Anaerobic Ponds

The alcohol industries are growing extensively worldwide due to widespread industrial applications of alcohol such as in chemicals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, beverages, food and perfumery industry, etc. During production of alcohol by fermentation process results in discharge of highly polluted wastewater known as spent wash. Distillery spent wash wastewater is called highly polluted waste products because of low pH value, dark brown colour, high temperature, and organic content. If it disposed untreated into water it creates troublesome situations for the rivers, aquatic life, and fertility of soil. So, it is very necessary to arrest such situations to keep environment healthy. Due to treating such type of wastewater organic and inorganic pollutants in the spent wash can be removed. This paper reviewed in detail existing biological treatments. The biological treatments are based on anaerobic and aerobic processes. This study dealing with role of microorganism's viz., bacteria, fungi, algae in degradation of spent wash. In which microorganisms converts the complex organic compound into simpler and more stable compounds.

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A waste stabilisation pond (WSP) system formed
by two anaerobic ponds, a facultative pond and a maturation
pond was studied from December 2003 to September 2004 in
north-western Spain in order to evaluate its efficiency in the
removal of faecal indicator bacteria (total coliforms, Escherichia
coli, faecal streptococci), coliphages, helminth eggs
and protozoan (oo)cysts (Cryptosporidium and Giardia).
Furthermore, sediment samples were collected from the
bottom of the ponds to assess the settling rates and thus
determine the main pathogen removal mechanisms in the
WSPs system. The overall removal ranged from 1.4 log units
for coliphages in the cold period to 5.0 log units for E. coli in
the hot period. Cryptosporidium oocysts were reduced by an
average of 96%, Giardia cysts by 98% and helminth eggs by
100%. The anaerobic ponds showed significantly higher
surface removal rates (4.6, 5.2 and 3.7 log (oo)cysts/eggs
removed m−2 day−1, respectively) than facultative and
maturation ponds. Sunlight and water physicochemical
conditions were the main factors influencing C. parvum
oocysts removal both in the anaerobic and maturation ponds,
whereas other factors like predation or natural mortality were
more important in the facultative pond. Sedimentation, the
most commonly proposed mechanism for cyst removal had,
therefore, a negligible influence in the studied ponds.

The digestion of baker’s yeast wastewater was monitored by gas production intensity and composition of gaseous and liquid phases. Favorable coexistence of sulfate reducing bacteria and methanogens was explained by the presence and metabolism of trimethylamine, a degradation product of betaine. Concentration of sulfides decreased at the expense of betaine degradation with final products S0 and N2. Since biological wastewater treatment was complicated by both high content of SO42-, eventually becoming reduced to toxic H2S, and high total nitrogen content, a technological solution that links sulfate reduction to elemental sulfur coupled with reactions producing gaseous nitrogen may have great practical value.

Similarly to most of Mediterranean EU member states, Portugal regularly experience severe water supply and demand imbalances, particularly in the summer months.
Tourism is a very important economic activity in Portugal and is pushing water demand particularly in regions suffering occasional water deficit, like the southern half part of Portugal mainland. Golf courses are an important tourist factor contributing to water demand rising. A number of golf courses are installed in tourist areas and need high amount of water for irrigation.
Water reuse is a very important management strategy in situations of water scarcity. Portugal badly needs to include treated wastewater as a dependable resource in the nation water resources management. Sustainable water reuse requires technical guidelines to ensure the public health and environmental protection but the economic sustainability is crucial for the success of water reuse projects as a strategy of water conservation. This paper briefly presents Portuguese guidelines on water reuse focusing mainly on the aspects to be taken into account in the assessment of the economic viability of water reuse projects, such as the model of tariff structure, the costs to internalise, share of costs among users and recovery of investment costs.

The microstratification of the metalimnetic community in Lake Cisó was followed through the diel cycle by means of a fine sampler with syringes spaced at 3 cm intervals. Populations were sharply stratified. The uppermost part of the metalimnion was occupied by the rotifer Anuraeopsis fissa. Next, layers of the ciliate Coleps hirtus and the flagellate Cryptomonas phaseolus were found. Finally, purple sulfur bacteria appeared at the bottom part of the metalimnion. Although in lower abundances, characteristic populations of ciliates were found at each depth: Strombidium inhabited zones with oxygen, while Plagiopyla and Metopus lived at depths with sulfide. Several members of the community moved vertically about 20 cm during the diel cycle. Cryptomonas performed larger vertical migrations of 40 cm. This organism concentrated at the upper metalimnion during the day, and dispersed through the lower metalimnion during the night. At night, Cryptomonas lived in an environment without oxygen and with sulfide concentrations up to 0.6 mM.