Angiosperm Taxonomy

A systematic revision for the species of Launaea Cass. in Egypt has revealed the presence of fourteen taxa belonging to 12 species, of which L. acanthodes (Boiss.) Kuntze is a new recorded. One new combination “L. fragilis subsp. tenuiloba (Boiss.) Zareh & Mohamed” is
made. Achene diversity of the studied taxa of Launaea was studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. The taxonomic relationships between the studied taxa were discussed as well as SEM micrographs of achenes are provided. Synonyms and key for the identification of the investigated taxa based on morphological characters as well as notes on distribution are provided.

The vegetation in the habitats of the endemic montane grassland bird Nilgiri Pipit at Palani Hills and Nilgiri Hills of southern Western Ghats is delineated in this study. Threats to the habitats of the Nilgiri Pipit by invasive plants species is also discussed.

This paper deals with the floral diversity of Panchmahal District, Gujarat. In the present study 752 species belonging to 253 families and 528 genus 2 subspecies and 3 varieties from the Panchmahal District Gujarat. Out of 752 species 117 species are Trees species, 126 shrubs, 20 Sedges, 2 Parasite, 2 Epiphyte, 99 Climbers, 41 grasses.

The Indian species Portulaca suffruticosa has been confused with other taxa by many previous authors, due to lack of field collections and a paucity of specimens in Indian herbaria. Following a morphological taxonomic study supported by new field collections, P. suffruticosa is confirmed as an accepted species endemic to southern India and Sri Lanka, and as distinct from P. pilosa and P. tuberosa. The more recently described species P. lakshminarasimhaniana and P. laljii are considered to be conspecific with P. suffruticosa, and P. badamica conspecific with P. tuberosa; their names are accordingly synonymised. Lectotypifications of the names P. suffruticosa Wight, P. tuberosa Roxb. and P. wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn. were found to be necessary to avoid future misapplication of names and full descriptions of these three species are provided. A key to all Indian species of Portulaca is provided.

The emergence of intelligence is likely a relatively recent phenomena throughout the cosmos. The total number of habitable extraterrestrial planets within the Milky Way capable of supporting advanced, intelligent life within the next 500 Myr is <5,162. Almost all of which are earth-like orbiting around a single star with mass ranges from 0.628 to 1 solar mass. No exomoons are capable of supporting advanced life, and a negligible number of low mass binary systems (<0.628 solar mass) are habitable. The nearest extraterrestrial industrial civilization lies at least 88.7 million light years away, and possibly 111 million light years beyond. No extraterrestrial civilization arises before 232.74 Mya within the observable universe, and no extraterrestrial civilization arises before 270.95 Mya within the universe by co-moving distance. Despite great distances between the nearest civilizations and the low probability of emergence within our vicinity, given the sheer size of the univers...

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Completely revised update of the classic bestselling reference book Flowering Plants of the World
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Written by a team of internationally acknowledged experts; eighteen affiliated to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
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A definitive survey of flowering plants worldwide, bringing to the forefront the latest views on their classification and relationships
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Book is first comprehensive guide to flowering plant families based on the landmark Angiosperm Phylogeny Group’s (APG) –system introduced in 1998
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Comprehensive accounts of 506 plant families (increase of 200 on 1st edition which covered 306 families)
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Meticulously detailed artworks by professional botanical artists reveal the intricacies and beauty of plant anatomy and morphology (over 1,000 illustrations)
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Includes a glossary of specialist terms used in the text
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Comprehensive index includes plant names in both Latin and English

The current study of the aquatic and semi-aquatic angiosperms growing in the Kanke lake was undertaken in from 2015 to 2018. A total of 48 species under 37 genera over 27 families were reported. Brief taxonomic details of each species with the name of the family are mentioned. The nomenclature is updated as per latest ICN (Shenzhen Code, 2018) and The Plant List.

Present taxonomic revision on the genus Acacia P. Miller is provided based on critical field studies, and examination of specimens deposited in various herbaria such as Botanical Survey of India, Pune (BSI); Blatter Herbarium, Mumbai (BLAT); and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Herbarium, Aurangabad (BAMUA); Walchand College Herbarium, Solapur (WCAS. The genus Acacia P. Miller comes under 34 species and 5 subspecies in Maharashtra. A. concurrens Pedly, is newly recorded from Maharashtra. This revision provides
an artificial key to species, updated nomenclature, citations, detailed morphological descriptions, notes on identity, present ecological status, and socioeconomic relevance within political boundaries of Maharashtra state (India).

Ex-situ conservation helps to provide the flexibility to respond to unforeseen environmental changes and consequent impacts on habitat conservation and utilization of wild plant species. Ex-situ collections are sources of plant material for recovery of threatened or endangered species, habitat rehabilitation and restoration, crop improvement, new product development, and a wide variety of research studies.

BAB I
PENDAHULUAN

1.1 Latar  Belakang
Determinasi tumbuhan merupakan proses dalam menentukan nama atau jenis tumbuhan secara spesifik. determinasi bertujuan untuk mendapatkan suatu spesies se-spesifik mungkin dan tepat sasaran, karena dalam proses pemanfaatannya, tumbuhan memiliki berbagai jenis varietas yang kadang membingungkan, digunakan untuk penelitian, jamu-jamu, obat dan sebagainya. untuk itulah, dibutuhkan suatu acuan yang mendetail untuk menentukan sespesifik mungkin suatu tumbuhan, agar tepat sasaran dalam pemanfaatannya.
Pengklasifikasian makhluk hidup didasarkan pada banyaknya persamaan dan perbedaan, baik morfologi, fisiologi maupun anatominya. Makin banyak persamaan di antara makhluk hidup makin dekat kekerabatannya, makin sedikit persamaan makhlik hidup dikatakan makin jauh kekerabatannya. Untuk dapat mengklasifikasikan, perlu dilakukan determinasi ataupun identifikasi, Determinasi merupakan upaya membandingkan suatu tumbuhan dengan satu tumbuhan lain yang sudah dikenal sebelumnya (dicocokkan atau dipersamakan) karena di dunia ini tidak ada dua benda yang identik atau persis sama (Anonim, 2008)
Klasifikasi tumbuhan pada dasarnya merupakan pembentukan kelompok-kelompok dari seluruh tumbuhan yang ada di bumi ini hingga dapat disusun ke dalam takson-takson secara teratur mengikuti suatu hierarki. Sifat-sifat yang dijadikan dasar dalam mengadakan klasifikasi berbeda-beda tergantung orang yang mengadakan klasifikasi dan tujuan yang ingin dicapai dengan pengklasifikasian itu. Takson yang terdapat pada tingkat takson (kategori) yang lebih rendah mempunyai kesamaan sifat lebih banyak daripada takson yang terdapat pada tingkat takson (kategori) di atasnya. Perbedaan antara istilah takson dengan kategori yaitu istilah takson yang ditekankan adalah pengertian unit atau kelompok yang mana pun, sedangkan istilah kategori yang ditekankan adalah tingkat atau kedudukan golongan dalam suatu hierarki tertentu.
Untuk mendeterminasi tumbuhan pertama sekali yang perlu dilakukan adalah adalah mempelajari sifat morfologi tumbuhan tersebut. Ciri-ciri morfologis yang digunakan dalam klasifikasi ialah bagian vegetatif atau bagian yang ada kaitannya dengan reproduksi.

1.2 Rumusan Masalah
Rumusan masalah dari latar belakang di atas adalah sebagai berikut :
1. Apakah yang dimaksud dengan angiospermae ?
2. Apakah yang dimaksud dengan tumbuhan monokotil ?
3. Apakah yang dimaksud dengan sistem klasifikasi APG II ?
4. Bagaimana klasifikasi tumbuhan monokotil menurut sistem klasifikasi APG II?

1.3 Tujuan
Tujuan dari makalah ini adalah sebagai berikut :
1. Untuk mengetahui pengertian angiospermae.
2. Untuk mengetahui pengertian tumbuhan monokotil.
3. Untuk mengetahui sistem klasifikasi APG II.
4. Untuk mengetahui klasifikasi tumbuhan monokotil menurut sistem klasifikasi APG II.

El Reino vegetal es uno de los reinos más importantes del planeta ya que fijan moléculas que son fundamentales para la vida en la superficie terrestre, complementando a los otros reinos vigentes que existen en la Tierra. Las especies vegetales son esenciales para el desarrollo de todos los ecosistemas que existen en la Tierra y son responsables principalmente de abastecer oxígeno, alimentos, refugios y también forman parte del desarrollo de todo tipo de civilización.

Dioscorea is monocotyledonous tuber crop of the family Dioscoreaceae and is reported to be an old crop species native to South East Asia. Its tubers have high nutritional value and were probably the main source of sustenance for the tribal people of Arunachal Pradesh. From the survey it has been found that the rural people of this region directly collect tubers from the wilderness resulting in rapid depletion of the different species of the important genus. Through this paper we are trying to highlight the taxonomic status, ecology and distribution of collected species. Using geographical information system technology, we created a map of different sites which indicated the elevation wise distribution of different species.

The emergence of intelligence is a relatively recent phenomena throughout the cosmos. The total number of habitable extraterrestrial planets within the Milky Way capable of supporting advanced, intelligent life within the next 500 Myr is <969. Most of which are earth-like orbiting around a single star with mass ranges from 0.712 to 1 solar mass. No exomoons are capable of supporting advanced life, and a negligible number of low mass binary systems (<0.712 solar mass) are habitable. The nearest extraterrestrial industrial civilization lies at least 51.85 million light years away, and possibly at least 100 million light years or beyond. No extraterrestrial civilization arises before 119 Mya within the observable universe, and no extraterrestrial civilization arises before 138 Mya within the universe by co-moving distance. Despite great distances between the nearest civilizations and the low probability of emergence within our vicinity, given the sheer size of the universe, the total number of intelligent extraterrestrial civilizations likely approaches infinity or \left(\frac{1}{4.4\cdot10^{7}}\right)^{3}\cdot3.621\cdot10^{6}\cdot10^{10^{10^{122}}} if the universe is finitely bounded. Based on incentives for economic growth, all civilizations tend to expands near the speed of light and will eventually universally connect with each other via wormhole networks. Within such a network, the farthermost distances traversable from earth can be either infinite or 3.621\cdot10^{6}\cdot10^{10^{10^{122}}}light years in radius if the universe is finitely bounded...

Citation: Nagaraju Siddabathula, Ravi Kiran Arigela, Rajeev Kumar Singh & L. Paramesh. 2020. The endemic tanglehead grass Heteropogon fischerianus Bor and the giant speargrass Heteropogon triticeus (R. Br.) Stapf ex Craib, new records for the flora of Telangana state, India. NeBIO 11(1): 1-6. Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to

Present investigation reports the distribution of thirteen species of Piper L. in Terai, Duars and hills of
Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas along with their systematic enumeration, key to the identification, flowering
and fruiting periods, and uses.

FRLHT in collaboration with the West Bengal Forest Department and scientists from Universities, Research
Institutes and other organizations in a meeting at Kolkata during December 4 – 7, 2007 selected three
Medicinal Plants Coservation Areas (MPCA) in Terai and Duars region of West Bengal [1. Rajavatkhaoa
PMCA, 2. Lataguri MPCA and 3. North Sevoke Forest MPCA]. Four season floristic survey in these
MPCAs resulted in the record of 309 species of potential Medicinal Plants. Out of these, 25 species are
representing the list of 46 threatened species prepared in the meeting referred above.

The origin of Geraniales (approximately 900 species in three families: Geraniaceae, Melianthaceae, and Vivianiaceae) is traced back to the Cretaceous of Gondwana, yet their geotemporal history is largely unknown because of a limited fossil record and incomplete phylogenies. In the present study, we provide the first fossil record of Vivianiaceae and a highly resolved molecular phylogeny for all extant Geraniales genera. Our results support the hypothesis that five (instead of three) families should be recognized in the order Geraniales: Francoaceae A. Vivianiaceae) all originated within a narrow time frame during the Eocene (36.9-49.9 Mya) based on the five fossil calibration points. The divergence of most of the extant genera occurred much later, from the Miocene onwards. The South American-South African disjunction in Francoaceae apparently goes back to long distance dispersal with an estimated divergence time of the lineages in the Middle Miocene [11.2 (5.9-17.7) Mya]. Diversification in Melianthus appears to be much more recent than previously assumed [starting approximately 3.4 (1.9-5.2) Mya rather than approximately 8-20 Mya]. However, divergence of the Andean Hypseocharis lineage [36.9 (31.9-42.8) Mya] significantly predates the main Andean uplift: Current distributions likely go back to northward migrations and subsequent extinctions in Patagonia. Similarly, Rhynchotheca, Balbisia, and Viviania have a current southern distribution limit > 10°N of the fossil finds, indicating a massive northward displacement. The present evidence suggests that niche conservatism likely played a major role in the historical biogeography of Geraniales.

The emergence of intelligence is a relatively recent phenomena throughout the cosmos. The total number of habitable extraterrestrial planets within the Milky Way capable of supporting advanced, intelligent life within the next 500 Myr is &lt;10,799. Almost all of which are earth-like orbiting around a single star with mass ranges from 0.628 to 1 solar mass. No exomoons are capable of supporting advanced life, and a negligible number of low mass binary systems (&lt;0.628 solar mass) are habitable. The nearest extraterrestrial industrial civilization lies at least 88.7 million light years away, and possibly 111 million light years beyond. No extraterrestrial civilization arises before 232.74 Mya within the observable universe, and no extraterrestrial civilization arises before 270.95 Mya within the universe by co-moving distance. Despite great distances between the nearest civilizations and the low probability of emergence within our vicinity, given the sheer size of the universe, the...

A new species of Haniffia (Zingiberaceae), H. flavescensY.Y. Sam & Julius, the third in the genus, was recently discovered in southern Peninsular Malaysia. It is described and illustrated here. The fruits ofH.cyanescens (Ridl.) Holttum var. cyanescensandH.albiflora K. Larsen & J. Mood are described here for the first time. An updated key for the genus Haniffia isprovided.

The endemic dwarf grass Oropetium villosulum Stapf ex Bor hitherto known strictly from the Western Ghats of Karnataka and Maharashtra is reported here as an addition to the flora of Telangana based on collections from Ranga Reddy, Vikarabad and Yadadri Bhuvanagiri districts. This species coexists with its closely allied species, O. thomaeum and both species also produce flowers and fruits during the same period. Detailed descriptions and coloured photo plates of dissected microscopic floral parts of these two species are provided here to distinguish them unambiguously. Furthermore, lectotype for the name O. thomaeum (L.f.) Trin. (≡ Nardus thomaea L.f.) is designated.

(The genus Bulbophyllum Thouars (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae) in the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, Goiás State, Brazil). Bulbophyllum is one of the largest genera of Angiosperms with 2.200 species worldwide. In Brazil, there occur 60 species of which ten are recorded in the state of Goiás. The lack of taxonomic studies including Bulbophyllum in the Cerrado Phytogeographical Domain (CPD) led us to study the genus in the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, one of the most preserved areas of the Brazilian CPD. Six species were recorded: B. adiamantinum, B. ciluliae, B. epiphytum, B. exaltatum, B. plumosum, and B. rupicolum. Bulbophyllum adiamantinum is a new record for Goiás. The species are described, illustrated in their diagnostic characters and allow their recognition. Comments on their distribution, ecological preferences, morphological affinities, and phenology are provided. Additionally, a dichotomous key is also presented. RESUMO-(O gênero Bulbophyllum Thouars (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae) no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadei-ros, Goiás, Brasil). Bulbophyllum é um dos maiores gêneros de Angiospermas, com 2.200 espécies em todo o mundo. No Brasil ocorrem 60 espécies, das quais 10 são registradas para o estado de Goiás. Diante da carência de estudos taxonômicos sobre este gênero no Domínio Fitogeográfico do Cerrado (DFC), objetivou-se estudá-lo no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, uma das áreas relictuais mais preservadas do DFC no Brasil. Foram registradas seis espécies: B. adiamantinum, B. ciluliae, B. epiphytum, B. exaltatum, B. plumosum e B. rupicolum. Bulbophyllum adiamantinum representa um novo registro para o estado de Goiás. As espécies seguem descritas e ilustradas em seus caracteres diagnósticos e que permitem o reconhecimento das mesmas. Comentários quanto a distribuição, preferências ambientais, relações morfológicas e fenologia são fornecidos, bem como uma chave dicotômica para identificação específica.

Benford's phenomenological law gives the expected frequencies of the first significant digit (i.e., the leftmost non-zero digit) of any given series of numbers. According to this law, the frequency of 1 is higher than that of 2; this in turn appears more often than 3, and so on decreasing until 9. Similarly, Benford's law can also be applied to the first two significant digits (i.e., from 10 to 99), and so on. We applied Benford's law to sets of taxonomic data sets consisting of the number of taxa included in taxa of higher rank. We chose the angiosperms (Magnoliophyta) as a model case, because they are very diverse, are monophyletic, and a consensus on taxonomy of orders and families has been achieved (classification APG III), and we used as sets of data the number of species, genera, families, and orders. Only the number of species per family and per order are Benford's sets, but the remaining data sets do not obey Benford. Furthermore, in the case of the analysis of the first two significant digits of species per genus, the deviation from Benford was very large, but they fit to a power law. Given that the conformity to Benford's law is fulfilled for ‘natural' taxonomic categories of angiosperms (i.e., species and family), but not for those with more artificiality (genus), we speculate, ‘the more natural, the more Benford'.

Impatiens suksathanii Ruchis. & Triboun, a new species from a limestone area in Kanchanaburi Province in Southwestern Thailand, is described and illustrated. This endemic new species is clearly distinguished from the most similar I. namkatensis T.Shimizu by having sessile to very short petioles, linear, narrowly lanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate laminas, and pale pink flowers. Its conservation status is also assessed as Critically Endangered.

A new species, Glochidion tirupathiense Rasingam, Chorghe, Prasanna & Sankara Rao is described from Tirumala hills of Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is allied to G. ellipticum Wight and differs in ovary, style and fruit characters.

Seventeen species and five varieties of Indian Leucas R. Br. are lectotypified here: Leucas angustissima Sedgw.,
L. ciliata Benth., L. clarkei Hook.f., L. decemdentata (Willd.) Sm. var. angustifolia (Wall. ex Benth.) V.Singh,
L. eriostoma Hook.f. var. lanata Hook.f., L. helicterifolia Haines, L. hyssopifolia Benth., L. lamiifolia Desf.,
L. lanata Benth., L. lanceaefolia Desf., L. longifolia Benth., L. montana (B. Heyne ex Roth) Spreng., L. prostrata
(Hook.f.) Gamble, L. pubescens Benth., L. rosmarinifolia Benth., L. stelligera Wall. ex Benth., L. stricta Benth.,
L. suffruticosa Benth., L. vestita Benth. var. angustifolia Hook.f., L. vestita Benth. var. oblongifolia Hook.f.,
L. vestita Benth. var. sericostoma Hook.f. and L. wightiana Wall. ex Benth.

Recent advances in molecular phylogenetics and a series of important palaeobotanical discoveries have revolutionized our understanding of angiosperm diversification. Yet, the origin and early evolution of their most characteristic feature, the flower, remains poorly understood. In particular, the structure of the ancestral flower of all living angiosperms is still uncertain. Here we report model-based reconstructions for ancestral flowers at the deepest nodes in the phylogeny of angiosperms, using the largest data set of floral traits ever assembled. We reconstruct the ancestral angiosperm flower as bisexual and radially symmetric , with more than two whorls of three separate perianth organs each (undifferentiated tepals), more than two whorls of three separate stamens each, and more than five spirally arranged separate carpels. Although uncertainty remains for some of the characters, our reconstruction allows us to propose a new plausible scenario for the early diversification of flowers, leading to new testable hypotheses for future research on angiosperms.

Ecological research on ant/plant symbioses in Fiji, combined with molecular phylogenetics, has brought to light four new species of Squamellaria in the subtribe Hydnophytinae of the Rubiaceae tribe Psychotrieae and revealed that four other species, previously in Hydno-phytum, need to be transferred to Squamellaria. The diagnoses of the new species are based on morphological and DNA traits, with further insights from microCT scanning of flowers and leaf δ 13 C ratios (associated with Crassulacean acid metabolism). Our field and phy-logenetic work results in a new circumscription of the genus Squamellaria, which now contains 12 species (to which we also provide a taxonomic key), not 3 as in the last revision. A clock-dated phylogeny and a model-testing biogeographic framework were used to infer the broader geographic history of rubiaceous ant plants in the Pacific, specifically the successive expansion of Squamellaria to Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, and Fiji. The coloniza-tion of Vanuatu may have occurred from Fiji, when these islands were still in the same insular arc, while the colonization of the Solomon islands may have occurred after the separation of this island from the Fiji/Vanuatu arc. Some of these ant-housing epiphytes must have dispersed with their specialized ants, for instance attached to floating timber. Others acquired new ant symbionts on different islands.

Eight binomials of six recognized species of Ceropegia are lectotypified: C. albiflora Hooker f., C. fantastica Sedgwick, C.
lanceolata Wight, C. mysorensis Wight, C. pubescens Wallich, C. pusilla Wight & Arnott, C. sphenanantha Wight, and C.
walkerae Wight.

As part of the ongoing researches on Asteraceae for the new edition of the Italian Flora, a revision of Helichrysum panor-mitanum s.l. is presented here. On the basis of previously published morphological and chemical data, as well as our morphological and chorological observations, we hereby propose to recognize six subspecies under H. panormitanum: subsp. panormitanum, subsp. stramineum, subsp. brulloi subsp. nov., subsp. messeriae, subsp. latifolium, and subsp. melitense comb. nov. All these taxa are endemic to Sicily and Egadi Islands (Italy), except H. panormitanum subsp. melitense which is endemic to Gozo island (Maltese archipelago). A diagnostic key for the six accepted subspecies is provided.

Two new species of Syzygium, S. hookeri and S. sanjappaiana from the Saddle Peak National Park of North Andaman Islands, are described and illustrated. The novelties are deliberated in the light of reviewed concept on the genus Syzygium and discussed with related species of Myanmar and Sri Lanka.

One neotype, three second-step lectotypes and fourty lectotypes are designated for fourty four names in Indian Impatiens to fix the identity and to avoid the misapplication of names. Thirty nine names are synonymized, after a detailed ecological study of live plants in the field and examination of herbarium specimens including types. Six new combinations with change in their status are proposed for six taxa.

Pedicularis denudata Hooker is rediscovered from Arunachal Pradesh after a lapse of about 135 years confirming the second locality for India. This species is known to India and Nepal, represented only by a few herbarium specimens. Extended taxonomical description, habitat, phenology and color plates with the first available live photographs are provided.