Archaeological Tourism

Creating authentic, non-invasive visitor experiences at fragile heritage sites is challenging. This paper explores the potential of replicas to address the negative impacts associated with over-tourism by examining tourists' reactions to four replica cave sites in Europe. Data were compiled from 1369 TripAdvisor reviews, and revealed that tourists were generally receptive to the notion of replication. Responses ranged from deep appreciation of the effort taken to create immersive replica experiences to a reluctant acceptance that replicas are necessary to protect fragile sites. Not all reviews were positive, however, with some tourists being quite dismissive of the replica experience. Thematic coding was used to create five tourist typologies-the pragmatists, the converts, the believers, the purists and the conservationists. Characteristics of each group are described. Managerial implications for designing experiences at replica sites are outlined, and the contribution replica sites could play in addressing the challenges posed by over-tourism discussed.

The main difference of archaeological tourism from other form of tourism is that tourists not only get recreation but also acquire  knowledge. This sector is given attention to develop and attract more tourists due to its unique nature. The main purpose of this study is to find tourists' attitudes toward Mainamati Boudhavihar as an  archaeological tourism site. It is essential because it will help the decision makers to understand the effectiveness of existing marketing programs and strategies and to develop new strategies. Both primary and secondary data have been used. Seven Point Likert Scale has been applied to measure respondents' opinion. The study found that total archaeological attractions of Mainamati are still unexplored. Few facilities have been developed for the tourists, which are unplanned, inconsistent and inadequate. However, tourists still think that Mainamati is authentic as an archaeological site and it is an attractive place for tourism. It should develop more supporting and augmented
products and services for the tourists. Therefore, effective marketing strategies should be developed to make this site a unique archaeological tourists place.

The project “ Northwest Rock Art Route” aims to explore Portuguese NW rock art resource potentialities as capable of increase sustainable development of touristic practices.
The Portuguese NW is rich in open-air post-Palaeolithic rock art, especially from the designated Atlantic Art, specific from the area. Along with its scientific value, its strategic character should integrate programs of territory development and organization.
In order to achieve that, some scientific needs have to be overcome, like data compilation and systematization, promoting scientific knowledge and allowing attractive discourses to general public.
The project intends to deepen rock art research according to archaeological and anthropological perspectives, to contribute to its protection, and to promote its valorisation in the western façade of Portuguese NW. Ultimately, it pretends to create the sustainable touristic product “Northwest Rock Art Route”. It also aims to transform its related “intangible” heritage in something profitable, so as the involved project partnerships human resources, and increase the sustainable development of the addressed area.
The materialized and/or in process of materialization actions will be presented, so as the different achieved results from each NW area.

Resumo:
A Rota de Arte Rupestre do Noroeste é um projeto que pretende explorar as potencialidades da arte rupestre do NW de Portugal enquanto recurso  passível de desenvolvimento de uma prática turística sustentável.
O NW português é uma área rica em arte rupestre de ar livre de cronologia pós-paleolítica, em especial do estilo designado de Arte Atlântica, específico da área. Além do seu inegável valor científico, o caráter estratégico deste recurso patrimonial deveria integrar programas de desenvolvimento e de organização do território.
Para que tal se concretize há que colmatar carências ao nível da investigação, tais como a compilação e sistematização dos dados que promovam o avanço do conhecimento científico e, simultaneamente, propiciem discursos atrativos para o público em geral.
O projeto tenciona aprofundar a investigação da arte rupestre segundo perspetivas arqueológicas e antropológicas, contribuir para salvaguardar este património arqueológico e promover a sua valorização na fachada ocidental no NW de Portugal, por forma a que se possa criar o produto turístico sustentável “Rota de Arte Rupestre do Noroeste”. Visa, ainda, rentabilizar o património “intangível” ligado a estes recursos, os recursos humanos das parcerias envolvidas no projeto – e incrementar o desenvolvimento sustentável do território abordado.
Serão divulgadas as ações já materializadas e/ou em vias de materialização, bem como os resultados atingidos para diferentes áreas do NW.

Building temporary structures requires a change in the approach with respect to “ordinary” design. Some aspects (e.g. speed of construction, ease of disassembly) assume greater importance, others (e.g. durability) take second place. Temporary shelters for archaeological excavations also set further issues: the need to minimize construction time, in order to extend to the maximum the time available for excavation activities; the need to build in a complex plani-altimentric context and often in the absence of a definitive survey of the site; the impossibility of using usual construction machinery and to build “ordinary” foundation structures. Working in the Middle East requires you to interact with local workers who do not speak western languages and have a quite different technical culture; moreover, since excavations are often located in peripheral areas, the variety of materials available at affordable price and for prompt delivery is almost always limited. Together with general and methodological considerations, the paper illustrate the project of temporary shelters for the archaeological excavation at Kınık Höyük (South Cappadocia, Turkey). In relation to local technical and economic context, depending on the nature of the site, it was decided to build timber frame structures made of standardized locally-produced sawn beams, assembled by nailing. A fundamental requirement of the project was to ensure resistance to high winds that blow on the site from all directions: therefore the structure was braced using struts and X bracings, and suitable stabilizing masses have been set up to overcome the lightness of the structure.

Starting an archaeological research is not only the beginning of gathering new scientific data for academic analysis. The role of a scientist is not only to build the 'tower of knowledge,' but also to make it beneficial to people. Therefore, archaeological projects should also vastly contribute to the promotion of the heritage of the region and its modern value and to the development of tourism, education and local community activities. Understanding the local community and its view on the historical heritage, as well as on archaeological research seems to be a very important aspect of this type of activity. It will not only allow to identify potential risks and create a plan of regular research, excavations, as well as future maintenance. As a benefit of the sociological study, the future revitalization of the area will occur. This outcome may be an important extension of theoretical and practical principles of global heritage protection and may become a standard solution based on the belief that cultural heritage can be a factor of local community development and prosperity.

In recent decades, we have witnessed the emergence of new forms of tourism, among which includes the so-called archaeological tourism, a phenomenon that has acquired, in the case of Japan, a particularly relevant dimensions, not only from an academic and conceptual perspective, but also from an economic and quantitative one. In the first place, the archaeological tourism is based on a redefinition of the use of the archaeological site, building upon the traditional concept of the museum archaeology, and, at the same time, giving it a new dimension as a tourist resource. This has resulted in a complex phenomenon, where factors of scientific, administrative, economic and socio-cultural character interact with each other at the same time.

Resumo: o objetivo do estudo foi explicitar o que a arqueóloga Dra. Niède Guidon representa para o Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara sob a ótica dos condutores de visitantes. Por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, participaram do estudo qualitativo focal centrado na especificidade 50 condutores de visitantes que atuam no parque. Concluiu-se que 40 (80 %) condutores de visitantes entrevistados reconhecem sua importância na implantação do parque e no desenvolvimento da região do entorno da área protegida. Os relatos evidenciam os impactos sociais, científicos e econômicos do Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara na população do entorno, além de questões educacionais relativas à aprendizagem, à consciência ambiental e ao manejo dos resíduos sólidos. As evidências revelam o notório simbolismo e o importante legado da arqueóloga Dra. Niède Guidon ao parque, destacando-se os cursos sistematizados, organizados desde 1993, de formação continuada de condutores de visitantes e a necessidade da participação da população do entorno como contrapartida à implantação da área protegida. Além disso, o estudo aponta o Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara como modelo de gestão no território brasileiro que atende aos objetivos do ecoturismo e do turismo arqueológico, bem como já adota princípios do conceito de geoparque no qual a autossustentação é o fundamento primordial desde o início de sua fundação. Esse modelo estrutural, administrativo e organizacional de gestão do parque, reconhecido nacional e internacionalmente, se mantém até hoje em razão do empenho da Dra. Niède. Esta é a primeira pesquisa desenvolvida com esse tema depois de decorridos 26 anos do primeiro curso de capacitação de condutores de visitantes ministrado no Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara.

Palavras-chave: ecoturismo, formação continuada, participação pública, proteção integral, trilhas, turismo arqueológico.

El legado de Niède Guidon en el semiárido brasileño: la percepción de guías de visitantes del Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara

Resumen: este estudio tiene el propósito de explicitar lo que la arqueóloga Niède Guidon representa para el Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara, desde la perspectiva de los guías de visitantes. Mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas, el estudio cualitativo focal contó con la participación de cincuenta guías de visitantes que actúan en el parque. Se concluye que cuarenta de ellos, es decir, el 80 % del total de guías de visitantes entrevistados, reconocen su importancia en la creación del parque y en el desarrollo de la región y su entorno como área protegida. Los relatos evidencian los impactos sociales, científicos y económicos del Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara en la población de la región, además de cuestionamientos educativos relativos al aprendizaje, la conciencia ambiental y la gestión de los residuos sólidos. De igual forma, los resultados del estudio demuestran el notable simbolismo que tiene la arqueóloga Niède Guidon y el importante legado que deja para el parque. En especial, destacan los cursos sistematizados, organizados desde 1993, de formación continua de guías de visitantes y la participación de la población del entorno en contrapartida por la implantación del área protegida. Asimismo, el análisis revela al Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara como modelo de gestión en el territorio brasileño que atiende a los objetivos del ecoturismo y del turismo arqueológico, y que adopta los principios del concepto de geoparque, en el que el autosostenimiento es el fundamento primordial desde su fundación. El modelo estructural, administrativo y organizacional de gestión del parque, reconocido nacional e internacionalmente, se mantiene hasta hoy debido al esfuerzo de la Dra. Niède Guidon. Esta es la primera investigación desarrollada sobre este tema, luego de los veintiséis años que han transcurrido desde la primera capacitación de guías de visitantes en el Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara.

Palabras clave: ecoturismo, formación continua, participación pública, protección integral, senderos, turismo arqueológico.

Niède Guidon’s Legacy in the Brazilian Semi-arid Region: Perceptions of Park Guides in Serra da Capivara National Park

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to clarify what archaeologist Dr. Niède Guidon represents for the Serra da Capivara National Park based on the perspective of the park’s guides, fifty of whom participated in the highly specific qualitative focal study through semi-structured interviews. We found that 40 (80 %) of the guides interviewed recognize Dr Guidon’s importance in the implementation of Serra da Capivara National Park and in the development of the region surrounding the protected area. The accounts reveal the positive social, scientific, and economic impacts of the Serra da Capivara National Park on the region's population, as well as that of the implementation of educational programs focusing on environmental awareness and solid waste management, among others. Particularly noteworthy is the implementation in 1993, of systematized courses as part of a continuing education initiative for the park guides and the participation of the surrounding population in exchanges concerning the establishment of the protected area. The analysis also identifies the Serra da Capivara National Park as a Brazilian management model —maintained to this day as a result of Dr. Niède Guidon's efforts— that meets the ecotourism and archaeological tourism goals, and that adopts the principles of the geopark concept, in which self-sustainability has been the primary foundation. Twenty-six years after the first training of park guides in the Serra da Capivara National Park, this is the first study developed on this topic.

Keywords: Archaeological tourism, continuing education, ecotourism, full protection, trail, public participation.