Antarctic krill

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) was employed to extract oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) from chia seeds, and the physicochemical properties of the oil were determined. A central composite rotatable design was used to analyze the impact of temperature (40 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C), pressure (250 bar, 350 bar and 450 bar) and time (60 min, 150 min and 240 min) on oil extraction yield, and a response surface methodology (RSM) was applied. The extraction time and pressure had the greatest effects on oil. The highest oil yield was 92.8% after 300 min of extraction time at 450 bar. The FA composition varied depending on operating conditions but had a high content of α-linolenic acid (44.4–63.4%) and linoleic acid (19.6–35.0%). The rheological evaluation of the oils indicated a Newtonian behavior. The viscosity of the oil decreased with the increase in temperature following an Arrhenius-type relationship.

The distribution and diet of juvenile (<750 mm) Patagonian toothfish are described from four annual trawl surveys (2003–2006) around the island of South Georgia in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Recruitment of toothfish varies inter-annually, and a single large cohort dominated during the four years surveyed. Most juveniles were caught on the Shag Rocks shelf to the NW of South Georgia, with fish subsequently dispersing to deeper water around both the South Georgia and Shag Rocks shelves. Mean size of juvenile toothfish increased with depth of capture. Stomach contents analysis was conducted on 795 fish that contained food remains and revealed that juvenile toothfish are essentially piscivorous, with the diet dominated by notothenid fish. The yellow-finned notothen, Patagonotothen guntheri, was the dominant prey at Shag Rocks whilst at South Georgia, where P. guntheri is absent, the dominant prey were Antarctic krill and notothenid fish. The diet changed with size, with an increase in myctophid fish and krill as toothfish grow and disperse. The size of prey also increased with fish size, with a greater range of prey sizes consumed by larger fish.

Chaenocephalus aceratus (Family Channicthyidae) is one of the dominant species of demersal fish living on the South Georgia shelf where it is caught in low numbers as by-catch in the mackerel icefish and Antarctic krill commercial fisheries. Data collected during 14 demersal fish surveys, from 1986 to 2006, are analysed to investigate biomass, distribution, growth and diet. Biomass estimates from a swept area method ranged from 4,462 to 28,740 tonnes on the South Georgia and Shag Rock shelves although few fish were caught at Shag Rocks. Analysis of length frequency data indicated that growth was fast in the first five years with males and females attaining lengths at first spawning of 440 mm TL and 520 mm TL. The diet was comprised of fish and crustaceans, with an ontogenetic shift in diet from Euphausia superba and mysids to benthic fish and decapods observed to begin at 250 mm TL. In larger fish (&gt;500 mm TL) the diet was dominated by fish. C. aceratus diet is sufficiently diffe...

The concentration of fluoride in the body parts of a range of Antarctic crustaceans from a variety of habits was examined with the aim of determining whether fluoride concentration is related to lifestyle or phylogenetic grouping. Euphausiids had the highest overall fluoride concentrations of a range of Antarctic marine crustaceans examined; levels of up to 5477 μg g−1 were found in the exoskeleton of Euphausia crystallorophias. Copepods had the lowest fluoride levels (0.87 μg g−1 whole-body); some amphipods and mysids also exhibited relatively high fluoride levels. There was no apparent relationship between the lifestyle of the crustaceans and their fluoride level; benthic and pelagic species exhibited both high and low fluoride levels. Fluoride was concentrated in the exoskeleton, but not evenly distributed through it; the exoskeleton of the head, carapace and abdomen contained the highest concentrations of fluoride, followed by the feeding basket and pleopods, and the eyes. The mouthparts of E.␣superba contained almost 13 000 μg F g−1 dry wt. Antarctic krill tail muscle had low levels of fluoride. After long-term (1 to 5 yr) storage in formalin, fluoride was almost completely lost from whole euphausiids.

The anatomy, morphology and life-cycle of ciliates living on Antarctic krill are described. All ciliates found on the bodies of several thousand individual krill belong to one species of the genus Ephelota. Analysis of small subunit rDNA (SS rDNA) sequences from different Ephelota individuals in various stages of their life-cycle confirmed this result and proved that even the cysts found in great numbers in the filtering baskets of krill represent the resting stage of Ephelota. DNA studies have also shown that Antarctic and non-Antarctic species of Ephelota diverged much earlier than Antarctic and non-Antarctic species of krill.

O óleo de krill é um suplemento benéfico para a saúde das articulações? dicasetruquesdemaquiagem.over-blog.com/o-oleo-de-krill-e-um-suplemento-benefico-para-a-saude-das-articulacoes.html O óleo de krill é um suplemento benéfico para a saúde das articulações? A fisioterapia pode ser prescrita por médicos para ajudar a distribuir a pressão e aliviar o estresse em uma articulação. O uso de óleo de krill é outra forma natural de melhorar a saúde das articulações. É rico em ácidos graxos ômega-3 e astaxantina, que podem ajudar na mobilidade das articulações. As infecções articulares podem afetar qualquer pessoa, e a prevenção geralmente é preferível ao tratamento. Isso vale para todas as condições de saúde, pois podem comprometer o sistema imunológico. =>> Ver => https://bit.ly/oleodekrill Os médicos recomendam o óleo de krill como suplemento porque contém ácidos graxos ômega-3 essenciais que permitem que as articulações se movam com mais liberdade. Pacientes com problemas de saúde nas articulações têm maior risco de desenvolver doenças cardíacas. Dores nas articulações em várias partes do corpo podem causar ataques cardíacos. O óleo de krill auxilia na restauração da saúde e do ritmo cardíaco normal. No entanto, para manter a sua saúde geral, é recomendável que você obedeça rigorosamente às instruções de dosagem do seu médico. Uma das coisas mais recomendadas para reduzir o desconforto e as dores causadas pelas dores nas articulações é seguir uma dieta saudável rica em ácidos graxos ômega 3. Como todos sabemos, a dieta ocidental média é deficiente em ácidos graxos ômega 3, e os suplementos geralmente são a única maneira de obter esses ácidos graxos essenciais. O óleo de krill passou por extensos estudos e é amplamente utilizado em hospitais. Também foi demonstrado que ajuda no tratamento de dores nas articulações associadas à TPM. Além disso, os idosos que são mais suscetíveis a dores nas articulações encontraram uma melhora nas articulações após o uso do óleo. =>> Ver => https://bit.ly/oleodekrill As doenças articulares podem prejudicar a circulação sanguínea, resultando em ataques cardíacos e arritmia ventricular. Muitos profissionais médicos sugeriram o óleo de krill como uma cura eficaz para problemas de saúde nas articulações. Apesar de o óleo de krill