Antiviral

Novel Corona virus is making its Worldwide propagation in a very fast phase. It is now essential to discover the drugs that are useful in the prevention and management of NCoV-19. Many traditional Herbs and Poly Herbal synergistic formulations are useful in the prophylaxis of various types of Viruses. In Siddha system of medicine, there are various medicines used for antiviral therapies. Nilavembu kudineer is a very remarkable medicine which is already recognized by the Government of Tamilnadu during the eradication program of Dengue and Chikungunya viruses. To prove safety and efficacy of a traditional medicine, Reverse pharmacology method is recognized globally. Reverse pharmacology is confirming the safety and efficacy of a medicine which is already in clinical practice by going back in the steps of pharmacological screening and drug development. The ultimate aim of the Reverse pharmacological research is to find the mechanism of action by a drug against a disease. For Nilavembu kudineer (Mentioned in the Siddha text Siddha Vaithiya Thirattu), clinical documentations and various pre-clinical studies on its safety and efficacy are already done. In this study, we have done the In-silico Molecular Docking Analysis of the Bio-active compounds found in the aqueous extract of Nilavembu kudineer chooranam against the ACE2 enzyme receptor which is the route of entry in the pathogenesis of Novel corona virus. Clinical study needs to be done to confirm the proposed efficacy of the Nilavembu kudineer in the prevention of the Novel Corona Virus.

Climatic, environmental and economic changes, as well as the steadily increasing global trade and personal mobility provide ample opportunities for emerging pathogens with zoonotic potential to spread to previously unaffected countries. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is considered to be one of the major emerging disease threats spreading to and within the European Union following an expanding distribution of its main vector, ticks of the genus Hyalomma. Every year more than 1000 human CCHF cases are reported from countries of southeastern Europe and Turkey. CCHFV can cause high case fatality rates and can be transmitted from human to human. There are no vaccine prophylaxis and therapeutic interventions available at present. Several EU-funded research projects focus currently on CCHFV which highlights the awareness for this problem at the European level. As public health deals with questions of prevention on a population level rather than healing and health on an indiv...

Ricinus communis L., commonly known as castor oil plant, is a precious traditional medicine with a history of thousands of years in the world. Castor oil plant has high traditional and medicinal values for treating liver infections, stomach ache, flatulence, constipation, inflammation, warts, colic, enteritis, fever, headache, and as a counter irritant. Its diverse phytochemicals have a wide range of valuable medicinal activities including hepatoprotective, anti-nociceptive, antioxidant, antiulcer, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, central analgesic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antiviral, and wound healing activity. Aim of the work: To provide a complete characterization of the composition of Ricinus communis leaves using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid triple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Triple TOF-MS/MS) and different chromatographic techniques and to evaluate its antiviral potential using three mechanisms against three common viruses. Materials and methods: R. communis leaves were extracted with 70% methanol and further partitioned with solvents of increasing polarities: petroleum ether, dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2), ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The CH 2 Cl 2 and n-butanol fractions were subjected to repeated chromatographic separation to isolate the phytochemicals, and their structures were elucidated using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. UPLC-Triple TOF-MS/MS was performed to determine the different phytochemicals in the ethyl acetate fraction. The antiviral activity of the extracts was investigated using the maximum nontoxic concentration of each against the challenge dose of the virus (CDV) and 1/10 and 1/100 dilutions of the CDV for Coxsackie B virus type 4 (COXB4), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), and hepatitis A virus (HAV) using Vero cell cultures that were treated according to three protocols to test for anti-replicative, protective, and anti-infective antiviral activity. Cell viability was evaluated using the MTT colorimetric assay and each experiment is repeated three times independently of each other. Results: R. communis leaves possessed antiviral activity. Evaluation of the anti-replicative activity showed that all extracts possessed high anti-replicative activity against HAV especially methanol and methylene chloride fractions and moderate activity against COXB4; butanol \u003e methylene chloride and ethyl acetate \u003e methanol. All extracts showed protective activity against HAV, especially butanol extract, while methanol extracts showed higher non-significant antiviral protective activity against HSV1 vs Acyclovir. Almost no anti-infective effects were recorded for any extract against the studied viruses. Conclusion: The discriminatory effect against each virus by different mechanisms suggests the presence of different chemical compounds. The alkaloid and phenolic derivatives of the extracts of R. communis leaves may help develop a drug to prevent or treat common viral infections. Further investigations are recommended to define the bioactive antiviral properties of R. communis leaves.

Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill is belonging to the family Cactaceae. The chemical composition of the pulp and peel of cactus showed that pulp has high content of proteins, moisture and lipid but low content of total fiber and ash as compared to the peel. The peels of the cactus were considerably higher in fiber than the pulp. The ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of peel have high concentrations of total phenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids than the pulp extracts. The ethanolic extract in both pulp and peel gave higher concentrations of phytochemical compounds than the ethyl acetate extract. Therefore, pulp and peel extract has antioxidant and antimicrobial activity against gram positive, negative bacteria and fungus. Also, the percentage of Liver cell line (HepG2), Colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) and Breast cell line (MCF-7) viability was decreased with increasing the concentrations of the ethanolic extract of the pulp and peel cactus (500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000 μg/ml). The most pronounced reduction in the viability of cancer cells was detected after treatment with pulp extract than peel extract. The high concentrations of ethanolic extract of the pulp and peel cactus caused the high reduction in the viability of cancer cells especially in Liver cell line (HepG2). In addition, the phytochemical compound screened by GC-MS method. In this GC-MS analysis , 31 bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the pulp of cactus and 27 bioactive compounds were detected in peel extract. These different active phytochemicals have been found to possess a wide range of activities, which may help in the protection against incurable diseases.

Triazole compounds containing three nitrogen atoms in the five-membered aromatic azole ring are readily able to bind with a variety of enzymes and receptors in biological system via diverse non-covalent interactions, and thus display versatile biological activities. The related researches in triazole-based derivatives as medicinal drugs have been an extremely active topic, and numerous excellent achievements have been acquired. Noticeably, a large number of triazole compounds as clinical drugs or candidates have been frequently employed for the treatment of various types of diseases, which have shown their large development value and wide potential as medicinal agents. This work systematically reviewed the recent researches and developments of the whole range of triazole
compounds as medicinal drugs, including antifungal, anticancer, antibacterial, antitubercular, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and analgesic, anticonvulsant, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, anti-obesitic, antihistaminic, anti-neuropathic, antihypertensive as well as other biological activities. The perspectives of the foreseeable future in the research and development of triazole-based compounds as medicinal drugs are also presented. It is hoped that this review will serve as a stimulant for new thoughts in the quest for rational designs of more active and less toxic triazole medicinal drugs.

This compilation document contains the following articles/excerpts:
1. Vasquez A. Scotland's public health campaigns to improve vitamin D nutriture occurred within the same timeframe as HPV vaccination [rapid response]. BMJ.com/content/365/bmj.l1161/rr-8 2019 Apr
2. Vasquez A. Unified Antiviral Strategy published by ICHNFM. International Journal of Human Nutrition and Functional Medicine 2014 Oct
3. Vasquez A. Translating Microbiome (Microbiota) and Dysbiosis Research into Clinical Practice: The 20-Year Development of a Structured Approach that Gives Actionable Form to Intellectual Concepts. International Journal of Human Nutrition and Functional Medicine 2015 Jun
4. Vasquez A. Antiviral Strategies and Immune Nutrition [book excerpt, most recent source Inflammation Mastery 4th Edition https://www.ichnfm.org/im4]. International College of Human Nutrition and Functional Medicine, 2014 https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00OPDQG4W
5. Vasquez A, Gilbert Manso, M.D., John Cannell, M.D. The Clinical Importance of Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol): A Paradigm Shift with Implications for All Healthcare Providers. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 2004
6. Antiviral Nutrition Update #1 for 2018: Clinical Trial of Vitamin D3 against HPV/CIN1 [video transcript] https://vimeo.com/251566879

See also:
7. Vasquez A. Scotland's public health programs and trends improving nutritional status should be considered when discussing HPV trends [rapid response]. BMJ.com/content/365/bmj.l1375/rr-4 2019 Apr

This extract presents 100 pages from the newly revised and enlarged Fourth Edition of 'AVD: The Anti-Viral Diet', which shares the results from the most recent, cutting-edge scientific research into the anti-viral properties of widely available foods - as well as of some rarer ingredients. Most significantly, that report confirms - among other conclusions - that good nutritional status increases vaccine efficacy and decreases the probability of suffering the dangerous side effects of some vaccines.

This extract includes copious evidence regarding eight dietary ingredients from the 'Anti-Viral Diet' and a key extract on the project's proposal for an 'Anti-Viral Five-a-Day'. This extract includes 16 full-colour photographs.

The 'AVD' publication presents the general theory of an 'Anti-Viral Diet' and also the evidence from over 2000 scientists and medical researchers confirming the anti-viral and immunomodulatory properties of many dietary ingredients. At the core of 'AVD' is a database of 52 Anti-Viral Ingredients  with detailed specifications and 104 colour photographs. Key info is provided on each of the identified ingredients, including against which viruses they have exhibited potent effects, how they 'boost' the Immune System, as well as key data about Recommended Daily Allowances. Citations and extracts from over 1000 research articles enables a broad range of scientists to speak in their own words about key discoveries in nutritional immunology and anti-viral dietetics. Every section includes research findings from at least two dozen articles (mainly from peer-reviewed journals) corroborating anti-viral qualities exhibited by that ingredient.

With kind permission of the publishers LIVING TIME™ Books. Copyright © LTB™ 2020-22.

Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. and Schult. is a succulent shrub commonly known as desert rose belongs to the family Apocynaceae. Adenium obesum is a native of Africa but nowadays is cultivated in several parts of the world including India as a popular ornamental plant. This plant represents one of the richest sources of phytochemicals such as glycosides and posses great potential for pharmaceutical and piscicultural applications. This review is therefore, an effort to give a detailed study of the literature on biological activities of Adenium obesum. It shows remarkable anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, trypanocidal, acaricidal, molluscicidal, antioxidant and piscicidal activities. This review concludes that Adenium obesum has a great potential to treat various diseases, and could be used as a source for novel healthcare products in the near future, which requires further experimentation.

Abstract: Eye disease due to herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a leading cause of ocular morbidity and the number one infectious cause of unilateral corneal blindness in the developed parts of the globe.

Read this review and sign up to receive Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management journal here: http://www.dovepress.com/articles.php?article_id=18022

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is  an  infectious disease caused by  a  recently discovered coronavirus termed ‘severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2′(SARS-CoV-2). Several scholars have tested antiviral drugs and compounds to overcome COVID-19. ‘Kefir’ is a fermented milk drink similar to a thin yogurt that is made from kefir grains. Kefir and its probiotic contents can modulate the immune system to suppress infections from viruses (e.g., Zika, hepatitis C,  influenza, rotaviruses). The antiviral mechanisms of  kefir involve enhancement of  macrophage production, increasing phagocytosis, boosting production of  cluster of differentiation-positive (CD4+), CD8+, immunoglobulin (Ig)G+and IgA+B cells, T cells, neutrophils, as well as cytokines (e.g., interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, interferon gamma-γ). Kefir can act as an anti-inflammatory agent by reducing expression of IL-6, IL-1, TNF-α, and interferon-γ. Hence, kefir might be a significant inhibitor of the ‘cytokine storm’ that contributes to COVID-19. Here, we review several studies with a particular emphasis on the effect of kefir consumption and their microbial composition against viral infection, as well as discussing the further development of kefir as a protective supplementary dietary against SARS-CoV-2 infection via modulating the immune response.

Several coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS], Middle East respiratory syndrome [MERS]), flavivirus (yellow fever, West Nile, dengue, Zika), and alphavirus (chikungunya, Ebola) infections have, in the past 10–20 years, emerged or reemerged as major problems across large regions of the globe. While, currently, many of these infections are confined to the tropics, global warming, the spread of some mosquito vectors northward, and emergence of temperate-tolerant pathogens such as West Nile virus mean that these problems are increasingly affecting the global north as well. After discussing mosquito-based preventions for the zoonotic infections mentioned in this article, a review of herbal responses to the SARS and MERS epidemics are highlighted. Houttuynia cordata (houttuynia, yú xīng cǎo) and Glycyrrhiza spp. (licorice) stand out as particularly interesting single herbs for addressing these coronavirus infections. Herbal approaches to flavivirus infections, most notably clinical trials of Carica papaya (papaya) leaves for treating dengue fever, are reviewed. A discussion of many of the extensive range of herbs studied to treat flaviviruses in preclinical studies is provided. Potential herbal treatments for alphavirus infections are then presented.

The pathogenesis of lipodystrophy caused by the HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) is unclear. We have investigated the disposition of these drugs in adipocytes and the consequent effect on adipocyte metabolism and viability. Laboratory study utilizing two murine cell lines, 3T3-L1 and 3T3-F442A. Intracellular NRTI phosphate and PI concentrations were determined by HPLC and HPLC-MS/MS, respectively. The cytotoxicity of the drugs was examined on the different adipogenic stages together with their effects on glucose uptake plus or minus insulin, and on glycerol and triglyceride levels. There was rapid intracellular accumulation and phosphorylation of [3H]-zidovudine and -stavudine to their phosphate metabolites in adipocytes. The NRTIs were not cytotoxic, did not affect preadipocyte protein synthesis and did not inhibit adipogenesis or induce lipolysis. PIs accumulated in adipocytes (nelfinavir>saquinavir>ritonavir>indinavir)...