Annona Muricata

The research aimed at unearthing the total levels of selected phytochemicals and the antioxidant (DPPH) in Annona muricata, Ribes nigrum and manilkara zapota plant extracts, which are widely known for their medicinal properties and locally grown in Manchester Jamaica West Indies. The leaves, bark and stem were collected and identified by an agronomist. They were aseptically treated then dried at room temperature for 4 days after which they were milled by the use of dry blend commercial heavy duty blender. The pulverise samples were stored at room temperature in sealed plastic screw top sterile cups until processed. The plants were tested for the presence of Phytochemicals (total flavonoids, total poly-phenols, and total tannins). DPPH assay was conducted to determine the antioxidant activity of Annona muricata, Ribes nigrum and Manilkara zapota plants respectively. M. zapota had the highest flavonoid content of 2.51 mg/g which was three times that of the A. muricata and more than that from R.nigrum. The highest poly-phenol content was obtained from the R.nigrumwhich produced values of 5.72 mg/g, followed by M. zapota, with A. muricata having the lowest poly phenol content. The lowest total tannins was obtained from A. muricata with the highest content being observed from R.nigrum.M. zapotashowed the highest antioxidantactivities, with the lowest being obtained fromA. muricata.Samples were processed in duplicates.

Graviola (Annona muricata) is a small deciduous tropical evergreen fruit tree, belonging to the Annonaceae family, and is widely
grown and distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The aerial parts of graviola have several functions: the
fruits have been widely used as food confectionaries, while several preparations, especially decoctions of the bark, fruits, leaves,
pericarp, seeds, and roots, have been extensively used in traditional medicine to treat multiple ailments including cancers by
local communities in tropical Africa and South America. The reported therapeutic benefits of graviola against various human
tumors and disease agents in in vitro culture and preclinical animal model systems are typically tested for their ability to
specifically target the disease, while exerting little or no effect on normal cell viability. Over 212 phytochemical ingredients have
been reported in graviola extracts prepared from different plant parts. The specific bioactive constituents responsible for the
major anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and other health benefits of graviola include different classes of
annonaceous acetogenins (metabolites and products of the polyketide pathway), alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols, and others. This
review summarizes the current understanding of the anticancer effects of A. muricata and its constituents on diverse cancer
types and disease states, as well as efficacy and safety concerns. It also includes discussion of our current understanding of
possible mechanisms of action, with the hope of further stimulating the development of improved and affordable therapies for a
variety of ailments.

ENGLISH
Chapter discusses several important aspects of pollination by beetles, such as biology and ecology of beetles; origin of the word "cantharophily" and the current tendency to be replaced by "pollination by beetles"; main groups of plants pollinated by beetles; Evolutionary ecology: origin of cantharophily; Adaptations to beetle pollination; Pollination and reproductive biology; Lack of studies on this pollination system so important in tropical ecosystems.

PORTUGUÊS
Capítulo aborda vários importantes aspectos da polinização por besouros, tais como biologia e ecologia dos besouros; origem da expressão "cantarofilia" e da tendência atual de se utilizar "polinização por besouros";  principais grupos de plantas polinizador por coleópteros; Ecologia evolutiva: origem da cantarofilia; Adaptações à polinização por besouros; Polinização e biologia reprodutiva; Falta de estudos sobre este sistema de polinização tão importante em ecossistemas tropicais.

ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND:
Oxidative stress defines that, the level of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) exists in excess of antioxidant defenses. This imbalance in the redox milieu results in a switch from ROS-stimulated ambient signaling processes to ROS-mediated pathophysiological consequences. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the installation and progression of several degenerative diseases via DNA mutation, protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation. Therefore, possible use  of soursop fruit extract  to  protect  brain against the Lipid peroxidation.
OBJECTIVE:
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of  Soursop (Annona Muricata L.) against the DPPH Free Radical Scavenging System and Lipid peroxidation.
METHODS:
Phytochemical screening was carried out with fruit extract of A. muricata for the detection of various phytochemicals. The extract was tested for the presence of glycosides, proteins, saponins, tannins, phenolic compounds , alkaloids , flavonoids, steroids and vitamine C using the standard procedures and then DPPH radical was estimated according to the method of Blois and Lipid peroxidation was estimated according to the method of Rajakumar.
RESULTS:
The study showed that the Soursop (Annona Muricata L.) in the fruit extract contain : glycosides , proteins, saponins ,tannins ,phenolic compounds, flavonoids , alkaloids ,  steroids and vitamine C  . Fruit  extract were found effective  in scavenging DPPH (78,6℅) in concentration (250µl/ml), as well as inhibiting the lipid peroxidation (16.2℅).
CONCLUSION:
The results suggest that Soursop (Annona Muricata L.) treatment protects the rat brain against  lipid peroxidation  and DPPH free radical scavenging.
KEY WORDS : soursop,  phytochemical ,DPPH, lipid peroxidation

La investigación tuvo como objetivo, determinar el efecto de diferentes concentraciones de Ácido Indolbutírico (AIB) en el enraizamiento de estaquillas de Annona muricata «Guanábana» en cámara de subirrigación, el cual se desarrolló en el vivero agroforestal de la Universidad Nacional Intercultural de la Amazonía (UNIA), ubicada en el km 0,63 de la carretera San José de Tushmo, distrito de Yarinacocha, provincia de Coronel Portillo, región Ucayali, Perú, entre los meses de agosto a octubre del 2017. Las estaquillas de guanábana fueron recolectadas, cortando las ramitas con tijera de podar, de 10-12 cm de longitud, y un diámetro de 0,5 cm, para luego cortar la mitad de las hojas con un bisturí. Las estaquillas se desinfectaron con fungicida, por 10 minutos y ventilándolos 10 minutos, luego fueron introducidas cerca de 1 cm de su base, en un envase conteniendo las diferentes soluciones de AIB, por un lapso de 3 segundos, y con la ayuda de un ventilador se secaron durante 1 minuto, con...

Graviola (Annona muricata) is a small deciduous tropical evergreen fruit tree, belonging to the Annonaceae family, and is widely grown and distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The aerial parts of graviola have several functions: the fruits have been widely used as food confectionaries, while several preparations, especially decoctions of the bark, fruits, leaves, pericarp, seeds, and roots, have been extensively used in traditional medicine to treat multiple ailments including cancers by local communities in tropical Africa and South America. The reported therapeutic benefits of graviola against various human tumors and disease agents in in vitro culture and preclinical animal model systems are typically tested for their ability to specifically target the disease, while exerting little or no effect on normal cell viability. Over 212 phytochemical ingredients have been reported in graviola extracts prepared from different plant parts. The specific bioacti...

Optimization of machining parameters is very valuable to maintain the accuracy of the components and obtain cost effective Machining.MRR (material removal rate) and surface roughness is playing primary role in manufacturing using contemporary CNC (computer numerical controlled) machines, in the case of mass manufacturing. In present study experimental and work is done for optimization of process parameters. In experimental work total 32 experiments are designed according DOE method " Mixed taguchi ". Three factors are selected for experimental work. Depth of cut, speed and feed rate is selected factors for experimental work. All experiments are carried out in CIPET, Jaipur. Two responses are find out in this work and are following: first one is material removal rate (MRR) and second response is surface roughness (Ra) measurement. An artificial neural network is 'Feed Forward Back Propagation' type model of developing the analysis and prediction of surface roughness and MRR with relationship between all input process parameters.

Global efforts to control mosquitoes have relied heavily on the use of synthetic insecticides which have negatively impacted the ecosystem. With the continuous campaign on sustainability and the need to preserve the ecological balance, it has become imperative to develop alternative measures to contain the spread of mosquitoes which are efficient, sustainable and less impactful on the environment. It is in light of these, that laboratory investigations were conducted to determine the phytochemical components present in A. muricata stem bark and leaf extracts. The toxicity effects of various concentrations (200 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml and 25 mg/mL) of A. muricata stem bark and leaf extracts to An. gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae) were evaluated by exposing the mosquito larvae at ambient temperature of 29 ± 2°C and 29.5 ± 5% r.h and photoperiod 12:12 light and dark hours. Three replicates of each of the concentrations were used to treat 20 active larvae of An. gambiae in a completely randomized design. Mortality resulting from eclosion inhibition was monitored at 3 hourly intervals for 48 hours, post-treatment and adult emergence were recorded. Data were analysed using log-probit regression and analysis of variance. Results of the qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, phenols, cardiac glycosides and alkaloids in both stem bark and leaf extracts. The toxicity result showed that the different concentrations of the extracts resulted in considerable mortality of the larvae. The stem bark and leaf extracts caused significant (p<0.05) mortalities of 100% and 70% respectively at highest concentration of 200 mg/mL while at lowest concentration of 25 mg/mL caused mortalities of 30% and 20% respectively. The percentage inhibition of emergence for stem bark and leaf extracts at highest concentrations were respectively 100% and 70.00%. The LC50 and LC90 are (36.64 and 79.82 mg/mL) and (67.03 and 570.96 mg/mL) respectively for stem bark and leaf extracts. This study suggests that the stem bark and leaf extracts of A. muricata could perhaps be good alternatives to synthetic pesticides that adversely contaminate the environment while also suggesting that the active phytochemicals present in these plant parts could be saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids acting individually or synergistically.

Graviola (Annona muricata) is a small deciduous tropical evergreen fruit tree, belonging to the Annonaceae family, and is widely grown and distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The aerial parts of graviola have several functions: the fruits have been widely used as food confectionaries, while several preparations, especially decoctions of the bark, fruits, leaves, pericarp, seeds, and roots, have been extensively used in traditional medicine to treat multiple ailments including cancers by local communities in tropical Africa and South America. The reported therapeutic benefits of graviola against various human tumors and disease agents in in vitro culture and preclinical animal model systems are typically tested for their ability to specifically target the disease, while exerting little or no effect on normal cell viability. Over 212 phytochemical ingredients have been reported in graviola extracts prepared from different plant parts. The specific bioacti...

This study was designed to determine the effects of methanolic extracts of Annona muricata (Linn) on the blood glucose level of streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Thirty adult Wistar rats were randomly assigned into three groups (A, B and C) of ten rats each. Group A was the control, Group B was untreated hyperglycemic group and group C was A. muricata-treated group. Hyperglycemia was induced in groups B and C by a single intra-peritoneal injection of 80mg/kg streptozotocin dissolved in 0.1M citrate buffer. The control group was intraperitoneally injected with equivalent volume of citrate buffer and all the animals were monitored for four weeks. Daily intra peritoneal injection of 100mg/kg A. muricata was administered to group C rats for two weeks and the animals were monitored for another two weeks. The data obtained were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. The result showed a mean body weight of 206 + 7.74g, 173.29+5.13g and 197 + 5.62g respectively for...

Nanotechnology is a rising field of science and technology that deals with the particles having size in the range of 1 to 100 nm. Copper oxide nanoparticles has many properties like antifungal activity, antibacterial activity, optical properties, conductive properties, etc. Due to its demand of diversified use, copper oxide nanoparticles were fabricated using ecofriendly and non-toxic Annona muricata stem extract. The extract with copper sulphate pentahydrate showed gradual change in the colour of the extract from brown to green which indicates the CuO nanoparticles synthesis. The fabrication is followed by characterization of CuO nanoparticles using UV-vis spectroscope, FTIR, XRD and SEM. The characterization showed roughly spherical shaped nanoparticles in the range of 100nm with high crystalline monoclinic phase. FTIR absorption spectra conclude that the compounds attached with copper oxide nanoparticles could be polyphenols with aromatic ring. The CuO nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity; it showed the maximum activity against E.coli (18 mm).

Graviola (Annona muricata) is a small deciduous tropical evergreen fruit tree, belonging to the Annonaceae family, and is widely grown and distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The aerial parts of graviola have several functions: the fruits have been widely used as food confectionaries, while several preparations, especially decoctions of the bark, fruits, leaves, pericarp, seeds, and roots, have been extensively used in traditional medicine to treat multiple ailments including cancers by local communities in tropical Africa and South America. The reported therapeutic benefits of graviola against various human tumors and disease agents in in vitro culture and preclinical animal model systems are typically tested for their ability to specifically target the disease, while exerting little or no effect on normal cell viability. Over 212 phytochemical ingredients have been reported in graviola extracts prepared from different plant parts. The specific bioacti...

The maturity of two selections of soursop (G1 and G2) from Nayarit, Mexico, was evaluated under environmental conditions at 22°C and refrigeration at 15°C stored for 6 and 8 days, respectively. Maximum CO2and ethylene values were present on the fifth and sixth day. The fruits exposed at 15°C had a significantly lower weight loss (5%) and showed no chilling injury. The firmness of two selections decreased more than 90%. The concentration of TSS increased to 5.3 to 15°Brix, and the titratable acidity was higher for fruit stored at 22°C. The highest concentration of phenols was recorded on the fourth day of storage at 22°C. The enzymatic activity of PPO was increased from physiological ripening to consumption ripening for both treatments. The two selections stored at 22°C registered the highest level of PME activity at ripeness. Shelf life was increased by up to 8 days (4 days at 15°C plus 4 days at 22°C) without causing chilling injury or alterations in the ripening process of the fru...

Graviola (Annona muricata) is a small deciduous tropical evergreen fruit tree, belonging to the Annonaceae family, and is widely grown and distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The aerial parts of graviola have several functions: the fruits have been widely used as food confectionaries, while several preparations, especially decoctions of the bark, fruits, leaves, pericarp, seeds, and roots, have been extensively used in traditional medicine to treat multiple ailments including cancers by local communities in tropical Africa and South America. The reported therapeutic benefits of graviola against various human tumors and disease agents in in vitro culture and preclinical animal model systems are typically tested for their ability to specifically target the disease, while exerting little or no effect on normal cell viability. Over 212 phytochemical ingredients have been reported in graviola extracts prepared from different plant parts. The specific bioacti...

Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the leading cause of skin cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Effective strategies are needed to control NMSC occurrence and progression. Non-toxic, plant-derived extracts have been shown to exert multiple anti-cancer effects. Graviola (), a tropical fruit-bearing plant, has been used in traditional medicine against multiple human diseases including cancer. The current study investigated the effects of graviola leaf and stem extract (GLSE) and its solvent-extracted fractions on two human NMSC cell lines, UW-BCC1 and A431. GLSE was found to: (i) dose-dependently suppress UW-BCC1 and A431 cell growth, motility, wound closure, and clonogenicity; (ii) induce G₀/G₁ cell cycle arrest by downregulating cyclin/cdk factors while upregulating cdk inhibitors, and (iii) induce apoptosis as evidenced by cleavage of caspases-3, -8 and PARP. Further, GLSE suppressed levels of activated hedgehog (Hh) pathway components Smo, Gli 1/2, and Shh while inducing S...

Graviola (Annona muricata) is a small deciduous tropical evergreen fruit tree, belonging to the Annonaceae family, and is widely grown and distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The aerial parts of graviola have several functions: the fruits have been widely used as food confectionaries, while several preparations, especially decoctions of the bark, fruits, leaves, pericarp, seeds, and roots, have been extensively used in traditional medicine to treat multiple ailments including cancers by local communities in tropical Africa and South America. The reported therapeutic benefits of graviola against various human tumors and disease agents in in vitro culture and preclinical animal model systems are typically tested for their ability to specifically target the disease, while exerting little or no effect on normal cell viability. Over 212 phytochemical ingredients have been reported in graviola extracts prepared from different plant parts. The specific bioacti...

Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the leading cause of skin cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Effective strategies are needed to control NMSC occurrence and progression. Non-toxic, plant-derived extracts have been shown to exert multiple anti-cancer effects. Graviola (), a tropical fruit-bearing plant, has been used in traditional medicine against multiple human diseases including cancer. The current study investigated the effects of graviola leaf and stem extract (GLSE) and its solvent-extracted fractions on two human NMSC cell lines, UW-BCC1 and A431. GLSE was found to: (i) dose-dependently suppress UW-BCC1 and A431 cell growth, motility, wound closure, and clonogenicity; (ii) induce G₀/G₁ cell cycle arrest by downregulating cyclin/cdk factors while upregulating cdk inhibitors, and (iii) induce apoptosis as evidenced by cleavage of caspases-3, -8 and PARP. Further, GLSE suppressed levels of activated hedgehog (Hh) pathway components Smo, Gli 1/2, and Shh while inducing S...

La investigación tuvo como objetivo, determinar el efecto de diferentes concentraciones de Ácido Indolbutírico (AIB) en el enraizamiento de estaquillas de Annona muricata «Guanábana» en cámara de subirrigación, el cual se desarrolló en el vivero agroforestal de la Universidad Nacional Intercultural de la Amazonía (UNIA), ubicada en el km 0,63 de la carretera San José de Tushmo, distrito de Yarinacocha, provincia de Coronel Portillo, región Ucayali, Perú, entre los meses de Agosto a Octubre del 2017. Las estaquillas de guanábana fueron recolectadas, cortando las ramitas con tijera de podar, de 10-12 cm de longitud, y un diámetro de 0,5 cm, para luego cortar la mitad de las hojas con un bisturí. Las estaquillas se desinfectaron con fungicida, por 10 minutos y ventilándolos 10 minutos, luego fueron introducidas cerca de 1 cm de su base, en un envase conteniendo las diferentes soluciones de AIB, por un lapso de 3 segundos, y con la ayuda de un ventilador se secaron durante 1 minuto, con el fin de que el alcohol se evapore y pueda fijarse la hormona, para luego instalarlas dentro de la cámara de subirrigación de acuerdo a los tratamientos estudiados (0 ppm de AIB, 1000 ppm de AIB, 2000 ppm de AIB y 3000 ppm de AIB); concluyendo que, para el número de raíces, el tratamiento testigo (0 ppm de AIB) y el tratamiento con 2000 ppm AIB, presentaron los mejores promedios (3,55 y 3,39 raíces respectivamente), no encontrándose diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos para la longitud de raíces, y para el porcentaje de estaquillas enraizadas, el tratamiento con 1000 ppm de AIB, presento el mejor promedio(41%) y finalmente, para el porcentaje de sobrevivencia, el tratamiento con 2000 ppm de AIB presentó el mejor promedio (99,33 %).