” SusanaHenriquee|EON-Indústrias Criativas, Liliana Matias de Carvalho | Universidade de Coimbra, Carlos Alves | EON-Indústrias CriativasandSofiaN.Wasterlain|Universidade de Coimbra “The times they are a-changin’: two centuries of spatial management in The Military Hospital of the Castle of São Jorge (16th-18th centuries Lisbon)” RobertPiggott|University of Huddersfield “Religion and State Medicine in Twentieth Century England: The Place and Space of the Hospital Chapel” Debate Break|17:30-17:45 7 Session 4 | 17:45-19:45 Hospitals in Cities: Revitalising and Shaping Urban Environments Chair:SarahLennard-BrownBirkbeckCollegeUniversityofLondon AnaCláudiaSilveira|Universidade NOVA de Lisboa “The Hospitality Network in Setúbal during the Late Middle Ages: shaping an urban landscape in a Portuguese town” AlfredStefanWeiss|University of Salzburg and Elisabeth Lobenwein | Alpen-Adria University of Klagenfurt “Early Modern Times Hospitals as Sensory Places? The Example of Austria and Southern Germany” Joseph Curran | Maynooth University “A Permanent Monument to the Catholics of Dublin’: The Mater Misericordiæ Hospital and the creation of confidence in a post-Famine city” MagnusAltschäfl|Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität “The San Francisco General Hospital – A Symbol for a Modern City” Debate 27 May Session 5 | 8:30-10:30 Transforming Spaces through Medical Theory Chair: Elena Paulino Montero | Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia SomreetaMajumdar|Visva-Bharati University “Buddhist Monastery, Medicine and the Body Politic: A Historical Study of the Healing Service of the Buddhist Monasteries of Eastern India with Special Reference to the Nandadirghi Vihara of Jagjivanpur” Adélia M. Caldas Carreira | Universidade NOVA de Lisboa “The Royal Hospital of Saint Joseph in Lisbon” Li Yanchang | Peking University “Nationalization of Modern Medical Space and the Founding of the Peking Central Hospital” JohannaRustler|University of Aberdeen “Treatment on Rails: Britain’s Hospital Trains in the First World War” Debate Break|10:30-10:45 8 Session 6 | 10:45-12:45 Hospitals in the Cold War Chair:PauloDrumondBraga|Universidade de Lisboa AndreasJüttemann|Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin “The West Berlin University Hospital Steglitz as a political issue – The realisation of a (supposed) US hospital culture in the context of the student movement (1957-1974)” EdDeVane|University of Warwick “How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the NHS: Operational Research, Think Tanks, and Changing Models of British Hospital Care in the Cold War, 1964-72” DavidFreis|Universität Münster “The Rise and Fall of the Medical Megastructure: Hospitals of the Future in Cold-War Western Germany” Eleni Axioti | University of the Arts London “Corpus: The architecture of British hospitals in the 1960s and the politics of observability” Debate Break|12:45-13:00 Poster Session | 13:00-14:00* Lunch|14:00-15:00 Session 7 | 15:00-16:30 Colonial and Indigenous Models Chair:RaúlVillagrasaElías|Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científica Michaela Clark | University of Manchester “Designing the Clinic: Racialised Architecture and the Old Groote Schuur Hospital” AntonioCoelloRodriguez|Universidad Privada del Norte “Lima hospitals uses, functions and changes during the viceroyalty”/ “Hospitales limeños usos, funciones y cambios durante el virreinato” Ling-yiTsai|National Yang-Ming University “Taiwanese Hospitals: Plague Quarantine Hospitals Using Han medicine in Early Colonial Taiwan” Debate Break|16:30-16:45 9 Session 8 | 16:45-18:45 Hospitals as Social Spaces Chair:FritzDross|Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Elena Paulino Montero | Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Marta Vísreda Bravo | Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoandRaúlVillagrasaElíasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas “Spatial Dimensions of the Holy Cross Hospital in Medina de Pomar: A Unique Case in Late Medieval and Early Modern Iberia” ZehraTonbul|Istanbul Sehir University “Hospitals as Socio-Political Spaces: Mapping Hospitals in Late Ottoman Empire” NarcissM.Sohrabi|Université Paris Ouest “Reflection of Socio-Cultural Challenges on the Hospitals and Medical Spaces in Iran” RonjaTripp-Bodola|Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center New Orleans “In Charity Hospital’s Shadow: Catholicism, Race and New Orleans Public Health” Debate May 28 Session 9 | 9:00-10:30 Spaces of Knowledge and Healing Chair: Anna M. Peterson | Universidad de Cantabria/Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes MatsDijkdrent|University of Cambridge “Healing through Space: Plague and Mental Health Institutions in the Sixteenth-Century Low Countries” Christine Beese | Freie Universität Berlin “Knowledge-making between Arts and Science. The Integration of Anatomical Theaters into Hospital Architecture in Modena, Frankfurt and Paris in the 18th Century” ManuelAntónioPereiraCouto|Universidade de Porto “The origin of Vila Real hospital: hygienist’s guidelines and architecture for a modern assistance practice (1796-1844)” Debate Break|10:30-10:45 10 Session 10 | 10:45-12:45 The Medical and Cultural Heritage of Hospitals Chair: John Henderson | Birkbeck, University of London ValeriaRubbi|Università di Bologna “Hospital Spaces and Architectures in Bologna in the Modern Age” Elena Corradini | Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia “The Great 18th century Hospital in the complex of Sant”Agostino in Modena. For a compatible and sustainable reuse project” YeidyLuzRosaOrtiz|Durham University “Use of Space and Non-Combative Populations of the Antiguo Hospital Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, El Grande, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1774-1886” JoséCarlosD.R.AvelãsNunes|Universidade de Lisboa “The architecture of the New Lisbon Lazaretto (1860-1910). Modelling controversial confinement in space and time” Debate Break:12:45-13:00 Session 11 | 13:00-14:30 Read between the Lines: Hospitals in Text Chair:AndréSilva|Universidade do Porto EliseBrault-Dreux|University of Valenciennes “Poeticizing the experience of the space in hospital” Marie Allitt | University of Oxford “Scaling the Hospital: Imagining and Mapping Clinical Space” Jessica Campbell | University of Edinburgh “Open Doors and Flattened Hierarchies: Exploring the Boundaries of Space and Identity in Dingleton Hospital’s Therapeutic Community from c. 1963” Debate Lunch|14:30-15:30 11 Session 12 | 15:30-17:00 The Politics of Modernisation Chair: Joana Balsa de Pinho | Universidade de Lisboa BarryDoyle|University of Huddersfield “The Shape of Things to Come? The politics of planning new hospitals in inter war Europe” CansuDegirmencioglu|Technical University of Munich “The Foundation and Development of Heybeliada Sanatorium and the Modernization of Turkey (1924-1955)” HongdengGao|Columbia University “Medical Governance Contest over Gouverneur Hospital: Health Activism in New York City’s Lower East Side, 1956-1972” Debate Break|17:00-17:15 Session 13 | 17:15-18:45 Maternity Chair:KathleenVongsathorn|Southern Illinois University Edwardsville FitzDross|Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg “Gendered Medicalised Spaces – Inside and Outside Hospitals in early 20th century Germany” KathleenPierce|Smith College “New Spaces for a New Midwifery at the Lying-In Hospital of the City of New York” ElzbietaKassner|Leibniz Universität Hannover “Between home and hospital: Maternity wards in post-war Poland 1945-1970” Debate Closing Remarks | 18:45-19:00 12 *Posters Anna Maria Ester Condins | Universitat de Barcelona “Santa Creu Hospital of Vic (Catalonia): a medieval hospital in a modern city” Mariangela Carlessi | Politecnico di MilanoandAlessandraKluzer|Politecnico di Milano “The Ospedale Maggiore of Milan as a ‘working machine’. Functions, spaces and architecture through the centuries” CarminaMontezumaandJoãoCastelaOliveira|Museu São João de Deus Psiquiatria e História “The Order of St. John of God and hospital care in Lisbon” RuteRamos|Universidade de Évora “Power, prestige and royal intervention at All Saints Hospital” Chiara Mascardi | THESA – Theater Science Anatomy and Chiara Ianeselli | IMT School for Advanced Studies in Lucca “Anatomical theatres inside/outside the cities: bodies between the universities and the hospitals in Italy” Mayumi Iltsuka | architectural firm IMMUNORIUM “How were health and social activities balanced in a hospital’s built environment? - in the case of four centuries’ transformation of the former Saint-Vincent-de-Paul Hospital in Paris” Isadora Monteiro | Universidade de Lisboa “Os novos hospitaes de Lisboa’ Presenting in Portuguese” VivianeTrindadeBorges|Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina “Miguel Bombarda Hospital: notes on an unfinished debate” DonatellaLippi|Università degli Studi di Firenze andManilaSoffici|Università degli Studi di Firenze “Space and law in the Hospital of S. Maria Nuova (Florence, 1288)” AliciaCamposGajardo|Universidad de Chile “Old San José Hospital, Santiago, Chile” JosepBarceló-PratsandJosepM.Comelles|Universitat Rovira i Virgili “The introduction of the architectural project of the moral asylum in Spain, The case of the ‘Manicomio del Hospital de la Santa Cruz’ (Barcelona, 1835-1860)” RenatodaGama-RosaCosta|Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro and Inês El-Jaick Andrade | Universidade de São Paulo “A new Project to Santa Casa de Misericórdia in Rio de Janeiro (1840-1865): Hygiene and rationality” OlgaSusanaCostaCoitoeAraujoInstitution| Universidade Estadual de Campinas andPatriciaSammarcoRosa| Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima “Cultural heritage of ILSL - Lauro de Souza Lima Institute: a case study of a former leper colony of compulsory isolation, today Research Institute” 13 ABSTRACTS AND CURRICULA SESSION 1 Hospitals as Gendered Space Francesca Ferrando | Università degli studi di Verona Protection or segregation? Gender and spaces in the Genoese hospitals of Early Modern Age This paper aims to analyze how gender influenced the organization of the space in twoGenoesehospitals:thePammatonehospitalandtheAlbergodeipoveri.PammatoneHospitalwasbuiltin1469totreatacutediseasesandtoassistabandonedchildren whiletheAlbergodeipoveriwasaconfinementstructureerectedin1656forbeggars. Their plans followed the classical model of Renaissance Hospitals which included acleardivisionbetweenfemalespacesandmaleones.Thisseparationwastoavoid promiscuity and to preserve women from violence and abuses, even though there was arelativefreedomofmovementforpatientsof bothsexes.AfterCounter-Reformation this division became more marked according to a new concept of women’s virginity,whichassociatedthehonorofthefamilytothepurityof itsfemalemembers.This change of mentality had the main consequence of a more tightening control on female habits and costumes which turned into a closure of the women’s quarters of the hospital.Themajorityof Italianhospitalsadoptednewruleswhichpreventedwomenfrom leaving the hospital without permission and they forbade any man to enter in female dormitories.Stereotypesof genderinfluencedallaspectsof dailylives,includingeducationof childrenandstaff recruitments,soHospitalsplannedparallelpathsformen andwomenwiththefinancialhelpof benefactresses. ByanalyzingunpublisheddocumentsproducedbyPammatoneHospitalandAlbergodeipoveri(rules,notarydeedsandpublicrecords)we’llbeabletoseewhatfemale spacesandtheirruleswere.Gendershapedthephysicalspace,creatingatthesame time new social spaces characterized by their own organization and their own networks in the world outside the hospital. BRIEF CURRICULUM Francesca Ferrando is a teaching assistant of Early Modern History at University of Verona and sheworkswith Professor Marina Garbellotti. On 30 June 2020 she receivedherPhDinHistorical,Geographical,AnthropologicalStudiesattheUniversity of Paduawithacomparativethesisontheconfinementstructuresof Genoa,Venice 14 andBolognabetween17thand18thcenturies.She’sinterestedinthehistoryof welfare inItaliancitiesof EarlyModernAgeandingenderhistoryandshewrotefivearticles onthesesubjectspublishedonItalianscientificjournals. RadhikaHegde|StJohn’sMedicalCollege A ‘veiled’ life: The Gosha Hospital in Bangalore OnOctober31,1895theGoshaHospitalmanagedbytheChurchofEnglandZenana MissionarySocietywasopenedinBangalore.Thehospitalwasstarted,withtheaim of providing medical care to the ‘backward’ Muslim women. It was constructed on thelandgiftedbythePrincelyrulerof Mysoreandasubstantialamountof fundwas raisedthroughlocalphilanthropy.Thishelpedinraisingamuchbiggerbuildingthan initiallyplanned.Duringtheoutbreakof theBangaloreplaguein1898,thehospital staff playedanimportantroleinprovidingaidtopeoplethuscontributingtoitspopularity.Thehospitalconsistedofcastewardstoencourageuppercastewomentoavail its services. Thewomenmissionarydoctorsplayedanimportantroleinpopularisingtheideaof hospitalisationduringchildbirth,whicheventuallyledtoestablishmentof otherzenana hospitals in Princely Mysore and encouraged more active participation of local boardsandtheroyalty.Thehospitalwasalsoanimportantspacetothemissionaries forpromotingevangelicalactivities.Prayermeetingswereoftenheldandthecentral idea was to convert the ‘heathens’, and spaces like ‘Friendship’ ward was created for this purpose. Most often in the photographs of  CEZMS a lady missionary doctor is oftenseenpreachingtothesareecladIndianWomen. TheZenanamissionarywasthereforeimportantfortworeasons:Firstly,healthcare of womenthatwasoftenignoredbytheBritishGovernmentwastakenupbythemissionariessupportedbythelocalelites.Secondly,thewomendoctorswerenegotiating a space that became exclusively a speciality of women paving the way for medical doctorsnotjustinEnglandbutalsoinIndia.Thispaperwillfocusonthegrowthof Gosha hospital in Bangalore and look into its various trajectories of growth and its survival as a women’s hospital till to this day. BRIEF CURRICULUM RadhikaHegde isalecturerof HistoryofMedicineinStJohn’sMedicalCollegeBangalore.SheteachesCitizen-Doctormoduletomedicalstudentsandtakeslectureson History of  Medicine.The Maj Gen SL Bhatia History of  Medicine Museum that is a partof theHealthandHumanitiesDivisionismanagedbyher.Sheisnowinvolved in curating the archives of Health professionals and is building the digital archives to encouragemorepublicparticipationintheSocialHistoryofMedicine. 15 DivyaRamaGopalakrishnan|Universityof Melbourne Spaces of Confinement and Refuge: Lock Hospitals and Female Resistance in Madras India in the Late Nineteenth Century This paper examines how Lock Hospitals in the nineteenth century colonial South Indiawere both a space of  confinement, forwomen suspected of  practising prostitution and spreading venereal diseases, and place of refuge, for ‘destitute’ women. It will emphasise the control and surveillance employed by the colonial government and anxieties about clandestine prostitution and venereal diseases. It will also highlight how these anxieties led to the use of various methods and discourses by the colonial governmenttoconfinewomentothelockhospitalsandsubjectthemtoill-treatment atthehandsof bothEuropeanmedicalsurgeonsandIndianstaff.Nonetheless,these women were able to subvert the lock hospital space and rules to suit their immediate needs.Thelockhospital,aspaceofconfinement,wasusedasaplaceofrefugeduring thefamineof thelate1870sinMadraspresidencybythesewomentoavoidstarvation. By highlighting the changing shape and use of lock hospital space, this paper will describe various strategies of resistance employed by women to subvert the lock hospital spaceandagainsttheContagiousDiseasesActof1864and1869intheMadraspresidency. By doing so, it illustrates the malleable nature of colonial hospital space, which was constantly changed not just by the imposing colonial rulers but by the subversion and survival of the ruled Indians as well. BRIEF CURRICULUM DivyaRamaGopalakrishnanisaPhDcandidateattheUniversityof Melbourne.Her thesisexaminescontrolof venerealdiseaseandsexualsurveillanceincolonialSouth India.ShedidherBachelorof ArtsandMaster’sinHistoryfromUniversityof Delhi, specialisinginModernIndianHistory.HerM.Phildissertation(Universityof Delhi) was on “Lock Hospitals, Cantonment andVenereal Diseases in Nineteenth Century MadrasPresidency.”Morespecificallyherworkexaminesthefracturednatureof the colonial hegemony, highlighting the vital role of Indian agency in policy implementationregardingvenerealdiseases.SheisinterestedinresearchareassuchSocialHistoryof HealthandMedicine,SexualityandScience,Archivalsilence,GenderandState, Public Health and Micro History. 16 AshokKumarMocherla|IndianInstituteof TechnologyIndore Hospital and Hospitality as Contested Social Spaces: A Social History of the American Evangelical Lutheran Mission Hospital for Women and Children in Guntur, India (1880-1930) The American Evangelical Lutheran Mission hospital established in Guntur of  the erstwhile Madras Presidency, through modern medicine and medical practices, left permanentimprintsonsocialimaginationsof thenativeTeluguspeakingcommunity. Havingsaidthat,thecentralfocusofthisessayistoexamineandcriticallyanalyze thethreefoldinfluenceofmissionarymedicineandmedicalpractices,carriedoutin andoutsidethemissionhospital,onlargersocial(re)constructionsof health,gender, and religion in this region over time from the standpoint of hospital and hospitality as contested social spaces. Firstly, it examines how the mission hospital facilitated largerchangesinthefieldof genderandmedicine,bywayof contestingthetraditional perceptions and stereotypes, which were complex and interwoven with superstitions of caste,religion,andculture.Secondly,toexaminethepatternsandmeansthrough which the mission hospital and hospitality transformed socio-religious perceptions of whatis,broadlyconstruedas,anillness,health,disease,andcure.Somediseasessuch assmallpoxandchickenpoxweretraditionallyviewedassymbols/resultsofthewrath of village goddesses or deities. Hence, the propitiation of village goddesses or deities, through religious rituals,was a frequent occurrence in Colonial Madras.Thirdly, to analyzehowthemissionhospitalmadesteadyprogressinimprovingtheconditions of womenandchildren,whowereotherwiseleftatthemercyoftraditionalmidwifery, and in turn, became historically anchoring points for the modern medicine to establish itself in this region. BRIEF CURRICULUM AshokKumarMocherlaisassistantprofessorof sociologyattheschoolof humanities andsocialsciences,IndianInstituteof Technology(IIT)Indore.Hisacademicinterests include,notconfinedto,sociologyof religion(Christianity),casteandreligiousminorities, political sociology, sociology of faith healing and missionary medicine. His latest book is Dalit Christians in South India: Caste, Ideology and Lived Religion(Routledge 2020).HereceivedhisPh.D.fromtheIndianInstituteofTechnology(IIT)Bombayand hasheldvisitingpositionsattheUniversityof Bielefeld,Germany(2010);DrexelUniversity College of Medicine, Philadelphia (2013). He is currentlyworking on a book manuscript that examines questions of Christian modernity and missionary medicine in Colonial Andhra. 17 SESSION 2 Theory and Memory in Asylums Adelino Cardoso | Universidade NOVA de Lisboa* Gardens as a therapeutic means in the treatment of mental illness Gardens are a cultural form whose concept and function have varied significantly throughout history. A main feature of gardens consists of creating a peculiar atmosphere and establishing a close bond between man and nature. In its turn, the psychiatric hospital is a recent institution that goes back to the eighteen century, and generally includes gardens in its organisation of space. Indeed, gardens impact on the human mental state, raise pleasure, inspire peacefulness, open the mind totheexternalworldandstimulatetheimagination.Withinsuchframework,onewill beconcernedwiththerelevancyof gardensinCondeFerreiraHospital(Oporto),inauguratedin1883,andJúliodeMatosHospital(Lisbon),inauguratedin1942. ThegardensofCondeFerreiraHospitalareaspecialcasefortheirdimensionandvariety, displaying different environments promoting meditation or communication withothers.ThegardensofJúliodeMatosHospitalarealsoanintrinsicpartof the psychiatric treatment. BRIEF CURRICULUM Adelino Cardoso obtained a doctorate in Modern Philosophy at the University of Lisbon (2003)andiscurrentlyIntegratedResearcheratCHAM–CentrefortheHumanities (NOVAFCSH/UAc),whereheleadstheresearchteam“ScienceandCulture”.Hisresearch interests cover Modern philosophy, Portuguese thought, history and philosophy of scienceandespeciallyof medicine.PrincipalResearcherofseveralprojects,namely“Philosophy,medicineandsociety”(2007-2011),“Theconceptof natureinthemedico-philosophicalthoughtatthetransitionfromthe17thtothe18thcentury”(2012-2015),“Medical artandscientificintelligibilityintheArchipathologia (1614)byFilipeMontalto”(2013-2015),“ThelucidesleepasanaccesstothehumanpsycheintheworkbytheAbbot Faria”(2019-2021).HewrotevariouspapersinspecialisedJournalsandseveralbooks such as: Fulgurações do eu (Colibri,2002),Vida e percepção de si (Colibri,2008),Labirinto do eu (KotterEditorial,2019).HeisMemberoftheEthicsCommitteeof thePortuguese Institute of Oncology, and of the Ethics Council of the Champalimaud Foundation. *CHAM,FaculdadedeCiênciasSociaiseHumanas,FCSH,UniversidadeNOVAdeLisboa,1069-061Lisboa. 18 MonikaAnkele|MedizinischeUniversitätWien Becoming a “good” hospital? Spatial configurations in mental asylums in Germany around 1900 In the psychiatric institutions of the late 19th century, one method of treatment became increasingly important: the so-called bed treatment. It was based on the principle of bed rest and required that the patients were placed in a common room. As corresponding files from mental asylums in German-speaking countries show, the introductionof thismethodentailedseriousspatialconfigurations:isolationcells,in whichpatientsintheacutestageof illnesshadpreviouslybeenconfined,weredissolved and the individual cells were connected to larger wards. These wards were equippedwithrowsof bedssothatupto15patientscouldbeplacedinoneroom.This spatial arrangement should make it easier for the individual patient to submit to the doctor’sinstructionandtofitintothetherapeuticregimeoftheinstitution.Furthermore–andthisisthepointIwanttoaddressinmypresentation–thespatialmodifications of the mental asylums were accompanied by a central argument: By establishing common wards, it should be possible to adapt psychiatries – those places in which patientswere,asitwassaid,“buriedalive”–tothegeneralhospitals.Thesewerethe modelinstitutionstowhichpsychiatriestriedtoadaptinordertofindacceptanceboth internally and externally as a place where patients received medical treatment and care.InmycontributionIalsowanttoshedlightonfurtheradaptationsinthefieldof spatial-material culture that were aimed at making psychiatries “good hospitals”: be it the bars on the windows that were removed, or the change from brick walls to natural boundaries, and much more. BRIEF CURRICULUM Monika Ankele isahistorian.SheisascientificresearcherattheInstituteforHistory and Ethics of Medicine at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf and curator at the Medical History Museum Hamburg. Her research focuses on the history of psychiatry and its institutional culture in the 19th and 20th century, following a patient-orientedapproach.Hercurrentresearchproject,fundedbytheGermanResearch Foundation, addresses objects and spaces of psychiatry, putting a special emphasis on the hospital bed and the bathtub, both as objects and spaces. In her work she is seeking a better understanding for the entanglement of material culture, spaces, practices(of knowledge),andthesenses.Sheiscurrentlyworkingonamonograph on the sickbed and co-editing with Benoît Majerus a book entitled Material Cultures of Psychiatry whichwill be published in October 2020, including her essay “The Fabric of  Seclusion:Textiles as Media for (Spatial) Interaction in Isolation Cells of  Mental Hospitals.”Herlatestpaper“MaterialConfigurationsof NursinganditsEthicalImplications.TheProlongedBathTreatmentinPsychiatry”waspublishedintheEuropean Journal for Nursing and Ethics 1/2020.200 19 YasminShafei|AmericanUniversityof Beirut Out of Sight, Out of Mind: Space and Constructions of Madness in Turn-of-the-Century Egypt ThehistoryofmentalhealthintheMiddleEastreflectsthemultiplewaysinwhich colonialgovernmentsandmodernnation-statesdefinedboththeirnationalprojects andrelationshipswiththeirsubjects.Thisstudyexaminesthestate’sappropriationof mental healthcare and its asylums through the lens of the state’s control of the physical nature and location of asylums and their administrative systems and processes. ThestudydemonstrateshowtheBritishadministration’seffortstopolicemadnessfocused on asylum reforms which ultimately changed the nature of mental health care in Egypt. WiththeBritishoccupationofEgyptin1882,thecolonialadministrationplacedasylumsatthecenteroftheir‘civilizingmission’inEgypt,investingheavilyinexpanding and modernizing the physical infrastructure of  the asylum, creatingvast buildings andgroundsandincreasingthenumberof beds.Themostlastingimpactof British influence,however,wasinthemannerinwhichasylumsweredesignedtoisolate‘undesirable’ elements from society outside the bounds of  the city.The physical isolationof theinsanereflectedBritishmentalhealthnormswhichsoughttoisolatethem bothlegallyandideologicallyfromthecommunitiesinwhichtheylived.Theasylum wasthereforeestablishedatasitedistantfromthecapital,locatedintheReydaniyya desertwhichlaterbecamethedistrictof‘Abbasiyah.Wallswerealsoerectedaround boththe‘AbbasiyahandKhankahasylums,furtherisolatingpatientsoutof sightfrom theircommunities.Theisolationandconfinementof theinsanealsoresultedinthe stigmatizationof mentalillnessinturn-of-the-centuryEgypt.Thiswasadeparture from traditional perceptions of the insane which sought to integrate them in society priortothetwentiethcentury.Theasylumhadlongbeenaccessibletopatients’families in the heart of the capital before British intervention in mental health care. BRIEF CURRICULUM Yasmin Shafei is a PhD candidate in modern Middle Eastern History at the AmericanUniversityofBeirut.AfterreceivingherBA(1996)andMA(2001)inInternationalRelationsfromtheAmericanUniversityinCairo,shespent15yearsmanagingUN projectsonrefugees,health,andwomen.Shereturnedtoacademiain2015andiscurrentlyinthefinalyearofherPhD.Herdissertationfocusesonthehistoryof mental illness and psychiatry in Egypt, with a particular of emphasis on the impact of British colonial rule on mental health treatment and diagnosis in Egypt. Her research interests include the history of medicine, women and gender studies. 20 PaulaFemenias|ChalmersUniversityof Technology,ElisabethPunzi|Universityof GothenburgandNikaSöderlund|UniversityofGothenburg Psychiatric Hospitals in Transition: The Remembered and the Forgotten Urbanareasareexpandingandcitiesaretransformed(Högström2018).Inthisprocess,formerpsychiatrichospitalsoftenbecomebusinessparks,hotels,orresidential areas(Baur2018;Rodéhn2017).Thebeautyof thearchitecturalfeaturesandtheparks areoftenemphasized,whileformerresidentsseldomareremembered;aprocessthat has been called strategic forgetting (Coleborn 2003; Moon, Kearns & Joseph 2015). InGöteborg,thesecondlargesttowninSweden,twoasylumswereplacedabouttwo kilometersfromeachother;StJörgen(1872-1991)andLillhagen(1932-2013).Theyears whentheyco-existed,theirpatientscamefromdifferentareas.Lillhagenwasusedfor localpatientsandStJörgenforregionalpatients.Todaythesitesoftheasylumsare residential areas and have been subject to strategic forgetting. Weinvestigatethetransitionprocessesforthesetwohospitals.Distinctperiodswhich are manifested in architecture and social areas are examined. Only Lillhagen seems to berememberedbycontemporaryinhabitantsof Göteborgandthereisbuddinginterest in remembering Lillhagen. A street in the new residential area will for example be namedaftertheartworkpatientsmadeinthehospitalbasement.StJörgenhowever tends to be forgotten, except for a small burial ground in the new residential area. Thesesiteshostedinstitutionswithacomplexhistorywhichincludessegregation,oppression andviolation of  human rights.Through connecting historic sites like this, with contemporary social issues in the present, these sites could be remembered in waysthatcontributetosocialjusticeinthepresentandthefuture(Sevcenko2010). Moreover,conscientiousremembrancemightaddvaluesforthenewresidents/residentialareasintheformof historicalperspectives,identity,andmeaning.Thismight be appreciated and important, not least given the current acknowledgement of mental health issues and how mental distress might be counteracted and treated. BRIEF CURRICULA PaulaFemenias(ChalmersUniversityof Technology)isanarchitectandAssociate ProfessorinSustainableTransformationof theBuiltEnvironment,attheDivision of Building design. Femenias has been engaged in teaching and research with a focus on sustainable buildings since the mid 1990s and the leader of several research projects with inter- and transdisciplinary collaborations. Her research focuses on clients and users, and holistic perspectives to sustainability in relation to housing, homes, management and renewal, innovation, and living. Femenias has a large and broad network of national and international researchers, and stakeholders in the local building sector. 21 ElisabethPunziisalicensedpsychologist,PhDandassociateprofessorattheDepartment of  SocialWork, Gothenburg University. Her research concerns mental health care and the prerequisites for providing person-centered care. She is interested in the connection between heritage, places, creative expressions and mental health, andwritesaboutthehistoryof psychiatryandpsychoanalysis.Sheteachescoursesin mental health and qualitative research methods. SESSION 3 Deathcare and Religion in Hospitals MartaAtaíde|IndependentResearcher Poverty, pilgrimage and healing – Our Lady of Light Hospital at the beginning of the 17th century Theconstructionof OurLadyof LightHospitalbeganin1601,havingbeeninauguratedin1618.LocatedinCarnide,inthetownof Lisbon,itispartof anarchitecturaland urbancomplexcomposedof hospital,conventandpilgrimyard.Thepilgrimsarrived atthisplaceallyearroundfromalloverthecountryandoverseas,specificallyonSeptember8,dayof OurLadyof Light.BuiltbytheprincessD.Maria(1521-1577)withthe aimof recoveringpoorpatientsandpilgrims,thehospitalconstructionreflectsher Christian,humanist,andculturalactions,eternizedbyhermausoleumintheconvent church.Theprincessleftwritteninherwilltowhomthehospitalwasintended,the financialmeansnecessaryforitsconstructionandoperation,aswellastheprovisions to its spiritual and temporal organization and management, made by the Order of Christ. In a period of innovation in hospital buildings in Europe, the Our Lady of Light Hospital materializes and merges international artistic inflows with national hospital characteristics, emerging a building of great formal and functional clarity, designed by relevant national architects. It is a hospital model that develops a strong system of circulation and communication between its interior and exterior spaces in an articulated process of healing the body and soul, having been considered, in its time, one of the most equipped and modern hospitals in the country. BRIEF CURRICULUM MartaAtaídereceivesisfirstdegreeinInteriorArchitectureandBuildingRehabilitation from Architecture College of Lisbon University and is second degree in ArchitecturefromLisbonLusíadaUniversity.Shereceivedamaster’sdegreeinArchitectural and Landscape Heritage Rehabilitation from Évora University. Independentworker 22 inarchitecture;collaboratingarchitectinvariousarchitecturalateliers;collaborating architectintheOfficeofHistoricalandCulturalHeritageof CascaisMunicipalTown Hall; collaborating architect in the Plan for Safeguarding and Rehabilitation of  the Historical Center of Belver. Independent researcher focused on studies of religious architectural heritage with participation in national congresses and seminars. AndréBargão|UniversidadeNOVAdeLisboa,SílviaCasimiro|UniversidadeNOVA deLisboa,RodrigoBanhadaSilva|UniversidadeNOVAdeLisboa,andSaradaCruz Ferreira | Universidade NOVA de Lisboa* To Mould, To Walk, To Grief: An Archaeological approach to the Royal Hospital of All-Saints, Lisbon Foundedin1492,theRoyalHospitalof AllSaintswasanarchetypeof thePortuguese welfare social assistance. Paradigmatic in Portugal, but largely inspired in European models, the architectonical design provided and introduced new routines in the hospital daily lives in all the kingdom. Theprimitivecruciformdesign,integratingfouryards,delimitedintheinteriorbycorridors and an open area, maintained the physiognomy along the period of activity of the building, even with transformations resulting from eventual necessities or even from naturaldisastersepisodes.Thesearchitecturalmodellingepisodesremainedrecorded in the remnants exhumed in Praça da Figueira in 1960’s, with more expression in the archaeologicalinterventionof1999-2001.Recentstudies,intheframeworkoftheRoyal Hospital Archaeology have been providing new readings of the building evolution, subjectoftenabsentindocumentalsources,suchasthebackareaofthehospitalcomplex. In this area the archaeological study revealed a significant set of  transformations causedbynewfunctionalities.Oneof thosemomentsoccurredinthefirsthalf ofthe 18thcentury,whenacorridorwasturnedintoaburialground,inwhichseveralsimple and multiple burials, were carried out. The archaeological data revealed that this transformation occurred between the reformofthebackareaofthecomplexandtheconstruction/reformof thepassageto SãoCamilodeLélisroomsandinfirmary.Theinstallationof SãoCamilodeLélisOrder impliedtheobliterationof previouscontextsassignedtothe16thand17thcenturies. Thisreadingwasonlypossiblewiththeintensivestudyof thematerialcultureandthe architectural remnants. In the present work, new hypotheses are raised concerning the constructive physiognomy evolution of the back area of the hospital complex. Also, there are new interpretative proposals of the use and the daily lives of the hospital. *CHAM,FaculdadedeCiênciasSociaiseHumanas,FCSH,UniversidadeNOVAdeLisboa,1069-061Lisboa. 23 BRIEF CURRICULA AndréBargão(FCTPhDStudentatCHAM,NOVAFCSH/UAc),Graduation(2013)and MasterinArchaeology(2015),byFaculdadedeCiênciasSociaiseHumanas,UniversidadeNOVAdeLisboa(NOVAFCSH),andPhDstudentinHistory–Archaeologyin the same institution, funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT SFRH/ BD/133757/2017),with the project thesis “Hospital Real deTodos-os-Santos, Lisboa: ArqueologiaeArquitecturadeumespaçoassistêncialdeépocamoderna(séculosXV-XVIII)”.ResearchAssistantatCHAM–CentrefortheHumanities(NOVAFCSH/UAc) since 2015. SílviaCasimiro(PhDStudentatIEMandLABOH-CRIA,NOVAFCSH),archaeologist developing investigation in Archaeology and Bioanthropology interface, and Archaeothanatology.PhDStudentinHistory–ArchaeologyatFaculdadedeCiênciasSociais e Humanas– Universidade NOVA de Lisboa. Researcher at the Instituto de Estudos Medievais(IEM,NOVAFCSH)andintheLaboratoryof AntropologiaBiologicalAnthropologyandHumanOsteology–CentroemRededeInvestigaçãoemAntropologia (LABOH-CRIA,NOVAFCSH). RodrigoBanhadaSilva(CAL/CML/DMC/DPC;CHAM,NOVAFCSH/UAc),archaeologistatCentrodeArqueologiadeLisboa–CulturalHeritageDepartment,since1990. MDinUrbanArchaeology,byUniversidadedoMinho,andPhDinHistory–Archaeology,byFaculdadedeCiênciasSociaiseHumanas–UniversidadeNOVAdeLisboa.InvitedProfessorof theHistoryDepartmentof NOVAFCSHsince2004,teachingUrban Archaeology,RomanArchaeology,ModernArchaeologyandCeramology.Researcher atCHAM–CentrefortheHumanities(NOVAFCSH/UAc)andmemberof thePermanentScientificCommittee. SaradaCruzFerreira(FCTPhDStudentatCHAM,NOVAFCSH/UAc):Graduate(2012) andMasterinArchaeology(2015),byFaculdadedeCiênciasSociaiseHumanas,UniversidadeNOVAdeLisboa(NOVAFCSH),andPhDstudentinHistory–Archaeology inthesameinstitution,fundedbyFundaçãoparaaCiênciaeTecnologia(FCTSFRH/ BD/137142/2018),withtheprojectthesis“NegóciodaChina:ComércioeConsumode porcelana oriental em Lisboa (séculos XVI-XVIII))”. Research Assistant at CHAM – CentrefortheHumanities(NOVAFCSH/UAc)since2015. 24 Susana Henrique | EON-Indústrias Criativas, Liliana Matias de Carvalho | UniversidadedeCoimbra,CarlosAlves|EON-IndústriasCriativas,SofiaN.Wasterlain|Universidade de Coimbra The times they are a-changin’: two centuries of spatial management in The Military Hospital of the Castle of São Jorge (16th-18th centuries Lisbon) BornfromtheRenaissance,the16thcenturybroughtnewformsof healthtreatment that not only led to a new look at the human body but also to the creation of new needs inhospitalbuildings.ThatwasreflectedinanewmilitaryhospitalbuiltintheCastleneighborhood,Hospitalof S.FilipeandS.Tiago,ruledunderthepurviewof the Knights Hospitaller of  São João de Deus. Archaeological digging put into evidence aplannedstructuredthatevolvedfortwocenturies.Thedatauncoveredalliedwith historical records leads to the discovery of an institution that molded the area, being presentonbothsidesof thestreet,andhavingthreeinfirmaries,achapel,anapothecary,agarden,andacemeterywithanoratory.Thesechangesprobablyresultfromthe needs not only of an evolving city but also of a greater extension of hospital services to the community. Onereflectionofthesechangeswasthenecropolisanditsseveralphases,wheremore than1000individualskeletonswererecovered.Thedifferentneedsrequiredbythe space management of the necropolis create a dialogue with the hospital structures andwith the bibliographic records (among other records of deaths and discharges, hospitalaccounts). Theserecordsshowusthatsomepeopletreatedatthehospitalwereprisonerswho died and were subsequently buried at the hospital cemetery which was rearranged to accommodate these individuals. Thearchaeological,anthropologicalandhistoricinvestigationbroughttolightareligiousandmilitarycommunity.Thespacemanagementchangedaccordingtothedynamics and functions of this institution. BRIEF CURRICULA SusanaHenriquesholdsadegreeinArcheologyandHistoryandamaster’sdegreein Pre-HistoryandArchaeology.ShehasbeenworkinginArchaeologyfor20yearswith avastexperienceinurbanarchaeology.Forthepast4yearsshehasbeenworkingat thecompanyEON,IndústriasCriativasinprojectsinvolvingpostmedievalrealities aroundtheCastleof SãoJorge. Liliana Matias de Carvalho holds a degree in Archaeology and History, is currently a 25 PhDstudentinBiologicalAnthropologyaResearcherattheResearchCentreforAnthropologyandHealth.Shehasaparticularinterestinthestudyof paleopathology, and history of medicine. CarlosAlvesholdsaPhDinarthistoryfromtheUniversitatÀutonomadeBarcelona where he developed his studies on the Cathedral of Viseu. He is currently an art historianatthecompanyEON,IndústriasCriativasandamemberof theInstituteof MedievalStudiesattheNewUniversityof Lisbon.HisresearchfocusesonPortuguese religious architecture from medieval and modern periods with special emphasis on the relationship between architecture and liturgy. SofiaN.WasterlainholdsaPhDinAnthropology,aMastersinHumanEvolutionand adegreeinAnthropology.SheisaProfessorattheUniversityof Coimbrasince1997 andaResearcherattheResearchCentreforAnthropologyandHealth.Hermainareas of interest are the study of past populations, paleopathology and dental anthropology. RobertPiggott|Universityof Huddersfield Religion and State Medicine in Twentieth Century England: The Place and Space of the Hospital Chapel InMay1948,twomonthsbeforethenewNationalHealthService(NHS)cameintobeing, Nye Bevan, Minister of Health, made a pledge to the Church of England’s Church Assembly. Under the new service, it was reported, ‘chaplains, and where necessary, chapels [would] be provided in all institutions under the control of the Ministry of Health’.TheNHSnationalisedthehospitalsandreplacedvoluntaryandlocalauthority control with a centrally funded health service. Many clergy equated the implied loss of voluntarism with a loss of a spiritual side of medical care they connected with Christianity.Thechapel,aritualspacewithinthehospital,hadmaintainedthisconnection, providing a site for worship while linking the hospital to wider networks. However, WorldWarIIhadnegativelyaffectedthesespaces,eitherthroughbombdamageorthe needforextraspaceformedicalcare.Bevan’spledgereaffirmedtheplaceofthechapel inthehospitalinthenewNHS.Despitethis,byerasingtheneedforfundraisingfor medicalcare,theNHSdisruptedthetraditionalconnectionof localfaithcommunities tothehospital.Asaresponse,fundraisingeffortsweredirectedtosupportworship spaceinthehospitaleitherbyprovidingnewfurnishingsandfittings,orbybuilding anentirelynewchapel.Despitetheseefforts,inthelatertwentiethcenturythedecline of Christian worship, coupled with increased religious diversity, further complicated thehospitalchapel’straditionalrole.Thispaperexaminestheritualsof thehospital chapelinEnglandandtheeffectofsocialchangeonthechapelspaceinthepost-war period.Itwillconcentrateontheeffortsof thosewhosoughttomaintainthelinkbetween Christianity and medical care in the NHS and argue that the hospital chapel 26 became a locus of special attention in their endeavours to do so. BRIEF CURRICULUM RobertPiggottcompletedhisPhDattheUniversityof Huddersfieldin2019.Hisresearch has looked at the effect of  the decline in public worship in England on the Church of England’s historic buildings, and the role of volunteers in church building conservation.Hiscurrentresearchinterestscentreontheeffectof theestablishment of theNationalHealthServiceonvoluntaryactioninthepost-warperiod. SESSION 4 Hospitals in Cities: Revitalising and Shaping Urban Environments AnaCláudiaSilveira|UniversidadeNOVAdeLisboa The Hospitality Network in Setúbal during the Late Middle Ages: shaping an urban landscape in a Portuguese town ThisstudyfocusesontheportcityofSetúbal,inPortugal,integratedinthedomainsof theMilitaryOrderofSantiago,institutionthatholdboththesecularandtheecclesiastical jurisdiction over the city and the surrounding territory. Itaimstoreflectontheimpactofthedeploymentof anetworkof institutionsforthe careandcureof thesickinmedievalSetúbal,analyzingtheimpactof suchinstitutions in urban topography and in the evolution of urban planning, as well as the strategies used by these institutions to accumulate and to control valuable urban property. Therelativesuccess(orfailure)ofsuchmanagementreflectseithertheinstitutional relationships established by the hospital and welfare institutions themselves with the urbanpowers(includingtheMilitaryOrderof Santiagoandthemunicipalauthorities),aswellastheirabilitytoreinforcesocialrelationsbetweendifferentsectorsof the urban community, attending to the role of these institutions regarding the receptionof outsiders,pilgrims,marginalizedgroupsorweakenedindividuals. Atthesametime,itseekstoanalyzetheimportanceof thearchitecturalandartistic investments made by these health care institutions as a form of expressing their importance in the urban daily life and also as a form of social and political ceremonial, performing the power and the prestige of the represented institutions and of the city itself. Building and managing such a powerful institution was a way of proclaiming the qualities of those men, families and groups that were involved in their administration and therefore to contribute to their social and political ambitions. 27 BRIEF CURRICULUM AnaCláudiaSilveiraiscurrentlypreparingaPhDthesisatUniversidadeNOVA de Lisboaontheurbansettlementof SetúbalandtherelationshipestablishedwiththeOrder of Santiago.SheisaresearchmemberofInstitutodeEstudosMedievais(IEM/NOVA FCSH)andherresearchinterestsaretheadministrationof theOrderofSantiago,the relationship established with local institutions and issues related with management and control of natural resources, territorial organisation, urban planning and the crossrelationestablishedbetweenspacecontrolandpoliticalpower.Shehasparticipated in the projects “Les mots de l’impôt dans l’Occident méditerrannéen: glossaire defiscalitémédiévale”,coord.DenisMenjot(U.Lyon2Lumière)andManuelSánchez Martínez(FundaciónMiláyFontanals(CSIC–Barcelona);“PetitesvillesauxXIII-XV siècles.RoyaumesdePortugaletdeFranceetterresd’Empirefrancophones”,coord. Jean-Luc Fray (Université Clermont Auvergne) and Adelaide Milán da Costa (Universidade Aberta, Portugal) – Programa Pessoa: FCT/CAMPUSFRANCE. Currently sheisaresearcherof theUNESCOChair“TheOcean’sCulturalHeritage”,coord.João PauloCosta(CHAM,NOVAFCSH/UAc);andMedCrafts-RegulamentaçãodosmesteresemPortugalnosfinaisdaIdadeMédia:séculosXIVeXV(FCT-PTDC/HAR-HIS/ 031427/2017),coord.ArnaldoMelo(Lab2PT–UniversidadedoMinho). AlfredStefanWeiss|Universityof SalzburgandElisabethLobenwein|Alpen-Adria Universityof Klagenfurt Early Modern Times Hospitals as Sensory Places? The Example of Austria and Southern Germany Intheregionof AustriaandSouthernGermany,thecreationof hospitalsstartedinthe latemedievalperiodandincreasedintheearlymodernperiod.Thelateststudiesshow thattheirplacementintheperipheryandthenincreasinglyintheurbancenter(the onlyexceptionswereleprosyandplaguehospitals)wastheresultof awell-thoughtoutorderandlogiconthepartof theoperators(town,territorialsovereign,church, feudal lord). City inhabitants andvisitors to larger marketswerewell aware of  the markings of these facilities by means of symbols and colors and of those of their residentswhowereoccasionallyallowedtoleavethecharitableplace,recognizedbytheir clothing and the tin or leather tags they were obliged to wear, usually against their will. The(township’s)publichospitalwasconsideredtobethemostprestigiousfacility,anditcouldwellresembleanobletownhousecomplexorevenapalace,often admired by travelers and traders. These places of  lived devoutness – at least in theory– signaled their location to the outside (arrangement of  living, economic andchapelorchurchareas,crossesandoffertoryboxesneartheentrance,painted housewallswithChristiansymbols,etc.)aswellastotheirinside(“area-specific behavioral norms”, doors understood as symbolic codes for drawing boundaries, 28 the connection of sick rooms with church areas, the spacing of inmates and social goods,etc.). In addition to the visual perception of the hospitals and their rooms, the sensory impressions of smell, taste, touch and acoustics were an essential part of the experience of the charitable urban space, because even professionally experienced hospital masters shied away from the smells therein, where people often ingested substandard food, had to share the hospital room with its racket and noise with small livestock or dogsorcatsorcouldliveas“richbeneficiarie”(so-callednoblebeneficiaries)inseparaterooms,thesanitaryfacilitiesweremostlyfouled,thecommodesoverflowedand the terminally ill had to be cared for. Thehospitalwasof coursenotuncoupledfromotherurbanareas,but–comparable to early hospitals – was built and located according to “centered sensory perceptions” intended to show a pretension of order, cleanliness and Christian virtues to the outside world. BRIEF CURRICULA AlfredStefanWeiß,worksattheUniversityof Salzburg,HistoryDepartment.Hehas numerous essays and books on the history of hospitals, poverty, sexuality, medicine, criminality and the Austrian regions. ElisabethLobenwein,worksattheAlpen-AdriaUniversityof Klagenfurt,Institutefor History. His research focuses on social history of medicine, personal testimonials and history of the mentality of the early modern period, enlightenment and reform absolutism, cultural history of politics. Joseph Curran | Maynooth University A Permanent Monument to the Catholics of Dublin’: The Mater Misericordiæ Hospital and the creation of confidence in a post-Famine city DublinCorporation,Dublin’smunicipaladministration,begantoreportonthemanagementof severalof thecity’smedicalhospitalsfromthe1870sonwards.ThesereportsreferredtotheMaterMisericordiæHospitalas‘TheQueenof Dublin’sHospitals’, anddescribedhowthisinstitutionwasagreatassettothecity.TheMater’sfounders hadalsobelievedtheHospitalwouldaugmentthecity.Theyemphasisedthatpatients of all religions would be received but they also claimed this Hospital, managed by the SistersofMercy,wouldbe‘apermanentmonumenttotheCatholicsofDublin’.This paper will explore how the Mater’s architecture and the way this was presented in print,playedasignificantroleinwhathistorianMaryE.Dalycalled‘themakingof CatholicDublin’inthelaternineteenthcentury.Dublinhadlongbeenacityofhospitals,manyofthesewerearchitecturallysignificantbutthemostsplendiddatedfrom 29 theeighteenthcenturyandwereassociatedwithDublin’sProtestantelite.Intheyears aftertheBritish-IrishActofUnionof 1801,Dublinappearedtobeacityindeclineand itsimageof decaywascompoundedbytheFamineyears(1845-1850).Althoughnew hospitalswerefoundedinthecity,mostweremodestinappearance.Thefirsthospital managedbyaCatholicreligiousorder,StVincent’s,openedinDublininthe1830sin a renovated townhouse, but it was much less spectacular than the purpose-built Mater. By examining the presentation of the Mater Hospital in late nineteenth-century mediaandcomparingitwithphysicaldescriptionsof medicalphilanthropyinDublin earlier in the century, and in other cities, this paper will demonstrate how hospital spaceplayedasignificantroleinbuildingtheconfidenceof apreviouslymarginalised religious group and in bolstering the reputation of a maligned city. BRIEF CURRICULUM Joseph Curran iscurrentlyaPostdoctoralResearcherattheCentreforTeachingand Learning, Maynooth University and have a broad interest in teaching practice, widening participation, and communicating about academic research with the world beyond the University. He is a comparative historian of the nineteenth century and since hispostgraduatestudies(PhDEconomicandSocialHistory,Universityof Edinburgh, MASocialandCulturalHistoryofMedicine,UniversityCollegeDublin),hehasgiven attention to the interaction of urban space and medical history. He is particularly interestedinthehowthearchitectureofcharitiesinnineteenth-centuryDublinandEdinburghreflectedandreinforcedtheirimageascapitalcitiesandhaveaforthcoming book chapter on this topic focusing on the early nineteenth century. MagnusAltschäfl|Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität The San Francisco General Hospital – A Symbol for a Modern City Intheearly20thcenturySanFranciscowasknownasacityof plagueswithtuberculosisever-presentandplagueoutbreaksaslateas1908.The1872CityandCountyHospital,whichwasoncecelebratedforits“loftyceilings”and“wellventilated”roomshad longbecomeaproblemandwasdescribedin1908as“anold,dilapidated,mostunsanitarywoodenstructure”.Thus,anewhospitalseemednecessary,butnotjustany:“the finestofitskind”,oneworthyofacitythatbrandeditself the“NewRome”. TheSanFranciscoGeneralHospital(SFGH)wasopenedin1915duringthelastdaysof the“Panama-PacificInternationalExhibition”,thathadfurthertroubledtherelationship between the city and its working poor whose quarters were destroyed on a large scale to make room for the world exhibition. 30 Thenewhospital,Iargue,thusofferedachanceforcityofficialstorepresentthecity as both a place of modern science to the rest of the country and one caring about and forthehealthofitspoorestcitizens.Toachievethat,thehospital’sdesignwascrucial. ByanalyzingtheSFGH’sdesignandarchitectureIwillshowhowthecityusedthis building – its exterior as much as its interior – to both present itself to medical professionals and to strengthen the city’s imagined community. However, the architecture wasnotonlyinfluencedbyaestheticconsiderationsbutalsomedicalones.Whichis whythenewSFGHhadalargestate-of-the-art“TubercularWard”,tofightSanFrancisco’s most prominent disease. In my talk I will focus on some parts of the ensemble, like the driveway and the wards. By contrasting it with the old hospital I will highlight the spatial and architectural manifestations of changes in both medical practice and the socio-political role of hospitals. BRIEF CURRICULUM MagnusAltschäflisaPhDcandidateatLudwig-Maximilians-Universität(LMU)Munich’sHistoryDepartment,whereheworksattheChairforModernandContemporaryHistory(Prof.MargitSzöllösi-Janze).Hehasstudiedhistoryandpoliticalsciences atLMUMunichandUCBerkeleyandwasrecentlyavisitingresearcheratStanford University.AfterhavingfinishedhisprojectonmedicineandscienceintheSanFrancisco Bay Area, he is currently working on his dissertation on the emergence of the biomedicalandbiochemicalresearchsiteMunich-Martinsriedasamemberof theDFG researchgroup“CooperationandCompetitionintheSciences”.However,heisright nowworkingonapaperabouttheSanFranciscoGeneralHospitaltopublishsomethingabouthis“old”(butstillrunning)project.Thispaperispartof thispaperheis working on at the moment. 31 SESSION 5 Transforming Spaces through Medical Theory SomreetaMajumdar|Visva-BharatiUniversity Buddhist Monastery, Medicine and the Body Politic: A Historical Study of the Healing Service of the Buddhist Monasteries of Eastern India with Special Reference to the Nandadirghi Vihara of Jagjivanpur A vast body of knowledge of medical practices and healing services of the Buddhist MonasteriesisproducedinPali,Sanskrit,Tibetan,Chinesescripturesof Buddhism. Thewrittensourcesprovidewell-documentedaccountof traditionalBuddhistremediesforthephysicalandspiritualmaladies.HealingServicesof theBuddhistmonasteries to cure physical and spiritual illness have been regarded as a path to salvation bycompassionateacts.Thescripturesofferaninsighttotheroleof meditation,herbs, food to cure the physical and spiritual diseases. Apart from herbs and food, meditation is believed to be the means of cleansing mind and body. Both empirico- rational andmagico-religiouswaysof treatmentarediscussedforhealingservices.Thecultof Bhaisajyaguru or the “Master of Healing” is developed in the pantheon of Mahayana BuddhisminrelationwiththeBuddhistmonastictraditionof healing.Thepurpose of this study is to inquire the monastic activities of healing services to the monks and laities and hence its role in the political dynamics of the governance in the region of EasternIndiafromthe8thto12thcenturyCE.TheNandadirghiViharaof WestBengal is taken as a case study to understand the nature of relationship between the Buddhist monastery and its surrounding landscape to procure the resources and delivering the knowledge of healing as act of compassion to the sentient living beings of the landscape which oscillates between permanence and impermanence because of the detrimentaleffectof theseasonalflood.Thehealingserviceof theBuddhistmonastery is central to this study to understand the relationship between the temporal power of the Pala dynasty and the spiritual authority of the Nandadirghi Vihara which stands negotiatingwiththefloodpronelandscape. BRIEF CURRICULUM Somreeta Majumdar, the author of the paper titled “Buddhist Monastery, Medicine andtheBodyPolitic:AHistoricalStudyof theHealingServiceof theBuddhistMonasteries of  Eastern India with Special Reference to the Nandadirghi Vihara of Jagjivanpur”istheDoctoralcandidateof Visva-Bharati,Santiniketan,India.Herareaof study concerns the landscape and the cultural milieu of the Buddhist establishments of western Bengal. 32 Adélia M. Caldas Carreira | Universidade NOVA de Lisboa The Royal Hospital of Saint Joseph in Lisbon OnSeptember3,4and5of1775,thesickthatwereformerlylodgedattheRoyalHospitalofAllSaints,weretransferredtothenewlyopenedRoyalHospitalof SaintJoseph. For its location in a high and airy area, the new hospital in the Portuguese capital, designedbythemilitaryengineerJoséMonteirodeCarvalho(amainactorinthecapital’sreconstructionprogram),mettherequirementsof hygienist doctors. Thehygienist speech, based on the optimism of the Enlightenment, was widely disseminated in Europe during the seventeenth century, through the publication of successive medical treaties, among which the Treaty on the Conservation of the Health of the Peoples, by Dr. Ribeiro Sanches, published in Paris in 1756. Based on the realities he knew, the renowned Portuguese physician presented a pessimistic “diagnosis” of the existing problems, associated with the growing number of the poor and sick and with the terrible sanitation conditions of the few existing hospitals Like most hygienist doctors,RibeiroSanchesproposed“therapeuticmeasures”tosolve thediagnosed“ills”,consideringthatthelocation(inhighandairyplaces)andthelayoutofthehospitals(withlargeandwell-ventilatedwards)wereapriority,becausethe circulation of “clean air”, essential to heal the sick, depended on them. TheproposalsbyRibeiroSanchesand,generally,byallhygienists,regardingtheconstruction and renovation of  existing hospitals, sensitized the European intellectual elite, which included doctors, military engineers, lawyers and the enlightened aristocrats, whose pressure on the authorities was decisive for the creation of new health policies and renovation of hospitals. Inaparadigmaticway,theRoyalHospitalof SaintJosephreflectedinitslocationand outline not only the proposals of the hygienist doctors, but also the technical-scientific knowledge inherent to the military engineers of the time. BRIEF CURRICULUM AdeliaCaldasholdsaPhDinArtHistorybytheFaculdadedeCiênciasSociaiseHumanasof theUniversidadeNOVAdeLisboa.AssociatedResearcherattheArtHistory Institute of Universidade NOVA de Lisboa. Communications at various Congresses and Colloquia, from 1991 to 2016; collaborator in the project “Conventos de Lisboa”, organizedbyIHA.of theUniversidadeNOVA de Lisboa and the Lisbon City Council (2013-2015).Authorof articlespublishedinCadernosdoArquivoMunicipal;reviewer of articles of the Cadernos do Arquivo Municipal de Lisboa. 33 Li Yanchang | Peking University Nationalization of Modern Medical Space and the Founding of the Peking Central Hospital Beijing Central Hospital was set up under the background that the western hospitals were transforming from traditional to modern and the debates between Chinese and westernmedicinewasincreasinglyfierce.DuringthelateQingdynastyandtheearly Republicof China,itwasproposedtwice.Undertheeffortsof Wulien-teh,ShiZhaozengandothers,itisthefirst“themostscientificandgreathospitalcreatedandrunby Chinesepeople”inthewayof socialcharity.Itreflectednotonlythedissatisfactionof the domestic western medical circles and social intellectuals with traditional medicine and hospitals, but also the desire for modern medicine and medical space owned by Chinese.Inthesenseof“modernhospital”,itwashonouredas“thefirsthospitalin capital founded by Chinese”. From the synchronic and diachronic perspectives, it is nothardtofindthattheestablishmentprocessof theCentralHospitalreflectsdual missionsof “nationalization”and“modernization”undertakenbythedomesticwestern medicine circle. BRIEF CURRICULUM YanchangLi,lecturerattheSchoolof HealthHumanitiesinPekingUniversity,China. My research focuses on the history of  medicine in modern China, history of Western-style hospitals in China, health politics. At present, I’m undertaking a project of “SocialHistoryofAntibioticsinChina（1941-1978)”sponsoredbytheMinistryof Education of China. JohannaRustler|Universityof Aberdeen Treatment on Rails: Britain’s Hospital Trains in the First World War Thecircumstancesof theFirstWorldWarcreatednovelphysicalandmentalinjuries and diseases, which meant that medical treatment facilities and transportation of patientshadtobeinnovated.Specialvehicleswerecreatedinordertotreatcasualtiesfast andeffectivelywhileremovingthemfromwar-tornterritoryasquicklyaspossible. Highcasualtynumbersinfluencednewideasof adesperatelyneededspacetoaccommodatevastnumbersofmen,whiletreating,caringforandtransportingthem.This meant that hospitals were made mobile by moving them onto rails, which ensured that casualties got closer to home, get treated by specialists as soon as possible and relief base hospitals at the front. 34 Thehospitaltrainwasoneof themostvitalfirstaidvehiclesintheWar.Bycomprising a hospital unit into a moving vehicle, a major task was given to railway companies. It was an architectural experiment built by British railway engineers who repurposed passenger wagons into medical treatment areas. While rudimentary in design, the hospital on wheels was usually equipped for more than 500 patients, including separate cars for pharmacies, treatment, including separate cars for infectious cases, segregatedwardcarsforofficersandhigher-rankingsoldiers,staff carsfordoctorsand nurses,personnelcarsforrailwaystaff,kitchenandpantrycars.Forpropagandapurposes, the train was painted in railway company colours in order to be distinguished from others and received great pride and admiration, especially when it was put on showbeforeitwasbroughtintoservice.Withthehospitaltrain,thetreatmentfacility was able to get to the casualties, rather than the other way round. BRIEF CURRICULUM JohannaRustleriscurrentlyaPhDstudentattheUniversityof AberdeenandtheNationalRailwayMuseum,YorkwithProfessorAnthonyHeywood,DrBenMarsdenand DrOliBetts.Herdoctoralresearchfocusesonthesocialandculturalhistoryof British railwayworkersonthehomefrontduringtheFirstWorldWar.SheobtainedherMSc inEconomicandSocialHistoryattheUniversityofOxfordwithDrRoderickBaileyfocusingonthehistoryofmilitarymedicineandmyBA(Hons)atQueenMary,Universityof LondonandKing’sCollegeLondonwithProfessorDavidEdgerton.Sheisinterestedinthestudyofmodernwarandconflict,thehistoryofmedicine,andthespaces in which those overlap, as well as history from below. In trying to unravel the enigma of thetotaleffectof theFirstWorldWar,shehaswrittenontheimpactofnewindustrialised methods of warfare upon an unsuspecting and unprepared population, both combatant and civilian, particularly regarding new forms of warfare and the medical consequencesthisplaceduponallthoseaffected. 35 SESSION 6 Hospitals in the Cold War AndreasJüttemann|CharitéUniversitätsmedizinBerlin The West Berlin University Hospital Steglitz as a political issue – The realisation of a (supposed) US hospital culture in the context of the student movement (1957-1974) Theworld-famous Charité hospitalwas the only university hospital in Berlin until 1945.Afterthewar,thecitywasdividedintoEastandWest.Asecondgeneraluniversity wasfoundedinthewesternpartof thecityin1948:theFreieUniversitätBerlinwithan affiliatedmedicalfaculty.ThisgaverisetoaneedforalargeteachinghospitalinWest BerlinandgavebirthtotheUniversityHospital’Steglitz’,builtwithUS-Americansupport(foundationstoneinlaidin1959andopenedinthewintersemester1968/1969). In 2003 it was integrated (as the Campus Benjamin Franklin) into the clinic group Charité–UniversitätsmedizinBerlin. ThebuildingofthenewWestBerlinUniversityHospitalprovedtobeapoliticalissue fromtheoutset.Firstly,becausetheprojecthadpropagandaissues–theUSStateDepartmentwantedtobuildthelargehospital,notonly(co-)financing,butalsodemonstrating the economic and architectural superiority of  the USA over the Soviet Union.ButtheUSStateDepartment’splanendedupbeingcharacterisedbyanumber of politicalparadoxes:ThefirstwasthattheAmericanarchitectchosenbytheState Department,ArthurDavis,wasaGropiusstudent,andcannotactuallybesaidtobe the founder of an original American style – the departmental system he designed for Steglitz,whichwasassumedtobeAmerican,isactuallyrootedintheGermanBauhaus tradition. A second became apparent in the context of the student movement. TheWestBerlinmedicalstudentsdemandedthedissolutionof thehierarchiesinthe personnel structure of the new clinic and protested. On the one hand, they were protestingagainstAmerica’smuchcriticisedroleintheVietnamWarand,ontheother hand, they were demanding a more consistent implementation of a concept which the students considered to be American. However, the restructuring of the hospital systemdemandedbythestudentsin1968/1969nevermaterialised.Therewasatest,in Steglitz,of thenewmodelundertheMedicalDirectorFrankMatakas,whohadbeen elected to this position as an assistant doctor, but it was never adopted. All that said, regardlessof whetherSteglitzcanbeidentifiedasaBauhausprojectorasanAmericancreation,andregardlessofthefactthatflattenedhierarchiesarerareinGerman 36 hospitalstoday,theSteglitzHospitalcanneverthelessbesaidtobeaprototypeforthe modernEuropeanhospitalsystem(“allunderoneroof”). BRIEF CURRICULUM AndreasJüttemannstudiedpsychologyattheFreeUniversityof BerlinandtheUniversityof BremenaswellasurbanismattheBauhausUniversityWeimar.From2013 to2015,JüttemannworkedasaresearchassistantattheInstituteforHistoryandEthics of Medicine at the University of Halle-Wittenberg and received his doctorate in 2015 at the Institute for the History of Medicine at the Charité Berlin on lung sanatoria inPrussia(1863-1934).Since2016hehasheldthispositionattheCharitéInstitutefor History of Medicine. In addition, he was employed as a research assistant at the InstituteforWorkingTheoryof VocationalTrainingattheTUBerlinfrom2015to2020. In2018,Jüttemannwasapostdoctoralfellowof theCharité’scommissionforyoung researchers,amongotherthingstoprovidescientificsupportforthe50thanniversary of theCharitéHospitalBenjaminFranklin.Forthishereceived2018thesponsorship award of  the German Society for Hospital History. As a post-doctoral fellow of  the FritzThyssen Foundation, hewas avisiting scholar at the historical seminar of  the InstituteforAdvancedStudyinPrinceton,NewJersey,inspring2019. EdDeVane|UniversityofWarwick How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the NHS: Operational Research, Think Tanks, and Changing Models of British Hospital Care in the Cold War, 1964-72 Thispaperwillconcentrateonhospitalsas‘model’spaces,focusingonBritishattempts toapplyOperationalResearchtomake‘baddesigns’function‘better’.Internationally, the 1960s saw a rapid change in architectural and planning thought towards healthcarefacilities.AstheColdWarpromptedmorescepticalattitudestowardsscienceand technology, physical modernity alone seemed less capable of addressing the concerns of differentpublics.Manytower-on-podiumbuildingdesignswerealreadyregarded as obsolete and inhumane by the time of their completion. In Britain, the Ministry of Health responded by investing in a research and development programme to make these spaces appear more functional and cohesive. Throughacasestudyof oneof thebeneficiariesofthisfunding,theInstituteforOperationalResearch,Iarguethatmodelsof theplannedhospitaldidnotsimplyfailbut were dynamic and evolving. New knowledge from psychology and the basic sciences was applied to problems of commissioning, appointments, waiting lists, and ward management.The Institutes’ aimwas to prove how human understanding could be aided, rather than aggravated, by the advance of technology with more synthetic bodiesof researchandtheutilizationofdigitalcomputers.Anxietyintheprofessional 37 self-imageofOperationalResearchersactedasamotivatingforce.Bydisseminating mathematical techniques and theories from the military-industrial complex to health services,theyhopedtoprovethepeacetimeviabilityof theirdiscipline.Throughmore complex planning, the Institute enacted cultural debates about how hospital-community relations could be reconciled in a mood of global social crisis. BRIEF CURRICULUM EdDeVaneisathird-yearPhDstudentintheCentrefortheHistoryof Medicineatthe Universityof Warwick.Hisproject,BuildingtheNHS:planning,publicsandBritain’s newstatehealthcarefacilities,1945-1974issupervisedbyProfessorMathewThomson andProfessorRobertaBivinsandissupportedbytheWellcomeTrust.Hestudiesthe planning, design, construction, and commissioning of primary and secondary healthcareinstitutionsinpost-warBritain.Whetherduetowartimebombdamageordecades of under-investment, the poor condition of inherited buildings was one of the earliestcrisestheBritishNationalHealthService(NHS)hadtocontendwith.Yetfor almost fourteen years, no central government policy came close to providing adequate support for the development of new facilities. His project argues that in spite of this, the planning and design of hospitals and health centres continued as a dynamic, locallyrooted,andoftencontentiousprocess,whichisaltogethersymbolicof howthe wider health service really developed and acquired meaning. DavidFreis|UniversitätMünster The Rise and Fall of the Medical Megastructure: Hospitals of the Future in ColdWar Western Germany In the second half of the twentieth century, large high-tech hospitals emerged as symbolicspacesof thefutureof medicineinatechnologicalage.InWesternGermany,severalnewmedicalcentreswerebuiltintheperiodthelate1950sandthemid-1980s.Despitelocaldifferences,theirarchitecturereliedonthegreatestpossibleconcentration of the hospital’s functions into an integrated material infrastructure under a common roof,thespatialstructureof thehospitalrepresentingrationalisedefficiencyandclose cooperation between medical specialities. Tohospitalplanners,membersofthemedicalcommunity,andthepublic,thesebuildings became entangled with expectations of the medicine of coming decades. However, these material and spatial anticipations of the future had to be used and inhabited bydoctors,staff,andpatientsinthepresent.Whileinitiallygreetedasharbingersof the high-tech biomedicine of the future, they increasingly became embroiled in controversies about politics, architecture, medicalisation, and the looming dehumanisation of modern medicine. Even before the construction of some of these hospitals was 38 completed, they were already widely considered as anachronistic hulks and relics of yesterday’s future. This paperwill use several built examples – the university hospitals of  Berlin, Cologne,Münster,Aachen–aswellasarchitecturalandmedicaldebatesandaudio-visual sourcestotracethehistoryof theriseandfallof themedicalstructureinWesternGermany.Iwillshowhowtheconflictsaroundthenewhospitalswerethemselvesframed intemporaltermsandreflectedconflictingvisionsof thefuture. BRIEF CURRICULUM DavidFreisisamedicalhistorianattheInstitutefortheEthics,History,andPhilosophyof MedicineoftheUniversityofMünster.Hehasstudiedhistory,politicalsciences, and gender studies at the University of  Bochum and received a Ph.D. in History andCivilizationfromtheEuropeanUniversityInstituteinFlorencein2015.Heisthe author of articles and book chapters about the history of psychiatry and psychotherapy, and his monograph Psycho-Politics between the World Wars was published by Palgrave Macmillan in 2019. He currently researches the history of the medicine of the future incold-warGermany. Eleni Axioti | University of the Arts London Corpus: The architecture of British hospitals in the 1960s and the politics of observability Thepapertakesasitspointof departuretheHospitalPlanof1962andthelaunchof the extensive ten-year building program by the British welfare state, which came with explicitinstructionsregardingthedesignofhospitals.Theuseof spaceinthewards based on the pattern of movements, the arrangement of rooms and facilities, planning considerations based on population statistics, but even the examination of the lighting,soundcontrol,andtheeffectof colorswereincludedinaccompanyingreports. Thisextremerationalizationandscientificationof thedesignofhospitalsinthe1960s aredirectlyrelatedtoanexplicitattemptformodernization.Withinthiscontext,two typologies of  hospitals emerge, the tower block hospital, and a flexible form of  the hospitalthatischaracterizedbyadaptability.Thepaperwillfocusontheimpossibility of both these architectural systems to function without the application of the new technologiesof communicationandobservation.Themodernhospitalbecomesindispensably linked to the development of these technologies, marking a transformation of peoplefrombodiestomonitoredobjectsanddata.Toexploretheseaspectsof the hospital space, the paper investigates the operation of observability within the architecturalspaceof thetwospecifichospitals(theGuy’sHospitalandtheNorthwickPark Hospital).Ittakesintoaccountthephysicalarrangementandmaterialcharacteristics 39 of architecture that allow for this operation to take place as well as the implementation of the technologies that extend it. Hence, the paper endeavors to explore how the concept of the individual as an object of medical care within the hospital spaces expandedandtransformedfromanexaminedbodyintoasetof scientificdataandthe implicationsthatthishadinitsdesubjectification.MichelFoucault’sideaof the‘medicalgaze’describesexactlythebreakbetweenthepatientasapersonandhisbodyas theobjectofmedicalinquiryandscientificknowledge.Throughthisseparation,the humanbodybecomesanobjectof administrationandentersthefieldof powerrelations, while the clinic becomes a space of conduct, where the transformation of the observed human body to translatable data takes place. BRIEF CURRICULUM Eleni Axioti is a researcher and an educator. She is lecturer in contextual studies at University of the Arts London and course leader of the second-year history and theorystudiesattheArchitecturalAssociationSchoolof Architecture.Elenialsosupervisesdissertationsatthethirdyearof theBArchatCentralSt.MartinsSchool of Architecture.SheconcludedherPh.D.thesisattheArchitecturalAssociationon theinstitutionalarchitectureof theBritishwelfarestate.SheholdsanM.A.inHistory andTheoryof ArchitecturefromtheAA and a Diploma (MEng.)with honors fromtheAristotleUniversityof Thessaloniki.Herresearchfocusesontherelation betweeninstitutionalarchitecture,thewelfarestateandissuesof socialpolicy.She haspracticedinLondonsince2008andhasparticipatedinnumerousinternational conferences and publications. 40 SESSION 7 Colonial and Indigenous Models Michaela Clark | University of Manchester Designing the Clinic: Racialised Architecture and the Old Groote Schuur Hospital LocatedinCapeTown,SouthAfrica,theOldGrooteSchuurHospitalwasthelargest teachingfacilityharnessedbythecity’smedicalschoolfrom1938until1987.Butthe design of this structure was notably informed by more than clinical needs. Conceived of andconstructedinthedecadesleadinguptotheofficialimplementationof apartheid(asystemof governancebasedonracialsegregation),thelayoutof thisbuilding embodies the racialised discourses of the country in a city whose demographic makeup troubled national norms. Thispaperattemptstoarticulatethespatialentrenchingof race-basedpowerrelations inthearchitecturalmakeupof theOldGrooteSchuurHospital.Drawingonthehistoryof hospitaldesignbothinternationallyandwithinSouthAfrica,itsuggeststhat the physical layout of this built environment not only mirrored but reinforced the socio-politicalmacrocosmthatlayoutsideitswalls.Today,this‘old’buildingliesonthe outskirtsofthe‘new’teachingfacility(constructedinthe1980s),whereitcontinues to be harnessed for medical administration and lectures. Ultimately, it is by thinking throughthephysicalstructureof the1930shospitalthroughtheintersectinglensesof new materialism, socio-spatial theory, and semiotics that this paper seeks to unpack thearchitecturalaswellasaffectiveafterlifeof structuralandsymbolicprejudicein post-apartheidSouthAfrica. BRIEF CURRICULUM Michaela Clark is a2nd-yearPhDcandidateattheCentrefortheHistoryofScience, Technology,andMedicine(CHSTM)attheUniversityof ManchesterandherprioracademictrainingliesinVisualCultureStudies(conductedthroughStellenboschUniversityinSouthAfrica).Whilehermainresearchfocusliesinthehistoryof clinical photography,herengagementwithmedicalinstitutionsof thepast(particularlythose operatingduringSouthAfrica’sapartheid-era)hasgreatlydrawnmyinterestinterms of epistemic violence and contemporary redress. 41 AntonioCoelloRodriguez|UniversidadPrivadadelNorte Lima hospitals uses, functions and changes during the viceroyalty Hospitales limeños usos, funciones y cambios durante el virreinato Lima fue fundada en 1535,juntoconelsoldadoespañolllegosureligión,idiomaycultura,justamenteunade esasfueladeconstruirhospitales,losmismoquemásquecumplirunafuncióncurativa,eranunalberguetemporaldondepodíadormiryalimentarseelindigenteyalavez pasarsusúltimosdíasparaluegopodermorirenpaz,rodeadodeamorycaridad.Estos hospitaleserancentrosreligiososdondelacienciaestabasubordinadaalareligión,en ellalostratamientoseranmuypobresysenotabaunaconstanteinfluenciadeoraciones yacumulacióndesacramentos.Otracaracterísticadeestoshospitaleseralaseparación depersonas,deacuerdoaltipoderaza,esasíqueparalosblancosseteníaelHospitalde SanAndrés,paralosindiosSantaAna,yparalapoblaciónesclavaSanBartolomé. Encuantoalaarquitectura,estasecaracterizabaporpresentarungranclaustrocentral,conunacapillaaunodesusladosydiversasoficinasenlosotroslados.Asimismo, presentaba un cementerio. Mientras que las salas de enfermos denominadas “crujías” eransalasrectangularesdondesedepositabanalospacientesenfilasfrenteafrente, mientras que en la parte delantera de cada sala se levantaba un pequeño altar con una imagendeunsanto;todaslassalasmirabanfrenteaestealtar.Almomentodeingresar un paciente y conforme se ponía peor su salud el enfermo iba ascendiendo de la partealejadaalamáscercanaalaltar,endondemoríajuntoaDios. AlllegarlasReformasBorbónicas,enlasegundamitaddelXVIII,loshospitalesempezaránasufrircambiosaniveldesuarquitectura(cambiodeconceptodehospital claustroporhospitalpabellón,asimismoapareceránideasdesalubridad,todolocual modificaráelconceptodehospital. BRIEF CURRICULUM AntonioCoellostudiedarcheologyattheUniversidadNacionalMayordeSanMarcos, obtaining a Bachelor’s degree, later he studied history there, being only a graduate, yearslaterhestudiedaMaster’sDegreeinHistoryatthesameUniversityHisresearch topics are, in history, health, hygiene and hospitals, while in archeology, he investigates the Inka and historical archeology. He has published various health issues in nationalandspecializedmagazines,aswellasinforeignmagazines.Whileinthearea of historical archeology he has developed excavations in hospitals and settlements in general of the viceroyalty period. International speaker at various congresses, such as the International Congress of Americanists, as well as at the Ibero-American UrbanHistorySeminar.Amonghiscontributionstothehistoryof healthandhospitals, wecanmentiontheonepublishedin2018bytheNationalAutonomousUniversityof Mexico, and in the Journal of the University of Chile, Faculty of Architecture. He also works as a professor at Universidad Privada del Norte, and researcher; at the same timedirectsaneditorialgroup,SequilaoEditores. 42 Ling-YiTsai|NationalYang-MingUniversity Taiwanese Hospitals: Plague Quarantine Hospitals Using Han medicine in Early Colonial Taiwan In1896,thebubonicplagueoutbrokeinTaiwan.Theplaguepolicyof quarantine,separation,disinfection,andlockdowndisturbedTaiwanesepeople.Inthebeginning,ill patients,JapaneseorTaiwanese,werebothremovedtothequarantinehospitals.However,theTaiwanesestronglyopposedtowesternmedicalcare.TaiwanlocalelitespetitionforatraditionalmedicalhospitalsolelyforTaiwanese,settingapartfromwestern hospitals for Japanese. Appealing to possible hidden plague patients and appeasing Taiwanesepeople,thefirstofficialTaiwanesePlagueClinicestablishedinMonga,Taipei,directedbyaJapanesedoctorbutusingHanmedicine.Sincetheclinicwassuccessful,moreTaiwanesehospitalswerebuiltsubsequently. FromtheTaiwanesePlagueClinictoTaiwanesehospitals,thehospitalscreateaunique space that allows traditional Han medicine to evolve. By using Han medicine,Taiwanesehospitalsencouragedmorepatientstoshowupandreceivemedicaltreatment.Due toconsiderableclinicalexperience,Taiwantraditionaldoctorswereabletobringforth new medical knowledge, including medical texts and articles. For example, Huang YuJie,oneoftheemployeddoctorsinTaiwanesePlagueClinic,publishedGedawen Zhifa Xinbian (疙瘩瘟治法新編),wrotehisexpert opinionsontheplague.OtherTaiwanesedoctorspublisharticlesabouttheepidemic causedbyfoul-qi,possiblyinfluencebymiasmatheoryinthenewspaper.Taiwanese medical doctors also formed study groups to learn the latest knowledge from Japanese doctors.Thenewspaceof Taiwanesehospitalsmakestraditionalmedicinejoininthe colonial government’s medical network. AswehavebeenthroughaCOVID-19pandemic,thehistoryof plaguehospitalsmay shedlightonthecurrentfrustrationoverthelackof treatmentandvaccines.Weoverlook the value of quarantine and separation that was a primary method to halt the spread of contagious diseases in the past. And the use of traditional medicine is another possible aid for disease control. BRIEF CURRICULUM Ling-YiTsaiisaphysicianofTraditionalChineseMedicinegraduatedfromtheInstituteof Science,Technology,andSociety(STS),NationalYang-MingUniversity,Taiwan. Hermaster’sdissertationexplorestheplaguecontrolpolicyinEarlyColonialTaiwan. Inthisstudy,shefoundTaiwaneseplaguehospitals,usingtraditionalmedicine,were majorhealthcareinstitutionsforTaiwaneseplaguepatients.Tsaiisinterestedinthe historyoftraditionalmedicine,hospitals,andpandemic/epidemicinEastAsia. 43 SESSION 8 Hospitals as Social Spaces ElenaPaulinoMontero|UniversidadNacionaldeEducaciónaDistancia,MartaVísredaBravo|UniversidadNacionalAutónomadeMéxico,andRaúlVillagrasaElías|ConsejoSuperiordeInvestigacionesCientíficas Spatial Dimensions of the Holy Cross Hospital in Medina de Pomar: A Unique Case in Late Medieval and Early Modern Iberia TheVeraCruzHospitalwasfoundedin1438byPedroFernándezdeVelasco,Countof Haro,intheCastiliantownof MedinadePomar,nearBurgos.Thehospitalwasadjacent to the Poor Clare’s monastery, place of the funerary vault of the lineage. ThiswasauniquecaseintheIberiancontextatthetime.Itwasahybridfoundation, conceived to host a group of temporary residents, sick and poor, plus a group of permanentresidents,composedbyimpoverishedknightsfromdifferentvillagesandcitiesoftheCount’slordship.TheCounthadaprivateapartmentatthecomplex,where he retired during the last ten years of his life, and he donated his rich library to the hospitalfortheuseof thecommunity.Healsofoundedthefirstchivalricorderever created by a member of the nobility and made the hospital the spiritual centre of it. Thearchitecturalstructuredsufferedgreatlyduringthenexttwocenturies.Inthispaperwefirstaimtoreconstructthespacedofthehospital,basedonthediscoveryof newwrittensources,aswellasphotographsandfieldresearch.Wewillconsiderthe relationship between architectural structures and function and the problematic interactionsbetweengenderedspacesofthemonasteryandthehospital.Secondly,wewill analysethedifferentspatialdimensionsof suchstructure.Consideringthespaceas somethingsociallyconstructed,andareflectionof thementalityandideologyof the one who orders it, we will delve into the ritual dimension, centred in the participation of the hospital residents in both, daily preachers at the church of the monastery and themainfuneraryceremoniesof themembersofthelineage;theterritorialdimension,andtheroleof thehospitalintheorganizationofthelordship;andtheideological dimension, as part of the genealogical project of the Count of Haro that evolved during the next generations. 44 BRIEF CURRICULA Elena Paulino Montero is Associate Professor at UniversidadNacionaldeEducación a Distancia. Prior to that, she has been postdoctoral fellow at the UNED in Madrid (2018-2019),andattheKunsthistorischesIntitutinFlorence(2015-2017).Herresearch is devoted to patronage, gender studies and transcultural artistic exchanges during the LateMiddleAgesintheIberianPeninsula.Sheispartof theCost-Action18129Islamic Legacy. Narratives East, West, South North of the Mediterranean (1350-1750). MartaVírsedaBravoispostdoctoralfellowattheInstituteofHistoricalResearch(IHR) of theNationalAutonomousUniversityof Mexico(UNAM).Shehadrecentlydefended her doctoral thesis about the library of the Velasco family in the hospital of the Holy Cross. She is currently the secretary of  the Red del Libro Medieval Hispánico, group of interdisciplinary researchers interested in the history of the handwritten and printed book:(http://www.libromedievalhispanico.net/). RaúlVillagrasa-ElíasisapredoctoralfellowattheInstituteof HistoryoftheSpanish NationalResearchCouncil(IH-CSIC)inMadridandaPhDcandidateintheUniversity of Saragossa(UZ).HeisdevelopingadoctoralthesistitledPower, Memory and Charity: the Hospital Renaissance in the Iberian Peninsula (15th-16th centuries). He is also improving the web page about hospital networks called Retia Hospitalium (Rethos) (http://rethos. scriptamanent.info/). ZehraTonbul|IstanbulSehirUniversity Hospitals as Socio-Political Spaces: Mapping Hospitals in Late Ottoman Empire Thepaperaimstotracethesocio-politicsof firstcivilhospitalbuildingsof theOttomanEmpire.TheestablishmentofmodernhospitalbuildingsintheOttomanEmpire dates to the second half of the twentieth century and their architecture marks a transformationfrommedievalcomplexes.Theyarereflectiveofthemodernizationprocess of theEmpirewiththeirsimilarWesternspatialtypologies,andtheyarealsoindicatorsof transformingsocietyof theEmpire.Thereasonsof theirestablishment--as imperial projects, as minority hospitals and as French, American and British missionaryprojects--areindicativeof thedifferentpoliticalapproachestothenewsociety. Thepaperaimstomapthesehospitalsgeographicallyandarchitecturallytodevelop an alternative reading of the social geography of the late Ottoman Empire. BRIEF CURRICULUM ZehraTonbuliscurrentlyAssistantProfessorof HistoryandTheoryofArchitectureat IstanbulSehirUniversity.Herresearchfocusesonturnof thecenturyintellectualhistoryfromthepointof viewof artandarchitecture;itcoverstopicsof historiography, 45 West-East perspectives, the relation between natural sciences and humanities. She hascompletedherdoctoralthesisin2018atBogaziciUniversityof Istanbulandwith co-advisorshipof theDepartmentof ArtHistoryattheUniversityof Vienna,witha thesis titled “The Art Historiographical Odyssey of  Ernst Diez (1878-1961).” She has anundergraduatedegreeinArchitecturefromIstanbulTechnicalUniversityandan MPhil in History and Philosophy of Architecture from the University of Cambridge. Sheisoneoftheauthorsof aTurkishlanguagebookonfirstcivilhospitalbuildings of Turkey,“TarihiHastaneler:GurebaHastaneleri’ndenMemleketHasteneleri’neİlk SivilHastaneler”datingto2009. NarcissM.Sohrabi|UniversitéParisOuest Reflection of Socio-Cultural Challenges on the Hospitals and Medical Spaces in Iran In Iran, the hospital is of particular importance as a place where the process of care and treatment of the patient is performed. In its architecture, the centrality of man and meeting his needs is a priority. Healing is a multidimensional process that includes various factors, including psychological and physical factors. Psychological factors are related to spiritual, mental, emotional, and social requirements. Medical spaces in Iranindicatethefundamentaldifferenceinpeople’sattitudesandpublicculturetowardsthehospitalspace.Thearchitectureanddesignof themedicalspace,concepts such as the relationship between the patient’s companions and visitors following Iranianculture,differentiatethehospitalspaceinIranfromothercountries.Fromthe pre-modern period, the establishment of health institutions has always been one of the branches of  cultural-civilizational changes. In this era, alongwith military and government hospitals, hospitals were created by Europeans, Americans, and missionariesforcivilians.Thesehealthinstitutions,alongwithconsideringthecharacteristicsof Iranianculture,aresignificanttreatmentspacesthatmanyofthemhavebeen nationallyregisteredduetotheiroutstandingarchitecture.Thisresearchdealswith investigated the relationship between hospitals with cultural and indigenous characteristics and public spaces through a library study on hospitals’ history in Iran, hospital space and their architecture and it seeks to investigate the relationships between hospitals’localperceptions,interviews,andquestionnaires.Thefollowingquestions have been answered in this research: What were the effects of  the performance of pre-modern hospital on the social and medical structure now? How did religion and socio-culturalbeliefsaffecttheformandarchitectureof historicalhospital?Andwhat meanings are associated with the presence of social activists in the hospitals? BRIEF CURRICULUM NarcissM.SohrabireceivedaPh.D.degreeinthemanagementofspaceandsociety fromParisNanterreUniversity.Currently,heisavisitingresearchfellowinLADYSS, Nanterre.HisPh.D.dissertationwasstructuredaroundpublicspacetheoryfocusing 46 ondocumentinghowgeopoliticsaffectsrevolutionchangingandTehran’surbanization processes in the 20th century and Middle East countries. After completing the Ph.D.inFrance,hisresearchinterestswereontheabstractionofpublicspaceandurbanhistorieschallengesintheMiddleEastcounties.Then,heworkedonsocio-historicalmovementsreviewof incomparisonprojectsstudyingtheeffectsof memorials, creativity, and public attraction using quantification and qualification methods. He has published manuscripts in peer-reviewed journals and publications, such as Hermitagepublishinghouse,ARTisON,UrbanCreativityJournal,Instituteof MiddleEast Studies-Canada,ArtsandSocialSciencesJournal,BloomsburyPublishing,L’Harmattan,andtheMultidisciplinaryJournalofWorldAffairs.Besides,forreachingabroaderaudience,hehaspublishedmanuscriptsforonlineoutlets,suchasLoSquaderno, Iwan(France-Persian),andTandisJournal(Persian).hepublishedhisfirstbooktitled: “LarévolutioniranienneetlesespacespublicsàTéhéran”in2016,anddevelopedseveral research projects on public religious, services building with emphasis on public space.IhavereceivedAwards,GrantsandFellowships. RonjaTripp-Bodola|LouisianaStateUniversityHealthSciencesCenterNewOrleans In Charity Hospital’s Shadow: Catholicism, Race and New Orleans Public Health Charity Hospital New Orleans is one of  the oldest hospitals in the United States. It shaped more than the local cultural imaginary, collective memory or New Orleans publichealth.Thispaperarguesthatitshistoryisahistoryof spatialconceptsthat have been feeding into the architectural designs of its various incarnations. At the sametime,itsdifferentlocationsthroughoutthecityreadasasocio-culturalhistory of New Orleans. A closer look at the concepts and architectural spaces of ‘Charity Hospital’,fromisfoundingdaysinthelate18th century to today’s University Medical Center New Orleans, will reveal how deeply ingrained this hospital is in the city space, initsracerelationsandsocialpoliticsaswellasinregionalhistory.Thetalkwillillustrate how the history of Charity Hospital traverses all the aspects mentioned in the call,however,itwillfocusmainlyonpointsfour(socialspace)andfive(sponsorship). Thetalkwilltracethesignificantshiftsandchangesfromthebeginningsasa“hospital forthepoor”tothesignificantnamechangeafterHurricaneKatrinathatdistanced itself from the original Christian principles, from segregated wards to wards divided bythepatients’homeaddresses;finally,itlooksatitsdifferentlocationsinthecityand how it relates to eminent domain, redlining and monumental racism. BRIEF CURRICULUM RonjaTripp-Bodola, PhD, is a medical humanities scholarwhoworks at the Departmentof Psychiatry,LSUHealthSciencesCenterNewOrleans.Herresearchinterests include biopolitics, intersectionality the history of Louisiana mental health and its institutions. 47 SESSION 9 Spaces of Knowledge and Healing MatsDijkdrent|Universityof Cambridge Healing through Space: Plague and Mental Health Institutions in the Sixteenth-Century Low Countries Howhasmedicalknowledgebeenusedtoshapehospitalspace?Thispaperaimsto answerthisquestionbyexaminingthecaseofthesixteenth-centurySt.Caeciliahospital,aplaguehospitalandmadhouse(dolhuis)inLeidenintheLowCountries.There are of course some examples in Italy of medical knowledge that is integrated in the hospital design. Existing historiography overwhelmingly dates, however, the medicalisationofhospitalarchitecturetotheeighteenthcentury.Thispaperdemonstrates that both traditional expectations about the arrangement of hospital space and medicaltheoriesabouttheimpactof space,lightandflowof airwerealreadyintegrated intoDutchsixteenth-centuryhospitaldesigns. IntheLowCountries,plagueandmentalhealthinstitutionsoftenwerecombinedin onebuilding.Thispracticeoriginatedfromtheconfraternityof Cellitesthatcared forbothgroupsintheperiodbeforethereformation.Afterthereformation,thecity of Leidenlackedsuchaninstitutionandtherefore,in1598,themastersof theLeiden’s main hospital wrote an architectural plan for a new plague hospital and madhouse.Theysoughtadvicefromthreedifferentmedicalinstitutionsandbasedtheir designuponmedicalinsightsonhowtocreateahealthy,therapeuticspace.Thelocation of the plague hospital within the city, the position of the windows and the orientationof thebedswereforexampleallbasedonmedicalknowledge.Thedesign for the madhouse states that secluding the mentally ill in dark cells was based on medicaladviceandtheconfinementwasmeanttocuretheinmates.Theintegration of knowledge in the design created a space with its own discourse which legitimised theauthorityandactionsof themedicalstaff.Theplaguehospitalandmadhouseare furthermore social spaces that marked the social otherness of the groups housed in theSt.Caeciliahospital. BRIEF CURRICULUM MatsDijkdrenthascompletedtwoBAdegrees–inHistoryandinArtHistory–atLeidenUniversity(TheNetherlands)andrecentlyobtainedhisResearchMAdegreeinMedieval and Early Modern History from the same university. Mats is currently enrolled 48 in the MPhil History of Art and Architecture programme at Cambridge University. He isespeciallyinterestedintheinterrelationbetweenpre-modernartandtheoretical/ scientificknowledge. ChristineBeese|FreieUniversitätBerlin Knowledge-making between Arts and Science. The Integration of Anatomical Theaters into Hospital Architecture in Modena, Frankfurt and Paris in the 18th Century Havingemergedprimarilywithinuniversitycomplexes(includingthePalazzodelBo inPadovaandtheformerBeguine-ChurchinLeiden,1596),thebuildingtypeof the AnatomicalTheaterrealizedinspacetheshiftinknowledgethatNewPhilosophyhad brought to universities in early modern period. As a place for exercising, presenting anddisseminatingmedicalknowledge,theAnatomicalTheaterhadbecomeasymbol butalsoanaidtotheintegrationof surgicalartsintomedicalerudition.Duringthe 17thcentury,theAnatomicalTheatersbecameanintegralpartofthenewlyerected headquartersof SurgeonGuildsinLondon(RoyalCollegeofPhysicians,Hooke1675) andParis(LeConfrériedeSaint-Côme,Joubert1691)notleastbecauseoftheGuilds’ aspiration to the status of academical Institution. As they were also built in academies of sciences,inroyalcourtsandhospitals,AnatomicalTheatersbecameincreasingly widespreadinthe18thcentury. By analysing and confronting the historical background as well as the spatial organisationof medicalinstitutionsinModena(OspedaleSant’Agostino,Toschi1775),Frankfurt (Senckenbergische Stiftung 1768) and Paris (É cole de Medicine, Gondoin 1775), this paper will investigate the reasons for and consequences of the implementation of AnatomicalTheatersintohospitalarchitecture.Hencethispaperwillshedalight on the conception of medical learning but also on the intellectual and social status of healthcareduringthe18thcentury. BRIEF CURRICULUM ChristineBeese,bornin1981,isaresearchassociateandlecturerattheArtHistory Departmentof theFreieUniversitätBerlin.ShereceiveddegreesinArtHistory,Modern History and Museology from the University of  Münster (2004), Heidelberg and ÉcoleduLouvreParis(2008).Asaresearchassociate,sheworkedattheDepartmentof ArchitectureattheTechnicalUniversityof Dortmund,whereshealsocompletedher PhDthesisonthetopicof MarcelloPiacentini’surbanisticprojects(2014).Herthesis wasawardedtheHans-JanssenPreisoftheGöttingenAcademyof SciencesandHumanitiesin2014.AttheBibliothecaHertziana,Max-Planck-InstituteforArtHistory inRomesheheldascholarshipandorganizedtheconferenceL’UrbanisticaaRoma duranteilVentennioFascista(2013).Sheiscurrentlyworkingonthearchitectureof 49 anatomical theaters in early modern times with a special interest in the relationship between space and knowledge-making. Her main publications are: Beese, C (2016). MarcelloPiacentini.ModernerStädtebauinItalien.Berlin:ReimerVerlag;Beese,C., 2016;Beese,CandDobler,Reds.(2019).UrbanisticaaRomaduranteilVentennioFasccista(QuadernidellaBibliothecaHertziana1).Rome:CampisanoEditore. ManuelAntónioPereiraCouto|UniversidadedoPorto The origin of Vila Real hospital: hygienist’s guidelines and architecture for a modern assistance practice (1796-1844) Inamainvillageinthenorthof Portugalattheendof the18thcentury,thelocalbrotherhoodofOurLadyof Mercy(Santa Casa da Misericórdia),tookthestepstofoundanew hospital to replace the only and very old medieval hostel. However, this hospital was nothing more than a rented house where more needy people could be accommodated, andsoitremainedforabout27years,untilthemid-1810s. Atthistime,thevillagewitnessedchanges.Somehalf-ruinedstructuresweredemolished and a neoclassical style palace was born thanks to the 1st Count of Amarante, a military hero of the peninsular wars. TheCountwasthebrotherhood’sProvedor (sameasheadof theadministration)andhe encouraged the construction of a new building designed to be a hospital. The sources reveal that physicians were consulted on the selection process for the building’s location and effortswere made to complywith the hygienist’s guidelines concerning hospital’s architecture. As the Count’s Palace, the building follow the neoclassical taste, a style conceptually associatedwithscientificrationalism.Andthedevelopmentof thepersonnellinked totheassistancepractice(increasingcomplexityand“laicization”)isanothersignthat suggest a transition trend between a strictly charitable vision and a most modern and comprehensive assistance practice. Inshort,fulfilingreaterfullnessthefourteenworksof Mercy(takecareofSoulandBody). If this infrastructure, which still exists today but applied to another functionality, remainsstrikingintheurbansettingofVilaReal,itwasevenmoresoatitsearlytimes, becauseitredefinedanentireurbanspace.Evenmore,itpromotedtheappearanceof newcomplementaryequipment,destinedtofulfilthelastof theworksof Mercy:to bury the dead. 50 BRIEF CURRICULUM ManuelAntónioPereiraCoutobornonDecember5,1972.MasterDegreeinHistory by the University of  Porto since 2009 with the dissertation entitled “Diseases and Patients at the Divina Providência’s Hospital at Vila Real de Trás-os-Montes (17961836)”.ResearchassociatedatCITCEM – Transdisciplinary Research Centre «Culture, Space and Memory» and CEPESE – Research Centre for the study of Population, Economy and Society. Booth research centers from University of Porto. History researcher and producer of  scientific and cultural contents for academic institutions, museums and cultural enterprises,suchasGlorybox-GestãoIntegradadoPatrimónioCultural,Lda.Examplesof studiesandconferencesaboutMercybrotherhoodsandhospitals:“Thehealth of thebody–SantoAntónioHospital(1820-1910)”,(co-author),chapterincludedon “ContributosparaahistóriadaSantaCasadaMisericórdiadoPorto”(“Underthecloak of Mercy–Contributionstothehistoryof theOporto’sMercyBrotherhood”),Vol.III, publishedbyCEHR–Centreof ReligiousHistoryStudies(2018);“Dangeroustravellers whocould«notbeseen,feltortouched»–conceptsandthefightagainstthepathogens at the end of the eighteen century”, paper presented on the IV International Meeting of YoungResearchersinEarlyModernHistory(EJIHM).June6,2015. 51 SESSION 10 The Medical and Cultural Heritage of Hospitals ValeriaRubbi|UniversitàdiBologna Hospital Spaces and Architectures in Bologna in the Modern Age Thehospitalsof SantaMariadellaVitaandSantaMariadellaMorte,onceplacedone infrontof theother,wereborninmedievaltimes(about1275)thankstotheconfraternitiesof theBattuti,intheheartofthecityof Bologna.Thefirstonewasdedicatedto thereceptionandcareof thesickandpilgrims;whiletheother,asthenamesays,had to take care of the very sick and had the purpose of assisting prisoners and those sentenced to death, also providing for their burial. In the sixteenth century, the Pope’s ambassador,PierDonatoCesistartedagreatpropagandaoperationwiththerenewalof PiazzaMaggioreandthesurroundingareas,includingthetwohospitals:hedesigned morewelcomingspacesandmore“decorosi”environments,reorganizingtheurban layoutofaportionof thehistoriccenter.Throughnewdocumentsitisnowpossibleto reconstruct those hospital environments, which perpetuated the care and devotional function for the next two centuries. BRIEF CURRICULUM ValeriaRubbiisaRTDaresearcheratBolognaUniversityfrom2013to2016,withextensionuntil2018,shecarriesoutherresearchactivitymainlyinthefieldofmodern art history. Her interests are principally oriented to the study of architectural contexts, aswellasiconography,between15thand18thcenturies.Inparticular,shehasbeen engagedinBolognesearchitecture.SheholdslessonsinDAMS,Master’sDegree,in DidacticsofVisualArtsandIconographyandIconologyattheDepartmentofPrimary TeacherEducation.From2000to2014shehasheldcoursesofHistoryofArchitecture andHistoryof ArtatEconomics,RiminiCampus(Universityof Bologna)andlaterat Departmentof Philology,LiteratureandClassicalTraditionof Bologna. 52 ElenaCorradini|UniversitàdegliStudidiModenaeReggioEmilia The Great 18th century Hospital in the complex of Sant’Agostino in Modena. For a compatible and sustainable reuse project It is intended to present the work in progress linked to a restoration project for culturalpurposesof abuildingcomplexcalledSant’Agostino,fromthesquareof thesame name,locatedonthewesternedgeof thehistoriccenterofModena(https://www.agomodena.it/).Thevastcomplex,whichwillbereusedforculturalservices,stillinthe processof beingdefinedwithintheAGOModenaculturalbuildings(https://www.agomodena.it/it/),consistsof adjacentbuildingsinterspersedwithtwocourtyards.The oldestbuilding,thelargeeighteenth-centuryhospitalwantedbyDukeFrancescoIII d’Estewithaplantwithaveryoriginaldistributive-spatialconcept,differentfromthe commonsinglelaneorcruiseplants.Theplantwithanoriginal“pincerstructure”is infactcharacterizedbyasymmetricaldivisionofspaceforwomen’shospitalization (threelanestothewest)andmen(threelanestotheeast),fromtheneedforasingle atrium access to the male and female departments and especially the importance of religion: the three lanes reserved for women are arranged radially with an optical cone aroundthealtardedicatedtoSt.Jobandthoseof themen’swardaroundthealtardedicatedtoS.Nicolò.Thebuildingwasexpandedespeciallyduringthenineteenthcenturyandremainedinuseuntil2004whenanewhospitalinBaggiovara,ontheoutskirts of thecity,cameintooperation.Therestorationproject,stillunderdiscussion,of this large building will have to take into account a compatible and sustainable reuse for culturalservices.IntheSant’AgostinocomplexthereisalsoanAnatomicalTheatre, the only space in the area recently restored and enhanced with a series of events and exhibitionsof contemporaryart:theTheatrewasbuiltbetween1773and1775byAntonioScarpa,professorof AnatomyandSurgeryattheUniversityof Modena.Moreover, therearethreenineteenth-centurybuildingsinthesamecomplex.Theywerebuiltbetween1840and1863fortheMedicalClinicsof thesameUniversityandwillbereused to house the collections of the University Museums currently not on display. BRIEF CURRICULUM Elena Corradini is a researcher of Museology and Restoration at the University of ModenaandReggioEmilia,nowteachesMonumentalBuildingsRestorationHistory. SheisCoordinatorof theItalianUniversityMuseumsNetwork(www.retemuseiuniversitari.unimore.it)andwasboardmemberanddeputy-presidentofICOM-UMAC andfrom1980to2006sheworkedfortheMinistryof CulturalHeritageasdirector archaeologistinModena,BolognaandasmanagerinRome.Sheisfreelancejournalist,authorof morethan170publicationsaboutmuseology,historyofcollecting,conservationandvalorizationofculturalheritage,recentlyabouttheUniversityheritage, she directed restoration works and has been curator of a lot of exhibitions. 53 YeidyLuzRosaOrtiz|DurhamUniversity Use of Space and Non-Combative Populations of the Antiguo Hospital Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, El Grande, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1774-1886 TheneoclassicalstructurethattodayhousestheLeagueof ArtandtheSchoolof Plastic ArtsandDesignof PuertoRicowasoriginallybuiltin1774asthefirsthospitalonthe CaribbeanislandunderSpanishcolonialrule.Initiallydestinedtoserve500poor, women sex workers, and formerly enslaved residents from the same urban neighborhood that was displaced in order for its building— each group segregated into separatespaceswithinthehospital—,italsoservedasthefirstmedicalschooland onlypharmacyontheisland.Today,the500artstudentsthatexpresstheircreativity within this space also express curiosity as to what their studios and gallery spaces were originally used for, and as to the people that worked, lived, and died in what arenowtheirclassroomsandworkshops.Througharchivalmaterialandtheoriginal building plans, we set out as a community to answer some of these questions, and what was uncovered was the history of a hospital at the center of a century-long disputeoverownershipbetweenthechurch,themilitary,andthemunicipality.The grand vision of an archbishop that was never to be, the archival materials depict intendedfaçadesthatwereinterruptedbythewarwithEnglandin1797;bedsforthe poorreducedfrom500to30,andeventhosewereinconstantdangerof beingtaken by the military for the use of soldiers or by the municipality for the use of the city’s prisonand/orpayingcustomers,andthefinalrestingplaceforagroupof imprisoned Chinese laborers accused of a crime in Cuba they passionately argued they did notcommit.Thisarchivalsearchalsocreatedacommunityspaceof dialogwithin the building’s current inhabitants in which local histories were recovered, embodied, and performed through artistic practice. BRIEF CURRICULUM YeidyRosacompletedaBAinHistoryof ArtatTheOhioStateUniversity(2001),an MAinHumanitiesandSocialThoughtatNewYorkUniversity(2005),anMAinSocialHistoryof ArtatUniversityof Leeds(2020)andiscurrentlyaPhDresearcherin HistoryofArt,SpanishStudiesandEarlyModernLatinAmericanVisualCultureat DurhamUniversityintheUK.ShehascompletedprogramsinHistoryof Art,Archaeology,VisualAnthropology,EthnographicFilm,Palaeography,andRareBooksatKoç University(Turkey,2000-2001),OhioUniversity(UnitedStates,conductedinChina, 2001),ColumbiaUniversity(UnitedStates,conductedinBrazil,2003),Schoolof AdvancedStudyatUniversityof London(UnitedKingdom,2015)andCasaÁrabeinCórS doba,Spain(2016).ShehastaughtHistoryof ArtattheUniversityof PuertoRicoat RíoPiedras(2015-2019),theSchoolofPlasticArtsandDesignof PuertoRico(20132019),andthePontificalCatholicUniversityof EcuadorinQuito(2008-2010). 54 JoséCarlosD.R.AvelãsNunes|UniversidadedeLisboa The architecture of the New Lisbon Lazaretto (1860-1910). Modelling controversial confinement in space and time From the 1870s onwards, the city of  Lisbon was subject to urban requalification to build a defence system against contagious diseases that, at the time, were spreading around theworld.The capital’s strategic positionworked as a gate to the European continent,especiallyinwhatisconcernedwithinternationaltrading.Thecirculation of both people and goods worked as a vector to disease’s spreading, especially of cholera, yellow fever and tuberculosis. Upon the international discussion about the most efficientmethodsof quarantinesystems,Lisbonerectedaparticularbuildingonthe othersideoftheTagusRiver,from1861and1869.Facingthecity,butnottouchingit, theNewLisbonLazarettowasamodeltodisaggregatethenotcontrolledentrancesin thetown,toprotectitscitizensandtomakesurethatallthenewregulatedsanitary measures were put in practice. Thisstar-likebuildingwassubjecttoseveraldiscussions,fromtheprojectandconstruction,untilitsgeneraluse.ArchitecturalmodelssuchastheFrenchMazasPrison the Bentham’s panopticon or the pavilion system influenced the design of  the Lazaretto.Still,anentirelynewconceptwasdesigned,totheextentthatthereisno comparablelazarettoinEurope,inwhatrelatesbothtoitsarchitecturalshapeand spaceconfiguration. In this communication, three central axes are going to be intersected in the Lisbon Lazaretto.Firstly,theinternationalmodelsandthecirculationofarchitecturalandmedicalknowledge,withtheidentificationof actorsandnetworks.Secondly,howmedical and architectural disciplines are interconnected. Finally, there will be analysed the roleof containmentregulation,politicalagentsandscientificexpertsinshapingits internalandexternalspaceuniqueconfiguration. BRIEF CURRICULUM JoséCarlosAvelãsNunesisanarchitect,Ph.D.inarchitectureandresearcherintheareasofthehistoryof architectureandinthehistoryofmedicine.Wasawardedwithan individualdoctoralfellow,throughapubliccompetitionbytheFoundationforScience andTechnology,whichresultedinthedoctoralthesis“Thearchitectureof sanatoria inPortugal:1850-1970”.Withthisthesis,hewasawarded,ex-aequo,withtheVictorde SáPrizeforContemporaryHistoryin2018.JoséAvelãsNunesintegratesseveralR&D networks and participates in several research projects. He is the author of national andinternationalarticles,bookchaptersandmagazineediting,andalsoalecturerat international and national conferences, as well as guidance and jury of master’s and PhD’s dissertations. Currently, he develops academic and research activities at the 55 Facultyof SciencesoftheUniversityof Lisbon,particularlywithapostdoctoralresearchindividualproject,intheCIUHCT-CentroInteruniversitáriodeHistóriadas CiênciasedaTecnologia. SESSION 11 Read between the Lines: Hospitals in Text EliseBrault-Dreux|Universityof Valenciennes Poeticizing the experience of the space in hospital My purpose is to analyse how some 20th and 21st-century English poets have repeatedlyintroducedthehospitalintotheirpoeticspace.RelyingonFoucault’s“Incorporationdel’hôpitaldanslatechnologiemoderne»andBachelard’sPoétique de l’espace, I willshowhowthebuildingisoftenintroduced,bysomepoets(e.g.PhilipLarkin,Roy Fisher,PeterReading),asamassive,eventhreatening,austerearchitecture.Butmore powerfularetheevocations,bythepatient(thepoetsortheirpersona)of theirsubjectiveexperienceoftheinside(orthebowels)of thehospital:thewaiting-room,thecorridors,the“zones”and,mostfrequently,thebedroom–i.e.themainstageof countless poems.Mundanelyfurnished,withthehospitalbed(aquasi-extensionof thepatient’s body)atthecentre,thebedroomisexperiencedasaplaceof bothsafety and brutal limitation.The poeticvoices repeatedly evoke its constraining barewalls, its closed door(orreverselyitstoooftenopeneddoor),itslockedwindows,aswellasthehorizonharshlylimitedbyitswan(andoftenimperfect,spotted)stared-atceiling.Tension thus arises between the extreme intensity of the physical and ontological experience of the bedridden patient and thelatter’sexperience(againphysical)of thelimitation of space,theawarenessof whichismagnifiedbywhathecticlifeisperceivedbeyond thewallsandcurtains.Thenoisesandsmellsof thecirculationofair,of staff (voices andsteps),of visitors,ofmaterials(thetrolleys),of bedsonwheelsregularlyreachthe senses of the vulnerable patient. All too aware of the “normal” life outside the building, the patient feels an intermediary movement in the liminal spaces just outside theirbedroom,whiletheirownexperienceof thismassiveinstitutionis(asisoften suggestedinthepoems)limitedtotheimmediatesurroundingsof theirbed. Corpus:poemsbySarahBroom,JuliaDarling,HelenDunmore,RoyFisher,PhilipLarkin,PeterReading,JoShapcott,HannahSullivan,andHugoWilliams. 56 BRIEF CURRICULUM EliseBrault-DreuxisaseniorlecturerattheUniversityof Valenciennes(France).She has been working on English poetry for years and has published a book on the poetry of D.H.Lawrence(Le ‘Je’ et ses masques dans la poésie de D.H. Lawrence,2014).Sheisthe co-editor of No Dialect Please, You’re a poet (Routledge,2019).Sheistheauthorof many book chapters and articles on modernist poetry. For a couple of years, she has worked onthepoeticrepresentationof theexperienceof hospitalisation.Shehaspublished articlesonthatthemeaboutPhilipLarkin’spoems(“ExposingBareLives–PhilipLarkin’s Hospital Poems”) and about the “hospital smells” (a book chapterwill be publishedbytheendofthe2020). Marie Allitt | University of Oxford Scaling the Hospital: Imagining and Mapping Clinical Space Thispaperexploreswaysof conceptualisingandviewinghospitalspaces,askingwhat alternative physical and disciplinary viewpoints can bring to our understanding of spaceandhospitaldesign.Thesealternativeviewpointsprimarilystemfromaliterary and critical medical humanities perspective. Bytakingtheideaof‘modelhospitals’quiteliterally,IfocusontheKing’sFundMiniatureHospital,createdandputondisplayinLondonin1933,asashowcaseforwhatthe charitableFundweredoingforhealthcare,andattractfurtherdonations.Theobject itselfissignificant,butsotooareattitudestotheobject.Ibeginwithanalmostabsurdist, parodic Country Life articlefrom1933,wheretheKing’sFundHospitalisimagined as the ‘Lilliput Hospital’ and a tour is described by an imagined descendent of Lemuel Gulliver(of JonathanSwift’sGulliver’s Travels (1726)).Thisspecificpieceof writingis curious about the model of the hospital, with its innovations and modern design are wondrous,butthereisalsoanauraofexoticismandOthering.Thisperspectiveraises numerous questions about how we see, understand, and move through the hospital. Doesaliteralchangeinviewpoint–abird’seyeviewontheminiature–impacttheunderstandingof thatspace?Doesthisunusual,literary,andfantasticalnarrationalter how the hospital is viewed? How might we extend this, to think of contemporary modernhospitals,withtheiruseof wayfindingandmapstovisualisethehospitalspace? Whatisemphasised,andwhatisomitted?Howdoesthehospitalvisitornavigatethe psychological and physical hospital space? IusethisGullivertextasalaunchpointfromwhichtoexploreimaginativewaysof conceptualising and conceiving of medical spaces: to think, for example, about what metaphors are invoked about the hospital space, and what work such images might be doing. 57 BRIEF CURRICULUM Marie Allitt is a Humanities and Healthcare Fellow at the University of Oxford, on the project‘AdvancingMedicalProfessionalism:IntegratingHumanitiesTeachinginthe Universityof Oxford’sMedicalSchool’.SheisalsothePostdoctoralResearchAssistantfortheNorthernNetworkforMedicalHumanitiesResearch,attheUniversity of  Leeds. Marie is a collaborator on theWellcome small grant project ‘Senses and Modern Health/care Environments: Exploring interdisciplinary and international opportunities’,ledbyDrVictoriaBates.Sheisalsoaco-investigatoronaWellcome DiscretionaryAward,‘ThinkingThroughThings’,whichaimstodevelopacross-disciplinaryECRresearchnetworkthatengageswiththeWellcomeCollection,inconnectionwiththeNorthernNetworkforMedicalHumanitiesResearchandDurham’s InstituteforMedicalHumanities.MariecompletedherPhDinEnglishLiteratureat theUniversityof Yorkin2018,focusingonexperiencesandrepresentationsof spacesandsensesinFirstWorldWarmedicalcaregivingnarratives.Marie’sresearchfocuses on medical lifewriting; practitioner health; medical spaces and senses; and early 20th century surgery. Jessica Campbell | University of Edinburgh Open Doors and Flattened Hierarchies: Exploring the Boundaries of Space and Identity in Dingleton Hospital’s Therapeutic Community from c. 1963 Thispaperexaminesthedynamicsofanimportantyetoverlookedinstitutionwithin Scotland’shistoryof psychiatry:DingletonHospital’stherapeuticcommunity.Shaped bythecounter-culturalinfluencesofthe1960sandanincreasedinterestintheapproaches of social psychiatry, this small, unassuming asylum- turned-hospital in the Scottish Borders pioneered the development of  an innovative approach to mental healthcare in which the principles of democracy, openness and permissiveness were applied within an institutional setting, disrupting the long-established boundaries, physical and symbolic, of its former nineteenth- century asylum structure. Focusing on the theme of boundaries, it seeks to draw attention to the ways in which notions of self and other were replicated in the hospital’s social and spatial structures through acloseanalysisof Dingleton’sin-housemagazineOutlook and explores the following keyquestions:WeretheboundariesofidentityandspacetrulytestedatDingleton?Did thepioneeringandliberalrhetoricofDingleton’sadvocatesmatchtheexpressionsof lived experience within the therapeutic community? Or was it merely another form of control,‘asimplereconfigurationofpowerrelationshipswithoutanyindepthchange’ (Fussinger,2001)?Byaddressingthesequestions,thispaperultimatelyassessesthe extent of change in a period heralded as a turning point in the history of psychiatry: the demise of the asylum. In doing so, it seeks to demonstrate that just as the popular image of the Victorian asylum as an isolated entity surrounded by impenetrable walls 58 is questionable, so too is the conception of the therapeutic community as a model without boundariesfor,inthetwentiethcentury,wefind‘onceagain,thattheboundaries betweenasylumandcommunityarevagueanduncertain’(BartlettandWright,1999). BRIEF CURRICULUM JessicaCampbellisanESRCfundedPhDstudentwithintheSchoolofHistory,Classics and Archaeology at the University of Edinburgh. Her current research focuses on the relationship between madness, creativity and experience. Her MScR thesis entitled ‘TheBoundariesof Madness’(2018)exploresthenotionof spaceandidentitythrough an examination of the patient-produced writings of nineteenth and twentieth-centuryScottishasylummagazines.Herdoctoralproject‘FromMoralTreatmenttoMad Culture’ seeks to extend upon these interconnected themes of creativity and patient expression through a historical enquiry into the nature of alternative psychiatric therapiesinBritainsince1840. 59 SESSION 12 The Politics of Modernisation BarryDoyle|UniversityofHuddersfield The Shape of Things to Come? The politics of planning new hospitals in inter war Europe TheFirstWorldWargaveaboosttothepopularityandprofileof Europe’shospitals as populations ‘acquired the hospital habit’. As a result, demand for hospital beds increasedsubstantiallycreatinganaccommodationcrisisacrossthecontinent.Thiscrisiswasexacerbatedbythefactthatmuchoftheexistinginfrastructurewasoldand/or not designed for modern medical practices. Across much of Europe, especially away from the big cities, hospitals remained basic, focused on care, with limited specialisationandslowpatientturnover.Thefurthereastonetravelled,themoresimplistic the institutions proved to be. But over the following twenty years the continent experienced a medical building boom as all sorts of providers working alone, or in partnership, looked to shape new, exciting accommodation that showcased political and national ambitions. Thispaperwillexploresomeofthewayspoliticsandnationunderpinnedthismodernisationof Europe’smedicalinfrastructure.DrawingoncasestudiesfromEngland, France,CzechoslovakiaandHungaryitwillexaminearangeof newbuildandrenovation projects that sought to increase provision and make political capital. It will considerissuessuchascost,architecturaldesign,localityandeventhesignificanceof institutional names in the politics of planning and building hospitals. In the process it will show that medical buildings and medical spaces were highly contested as the voluntary sector, municipal authorities, national government, religious bodies and the labour movement came together and clashed over who should pay for, who should have access to, who should manage and what should be the role of, healthcare provision in the post war world. BRIEF CURRICULUM BarryDoyleisProfessorof HealthHistoryandDirectorof theCentreforHealthHistoriesattheUniversityof Huddersfield.Hespecialisesinthehistoryof hospitalsin themodernperiodofferingcomparativeanalysesof provisioninanumberofcountries including England, France, Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. His research hasbeenfundedbyWellcomeandtheAHRCandhispublicationsincludea2014mon60 ograph, The Politics of Hospital Provision in Early Twentieth Century Britain, and numerous articles and book chapters in English and French. He is currently editing a special issue of European Review of History with Hannah Louise Clark on Imperial and Post Imperial HealthcarebeforeWelfareStates.Hehasbeenamemberof theBoardof theInternationalNetworkfortheHistoryofHospitalssince2013. CansuDegirmencioglu|TechnicalUniversityofMunich The Foundation and Development of Heybeliada Sanatorium and the Modernization of Turkey (1924-1955) In2020,theTurkishThoracicSocietystartedapetitiondemandingtherenovationand re-use of the nonoperating sanatorium in Heybeliada Istanbul, as a pandemic hospital including a medical history museum. Along with its potential role in the struggle against the Corona pandemic, the complex is a cultural heritage as well, testifying for thecollaborativemodernizationofarchitectureandmedicine.Thesetwofieldsconcurrentlyemergedasmoderndisciplinesinthenation-buildingyearsoftheTurkish republic,aperiodmarkedwiththeregime’seffortstodisintegratetheimageof “the sickmanof Europe”.Therulingofficials,amajorityofwhichweremedicalgraduates influencedbySocialDarwinism,identifiedphysicalweaknessandsicknesswithmoral corruption and treason, which led to a strong emphasis on the struggle against medicaldiseases,Tuberculosis(TB)inparticular.Whilethearchitectsandphysiciansborrowed techniques and terminology from each other, the traditional spatial elements such as caged windows and the extensive use of decorative textiles in interiors were condemnedaspotentialcausesofTB.Alongwithpublichygienepropaganda,sanatoriaanddispensaryconstructionhadbeenhigh-priorityprojects.ThispaperexaminesthefoundationanddevelopmentperiodofthefirstpandemichospitalinTurkey: the Heybeliada Sanatorium, regarding its modernist architectural aspects.Through periodicals and official publications, this paper further focuses on representations of sanatoria and the position of medical institutions as mediums of state-initiated modernization.Moreover,itdiscusseshowthisparticularfacilityresonatedwiththe biopolitical discourse of the regime and set a precedent for the subsequent medical institutions.Finally,thishistoricalandarchitecturalanalysisof theHeybeliadaSanatorium intends to contribute to the current discussions about its re-use. BRIEF CURRICULUM CansuDegirmenciogluisadoctoralcandidateattheTechnicalUniversityof Munich, thechairof ArchitecturalHistoryandCuratorialPractice.Sheiscurrentlyresidingand carryingherstudiesinBerlin,teachingonlineDesignHistorycoursesatafoundation UniversityinTurkey,andworkingonherdissertationtitled“Prescribed Modernity: The Impact of Health and Hygiene Concerns on Turkish Architecture During the Early Republican Era (1923-1950)” ,fundedbytheDAADdoctoralscholarship.Herscholarlyresearchmain61 lyfocusesonthemodernizationofTurkey,andintertwinedhistoriesof medicineand modern architecture. In addition to various conference and seminar presentations, Degirmenciogluiscurrentlyintheprocessof publicationinapeer-reviewedjournal and the revising process of a book chapter, which will be published in 2021. HongdengGao|ColumbiaUniversity Medical Governance Contest over Gouverneur Hospital: Health Activism in New York City’s Lower East Side, 1956-1972 Historians have examined how a variety of forces—including the emergence of new technologies, the rising power of physicians, and the expansion of American social welfare provision—transformed American hospitals in the twentieth century. Most have focused on how these forces changed individual hospitals. It remains largely unclear how hospitals were designed, built, and used in relation to one another. Analyzingthelittle-knownpost-WorldWarIIhistoryof apublichospital,Gouverneur, inNewYorkCity’sLowerEastSide,thispapershowshowcompetingmedicaltheories,communityactivism,andlocalandfederalgovernmentfundinginfluencedthe location,architecturaldesigns,andactivitiesof Gouverneurvis-a-visthoseof nearby public and voluntary hospitals. By the late 1950s, New York City’s municipal hospital systemhadacutepersonnelshortagesanddilapidatedbuildings.Drawingfromphysicians’papersanddocumentsfromgovernmentandcommunityagencies,thefirstpart of this paper explores how physician administrators at the time sought to reform the city’s public hospital system by closing municipal hospitals that had outdated physicalplantsandwerelocatedinworking-classimmigrantneighborhoods.Theyargued that residents from these neighborhoods could travel thirty miles farther for better care at private and public hospitals where the administrators had expanded facilities, increasedbedcapacity,andformedmedicalschoolaffiliationsforstaffing.Thesecond partof thispapershowshowLowerEastSideresidents,whobelievedthatthecommunity should have a say in the operation of public medical institutions, shaped the physicaldesignsandusageof Gouverneur:turningthehospitalfirstintoanationally known neighborhood health center with innovative social and health services departmentsandbilingualcommunityoutreachprograms;thenintoageneralcarehospital that had expanded maternity wards and rehabilitation facilities, and only relied on other hospitals in the region for back-up specialty services. BRIEF CURRICULUM HongdengGaoisaHistoryPh.D.candidateatColumbiaUniversity.Herdissertation examines how Cold War geopolitics and grassroots activism in New York City improved access to health care for under-served Chinese New Yorkers in the late twentiethcentury.ADissertationFellowattheConsortiumforHistoryof Science,Technol62 ogy and Medicine, Hongdeng has worked as a research consultant for New York City’s DepartmentofHealthandMentalHygieneandasaninternattheAmericanItalian CancerFoundation.BeforepursuingaPhD,Hongdengco-foundedHealthBridges,a grassroots initiative based in California that trains multilingual college students to serveashealthadvocatesforpatientswithlimitedEnglishproficiency. SESSION 13 Maternity FitzDross|Friedrich-Alexander-UniversitätErlangen-Nürnberg Gendered Medicalised Spaces – Inside and Outside Hospitals in early 20th century Germany Regarding obstetrics and gynaecology, the Foucauldian concept of  the ‘clinic’ looks evenmoreplausiblethanforanyothermedicalbranch:bydefiningbirth-givingasa medical process the pregnant women were separated from both their social and everydays living environments to give birth within specially medicalised maternity clinics, supervisedbymedicallytrainedmenusingspecialinstruments(forcipes)andthusallowingforthe‘MedicalGaze’atthefemalebody.Womenwereexposedtospecialrisks, as the maternity clinics provided a medicalised research environment to understand these,asthecaseof IgnazSemmelweisdemonstrates.Asmaternityclinics,contraryto ‘normal’hospitals,made‘healthy’women(givingbirth)availabletomedicalresearch, they were of extraordinary value for bacteriological research. In a reciprocal development, prominent (German) gynaecologists in the early 20th century claimed Frauenkunde(women’sstudies)tobe“thescienceof womeninallareas of  their lives”,while gynaecology (Frauenheilkunde)would only be a “province in the hugeempireofthescienceof women”(M.Hirsch:WasistFrauenkunde,1912).Beginningin1914,thejournalArchiv für Frauenkunde was initiated by mostly liberal gynaecologists. Usually, Frauenkunde is historically judged as the very beginning of social gynaecology,butalreadythefirstvolumeof thejournalintegratedanarticleof WilhelmSchallmeyer,oneoftheleadingfiguresof earlyracialhygieneinGermany.The proposed paper aims at focusing on Frauenkunde as an example for a typically clinical gynaecological knowledge overcoming hospital borders and blurring ideological frontiersilluminatingthecrossroadsof (de-)hospitalisedandmedicalisedgenderedspaces in gynaecology, ideology, and women’s every-day living. 63 BRIEF CURRICULUM Fritz Dross is assistant professor for the history of medicine at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg. Beside his research on early modern hospitals, epidemics and urban health services he is working on the history of gynaecology in 20th century, especially during national socialism. KathleenPierce|SmithCollege New Spaces for a New Midwifery at the Lying-In Hospital of the City of New York In January, 1902, crews completed construction on the Lying-In Hospital of the City of NewYork.Thebuildingprojectwasfundedbya$1,000,000donationfromJ.P.Morgan,whohand-pickeditsarchitect,RobertHendersonRobertson.Morgan’spatronage arrived at a moment of transition simultaneously operating at several registers: new theorizationsof vanguardhospitaldesignandconstruction,increasingspecialization andprofessionalizationinmedicinebroadlyandinthefieldof obstetricsspecifically, and changing understandings of pregnancy, labor, childbirth, and post- natal care. The1902hospitalsitsatthenexusof theseintersectingculturalthreads. In this paper, I center the Lying-In Hospital of the City of New York as a case study, illuminating the productive and formative role the built environment played in shapingthisdiscourse.Thelying-inhospital,unlikemanyothermedicalfacilities,was inherentlygendered:itspatientswerenecessarilywomen.Whilehistorianshaveexaminedthegeneralshiftof childbirthfromthehomosocialspaceof thehometothe heterosocial,professionalized,andimpersonalspaceof thehospital,Icontendthat the architectural structure of the maternity hospital itself— that is, the spaces chosentobeincludedorexcludedfromitsplan,thephysicalorganizationof itswards, anditslocationwithinthecity—isequallyripeforanalysis.Throughclosestudyof the planning, construction, and operation of the 1902 Lying-In Hospital, I demonstratethatthebuilding’splanmademanifestphysicians’effortstoprofessionalize obstetrics,mechanizetheprocessof childbirth,andpreventmidwivesfrompracticing. These theoretical solutions for physicians, however, simultaneously transformed patients’ understandings of pregnancy and birthing through the experientialspaceof thereorganizedhospital.Unlikebirthinginthehome—whereinlabor, delivery, and recovery all took place within a singular room—the hospital physically and temporally segregated labor, delivery, and postnatal care, contributing to the medicalizationof childbirth. 64 BRIEF CURRICULUM KathleenPierceiscurrentlyaVisitingAssistantProfessorintheDepartmentof Artat SmithCollegeinNorthampton,MassachusettsintheUnitedStates.Shereceivedher Ph.D.inArtHistoryfromRutgersUniversityinMay2019.Herresearchfocusesonthe intersection of art and architectural history and medicine in the nineteenth- and early twentieth-centuryFrenchempire.Sheisintheprocessofrevisingherdissertationfor publication as a monograph. book, titled Ephemeral Surfaces: Skin, Disease, and Visuality in the Fin-de-Siècle French Empire, examines a broad range of objects — from dermatological illustrations and wax-cast models, to public health posters and avant-garde painting — to understand relationships between the surface of the modern body and the surface in modern art. Her research has most recently appeared in Medical History in January2020inanarticletitled“PhotographasSkin,SkinasWax:Indexicalityand theVisualisationof SyphilisinFin-de-SiècleFrance.” ElżbietaKassner|LeibnizUniversitätHannover Between home and hospital: Maternity wards in post-war Poland 1945-1970 Followingtheideasof socialisthealthcare,theMinistryofHealthinAfterWorldWar II Poland did not foster birth as a private home event. Moreover, health politics aimed toinstitutionalizeobstetriccareandplannedtolocateobstetricsexclusivelyinhospitals.However,duetofinancialreasonsandtheshortageof qualifiedpersonnel,the state was not able to realise the hospitalisation of births immediately. StartingnearWarsawin1945,anewtypeof institution:maternitywards-izby porodowe - were established in neighbourhoods all over the country, occupying the space betweenhomeandhospitalandthusfillingthisgap.By1949,therewerealready85 maternity wards. In 1956, 16% births took place in a maternity ward. From 1959 onward,theimportanceof the800maternitywardscontinuouslydecreased,untildeliveryinaclinicbecamestandardpracticeinthe1970s. On the basis of archival materials, regulations, handbooks, and periodicals for midwives and obstetricians, memories of women covered in sociological studies, as well as a number of interviews with older midwives, the proposed conference contribution seeks to reconstruct the manner of how the “new” institutions were run. My research focuses on this unique form of obstetric care on local community level,organisedandmanagedbymidwivesboundby“InstructionontheOrganization andOperationoftheMaternityWards”.Thematernitywardsconstitutedpartof the healthcarecenterandhad,dependingonlocalrequirements,threetotenbeds.Regularly, the midwives lived in small houses which were likewise their working space, 65 where they monitored independently women during birth and childbed. Only in cases of emergencyDoctorswerecalledin. Theuniqueworkingandlivingarrangementofmidwivesincommunitiesallowsadeeperunderstandingof therelationshipbetweenmidwivesandlocalcitizensaswellas the midwives role and function as mediator of knowledge between public-health-system and their clients in the immediate post-war realities. BRIEF CURRICULUM ElżbietaKassnerisaPhDstudentunderthesupervisionof Prof.Dr.BarbaraDuden, Institute of  Sociology, Leibniz University Hannover. Her research interests include history of the Midwifery, medicine and social history of the 19th and 20th centuries, motherhood, parenthood, reproductive health, biopolitics. 66 Posters Anna Maria Ester Condins | Universitat de Barcelona Santa Creu Hospital of Vic (Catalonia): a medieval hospital in a modern city TheSantaCreuhospitalof Vic(Osona,Catalonia)wasfoundedbyalegacyfromamerchant,RamonTerrades,whodiedinMajorcain1348.Accordingtohisspecificwishes, the hospital was located outside the city walls, next to the main road to Barcelona. It’s very remarkable that Terrades in his will specified not only the place where it should be built but also the physical characteristics it must have. First, the hospital had to consist of two houses, one for men and the other for women, each one with a capacityfortwelvebeds.Secondly,theceilinghadtobesupportedbythreestonearches. Andfinally,hedefinedtheconstructionsize:awidthaccordingwoodenbeamsanda length equal to similar buildings. Hespecifiedclearlythatthehospitalneverhadtobecontrolledbyanyecclesiastical organizationandthat’swhyhecommittedtheresponsibilitytotheCityCouncil.He also stated that periodically the work and the positions of managing people should be evaluated. Subsequently,severalextensionsandmodificationshavechangedtheoriginalappearance of the building that is still in the same place and remains faithful to its original sanitary purpose.The oldest rooms nowadays are offices and administration areas, and the patient rooms were moved to more modern and better equipped buildings. Theinterestinthisworkistheanalysisof thebuilding’sevolutionoverthetimeand the conservation of previous elements as a memory of its history. BRIEF CURRICULUM Anna Maria Ester Condins, born in Barcelona (Spain), PhD in Medicine from the Universityof Barcelona(UB),hasfocusedherworkinHematologyandHemotherapy.Also,shehasstudiedforadegreeinHistoryattheUniversityNationalof Distance Education (UNED) and a master’s degree in Medieval Culture at UB. She’s interested in the study of hospitals, medicine and social life in the Middle Ages in Catalonia.HerPhDinMedievalHistoryprojectfocusesonthehospitalof Vic(city inCentralCatalonia). 67 MariangelaCarlessi|PolitecnicodiMilanoandAlessandraKluzer|PolitecnicodiMilano The Ospedale Maggiore of Milan as a “working machine”. Functions, spaces and architecture through the centuries TheOspedaleMaggioreinMilaniswordlyknownforhavingbeenanabsolutetypological model, because of its rigorous plan. Most of all, it has always been, and still is, a“workingmachine”,asAmbrogioAnnonicalledit.Throughthecenturies,itcould patently adapt to the changing of requirements related to the clinical progress, to the alwaysincreasingneedofspace,and,aftertherupturecausedbyWorldWarII,toa new life. Weproposeanunusualandnotstereotypicalreadingof suchanimportant“monument”, through the observation lens and the on-site experience of those who question the buildings in order to take care of them, searching for data and clues in archive documents and in the countless traces sedimentated in the matter of the buildings themselves.Weexaminethecomplexityof theHospitalthroughitsdiachronicstructures that witness the ageless issue of the relationship with pre-existing buildings. WewouldstartfromthestudyofapartoftheHospitalthatstillastoundinglypreserves its old features and recalls to opposite aspects of the life inside the Hospital: the mostrepresentativeplaces(theChapter Halls and the Annunciata Church)andthemost hidden and humble ones, related to the everyday management of the many who could notrecover(thesepulchreunderneaththechurch).Thecoexistenceofsuchdifferent functions has led us to extend the analysis of the functional asset to the whole building complex.Crossingthedatagivenbytheinventoriesandthehistoricfloorplans,itwas possibletoreconstructthehospital’sdetailedlayout,identifying,forthefirsttime,the useclassificationof eachsingleplaceindifferentages.Alayoutthatgetscomplicated and quickly changes, until the brutal disbanding caused by war and the “puristic”, although extremely cultivated, post war interventions. BRIEF CURRICULUM Mariangela Carlessi and Alessandra Kluzer are Architects, Specialized in Building Preservation, PhD, respectively in Building Conservation and History of  Architecture,andtheyteachatthePolitecnicoofMilanasCotractProfessors.Theycombine their professional and research activities, mainly focused on building conservation: from preliminary studies, surveys, and diagnosis to the architectural and conservationproject.Theyareauthorsofpublicationsdealingwithhistoryof architectureand thetheoryandpracticeof buildingconservation.Since2002theyhaveworkedforthe Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, mainly focusing on the Chapter Halls, the Annunciata Church and the adjoining places, doing preliminary research and surveys, a feasibility study and designing the interventions for the conservation and reuse of the Crypt underneath the Annunciata Church. 68 Carmina Montezuma and João Castela Oliveira | Museu São João de Deus Psiquiatria eHistória The Order of St. John of God and hospital care in Lisbon TheOrderof St.Johnof GodprovidedcharitableandhealthcareassistanceinLisbon, sincetheIberianUnionin1580untiltheextinctionoftheReligiousOrdersin1834, alwaysfulfillingauniversal,integralandethicalHospitalityasinspiredbytheFounder.Duringthisperiod,theOrderownedtheConventandHospitalofSt.JohnofGod andwasresponsiblefortheadministrationoftheMilitaryHospital,atfirstinstalled intheCastleofStGeorgeandlatertransferredtotheabove-mentionedConventand Hospital,followingtheLisbonearthquakein1755. Locatedinthecommunityareaof Santos,theConventandHospitalof St.Johnof God hadaprivilegedlocationnexttotheTagusRiver.Thebuilding,withaU-shapedplant, in addition to the convent spaces and the Church, had several nursing wards and a pharmacy.TheMilitaryHospitalwaslocatedintheCastleof StGeorge,closetomilitarystructures,includingthejail;forthisreason,itprovidedhealthcaretoprisoners. In these two hospitals, the assistance was exclusive to male patients. However, women and children, from all social categories, were also provided with religious assistance not only during liturgical celebrations and in the improvement of chapels, but also in the permission of burials within the Church and in the convent space. TheBrothersof St.JohnofGod,asdoctorsandnurses,alwaysintendedtodevelopa socio-sanitary action among the population in general, mainly during the epidemics that periodically plagued the capital. Thepurposeof thisworkistoidentifythemaincontributionsoftheOrderof St.John of GodandtheirexperienceinHospitality,overthecourseof 250years,whilecontextualizingthearchitecturalspacesusedandtheirinterrelationwiththepopulationof the city of Lisbon. BRIEF CURRICULA Carmina Montezuma, PhD in Fine Arts, Faculty of  Fine Arts, University of  Lisbon (2012),MasterinMuseologyandCulturalHeritage,NewUniversityof Lisbon(1996) andHistorycourse,AutonomousUniversityof Lisbon(1992).ResponsibleoftheSaint JohnofGodMuseum–PsychiatryandHistory,since2014.Curatorof thisMuseum (2007-2011).Between1993-2006,workedinseveralinstitutionsandprojectsregarding cultural heritage and education. Participation in national and international conferences about the history of health, nursing and religious Orders in the past years. Author of several books, including co-author of “Caridade e Assistência. Ordem HospitaleiradeS.JoãodeDeusemPortugal,desde1580”(2019). 69 João Castela Oliveira, graduated in History with a Postgraduate degree in Medieval History from the Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade NOVA deLisboaandaMasterdegreeinDocumentationandInformationSciencesfromthe School of  Arts and Humanities of  the University of  Lisbon. From 2012 to 2014was fellowresearcherof theFCTProject“HebrewIlluminationinPortugalduringthe15th Century”,inapartnershipbetweentheCenterofSephardicStudiesandtheARTIS- Institute of Art History, of the University of Lisbon. Currently developing professionalactivityasalibrarian/archivistattheDocumentationCenterof theMuseumSão JoãodeDeusinSintra. RuteRamos|UniversidadedeÉvora Power, prestige and royal intervention at All Saints Hospital InauguratedbyD.ManuelIin1504andadministeredbyLisbonMisericórdia since the mid16thcentury,AllSaintsHospitalrepresentedaparadigmshiftinhospitalcarein Portugalinthemodernperiod.AllSaintsHospitalhasdevelopedanewdimensionof public service, has adapted to the needs of a city in constant change and growth and has become a place of medical education, medical care and healing where thousands of individuals moved aroundadministrators,servants,suppliers,beneficiariesof theirrentsand,obviously, patients.Thispaperaims,inthefirstplace,togettoknowtheevolutionoftheadministrationmodelof theAllSaintsHospital,keepinginmindthattheinstitutionwasa spaceof powerandprestigethatbenefitedfromthenotorietyofthosewhoservedit, in particular, the administrators of the Lisbon Misericórdia, but also enhanced them. Secondly,todeterminetheconditions,namelymaterials,thatallowedtheconstruction of the hospital knowing beforehand that it was granted with various privileges, benefitsandexemptionsandthatitwastheCrownthat,foralongtime,providedthe sustenanceof theinstitution.Andfinally,tounderstandhowAllSaintsHospitalsurvived and readjusted itself to the multiple political, social, economic changes that occurred during its more than three centuries of existence. BRIEF CURRICULUM RuteRamosisgraduatedinHistory,variantofArtHistorybytheUniversityofCoimbra(2000),master’sininformationandDocumentationSciencesbytheUniversidade NOVA de Lisboa (2008) and a PhD in History– Change and Continuity in a Global WorldbytheUniversityof ÉvorainassociationwiththeUniversityof Lisbon,UniversidadeCatólicaPortuguesaandISCTE-UniversityInstituteof Lisbon(2019).Her maininterestsarecharityandhealthcareinearlymodernperiod.Sheisanintegrated memberof UE-CIDEHUS(Universityof Évora–InterdisciplinaryCenterforHistory, CulturesandSocieties). 70 ChiaraMascardi|THESA–TheaterScienceAnatomyandChiaraIaneselli|IMTSchool forAdvancedStudiesinLucca Anatomical theatres inside/outside the cities: bodies between the universities and the hospitals in Italy Anatomical theatres can be considered a feature of the Italian history of medicine from theMiddleAgesuntilthetwentiethcentury.Theirfunctionof teachingandresearchingonthehumanbodywasinfluencedbytherelationshipbetweentheuniversities andthehospitals,andalsobetweenthesebuildingsandthecities.Thispanelaimsto analyzesomeaspectsof thehistoricalevolutionthatcharacterizedthecorrelationof theatres, universities, hospitals and cities. In their first phase anatomical theatres were temporary constructions, only at the end of the sixteenth century they became permanent buildings. They were placed insidetheuniversities,oftenprofessorstookdirectlyunclaimedbodiesfromhospitals.Thispraxiscreatedmanyissuesforwhatconcernssocialandreligiousaspects. Furthermore, there were practical issues to deal with, as for example the transport of the bodies, ensuring respect to the dead and to the people of the neighbourhoods. Cardinals and governments established rituals and rules for the passage of the bodies from hospital to university. Here, during the carnival, the public anatomy took place. IncitieslikeBolognaandPaduahospitalsanduniversities(whereanatomicaltheatres werelocated)wereusuallyinthecentreofthecities,toemphasizetheirinvolvement intheurbanstructure.Duringtheeighteenthcenturiesgreatchangesoccurred,that transformed the relationship between medical spaces and cities. Anatomical theatres entered a new phase: universities and hospitals were moved outskirt, ideally also removingthepainandthedeathfromthecitycentres.Moreandmoreoftenanatomical theatres were built inside the hospitals, with a increasing loss of ritual and public aspectsof theanatomiclesson,andanincreasingattentiononthescientificanddidactic aspects. Examples of this new period was the anatomical theatres in “Arcispedale di SantaMariaNuova”(Florence)and“OspedaledelCeppo”(Pistoia). BRIEF CURRICULA ChiaraMascardi(1982,IT)hasaPh.D.inTheatricalstudiesattheBolognaUniversity. In her doctoral thesis she studied the correlation between anatomical theatres and the historyof theatres,frommedievalageuntiltheeighteenthcentury.In2013shefoundedtheculturalassociationDNB,aimedtopromoteinterdisciplinaryprojects.Sheis currently managing the project In Studiis Artistarum, focused on the dialogue between contemporaryartandscientificheritage.Initsframeworksheorganizedexhibitions inanatomicaltheatres,museumsof anatomyandpalaeontology.Sheisalsoafoundingmemberof THESA(TheaterScienceAnatomy),fosteringtheresearchinthisfield. 71 MayumiIltsuka|architecturalfirmIMMUNORIUM How were health and social activities balanced in a hospital’s built environment? – in the case of four centuries’ transformation of the former Saint-Vincent-de-Paul Hospital in Paris. Inthisposter,wewillillustratehowthefutureSaint-Vincent-de-Pauleco-neighborhood in Paris, a former novitiate transformed into a children’s and maternity hospital, willbetransformed.Thesitewasfoundedin1650andhasundergonevariousmajor phases of successive assignments: religious, maternal, orphan, hospital and in the futuremixed-usebuildings.Thehospitalceasedoperationsin2012. Thefirstconstructionsiteswillbegintowardstheendof2021andthecompletionof theneighborhoodisscheduledfor2024.Nearlytwo-thirdsof thearchitecturalheritageonthe3.4Hasitehasbeenpreservedandthenewbuildingsshouldgivepriorityto noble and bio-sourced materials. Wewillpresentthestudiesof thearchitecturalprojectsinprogress,focusingonthe oldestbuildingsonthesite,thehistoricRobinandOratorycomplexes,whichwillbe conservedandconvertedintoacultural“TheThirdPlace”,implementingseveralsocial, solidarity and environmental programs. Therehabilitationof theRobinandOratorybuildingshasbeendesignedtohighlight theoriginalqualitiesof thebuildingsandvolumes.Thefutureplanninganddesign will be inspired by four centuries of their hospitality history: the use of wellness materials, the intermediate space with depolluting plants, eco-design under the principle of airquality,reused/upcycledfurnitureinlow-techcraftsmanship,thuscreatingan atmosphere of welcoming, healthy and hospitality in order to encourage collaboration between future residents. BRIEF CURRICULUM Mayumi Iitsuka is the founder of  the architectural firm IMMUNORIUM based in FranceandJapan.ShewaspreviouslytheMaîtreAssistantAssociéattheEcoleNationaleSupérieured’ArchitecturedeParis-LaVillette.Sheisinvolvedinarchitectural projects with public and private contractors to provide them with innovative solutions inthefieldofenvironmentandhealth.Todoso,sheusesherknowledgeof sustainable development and Japanese wood architecture, for example. Her educations in HMONP attheEcoleNationaleSupérieured’ArchitecturedeParis-MalaquaisinFranceandthe bachelor’s degree in applied engineering in architecture at the University of Chiba in Japan as well as her experience as a self-taught therapist with her family, a traditional Japanese doctor, provide her with an expertise in the planning and design of space for care and well-being. Herfinalthesishasreceivedseveralawards. 72 Isadora Monteiro | Universidade de Lisboa Os novos hospitaes de Lisboa Os novos hospitaes de Lisboa is an article published on the newspaper Diário de Notícias on February 12th, 1905. It describes a Lisbon with a growing population and lacking in resources to respond to that growth, particularly in the case of an epidemic. Not only does the city need bigger and better hospital facilities, but it also urgently needs a hospitaldedicatedtothetreatmentof infectiousdiseases.Thearticlethenpresentsthe twohospitalsbeingdesignedwhenitwaswritten:the“HospitalparaTuberculosos” (HospitalforTuberculosisPatients)andthenew“HospitaldeIsolamento”(Isolation Hospital),bothtobebuiltintheareaoccupiedbytheoldConventodoRego.Asaresult of the elimination of the religious orders in Portugal, the convent was now empty and in the government’s possession. TheEppendorfer Hospital in Hamburg was the model for the new hospitals. Like Lisbon, Hamburg saw a growth in its population around 1879 andwith it grew the concern withepidemics.SeeingasHamburgisaportcity,justlikeLisbon,itwassubjecttothe easyentryofmanyillnesses.Thehospitalconsistedof severalpavilionsandwasthe newmodernarchitectonicmodelfollowedbyvariouscountries.Thishospitalisnow the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf and continues to be considered one of the best hospital complexes in Europe. It is interesting to look at this article under the light of the current pandemic. In 1900 the increase in hospital beds and the improvement of hygiene conditions were urgent, so as to reduce the spread of contagious diseases. It seems like the situation has not improvedasexpected.ShouldwenotbepayingmoreattentiontoHistory? BRIEF CURRICULUM Isadora Monteiro is a second-year student in the MA History and Philosophy of Sciences of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon. Isadora Monteiro is particularly interestedinHistoryof SciencesandisnowworkingonherMasterthesis,supervisedby ProfessorRicardoLopesCoelho,vice-presidentof theDepartment of History and Philosophy of Sciences of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon.Thepaperproposedhere was written in 2020 for the course Science and City,lecturedbyProfessorAnaSimões, founder and co-coordinator of the Interuniversity Center of History of Sciences and Technology (CIUHCT). 73 VivianeTrindadeBorges|UniversidadedoEstadodeSantaCatarina Miguel Bombarda Hospital: notes on an unfinished debate “SavetheHospital!”Theredgraffitiontheentrancewallof HospitalMiguelBombardaisasymptomof alatentdiscussion.Abandoned,vacant,underutilized,thehospital continues to be ensnared by contradictions and disagreements about its heritage meaningsanditsnewusesinthepresent.Createdin1848andclosedin2010,theoldestpsychiatrichospitalinPortugalandthefirsttobeclosed,itremainsinruinsthat attest traces of an uncomfortable presence. Bombarda’s heritage is part of a broader debate regarding the preservation of the built and documentary heritage of the ColinadeSantanahospitalcomplex.Theinventionofthesepatrimonieshithertosilenced and separated from the public debate until their structures were threatened, is part of apoliticalfieldmarkedbycontradictions,helpingtodenaturalizetheverynotionof culturalheritage.Theunconditionalappreciationof heritageanditsinscriptionasa relic are here questioned and devastated, a process that constitutes a social demand, markedbylivingtestimoniesandconflictingopinionsthatattestthatthefieldof heritageisunstableanddifficult.Suchquestionswillbetriggeredbycrossingtwocategories:hospitalheritageanddifficultheritage. BRIEF CURRICULUM Viviane Trindade Borges is PhD in History at Pos-Graduation Program of  History at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul,withSplitPhDatÉcole des Hautes Études em Sciences Sociales – EHESS, Paris. Associate Professor at Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC) andmemberoftheCulturalPatrimonyLaboratory(LabPac/UDESC). WorksinUndergraduationandPostgraduationCoursesof HistoryandProfessional Master Course of History. Coordinator of Extension Program “Marginal Archives”. Representative in Brazil of  Ibero-American Network of  Psychiatry’s History and of The International Federation for Public History (IFPH). Performed post-doctoral in SocialStudiesatUniversidade de Coimbra (2019).DevelopingresearchinHistoryof institutionalpracticesofconfinement,Biographies,PublicHistoryandCulturalPatrimonyPreservation,especiallyDifficultPatrimoniesandPrisonPatrimony. 74 DonatellaLippi|UniversitàdegliStudidiFirenze,andManilaSoffici|Universitàdegli StudidiFirenze Space and law in the Hospital of S. Maria Nuova (Florence, 1288) Thehospitalof SantaMariaNuova(SMN)wasfoundedinFlorencein1288anditis still in work today, representing an extraordinary example of adaptability of a health facility to the change in the historical-social situation. ThecaseofSMNhasalwaysbeenamodelalsofromaregulatoryandstatutorypointof view,actingasamodelforotherstructures’spaceandorganization. Actually,atthebeginningof the16thcentury,SMNlegislationhadachievedaremarkablespecificityandcompleteness. In1513,PopeLeoXMedicisenthispersonalphysiciantoFlorencetostudymanagementmethodsandmedicalpracticeappliedinSMN,asamodelforthenewhospitalof SantoSpiritoinSassiainRome. TheDukeof MilanFrancescoSforza,planninganewhospitalinMilan,in1456sent hisarchitectFilaretetoFlorence,toexaminethestructureof thebuildingSMNandto assessitsStatutesaswell.In1546,Ferdinandof AustriareceivedbyCosimoItheStatutes as a model for the hospitals of his kingdom. Also,Leonorof PortugalmodelledtheStatuteof thehospitalof AllSaintsinLisbon (1492)ontheordinanceof SMN:acopyof theFlorentineStatuteswasacquiredbycardinalJorgeCosta.HenryVII(1485-1509)andhissonHenryVIIIchoseSMNasamodel fortheSavoyHospital,foundedinLondonatthebeginningof XVIcentury.Francesco Portinari, patron of  SMN and papal protonotary, personally carried the Statutes of SMNfromFlorencetoLondon,asanexampleof Florentinegoodhealthmanagement. ThesurvivingStatutesof theSavoyHospital,recentlyeditedbyus,constituteaninteresting term of comparison to evaluate the importance of the Florentine model on influencingthedevelopmentof thespacesof care. BRIEF CURRICULA Donatella Lippi is Professor of  History of  Medicine at Università degli Studi di Firenze,presidentof theScienzaeTecnicaFoundationandoftheInternationalLyceum Club in Florence. ManilaSofficiholdaPhDinHistoryandTraditionofTextsinMiddleAgeandRenaissanceattheUniversitàdegliStudidiFirenze.ShelivesandworksinFlorence. 75 AliciaCamposGajardo|UniversidaddeChile Old San José Hospital, Santiago, Chile TheOldSanJoséHospital,inSantiago,Chile,isthelastexampleof pavilionssanitary architecture,builtduring19thcentury.LocatedadjacenttotheGeneralCemetery,it wasbuiltasalazarettoreceivethoseinfectedwithsmallpox,choleraandlater,was built as a hospital for the treatment of tuberculosis. It constitutes a unique case in SouthAmerican,thathasadividingwallwiththeCemeteryandthreeportalswhich werekeptinoperationbetween1895and1925approximately,toallowthetransportof the deceased to the cemetery, preventing the spread of epidemics. Themorphologyof thearchitecturalcomplex,presentanexteriorcentralroutethat connects several perpendicular volumes, which in their time, were used as pavilions for the patients, alternating with wooded courtyards. From the 1960s it assumed the roleof generalhospitalatthenorthernofSantiagocityandattheendof20thcentury it migrated his functions to new facilities that performed better sanitary tasks. Part of its facilities were declared Historical Monument and until this year 2020 hosted variousnon-profitinstitutionsforthedevelopmentandapplicationof complementarymedicines.Themanagementofthespacethatwasunderutilizedafterthemigration of functions to the new hospital, is an example of heritage integration and openness towardsthepossibilitiesof revitalizationof preventivemedicineinthecommunities. BRIEF CURRICULUM Alicia Campos Gajardo, architect graduated from the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanismof theUniversityof Chile.PhDinArchitectureandHeritagefromETSA Polytechnic University of Madrid. Academic and researcher of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, University of Chile. Author of research and publications about hospital architecture and modern architecture. Coordinator of  the Diploma enArquitecturaHospitalariainthesameInstitution.Editorof RevistadeArquitectura, Universidad de Chile. 76 JosepBarceló-PratsandJosepM.Comelles|UniversitatRoviraiVirgili The introduction of the architectural project of the moral asylum in Spain, The case of the “Manicomio del Hospital de la Santa Cruz”’ (Barcelona, 1835-1860) In1835,theBarcelonaCityCouncilbeganamidtermprojecttobuildamentalasylum linkedtotheinternationalmovementof moralpsychiatry.Thefinalwrittenproject wasdrawnupin1860bythealienistEmilioPiiMolistandthearchitectJosepOriol i Bernadet.This project, entitled Proyecto medico razonado para la construcción del Manicomio de la Santa Cruz,wouldendupbecominginthefirstmoralasyluminSpain.Our proposalaimstodescribetheinternationalinfluencesinitsconception.Forexample, theroleof JeanÉ tienneDominiqueEsquirolorAlexandreBrierredeBoismontasthe referencesofFrenchpsychiatry.Towritethefinalproject,PiiMolistdidnotstartfrom scratch.ApreviousspecificprojectwaswrittenbyFelipMonlauin1846.Monlau’sproject served as a starting point by Pi i Molist, his student in 1847. Later, in 1854, Pi i MolisttravelledbyWesternEuropetovisittwodozenof asylumsandanothertime withthearchitectOrioliBernadetin1856.Thespatialdistributionof theinstitution wasdiscussedasa«Spanishmodel»,alocaladaptationbasedonclimate,andsocial andculturaldifferences.Thearchitectapplieditsexperiencebuildingfactoriestoorganise the space following strictly Pi i Molist requirements. Finally, the asylum was builtasitwasprojectedbetween1885and1915.Itwaspartiallydemolishedin1970and converted in a public equipment. BRIEF CURRICULA JosepBarceló-PratshasaM.Sc.PhD.inAnthropology(Universitat Rovira i Virgili,Tarragona)andisamedicalanthropologistandhistorianofmedicine.Heisaprofessorof HistoryofMedicineattheUniversitatRoviraiVirgili(Tarragona,Spain)since2009. Hisfieldsof specializationincludemedicalanthropology,publichealthpolicies,and history of the health professions. One of his main lines of research focuses on the culturalanalysisof hospitalsindifferenthistoricalcontexts.His main books are: Poder local, govern i assistència pública: l’Hospital de Sant Pau i Santa Tecla de Tarragona.Tarragona: ArolaEditors(2017),andL’evolució del dispositiu hospitalari a Catalunya (1849-1980). Barcelona:PAHCS(2020).Mainpapersandbookchapters:“Laeconomíapolíticadelos hospitaleslocalesenlaCataluñamoderna”.Asclepio.2016;68(1):127-142;“Lasbases ideológicasdeldispositivohospitalarioenEspaña:cambiosyresistencias”.In:Vilar-Rodríguez,M.;Pons,J.Un siglo de hospitales entre lo público y lo privado (1886-1986). Madrid:MarcialPons;2018,pp.83-138;“Deladescoordinaciónaladescentralización.La evolucióndeldispositivohospitalariocatalánduranteelfranquismoylaTransición (1939-1980)”.In:González-Madrid,D.A.;Ortiz,M.(coords.)El Estado del Bienestar entre el franquismo y la transición. Madrid:SílexEdiciones;2020,pp.231-258. Josep M. Comelles has a M.Sc.Ph.D.inMedicine(Universitat de Barcelona),andaPh.D. 77 inAnthropology(Écoledeshautesétudesensciencessociales,Paris).Heisapsychiatrist, medical anthropologist and historian of science. He has been a professor of SocialAnthropologyattheUniversitat Rovira i Virgili (Tarragona,Spain)formorethan thirtyyears.Hehaspublishedaroundfifteenbooksandonehundredbookchapters andarticlesinhisfieldsofspecializationincludinginmedicalanthropology,ethnography of professional practice in health, eating disorders and their cultural variables, especiallythosederivedfromthedifferentphasesof themedicalizationprocess.His main books: La razón y la sinrazón. Asistencia psiquiátrica y desarrollo del Estado en la España Contemporánea.Barcelona:PPU(1988)andStultifera Navis. La Locura, el poder y la ciudad. Lleida:Milenio(2009).Mainpapersandbookchapters:“Forgottenpaths:cultureand ethnicityinCatalanmentalhealthpolicies(1900-39)”.History of Psychiatry.2013;21(4): 406-423;“Hospitals,PoliticalEconomyandCatalanCulturalIdentity”.In:Bonfield,C.; Reinarz,J.;Huguet-TermesT.(eds.)Hospitals and Communities 1100-1960 Oxford: Peter Lang;2013,pp.183-207;“Thedefenceof health:thedebatesonhealthreformin1970s Spain”.Dynamis: Acta Hispanica ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam.2019; 39(1):45-72. RenatodaGama-RosaCosta|UniversidadeFederaldoRiodeJaneiro,andInêsEl-Jaick Andrade|UniversidadedeSãoPaulo A new Project to Santa Casa de Misericórdia in Rio de Janeiro (1840-1865): Hygiene and rationality AsaBrazilpoliticalandsocialpoleinthe19thcentury,RiodeJaneirofacedtheurban growthanddensificationtypicalofpost-industrialrevolution.Atthesametimethat profound social and structural changes were introduced in cities, it also brought diseasesandepidemics.Thepublichealthactionsundertakensoughttoreversethesituationof diseasesandunhealthyurbanenvironment,aggravatedbythespecificconditionsofthecityof Rio,duetoitshotandhumidclimate.Thus,manyhospitalswere built to provide assistance and care for victims of epidemics and other diseases of the period-yellowfever,cholera,smallpox.SantaCasawouldstandoutfromasignificant set of hospitals built at the time to attend patients from any social group, slave or free, age or color. Dating from the middle of  the 16th century, the General Hospital of  Santa Casa de Misericórdiawouldreceiveanewprojectin1840withinthescopeof thetransformations driven by the 19th century and, in this case in particular, by the arrival of the Portuguese Court in the then Brazilian capital, which became the headquarters of governmentPortugueseMonarchy.Theprojectofthenewheadquarters,designedby JoséDomingosMonteiroandJoséMariaJacintoRebelo,shouldfollowthehygieneand rationalityrecommendationsof the19thcentury:regulararchitecture;ventilatedin78 ternalroomsandinfirmaries;largewardstofacilitateaircirculation;internalpatios; wards separated by sex and type of disease, especially those that required isolation, as forthehectic,smallpoxandthealienatedsick.Thenewhospitalwouldbebuiltintwo stages:between1840and1852,andwithfinalworksin1865.Evenexemplaryforthe occasion, such a project would receive criticism because of its location - central region of the city - always in constant urban transformation. BRIEF CURRICULA RenatodaGama-RosaCostaisanarchitectandurbanplannerwithdoctorateinUrbanismfromtheFederalUniversityof RiodeJaneiro,withaninternshipattheInstitut d’Urbanisme de Paris. Post-doctorate at the University of Coimbra Center for Social Studies. Invited professor of Architecture for Health Course at the Pontifical CatholicUniversity.ResearcherandCoordinatorof theProfessionalMaster’sDegree inPreservationandManagementof theCulturalHeritageofSciencesandHealthat CasadeOswaldoCruz/OswaldoCruzFoundation.DocomomoBrasilCoordinator. Inês El-Jaick Andrade is an architect and urban planner, with a doctorate in ArchitectureandUrbanismfromtheUniversityof SãoPaulo(USP).ResearcheratCasade OswaldoCruz/OswaldoCruzFoundation.LecturerontheProfessionalMaster’sDegreeinPreservationandManagementof theCulturalHeritageof SciencesandHealth, FundaçãoOswaldoCruz/Fiocruz.DocomomoBrasilcoordinator. Olga Susana Costa Coito e Araújo | Universidade Estadual de Campinas, and Patricia SammarcoRosa|InstitutoLaurodeSouzaLima Cultural heritage of ILSL - Lauro de Souza Lima Institute: a case study of a former leper colony of compulsory isolation, today Research Institute ThemuseumatLaurodeSouzaLimaInstitute(Bauru,SãoPaulo)isaprotectedheritagethatrepresentsthepublichealthstruggleofisolationtocontrolleprosy.Today theinstitutionpromotesresearch,teachingandhealthassistanceserviceinBrazil,the second country rankedwith higher number of leprosy patients.The asylum colony wasbuiltin1933with400acrestheself-sustainingcityremote17kmfromthecity. However, the crescent cure of the disease originated the dismantling of the territory sincethe60s.Theprocessofheritagesafeguardstartedintheearly90sandfocused onthesocialarea(CONDEPHAAT,2016).Insidethesanitarydermatologyhospital,the museumhadtocreateanewcommunicationstrategytoreflectthepublicengagement and new visitors with focus on inclusion and diversity, important to combat the stigma associatedwiththecityof lepers.Itwasnecessarytoreachthestaff andpatients,soa monthly exhibition module at the clinic was developed, also a project to improve communication at long-term exhibition and itinerant modules for outdoor exhibits were 79 prepared.Theexhibitionaddressedtheseveralterritoryoccupations:asylum/sanatorium/hospital/researchinstitute.Itallowedacriticalreviewaboutthequalityof life of institutionalizedandsociallymarginalizedcitizens,preservationof memoryand impact of leprosy on individuals, families and society. A grant award of Culture and CreativeEconomyDepartmentof theStateofSãoPauloimplementedin2020allowed theaccesstopublichealthculturalheritageintheinteriorSãoPauloregion. BRIEF CURRICULA Olga Susana Costa Coito e Araujo is a PhD student at the UNICAMP- University of CampinasState/ProvinceGerontology–Schoolof MedicalSciences.MasterinMuseology by University of  São Paulo USP and anthropologist by Universidade NOVA deLisboa.Interestinculturalheritage,territoryandsociety.Winnerof Award“Creative Economy Itaú Cultural” research in development in 2017. http://Lattes.CNPQ. br/5681764902412784 PatriciaSammarcoRosaisthetechnicalDirectorof Health–DepartmentofResearch andTeachinginHealthDivisionof InstitutoLaurodeSouzaLima,ResearchlevelII. 80 Welcome to Lisbon 81 LISBON CITY PROFILE General Information Country: Portugal Metropolitan area: Lisbon Area: 100,05Km2 Population: 545,245inhabitants Density: 6,458inhabitants/Km2 Metropolitan area:2,821,876inhabitants Officialwebsite:www.cm-lisboa.pt CONTEXT Lisbon,capitalofPortugal,islocatedontherightshoreof theTagusRiverEstuary, which is the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. It is one of the most ancient towns in Europe. Lisbon is a city of irregular topography, dominated by hills and valleys of variable dimension. Given this irregular topography, Lisbon is known as the city of  the seven hills. The capital occupies an area of  100 Km2. In 2013, its resident populationwas up to 520,549 people.The city´s population density is of  5,202.7 inhabitants per Km2, 46 timeshigherthanthegeneraldensityinPortugal,whichwasof 113.4inhabitantsper Km2approximatelyin2013. Duetoitsgeographicpositionandclimateconditions,Lisbonreceivesanaverageof 260 days of sunshine in a year, meaning it is one of de sunniest cities in Europe. Moreover, the conjugation of several factors generates a distinctive light in Lisbon, which makes it the subject of literature, cinema, painting, and advertising, among other forms of expression. Thecityof LisbonisincludedintheLisbonMetropolitanAssociation(LMA)composed by18municipalitiesformsthehighestconcentrationof populationaneconomicactivity in Portugal. In City Profile Lisbon, Câmara Municipal Lisboa, 2016 (availableinhttp://www.agenda21culture.net/sites/default/files/files/cities/content/ cityprofile_lisbon.pdf) 82 WELCOME to LISBON in a virtual way … THE CITY Lisboa Promocional Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 2019 https://vimeo.com/252925007 CULTURE LisboaCultura-Wethink,create,andshareculture Câmara Municipal de Lisboa https://vimeo.com/299872168/d4c6ea2e8c Cultura em Lisboa | Culture in Lisbon EGEAC,2017 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hz8HP76_VBI EN/PT Project Shops with History | Saving historic Lisbon | DW Documentary Thecitycouncilinitiative„ShopswithHistory”isfightingtopreserve traditional stores at risk of closure because of the real estate boom. AfilmbyLourdesPicareta,SWR/Arte,2019 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVycW-iqdsQ&fbclid=IwAR0PMweWrzTKd4GRib1z2dVLZhJniANvEPlcp1VKGWwaz37Vxqc3xLENsy0  EN https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaM1E-XYxJE&fbclid=IwAR2HLB1eCrV6RhgJDrDp9-17PmZkesyWXIdIP1S1MjhhayRUUZJoofS2JXY  ES 83 LISBON EUROPEAN GREEN CITY 2020 Portuguese Flag Attheopeningof LisbonGreenCapital2020,thefirstsustainablenationalflag made from 2 tons of wire created from plastic collected from the oceans was hoisted at Parque Eduardo VI Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 2020 https://vimeo.com/384489903        EN Lisboa, Growing Together Lisbon´sapplicationvídeoforEuropeanGreenCity Câmara Municipal de Lisboa https://vimeo.com/274858928        EN    EN Aos Indiferentes / To the Indifferent Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 2020 https://vimeo.com/467774253/7c399f98ed   HEALTH AND HOSPITALS HISTORY Hospital Real de Todos-os-Santos | All Saints Royal Hospital History, archaeology and documentar sources Museu de Lisboa, 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5WVZ8JWKIDs    PT Hospital Real de Todos-os-Santos | All Saints Royal Hospital Film of the exhibition commemorating the 500th anniversary of the foundation of AllSaintsRoyalHospital Arquivo Municipal de Lisboa - Videoteca, 1992 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ta6xH8GIyyo     PT Psychiatric Hospital Miguel Bombarda Setof3buildings,oneofthemrareintheworld–pannotic.Thearchitectureatthe service of behavior control. RTP2,VisitaGuiada,2015 https://www.rtp.pt/play/p2002/e211315/visita-guiada    PT 84 Sant ́Ana Orthopedic Hospital Itwasamaritimesanatorium,turnedintoareferencehospitalinthefield of orthopedics. Parts of his story are reported on guided tours held every month. SantaCasadaMisericórdiadeLisboa,2019 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pbJcOaSh8uM    PT Pharmacy Museum of Lisbon - 5000 years of history https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljP76_caZwE OTHER PLACES Thermal Hospital of Caldas da Rainha Founded in the late 15th century on healing water springs, it is considered the oldest thermal hospital in the world RTP2,VisitaGuiada,2019 https://www.rtp.pt/play/p5656/e406727/visita-guiada  Hospital Centre Museum, Porto Omnia,Ez-Team     https://hospitalsantoantonio360.pt/          PT  PT/EN/FR/ES … see you soon! 85