Social Attitude and Adjustment: A Critical Review

Galore International Journal of Applied Sciences and Humanities Vol. 7; Issue: 1; Jan.-March 2023 Website: www.gijash.com P-ISSN: 2456-8430 Review Paper Social Attitude and Adjustment: A Critical Review Karim Ansary Research Scholar, Department of Education, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, West Bengal, India DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/gijash.20230104 ABSTRACT An individual's social attitude is their attitude toward other people or things in society. Individual attitudes can become so deeply interconditioned by group interactions that they become highly standardised and consistent within the group. A person who is able to adjust to changes in their physical, occupational, and social environment is said to be in a state of adjustment. In other terms, the behavioural process of balancing opposing demands or needs that are thwarted by environmental impediments is referred to as adjustment. Animals and people both regularly adapt to their surroundings. I want to concentrate on the various facets of a social being in this essay, as well as how a social being adapts to different spheres of life while displaying his social views. Key words: Adjustment, Attitude, Education, Elearning, Intelligence INTRODUCTION Individual attitudes regarding social objects are referred to as social attitudes. Individual attitudes that are so strongly influenced by group interactions that they become highly standardised and dependable within the group are collective attitudes. Although the majority of social views are interdependent and standardised, other perceptions, such as those of the misbehaved and antisocial and those who dwell in the past, are equally significant. The attitude is originally a trial reaction, a broken-down alternative behaviour that emerges within an insufficient adjustment response, but it has the potential to become the organism's longterm set. The ability to adjust to changes in one's physical, vocational, and social environment is referred to as adjustment. In other words, adjustment is a behavioural process for resolving contradictory desires that are hindered by environmental constraints. Both people and animals adjust to their surroundings on a daily basis. For instance, when their physiological condition prompts them to seek food, they eat to satisfy their hunger and therefore adjust to the hunger signal. When a person finds it difficult to react appropriately to a requirement or stress in their environment, adjustment disorder occurs. Success in adjusting is a requirement for a high standard of living. Clinical anxiety or depression, as well as feelings of hopelessness, anhedonia, difficulties concentrating, sleep issues, and reckless behaviour, are more likely to develop in people who have trouble adjusting. Intelligence and Social Adjustment People use the psychological process of adjustment to cope with or handle the pressures and issues of daily life. It is centred on how a person adjusts to their surroundings and daily needs and has the connotation of conformity. Psychological adjustment helps the body handle its internal and external needs, tensions, and desires as well as external expectations and demands. According to the results of several researches, there are social beings that can adapt to their environment and participate in society. A survey found no discrepancies in secondary school pupils' places of residence, but there are notable gender gaps among them. Given that these gender differences are proven to be quite substantial in all spheres of adjustment, including familial, peer, and societal adjustment, there seems to Galore International Journal of Applied Sciences and Humanities (www.gijash.com) Volume 7; Issue: 1; January-March 2023 26 Karim Ansary. Social Attitude and Adjustment: A Critical Review be a pressing need for reform. Creating plans to encourage secondary school kids' enhanced coping mechanisms must be a top priority for academics, governments, families, and all other interested parties (Pramanik, et al. 2014). A study at SidhoKanho-Birsha University in India used samples from various colleges to examine undergraduate students' adjustment skills in relation to gender, study stream, and social intelligence. According to the study's findings, undergrads in the humanities and sciences did not considerably differ from one another in terms of their capacity for adjustment, but they did so substantially in terms of their social intelligence (Kundu, et al. 2015). In the Purulia District of West Bengal, India, there were no appreciable differences in the attitudes toward social adjustment between male and female undergraduate students, rural and urban undergraduate students, rural male and urban male, or rural female and urban female (Ansary, et al. 2022). Furthermore, social scientists have speculatively proposed that there might be a relationship between mood and physical characteristics like height and BMI. According to a study, there is no significant association between IQ and BMI, although there is a strong correlation between IQ and height, weight, and BMI (Karmakar, et al. 2016). Emotional intelligence and adjustment are linked, according to research done on students in higher secondary schools. This demonstrates how peer, familial, and academic adjustment are impacted by emotional intelligence. Therefore; students with strong emotional intelligence may successfully navigate the problems of life (Kar, et al. 2016). Leadership styles and flexibility have really been an issue for leaders, social scientists, and educators. A study on West Bengali undergraduate students looked at the connection between adaptability and leadership style. The findings showed a strong correlation between leadership style and adaptability among West Bengali undergraduate students. This shows that kids with greater flexibility may make better leaders since effective leader demands both teamwork and interpersonal adjustment (Kar & Saha, 2021). Teenage personalities and social interaction were compared between Chinese Americans and European Americans in the study. The study's findings indicate that as a result of developmental and acculturative processes, teenage Chinese and European Americans gradually resemble one another more (Huntsinger, C. S. & Jose, P. E. 2006). A study examined the numerous pathways that influence parenting styles and a child's social development. According to the study's findings, parental practises have an impact on children's social problem-solving, peer dislike, and self-reported social behaviour (Domitrovich, C. E. & Bierman, K. L. 2001). Creativity and Social Adjustment No longer is creativity a biological constant. The quality of human intelligence that is most highly regarded is creativity (Saha & Maji, 2013). It is more commonly viewed as a "variant" that is always changing as a result of environmental, socioeconomic, and cultural factors. Finding and fostering a child's creative potential in the classroom has become more important as a result of psychologists and educators realising the value of creativity in human development. Everyone is creative to some extent, and the concept of "creativity" is being accepted more and more. They can be seen and carefully measured using a variety of techniques. Planning and organising an educational environment that will facilitate the development and expression of creativity can help develop this skill. Finding and encouraging children's creativity is therefore both an opportunity and a difficult duty for educators. In reality, schools are where some concerted attempts can be made to establish the groundwork for fostering in children the fundamental skills, character traits, and motivations required for self-realization and success in the creative realm (Saha, 2012). Being aware of Galore International Journal of Applied Sciences and Humanities (www.gijash.com) Volume 7; Issue: 1; January-March 2023 27 Karim Ansary. Social Attitude and Adjustment: A Critical Review concerns like problems, deficits, gaps in knowledge, missing components, disharmonies, etc. is necessary for creativity. Additional procedures include determining the problem, looking for solutions, speculating or formulating theories regarding the flaws, testing and retesting these ideas, maybe revising them, and presenting the results (Saha, 2013). Boys are more creative than girls, according to a research, and there are no glaring differences between kids in rural and urban environments. In terms of creativity, there is also no clear relationship between place of residence and gender (Paul, et al. 2017). Another study was carried out in Birbhum District, West Bengal, to compare and offer data on the socioeconomic position, environmental awareness, and creative abilities of higher secondary school students with ages ranging from 16 and older. The findings showed that there are no appreciable differences between male and female pupils in terms of socioeconomic status (SES), environmental awareness, or creativity (Saha, et al. 2012). Educational and Technological Factors The enormous amount of assistance that the internet has provided is praised by the entire world. Our lives are becoming increasingly limited as a result of all the ways we utilise the internet for communication, finance, education, blogging, and other purposes (Gorain, et al. 2022). One's sociocultural life is stolen by this excessive usage of the internet, which also leads to social isolation and despair. It has been shown that this dependency has a substantial impact on the behavioural, cognitive, and emotional patterns that are initially influenced by biological and environmental factors. Internet use, social isolation, and personality traits are all closely related (Mondal, et al, 2018). The first two elements listed above have both a cause-and-effect relationship and a reversal relationship. Internet Dependence and social isolation are significantly influenced by personality traits. It is commonly accepted that social isolation and reliance are the main factors contributing to altered personalities. As a result, comparing the differences between these three dependent variables to any other combination of independent variables would be more accurate (Gorain, et al. 2021). Technology has impacted every part of our life as the world has become increasingly globally connected. Modernization is advancing quickly, and thanks to technical breakthroughs, electronic learning is now possible (Kar, et al. 2014). Instead of lecturing to pupils on theoretical subjects, a flipped classroom is set up to enable students build their conceptual understanding. It gives kids the chance to speak with their classmates face-to-face while still learning through technology in a calm setting (Mahato, et al, 2022). The target language learners demonstrate the challenging realities of learning a second language. Each student has a variable capability for integrating learning experiences depending on their level of openness, creativity, and intelligence, which are all factors that influence learning environments (Chakraborty and Saha, 2014). A study examined the challenges and potential advantages of e-learning for EFL students at Bisha University. Before fullscale e-learning is introduced, the researcher suggests that teaching staff and students obtain in-depth training in the subject and make use of a blended learning method (Ja'ashan, et al. 2020). According to a study on e-learning and students' motivation, the use of interactive e-learning components increases undergraduate students' motivation for the learning process. The study looked at the effects of e-learning on higher education (EI-Seoud, et al. 2014). In a paper on the effectiveness of e-learning, an exploratory and integrative examination of the definition, methodology, and components that support e-learning efficacy was conducted. This study argued that the effectiveness of online learning could be evaluated by the interactions (Noesgaard, S. S. & Orngreen, R. 2015). Galore International Journal of Applied Sciences and Humanities (www.gijash.com) Volume 7; Issue: 1; January-March 2023 28 Karim Ansary. Social Attitude and Adjustment: A Critical Review Attitude towards Environment and Sustainable Development One of the most delicate and important concerns facing our planet in the twentyfirst century is sustainable development (Halder, et al. 2022). These days, people use it more than any other phrase. Sustainable development is now ingrained in society and is used in many different aspects of daily life. People are taking more care to address environmental challenges. For us to live a happy and fruitful life, three interrelated factors - our society, economy, and environment - must cooperate. The idea of sustainable development now affects more than just our age. In fact, it heightens our knowledge of what the needs of future generations will be (Saha & Maji, 2013). We would not be able to decide how to organise their consumption effectively unless we took into consideration the environmental services. If three interconnected traits are used effectively in everyday circumstances, they can build a safe, sustainable world where everyone can succeed. The foundation of sustainable development is the interdependence of society, the economy, and the environment. Information and differences on the state of environmental consciousness among teacher candidates in West Bengal, India, were found in a study on the topic. The study found that levels of environmental awareness are not significantly different between male and female candidate candidates, in-service teacher candidates are more aware than pre-service candidates, science candidate candidates are more knowledgeable than humanities candidate candidates, and government-aided colleges and private colleges do not differ significantly in terms of environmental awareness levels (Saha, 2012). In a study on environmental education and sustainable development, the researchers reached the conclusion that environmental education, regardless of how it relates to sustainable development, must confront its own constraints (Sauve, L. 1996). We are at a unique moment of paradigm change, as shown by research on education, sustainability, and social learning, and it is essential to take the risk of creating novel pedagogical techniques that are governed by the principles of social learning and sustainability (Jacobi, P. R. et al. 2016). Women in Society and Attitude towards Society In light of the last two crucial decades, feminism researchers have permanently protested the way social science has defined men, women, and society. Discussions on the most effective methods to fix flawed and incomplete narratives in the context of traditional analyses have been entangled with questions of epistemology, technique, and methodology from the beginning (Adhikari & Saha, 2021). One needed to analyse the effects of the most evident techniques one might seek to modify the androcentrism of the traditional analyses in order to comprehend the width and depth of the metamorphosis of social sciences required to recognise women and gender activities. Women have been "added" to these analyses by feminists. We distinguish three groups of women who were inescapable candidates for this mechanism: women who took part in public life and were already the subject of social science research; women who are social scientists; and lastly, women who were the targets of the most egregious and violent manifestations of male pre-eminence (Adhikari & Saha, 2021). Investigations of perspectives on women's participation in municipal politics were conducted throughout South Asia. According to the study's results, attitudes about women participating in municipal politics are overwhelmingly positive (Haug, M. et al. 2019). Sometimes literature has a big impact on how someone perceives society. In The God of Small Things, Arundhati Roy plays the part of a social critic. She does not distance herself from the injustice, brutality, and system in her surroundings. Roy has done this by merging pure imagination, history, and creation to convey the harsh truths of Galore International Journal of Applied Sciences and Humanities (www.gijash.com) Volume 7; Issue: 1; January-March 2023 29 Karim Ansary. Social Attitude and Adjustment: A Critical Review the culture. Occasionally, the taboos that govern Indian society have a tendency to disturb the delicate social balance. Sometimes, politics, political rivalry, and a relentless pursuit of power can make matters worse. Naturally, the outcomes are predictable. The oppressed can be persuaded and ordered by people in higher social positions, which leaves their life open to attack (Adhikari & Saha, 2021). Attitude towards Health and Yoga Yoga is a long-standing practise that combines mental, physical, and spiritual exercises. Rigveda is where yoga is first discussed. There are assertions that yoga practise can enhance a person's life. Yoga is regarded for its various advantages because it cultivates mental tranquilly and physical strength (Saha, 2021). The students who will most obviously profit from yoga are those who are improving their memory and concentration as well as their physical health and emotional peace. The current study focuses on the views of West Bengali Purulia district undergraduate college students regarding practising yoga. Data If an object set is to be clustered, it must be grouped so that its members are more similar to one another than to members of other groups. Five clusters are created by two-step cluster analysis to undertake the current investigation (Saha, et al. 2021). The purpose of the study was to learn what undergraduate students thought about yoga instruction. The study's conclusions suggest that male and female undergraduate students at rural and urban universities have similar opinions of yoga education. The study's other finding demonstrated that there were no appreciable differences in undergraduate students' attitudes regarding yoga training between those who majored in the arts and those who majored in the sciences(Khatun, et al. 2022). A survey was conducted in the Cuddalore District to learn how secondary school students felt about yoga. The findings of this study also showed that government and selffinance secondary school students had quite different attitudes on yoga (Sembiyan, 2019). a study of the attitudes of potential teachers toward yoga as a disciplined practise. The results of this study showed that the arts and science teacher candidates from the training institutions had good knowledge, and the vast majority of them showed a positive attitude toward Yoga was studied for its impact on students' mental health (Nanaware and Palanethra, 2019). The findings of this study demonstrated that yoga, at least for a few months, had a pretty significant and persistent effect on students' distress symptoms and sleep quality (Ulleberg, P. et al. 2020). The findings of these research suggested that a yoga practice might be used by both adults and children as a starting point for regular exercise. CONCLUSION A person's social attitudes are how they perceive social issues. Collective attitudes refer to individual attitudes that are significantly influenced by group interactions to the point that they become incredibly stable and typical within the group. The ability to adjust to changes in one's physical, professional, and social environment is known as adjustment. To put it differently, adjustment is a behavioural process used to control demands or expectations that are not in line with the surrounding circumstances. Pets and people both adjust to their environment. The attitude initially manifests as a trial reaction, which is a halted replacement behaviour that emerges inside a mediocre adjustment response, but it has the capacity to develop into the organism's long-term set. The better we treat society and its members, the better and more comfortable our social existence becomes because of the stronger response we get from them. Declaration by Authors Acknowledgement: None Source of Funding: None Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Galore International Journal of Applied Sciences and Humanities (www.gijash.com) Volume 7; Issue: 1; January-March 2023 30 Karim Ansary. Social Attitude and Adjustment: A Critical Review REFERENCES 1. Adhikari, A. & Saha, B. (2021). Demystifying Social Taboos in Indian Milieu: A Critical Study on Arundhati Roy’s “The God of Small Things”. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research, 10[3(4)], 151-155. 2. Adhikari, A. & Saha, B. (2021). 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Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine, 8(1), 573-586 How to cite this article: Karim Ansary. Social attitude and adjustment: a critical review. Galore International Journal of Applied Sciences & Humanities. 2023; 7(1): 26-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/gijash.20230104 ****** Galore International Journal of Applied Sciences and Humanities (www.gijash.com) Volume 7; Issue: 1; January-March 2023 32