Floral diversity

Kutai National Park is an area of dipterocarp rainforest that has diverse flora potential amounting to 958 species, including 8 of 10 genera in the family Dipterocarpaceae in the world. Aquilaria sp, Nepenthes mirabilis, and orchids (Orchidaceae) belonging to it is flora listed under CITES and its presence increasingly rare (Appendix II). Some of the flora of which is used by locals as traditional medicine. From the results of the inventory, there are 220 species kinds of plants medicinal plants. One of the medicinal plants that are endemic plants of Borneo is Eurycoma longifolia. In addition to a wealth of flora, Kutai National Park also have a wide range of fauna. Kutai National Park contains 80% of all bird species in Borneo as many as 330 species. This area also contains more than half of Borneo's mammals as many as 80 species and among them are 11 of the 13 primate species including the Borneo orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), the only great apes in Asia. Four types of reptiles can also be found in this region. These animals of which is included in the CITES list, which means that sustainability is threatened if not protected.

Resumen La cordillera Chongón Colonche conocida por su alta diversidad y endemismo presenta vacíos de información biológica así como la deforestación que amenazan la biodiversidad del sitio. Se determinó la composición, estructura y diversidad de la flora leñosa en dos localidades de la cordillera, Loma Alta y Dos Mangas, mediante parcelas de 0.1 ha ubicadas a 500 msnm. Se identificaron 48 especies, 46 géneros y 28 familias, donde las más representativas fueron Arecaceae y Urticaceae. La estructura estuvo conformada por seis clases diamétricas y siete altimétricas. El endemismo y estado de conservación se congrega en 19 especies (40%), de las cuales Inga carinata "Guaba", Gustavia serrata "Membrillo", Sorocea sarcocarpa "Tillo" y Randia carlosiana "Cañafito" son las más importantes. La diversidad alfa oscila en rangos medios, donde Loma Alta presentó mayor diversidad promedio (2.40 nats/ind) y menor dominancia promedio (0.13). La tasa de recam...

The Philippines is highly regarded as one of the top biodiversity “hot spot” areas of the world supporting 1.9 percent of the world’s endemic plants and vertebrates species (Mittermeier et al. 1998). In fact, the Philippines is one of the 17 mega-diverse hotspots around the world in terms of species, habitat and other ecosystems as well as in terms of area in acre per acre basis [2]. Much of the diverse types of forest ecosystems in the country, Cebu has forest over limestone ecosystem that is now under many types of pressures (Malabrigo, 2016). Unlike the very scientific and organized conservation programs being poured into other forest ecosystems in the country, there is no consensus effort that would ensure effective biodiversity conservation and forest rehabilitation, most specifically in the Lagonoy Natural Biotic Area (LNBA), where a unique forest over limestone ecosystem and diverse fragmented  forests remains with imminent threat.  Protected areas have been established to conserve the Philippine ‘biodiversity’. Repeated data sampling or 'monitoring' can show if the biodiversity of an area is being maintained in accordance with the NIPAS Act and the management objectives of the area (UNDP-GEF, 2012). It is imperative that a more scientific and doable approach such as the Forest Biodiversity Management Units (FBMUs) would give contributory impacts to biodiversity conservation and rehabilitation program in the region and be formulated and adopted by the concerned stakeholders to completely protect the remaining resilient biodiversity and forest ecosystems in Bicol Region particularly LNBA. Despite being proclaimed as a protected area and amidst various scientific tools for diversity studies, not a single comprehensive floristic study has been conducted in Lagonoy Natural Biotic Area (LNBA) to determine the ecologically important species needing conservation prioritization. In fact, the basis in relation to PAME of NIPAS and its proclamation being a "Natural Biotic Area" is unknown considering the vast flora diversity of the area.

Several hundred vascular plants taxa reported for Albania by foreign and Albanian botanists were not included in the guide flora "Flora of Albania", although some of them are referred in the guide "Flora of Europe" and many other in different databases of the European or Mediterranean flora. Only during the last two decades have been reported or confirmed about 440 new vascular plants species and subspecie for Albania.
In this paper is presented a list of 180 species and 79 subspecie reported or referred by various authors for Albania until 1990, but not included in the main guide of the flora of Albania (except some of them with red) and not confirmed after its publication. About 49 species and 18 subspecies are endemic, sub-endemic or Balkan species, of which 8 species and 1 subspecies are endemic to Albania, while 7 species and 3 subspecies are alien.

The present investigation is an attempt to decipher the information on the diversity and census data flora and avifauna of Jogimatti state forest area of Chitradurga district. The study revealed a total of 84 species of plants belonging to 57 families and a total of 49 species of birds belonging to 21 families of which 45 were resident (R) and 4 resident migratory (RM). Water birds were not encountered during the study period this is probably due scarcity of water bodies in the study area. The date collected was analyzed to determine important value index (IVI) for flora, Shannon Weiner’s Index, Indices of species richness (R) and evenness (E) and index of dominance (ID) for both flora and avifauna. The objective of this work is to help foresters and ecologists by giving a picture of the floral and avifaunal status of the study area. The biodiversity of this area is threatened by cattle grazing, water scarcity and related problems. Hence, it is suggested to adopt strict control measures to protect and maintain the floral and avifaunal diversity in the Jogimatti forest area.

This paper deals with the floral diversity of Panchmahal District, Gujarat. In the present study 752 species belonging to 253 families and 528 genus 2 subspecies and 3 varieties from the Panchmahal District Gujarat. Out of 752 species 117 species are Trees species, 126 shrubs, 20 Sedges, 2 Parasite, 2 Epiphyte, 99 Climbers, 41 grasses.

In questo lavoro si presentano i dati sulla flora del vulcano di Roccamonfina. La
flora del complesso vulcanico è stata studiata contribuendo ad accrescere il livello delle
conoscenze floristiche per il Nord della Campania. Per l'area oggetto della ricerca
esistevano pochi dati in letteratura, la maggior parte dei quali risalenti al XIX secolo. La flora
attuale ammonta a 871 entità mentre per 16 entità segnalate in passato non è stato
possibile confermare la presenza. Oltre alle 10 specie di nuova segnalazione, per la ...

1. Project Title:  Revival of Ingenious Agricultural Production and Ecological Systems in Sri Lanka
2. Project Location: Dungolla, Hasalaka DS Division, Kandy District
3. Funding Agency: Green Investment (Pvt) Ltd., No. 220, Kandy Road, Warakapola, Sri Lanka
4. Project Duration: Five years
5. Project Objective: Promote investment on ecological agriculture
6. Main Project Components: a. Agro-eco-tourism development, b. Restoration of ingenious agricultural systems, c. Establishment of the Institute for Indigenous Technology
7. Total Project Cost: Rs. 191.77 million
8. Anticipated Return: Rs. 334.21 million
9. Expected Outputs: Income generating opportunities for interested investors, Alternative and innovative agro-eco tourism circle independent of national eco-tourism industry, Opportunities for nature exploration to academics, Opportunities for learning Sri Lanka Ingenious Agricultural Heritage System, Farmers – turned to organic farming systems, Low external input agriculture using more internal resources, Availability of the local market for local products (Sal Pila), Opportunities for improvement of the food technology from local knowledge, and Opportunities for outsiders to get the service of traditional medical practices

A floristic inventory in the Department of Huanuco, Peru, was made based on 30 samples units (nine 50 x 20 m plots; four 50 x 10 m plots, and 17 transects 10 - 80 m long). A total of 1423 individuals corresponding to 756 species (354 species and 402 morphospecies), 403 genera and 130 families were reported. Our results together with the information published by Bracko & Zaruchi (1993), Arévalo (1998), Ulloa et al. (2004), Salinas (2005), León et al. (2006), Salvador et al. (2006), Cachique (2009), Castillo (2009) Salvador et al. (2009) and others, reports 4712 species for the department of Huanuco, includes in 1443 genera and 226 families of plants (Lycophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms). These results show that the Department of Huanuco is one of the most diverse regions in Peru along with Loreto, Junin and Cuzco.

El objetivo del presente trabajo es conocer las especies endémicas al estado de Nuevo León y sus estados colindantes. A través de una revisión bibliográfica, consulta de bases de datos y trabajo de campo se integró una lista de plantas endémicas estatales y regionales que incluye información de los municipios en los que se distribuyen, su hábitat y sinonimias. Se contabilizan un total de cinco géneros y 159 especies endémicas a Nuevo León, esto representa alrededor del 5% del total de la flora estatal. Al extender los limites geográficos al los estados colindantes, el número de especies aumenta a 191. El municipio de Galeana en la Sierra Madre Oriental presenta más del 50% de las especies endémicas estatales, solo 13 especies con distribución restringida al estado se incluyen en la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2001. Los ecosistemas con mayor diversidad de endemismos son los bosques en sus diversas asociaciones y la vegetación gipsófila. palabras clave: flora, endemismo, México, biodiversidad abstract The main objective of this work is to know the endemic flora of the state of Nuevo Leon and neighboring states in northeast Mexico. Through bibliographic research, database consulting, and field work, a list of endemic vascular plants was compiled with information about nomenclatural synonyms, habitat, and municipalities in which the species occur. A total of 5 genera and 159 species were found to be endemic in Nuevo Leon representing 5% of the state's flora. By extending the geographic range to the neighboring states, a total of 191 species are accounted as regional endemics. Galeana municipality in the Eastern Sierra Madre, harbors more than 50% of the state endemics; only 13 state endemic species are listed under a federal protection category on NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2001. Ecosystems with the most endemic diversity are forest and gypsophylus vegetation.

There are various plants with potential feeding importance to honey bee, Apis mellifera, colonies as source of pollen, nectar or both. Selection of suitable regions for apiaries mainly depends on the availability of honey bee plants in the apiary
region. Identifying honey bee plants in specific region is very essential for honey and pollen production from honey bee
colonies. Lacking the information about the beneficial plants for honey bees including; plant name, flowering time and potential
benefit to honey bee colonies could be considered as a limitation for beekeeping development. So far honey bee plants are not well studied in Egypt. This review paper presents potential honey bee plants in Egypt using the available publications. The studies on honey bee plants in Egypt were also reviewed. This work can be considered as a guide for beekeepers and researchers. Moreover, the presented plants here can be used in comparing honey bee plants of Egypt with other countries to get a better understanding of honey bee flora. More detailed investigations on honey bee plants
are strongly required to be done at all Egyptian Governorates.

We examined the composition and dynamics of spontaneous vascular vegetation in Lake Ayata (Valley of Oued Righ Algerian, Low-Sahara). The site is located between 33°29’17’’N to 33°29’48’’N and 05°59’10’’E to 05°59’37’’E. A systematic sampling of the flora has revealed 13 species belonging to 8 families and 13 genera. The waterbody is free of submerged plants. The plant life forms, structure and physiognomy of vegetation were determined. In addition, vegetation-land-cover was mapped to illustrate seasonal distribution of dominant plant species. Geostatistics on areas covered by vegetation and its seasonal dynamics were obtained and then discussed. The most common plant life forms were chamaephytes (53.8%) and therophytes (23.1%), which characterize desert vegetation that has low recovery and low height. Furthermore, vegetation mapping revealed the existence of 3 types of vegetation: (i) halophytic vegetation represented mainly by Chenopodiaceae species, which were extended all around the edges of the waterbody; (ii) hydrophytic vegetation represented mainly by Phragmites communis and Juncus maritimus, and (iii) sparse vegetation represented by Limoniastrum guyonianum and Triganum nudatum. Lake Ayata’s flora is poorly diversified but well adapted to adverse environmental conditions prevailing on the ground (salinity) and climate (drought).

Orchidee spontanee e paesaggio vegetale nella provincia di Rimini. Distribuzione e iconografia

La ricerca sulle Orchidee spontanee e la relativa pubblicazione a stampa è stata prodotta nell’ambito delle attività dell’Associazione WWF della provincia di Rimini, in collaborazione con l’Assessorato all’Ambiente, Energia e Politiche per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile della Provincia di Rimini. E’ consistita nel censire le specie appartenenti alla Famiglia Orchidaceae, tutelata dalla legge della Regione Emilia-Romagna N.2 del 24 Gennaio 1977, all’interno del territorio della Provincia di Rimini. Gli obiettivi hanno riguardato la verifica dei taxa effettivamente presenti e la loro distribuzione, l'individuazione di specie rare e di valore biogeografico, la localizzazione di siti di particolare significato orchidologico, la puntualizzazione di criticità e problematiche utili alla conservazione delle specie, dei popolamenti e degli ambienti di appartenenza.
L’avvio della ricerca ha interessato il primitivo territorio della Provincia di Rimini, ampliato, dal 2009, ai comuni di Casteldelci, Maiolo, Novafeltria, Pennabilli, San Leo, Sant’Agata Feltria e Talamello con il loro passaggio nella provincia di Rimini dalla Regione Marche. La ricerca è stata estesa quindi al nuovo territorio, tenendo presente il carattere volontaristico dell’intero lavoro. Nell’insieme la ricerca è durata cinque anni, dal 2008 al 2012. I dati sono stati rilevati sul campo per la gran parte dal coordinatore, in parte integrati da dati bibliografici. I collaboratori volontari, circa 35, hanno fornito in varia misura i dati sulla base di una scheda appositamente predisposta. Il loro contributo è stato preceduto da alcuni incontri di preparazione all’attività sul campo. I dati di presenza, sempre abbinati a immagini fotografiche, sono stati vagliati dal coordinatore e inseriti in un database organizzato per taxon, il quale confluirà nella banca dati botanica dell'IBC. Le informazioni scaturite dalla ricerca e quelli desunti su base bibliografica sono stati utilizzati per la redazione di carte di distribuzione relative ai singoli taxa. Le carte distributive sono impostate su una base fisica. Su di essa è stato sovrapposto il reticolo cartografico delle “sezioni” della Carta Tecnica Regionale in scala 1:10.000. La distribuzione dei taxa che ne è risultata è stata visualizzata con diversa modalità grafica a seconda che si tratti di dati originali rilevati nel corso della ricerca, dati desunti da fonti bibliografiche, coincidenza di dati originali e bibliografici.
Il volume riporta, mediante singole schede, le 41 specie censite, appartenenti a 16 generi, e quattro forme ibride. Premettono le schede i capitoli riguardanti le motivazioni della ricerca; mito, scienza e usi pratici delle orchidee; l’ inquadramento territoriale di riuferimento, il clima e il bioclima; le forme del paesaggio, la vegetazione e le orchidee; la storia delle conoscenze orchidologiche; gli obiettivi e la metodologia della ricerca.
Il progetto è stato sostenuto dall'Assessorato all’Ambiente, Energia e Politiche per lo sviluppo sostenibile della Provincia di Rimini.
Hanno contribuito alla ricerca e/o alla stesura della pubblicazione:
il dr. Alessandro Alessandrini, botanico dell’Istituto per i Beni Culturali della Regione Emilia-Romagna (Bologna), con le indicazioni fornite nel corso del rilevamento e con la lettura critica del lavoro; Massimo Nicolò e Gabriele Sartini, del Servizio Sistema Informativo Territoriale Urbanistico Ambientale e Cartografia digitale della Provincia di Rimini (SITUA), per l’apporto tecnico alla produzione delle mappe di distribuzione.

Il coordinatore della ricerca e della pubblicazione
Loris Bagli
Riccione, 24 Marzo 2014

La loma del Cerro Ochiputur es la menos estudiada de las lomas ubicadas en la región La Libertad. Esta comunidad es, sin embargo, profusamente rica en términos de biodiversidad por lo que merece
ser estudiada con mayor profundidad a nivel inter-disciplinario. El presente documento es resultado de exploraciones realizadas a la Loma
del Cerro Ochiputur desde junio del 2004 y reporta por primera vez su flora y fauna: 15 familias, 29 géneros y 34 especies de vegetales; 3 clases, 10 familias y 11 especies de vertebrados. El autor espera
que este primer estudio de la flora y fauna de la Loma de Ochiputur sirva como punto de partida para motivar la investigación, conservación y difusión de esta comunidad natural.

This study focuses on providing a better knowledge of the flora of N'ganda-N'ganda forest. The itinerant survey technique was used, and this made it possible to obtain a list of 445 species which was distributed between 293 genera and 96 families. The most dominant families deffer by space. Rubiaceae was between dominated families and all types of spaces. The biological types are dominated more than 60% by the phanerophyts. Phytogeographic spectrum is marked by a strong dominance of species known as Guineo-Congolese in two types of forest. In Savanah, hemicryptophyts was the most dominated biological types. The high number of endemic species from Upper Guinea (58) and Ivorian (9), coupled with the presence of 22 taxa classified as rare and endangered for the flora of Côte d'Ivoire and 20 taxa of IUCN Red List (2015), represents its special character. Particular traits of this flora should attract more attention from managers of this forest.

Beginning with the 1940s, floristic and vegetation studies indicated several extended fens and peat bogs in the Giurgeului Basin region (Romania), which are outstanding in their natural values. These mires harbor many threatened, rare and relic plant species and several rare plant communities of high nature conservation value. Near Voşlobeni, a Natura 2000 site was currently designated, incorporating the fen complex named “Mlaştina după Luncă”, which is considered the most extended and well conserved marshland of the region. Between 2000 and 2003 we performed a floristic and vegetation survey in this fen complex, accomplished a complete plant list, determined 13 plant associations and designed a vegetation map. During our survey we found still existing, strong populations of 23 red-listed species with many glacial relics among them (e.g. Pedicularis sceptrum-carolinum, Ligularia sibirica, Menyanthes trifoliata, Comarum palustrae, Drosera rotundifolia, Pinguicula vulgaris, Polemonium caeruleum, Spiraea salicifolia), and identified rare plant associations like: Telekio speciosae-Alnetum incanae, Sphagno-Caricetum rostratae, Sphagno girgensohnii-Piceetum, Calamagrostio-Salicetum cinereae, Caricetum diandrae, Vaccinio-Betuletum pubescentis and Carici flavae-Eriophoretum latifolii. As a conclusion, nature conservation efforts are urgently needed in this fen complex in order to ensure the long-term subsistence of fen habitats and the highly valuable plant species.

The authors of this edition propose a novel and inspiring research approach to the subject of plants, which – being a form of life that is different, yet akin to us – is a constant source of nourishment and metaphors, decoration and obsessions. The articles included in this thematic block on plants enter into lively ongoing debates on genetics, feminism, ecology and plant ontology. They are excellent examples of the fact that in Polish philosophical and cultural reflection there was an understanding very early on of the challenges that posthumanism poses to our anthropocentric intellectual habits. Foreign readers will recognize in these Polish reflections a bold willingness to ask ethical and aesthetic questions of great relevance to the modern world that go far beyond the safe, though most likely imagined, limits of what it is to be human.

A comprehensive guide for botanical excursions in Central and Western Sicily, including 24 itineraries described in every detail and illustrated by maps and photographs of the excursion sites. The book illustrates, as well, the whole flora of Sicily (more than 3000 species of vascular plants) arranged in synoptic tables and provides an up-to date syntaxonomy and bibliography of the phytosociological classification of the Sicilian vegetation.
The guide was prepared for the 60th Annual Symposium of the International Association for Vegetation Science, held in Palermo, Italy, on June 20–24, 2017. The symposium saw 393 participants from 56 States across 5 continents.

The flora of Darjeeling Himalayas and foothills is dominated by dicotyledonous Angiosperms. The present checklist enumerates more than 2,350 species and varieties under 866 genera and 138 families. Specieswise 15 Ranunculaceaea. Majority of the families have only a few genera and few species among them are gregarious. Middle hills have the highest generic and specific diversity followed by those in the upper hills and lower hills. This region is also the abode of many endemic and exotic elements. A good number of species have become rare, threatened or endangered due to anthropogenic factors.

This book “Native Plants of Artvin” is published within the scope of the Project “Identification of natural plant species diversity of Artvin and Preparation of natural plants books” which was conducted by Artvin Çoruh University in collaboration with Artvin Provincial Directorate of Food, Agriculture and Livestock and sponsored by Ziraat Bank. This book includes naturally-growing plants of Artvin. In this project,
Prof. Dr. Özgür EMİNAĞAOĞLU participated as project coordinator and Spec. Hayal AKYILDIRIM BEĞEN and Res. Asst. Güven AKSU as researchers.
Approximately 25000 plant samples were collected during 195 days field survey which was carried out by project team between 2013 and 2015 vegetation period. In the area under review, 2727 taxa belonging to 761 genera and 137 families were identified. 920 taxa and 21 genera in Artvin were firstly presented in this study. From these taxa, 1 genus and 4 species are new records for Flora of Turkey.
In addition to 3000 photos of 1200 different plant taxa, scenery photos reflecting unique beauties of the region are also presented in the book. A great majority of the photos have been chosen from 50.000 photos taken within the scope of
the project and some of the photos have been chosen from the photo archive of project coordinator and book author Prof. Dr. Özgür EMİNAĞAOĞLU. This book has 8 chapters.
In the first chapter titled “GENERAL OVERVIEW OF ARTVİN” geographic, geologic and climatic characteristics of City Centrum, Ardanuç, Arhavi, Borçka, Hopa, Murgul,
Şavşat and Yusufeli Districts are examined.
Second chapter titled “FLORA AND VEGATATION STRUCTURE OF ARTVİN” includes subjects as Plant Diversity of Turkey, Plant Diversity of Artvin, Vegetation Structure of Artvin and its Effect of Biotic Factors on Plants and Vegetation in Artvin.
The third chapter titled “FORESTS IN ARTVİN” presents information about forests and their distribution in the districts.
In the fourth chapter titled “AGRICULTURE IN ARTVİN”, agriculture and livestock potential of Artvin are evaluated.
In the fifth chapter titled “IMPORTANT AND SENSITIVE AREAS IN ARTVİN” includes subjects as Protected Areas in Artvin, Important Plant and Nature Areas in Artvin,
International Importance of Artvin in terms of Plant Biodiversity.
General information about honey plants is given in the sixth chapter titled “HONEY PLANTS OF ARTVİN”.
In the seventh chapter titled “BOTANIC TOURISM POTENTIAL OF ARTVİN” evaluations about opportunities of botanic tourism, as being one of the tourism type are presented.
In the eighth chapter titled “PHOTOS OF VASCULAR PLANTS OF ARTVİN”, photos of native plants of Artvin are grouped as Ground Pine, Fern, Flowering Plant (Gymnosperm and Angiosperm).

Present study work was conducted to investigate about the current status of floral diversity at chashma barrage in district Mianwali which is rich with floral diversity and is located on Indus River in Pakistan. Area has unique importance due to presence of Nuclear power station and other energy generating resources along with beautiful lakes and diversity of plants. Fish industry is the main economic source for the populace of the area. Extensive study survey was conducted during May 2018 to August 2019 and sample from 43 plant species belong to 19 families were collected, pressed and dried for herbarium record in university of agriculture Faisalabad.

The goddess Ilmr, attested only in Icelandic sources, has been almost completely neglected by scholarship. This article offers a comprehensive review of the evidence and discusses the possible interpretations. It proposes that ecological conditions in Iceland could be a factor in why this name seems to become increasingly obscure following the settlement period.

El texto aborda en tres grandes apartados la relación del agua con el territorio y la naturaleza, su gestión para consumo humano en zonas urbanas y, el vinculo entre agua y salud.

The text addresses in three main sections the relationship of water with the territory and nature, its management for human consumption in urban areas and the link between water and health.

Resumen La cordillera Chongón Colonche conocida por su alta diversidad y endemismo presenta vacíos de información biológica así como la deforestación que amenazan la biodiversidad del sitio. Se determinó la composición, estructura y diversidad de la flora leñosa en dos localidades de la cordillera, Loma Alta y Dos Mangas, mediante parcelas de 0.1 ha ubicadas a 500 msnm. Se identificaron 48 especies, 46 géneros y 28 familias, donde las más representativas fueron Arecaceae y Urticaceae. La estructura estuvo conformada por seis clases diamétricas y siete altimétricas. El endemismo y estado de conservación se congrega en 19 especies (40%), de las cuales Inga carinata "Guaba", Gustavia serrata "Membrillo", Sorocea sarcocarpa "Tillo" y Randia carlosiana "Cañafito" son las más importantes. La diversidad alfa oscila en rangos medios, donde Loma Alta presentó mayor diversidad promedio (2.40 nats/ind) y menor dominancia promedio (0.13). La tasa de recambio (1.29) fue mayor en Loma Alta y el análisis de ordenación nMDS-ANOSIM-SIMPER estableció diferencias significativas (R = 0.80, p < 0.01) definiendo dos grupos disimiles (54%) florísticamente. La diversidad vegetal de los bosques de garúa está compuesta por familias características de los bosques húmedos occidentales y que difieren de la vegetación característica de los Bosques Estacionalmente Secos del Pacífico Ecuatorial, pero ambas regiones florísticas convergen en esta cordillera; por lo que, la conservación del bosque y un manejo efectivo de sus áreas protegidas es imperativo. Los resultados contribuyen al conocimiento local y regional de los bosques húmedos y secos de la costa ecuatoriana. Palabras clave: Dos Mangas, Loma Alta, composición florística, diversidad alfa y diversidad beta. Abstract The Chongon Colonche Mountain Range is located within the Tumbes-Choco-Magdalena region, known for its high diversity and endemism, which faces deforestation and presents biological information gaps as conservation problems. The composition, structure and diversity of the woody flora were determined in two localities, Loma Alta and Dos Mangas, through plots of 0.1 ha located at 500 masl. Forty-eight species, forty-six genera and twenty-eight families were identified, where the most representative were Arecaceae and Urticaceae. The structure was made up of six diametric and seven altimetric classes. Endemism and conservation status congregate in 19 spp. (40%), of which Inga carinata "Guaba", Gustavia serrata "Membrillo", Sorocea sarcocarpa "Tillo" and Randia carlosiana "Cañafito" are the most important in both categories. The alpha diversity of the drizzle forests oscillated in medium ranges, where Loma Alta presented higher average diversity (2.40 nats/ind) and lower average dominance (0.13). The turnover rate (1.29) was higher in Loma Alta and the nMDS-ANOSIM-SIMPER ordering analysis established significant differences (R = 0.80, p < 0.01) defining two dissimilar floristic groups (54%). The vegetal diversity of the drizzle forests is composed of characteristic families of the western humid forests and they differ from the characteristic vegetation of the Seasonally Dry Forests of the Equatorial Pacific region; however, both floristic regions converge in this cordillera. Therefore, forest conservation and effective management in these protected areas is imperative. These results contribute to the local and regional knowledge of the humid and dry forests of the Ecuadorian coast.

Bathukamma celebrates the inherent relationship between earth, water and human beings. Bathukamma is a colourful floral festival of Telangana and is marked by womenfolk with exotic flowers. The festival has, over the years, become a symbol of Telangana culture and identity. Bathukamma comes during the latter half of the monsoon, before the onset of winter. The monsoon rains usually bring plenty of water into the ponds and tanks. It is also the time when wildflowers bloom in various vibrant colours across the uncultivated and barren plains of the region. The most abundant of these flowers are 'gunugu' and 'tangedu'. There are other flowers like the 'banti', 'chamanti', 'nandi-vardhanam' etc. This paper focus significance of Bathukamma, how to prepare it, the way of performance, ritual of food for nine days, medicinal values of flowers used in Bathukamma and socio-cultural bandage with Bathukamma of Telangana people in the present-day scenario.

The rapid growth and degradation of soil fertility and quality of human and industrial operations. The fertility of the land to improve the sustainability and yield of the crops is a major concern for the rehabilitant. Biochar is the carbonated material generated from biomass and used to enhance soil fertility by maintaining the nutrients and possibly improving bioavailability of the nutrients. Biochar is not a straightforward, homogeneous carbohydrate material so that an appropriate biochar choice is deemed a target cultivation and soil type. This led to the reporting of numerous research evaluating different techniques of modification, such as optimizing pyrolysis procedures, blending with a number of other soil amendments, compositing with a number of other additives and activating physicochemical procedures, in order to maximize biochar efficacy. Nevertheless, it cannot be overlooked the financial importance of biochar feasibility. This review shows the current understanding and implementation with economic aspects of the holistic and practical approaches for the application of biochar to less fertile soil.