Tourism Planning & Development, Tourism Impacts, Environmental Preservation through Tourism, Alterations in Urban Island Tourism Destinations, Crisis Management, Hellenic and International Tourism Flows, Destination Marketing, and Tourism Sustainability

במסגרת המאמר אציע מיפוי של השיח הכלכלי־פוליטי על משבר האקלים, גורמיו והאמצעים להתמודדות איתו. אטען כי משבר האקלים אינו רק משבר של כלכלת השוק, כפי שטוענים רבים בשמאל החברתי, אלא הוא גם משבר של האדם ביחסיו עם הטבע. זהו משבר של האנושי ושל הערכים האנושיים כפי שאלו עוצבו במסגרת פרדיגמת הצמיחה, המשותפת לאידאולוגיות הימין והשמאל והמציבה את רווחת האדם כמטרתה של הפעילות הכלכלית. אציג את ההבחנה בין פרדיגמת הצמיחה, הכוללת את העמדות המסורתיות של הימין הכלכלי ושל השמאל החברתי, לבין פרדיגמת האדם־טבע, המציבה במרכז את יחסי האדם והטבע. בחלקו הראשון של המאמר תוצג פרדיגמת הצמיחה, והציר הרעיוני שהיא מושתתת עליו: האידאולוגיה של כלכלת השוק מצידו האחד, והאידאולוגיה הקיינסיאנית והסוציאל-דמוקרטית מצידו השני. אראה כי על אף ההבדלים ביניהן, שתיהן הן חלק מפרדיגמת הצמיחה. בחלקו השני של המאמר תוצג פרדיגמת האדם־טבע ומשבר האקלים כמשבר של האנושי (crisis of the human). לפי גישה זו, משבר האקלים אינו נובע מאופן ייצור מסוים אלא מתהליכי הייצור עצמם ומהיחסים בין האדם והטבע שהם מניחים. במסגרת תפיסה זו - אקרא לה פרדיגמת האדם - ההתמודדות עם משבר האקלים דורשת צמצום של הייצור, הצריכה והצמיחה. מטרה זו יכולה להיות מושגת במסגרת צורת ממשל של דמוקרטיה רדיקלית או באמצעים סמכותניים. בחלקו השלישי של המאמר אדון בקצרה בהיבטים הגלובליים של ההתמודדות עם משבר האקלים, ואסיים בהצגת שלושה תרחישים אפשריים.

Studies on residents’ support have primarily been conducted in the developed world. This study analyzes community support in the island economy of Mauritius by testing a model based on the social exchange theory and the identity theory. The model proposes that the resource-based occupational identity, environmental identity, and gender identity of the residents influence attitudes to tourism impacts and support (behavior). Results indicate that one’s identity has a direct bearing on support, but may not always influence attitudes. Findings confirm the relevance of the social exchange theory and the identity theory in explaining community support in island economies. The study’s practical implications and limitations are discussed.

Achieving mutually beneficial outcomes between biodiversity conservation and community wellbeing can be a challenge.  A “win-win” approach to conservation provides hope for poor regions of the world, because in theory poverty can be reduced while conservation aims are also met. However, the applications of “win-win” approaches to conservation in most developing countries have shown less success in attaining both conservation and human wellbeing. Poverty rates are still high. Biodiversity loss also continues. Where successes in conservation objectives are reported, so too are varying levels of conflicts between local communities and conservation initiatives like Marine Protected Areas (MPA). This research project uses Mafia Island Marine Park (MIMP), Tanzania to assess how well the Park has achieved both its conservation and community wellbeing objectives. A total of 32 semi-structured interviews were conducted with residents from four MIMP villages, MIMP Managers, and Resource Advisors to and Investors in the MIMP. Secondary data was collected from various past MIMP reports and research on the Park.
The results indicate that, - the Park has been able to redress some of the marine environmental degradation, which was occurring prior to the Park establishment. Evidence for this progress includes increases in fish size and abundance, coral reef recovery within the MIMP boundaries, and re-appearance of some rare species, such as sea turtles, seahorses and dugongs. Local communities have also benefited from the MIMP through increased fish catches and funding for small-scale community projects such as health clinics, school facilities, improved water supplies, and alternative to livelihood activities such as seaweed and honey bees farming.
However, some substantial problems remain. Some of the Park residents remain in conflict with the Park management regarding not being able to fish in restricted zones and use of certain fishing gear that has been prohibited. These residents felt that the Park did not benefit them because it restricted their most important livelihood activity. They also believed that neither MIMP stakeholders nor Park residents have significant influence on formal decisions about how the MIMP is managed. Protected area management, such as the case of the MIMP, can benefit biodiversity conservation and local communities. However, there are always trade-offs to be made between conservation objectives and community wellbeing needs. Social impact analysis of protected area management is one tool that can help identify how local community and other stakeholders are being affected by park arrangements. Carefully designed stakeholder and community engagement will help establish and maintain on-going dialogues about how much of what kind of resources people are willing to compromise.

The not so long ago traditional way of organizing a holiday by choosing a destination seen in an album or in various brochures at a travel agency, together with the use of a travel guide and a folding map has been steadily taken over in the last years by the tourists who conduct by themselves online complex researches regarding destinations, hotels and means of transportation in order to find the best combination of solutions and rates. Nowadays, these researches are done using smartphones, tablets and other devices. At the same time, much trust is granted to peer reviews and social media. The question that arises is: Are the Romanian hoteliers spectators to these changes or are they also taking action? The present paper will try to identify the main issues Romanian hotels face currently in what concerns digital media. A special focus regards international trends and how Romanian hotels are responding to them.

Turismo e terremoto: un tema poco considerato a livello nazionale, eppure si tratta di un argomento che dovrebbe essere centrale in una nazione come l’Italia, un territorio ad alta vocazione turistica, ma geomorfologicamente ad alto rischio sismico. L’assunto che si porta alla luce è il rapporto tra turismo e terremoto in una micro-realtà turistica, uno zoom che aiuta ad evidenziare l’importanza di attuare politiche governative e di Destination Management che considerino il forte legame, in alcune località, tra l’economia del turismo e la diseconomia del terremoto. Castelluccio di Norcia è un piccolo villaggio appenninico che si trova in Umbria. Luogo di contadini e di pastori transumanti, data alla sua conformazione geografica e alla fisica lontananza da altri borghi, questo borgo rimase isolato per molti secoli, mantenendo immutato il proprio Genius Loci, e riuscendo a tramandare, di generazione in generazione, il proprio modus vivendi. Tuttavia, l’economia castellucciana assistette ad una brusca trasformazione nel giro di soli 60 anni, passando dall’economia agricola a quella turistica. Case e stalle furono trasformate in strutture ricettive o di ristorazione; contadini e pastori, in imprenditori. Quando, il 24 agosto del 2016, il paese fu colpito dalla prima scossa sismica, la destinazione era al suo topos turistico: quasi tutti i settori pastorali-agricoli erano stati o completamente assorbiti dall’industria dei viaggi o erano fortemente complementari ad essa. Infatti, fino a quel giorno il 68% delle attività economiche castellucciane dipendeva direttamente dalle entrate monetarie del settore dei viaggi, mentre il restante 32% poteva contare sulla ricchezza indiretta o indotta proveniente da questa industria. Va da sé che, quando Castelluccio di Norcia venne distrutto dalla scossa del 30 ottobre 2016, insieme ai suoi edifici e alla sua storia crollarono anche l’economia e i flussi turistici. Questo è il secondo punto focale di questi elaborato, e cioè l’analisi degli impatti sismici sui flussi turistici in questa località. Dal 2010 ad oggi la storia turistica di Castelluccio è stata contraddistinta da 3 fasi: - quella ante-sismica, che coincide con una crescita della domanda e dell’offerta; - quella dell’anno del sisma, caratterizzata da danni turistico-economici contenuti e in cui si ha una piccola contrazione dei flussi; - quella post-sismica, caratterizzata da danni turistico-economici gravi dove i flussi turistici sono quasi inesistenti e dove le entrate monetarie sono scarse se non assenti. Partendo dal secondo punto elencato, quando la prima scossa ha colpito il paese i danni turistico-economici sono stati essenzialmente due: quelli correlati alla fuga turistica e alla successiva cancellazione delle prenotazioni da parte degli imprenditori locali. Tutto questo comportò un crollo della domanda e delle presenze, per il 2016, pari rispettivamente al 22% e al 32%, e una perdita economica minima pari a 36 mila euro. Lo scenario economico diventa più cupo con la scossa del 30 ottobre, i cui effetti sono tutt’ora visibili e tangibili. Per quanto riguarda il 2017, questa era la situazione in cui versava l’offerta turistica locale: l’82,2% delle strutture ricettive, il 95% dei ristoranti, il 71% delle attività agricole essenziali o connesse, e il 50% delle attività di leisure erano (e sono) inagibili. In termini economici questo significa una perdita annua oltre il milione e mezzo di euro lordi. Dal lato della domanda, vi è stato un crollo degli arrivi pari al 94% rispetto al 2016 (anno in cui vi era già stato un calo del -22% rispetto al 2015). La motivazione a queste cifre negative è da rintracciare, in primo luogo, nell’inagibilità delle strutture ricettive e alla conseguente mancanza di posti-letto, e in secondo luogo, al limitato numero di giorni lavorativi delle strutture, che sono stati 90. Secondo i 150 individui che hanno visitato Castelluccio nel primo anno post-sisma (2017), tra le maggiori problematiche turistiche figurano la chiusura delle strade, la mancanza di sicurezza, il ridotto numero dei posti-letto, la presenza delle macerie e la mancanza di un’area attrezzata per camper e roulotte. È su questi punti e su altri che si sono sviluppate le proposte per la ripartenza e la riqualificazione del settore in questo piccolo borgo che ha vinto il titolo di “piccolo Tibet Italiano”. Infatti, il terzo e ultimo obiettivo di questo elaborato è stato quello di tracciare 13 linee-guida di breve, medio e lungo termine che mitighino le criticità individuate nel ante e post sisma, e avanzino idee utili a sviluppare le opportunità non sfruttate.

ABSTRACT: In the dramatic impacts of tourism in the developed world which has improved, and often provide the necessary example, for developing countries to follow. Tourism obviously has advantage as a contributor to economic development that has other activities might not have. But this is only the one side of the coin. Beside tourism is also held responsible for climate change at number of destinations. Scientists have proved that there are continuous changes in the climate due to green house effect and tourism also contributes in it in the form of movement of people to destinations through automobiles and other means of transport. The continuous growth in the population and number of hotels at the destination is result in to loss of habitat to many animal species. Due to overuse of the place in the form of frequent walking by tourists to a place result in degradation of that area like in mountain areas it result into naked peaks. The tourists leave the garbage that causes pollution. All these impacts at the destinations are a matter of concern particularly for the researchers. The tourism development in India, too, is not free from such impacts. The study involves the assessment of environment impacts of tourism on the famous hill destination of Uttarakhand (India) i.e. Mussoorie.

Sự phát triển bền vững đô thị biển phụ thuộc vào khả năng bảo vệ tài nguyên du lịch, đặc biệt là cảnh quan bao gồm tầm nhìn hướng biển và hướng có cảnh quan đẹp. Tuy nhiên, đây là bài toán khó giải do xung đột lợi ích giữa cộng đồng lân cận, mục tiêu phát triển lâu dài của đô thị, và yêu cầu tối đa hóa lợi ích của chủ đầu tư. Trong khi đó, các công cụ kỹ thuật và pháp lý dường như chưa đủ chi tiết, hiệu lực, và đặc biệt là phù hợp với tiếp cận thị trường để dung hòa lợi ích của các bên một cách thuyết phục. Bài viết thảo luận về một số lựa chọn trong thiết lập khuôn khổ pháp lý, kỹ thuật cùng các công cụ để việc quản lý phát triển đáp ứng yêu cầu bảo vệ cảnh quan tại khu vực đặc thù này.

1.3 Tujuan dan Sasaran Penelitian:

Tujuan
Sesuai dengan permasalahan yang dibahas, maka penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mencapai tujuan utama yaitu terindentifikasi faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi pengembangan Kawasan Kota Tua Jakarta sebagai destinasi pariwisata urban di Jakarta sebagai berikut :
• Mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi potensi pengembangan Kawasan Kota Tua sebagai destinasi wisata urban dilihat dari potensi daya tarik utama, pendukung & tambahan guna menjadikan produk pariwisata di Kawasan Kota Tua.
• Mengetahui faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi motivasi masyarakat untuk terlibat dalam pengembangan kegiatan heritage tourism di Kawasan Kota Tua pada masa kini & mendatang.
• Mengetahui persepsi masyarakat terhadap heritage tourism di Kawasan Kota Tua.
• Mengetahui partisipasi masyarakat dalam melestarikan warisan budaya untuk pengembangan kegiatan pariwisata urban.
• Mengetahui stakeholder yang berpengaruh didalam pengembangan destinasi pariwisata urban di Kawasan Kota Tua.

Sasaran
Untuk mencapai tujuan diatas, maka sasaran yang dilakukan meliputi:
• Pendalaman teori :
- Defenisi pariwisata, Perencanaan pariwisata.
- Jenis pariwisata, Potensi pariwisata, Produk pariwisata, Pasar pariwisata dan Destinasi pariwisata.
- Proses pengembangan destinasi pariwisata urban.
- Manfaat pengembangan destinasi bagi masyarakat, Pemda dan Penyedia jasa.
• Identifikasi potensi Kawasan Kota Tua dan kemungkinan pengembangan menjadi produk wisata.
• Identiikasi ketersediaan pasar (eksisting demand).
• Identifikasi langkah-langkah pengembangan Kawasan Kota Tua sebagai destinasi pariwisata urban.
• Menyusun usulan konseptual (branding) pengembangan destinasi pariwisata urban dan langkah-langkah mengantisipasi masalah yang akan muncul.

The main objective of the Maurice Ile Durable concept is to make Mauritius a world model of sustainable development, particularly in the context of SIDS (Small Island Developing States). While the initial thrust was to minimize our dependency on fossil fuels through increased utilization of renewable energy and a more efficient use of energy in general, the MID concept soon broadened to include all aspects of development, i.e. economic, social and the environmental aspects as these are considered pivotal in the quest for a sustainable Mauritius. The MID project rests on five designated 5Es, namely Energy, Environment, Education, Employment and Equity. It now embraces the concept of becoming self-sustaining and promoting sustainable development in the 5Es.

La gerencia estratégica permite a la actividad turística un monitoreo permanente de las
acciones y las circunstancias actuales de incertidumbre en que se desenvuelven las
organizaciones y empresas prestadoras de servicios turísticas, permitiendo, en el
momento oportuno, los ajustes necesarios hacia una visión compartida y acorde con las
tendencias mundiales del turismo.
En este contexto, la asignatura busca que el profesional de turismo desarrolle
pensamiento estratégico que lo disponga a los cambios del entorno, así como también a
proponer y desarrollar, con responsabilidad y ética, las estrategias que el sector
productivo y las organizaciones del turismo han definido para múltiples entornos que
asumen la actividad como actor protagónico del crecimiento y el desarrollo humano.

In questo articolo sono presentate tre differenti piattaforme tecnologiche adatte all'innovazione tecnologica nella gestione e nel controllo di flussi turistici nelle strutture ricettive e culturali.
La prima, eFlowTourist, per strutture ricettive; le altre due, eFlowAccess (in entrata) eFlowFeedback (in uscita), per musei e siti culturali. Queste piattaforme sono utili per la raccolta di dati statistici in tempo reale (da esportare in grafici, tabelle, report etc.) al fine di approntare strategie mirate. Le piattaforme sono multilingue e si basano su questionari a scelta multipla, a domanda secca, con form da compilare etc.
Sono strumenti adatti ad un monitoraggio interno e diretto della propria utenza, al fine di migliorare i servizi e la customer satisfaction.

These are three different platforms, the first eFlowTourist for hotels, the last two for museums and cultural sites. They are useful to collect real-time statistical data that will help define appropriate strategies: eFlowAccess to monitor visitors' access at the entrance and eFlowFeedback to monitor their feedback at the exit. These applications use highly customisable templates to generate multilingual feedback forms and multiple-choice questionnaires. The data thus obtained are processed to get statistics and reports (graphs, bar charts, pie charts) for each individual item. With all this information at hand, the museum has a powerful tool to monitor visitors' behaviour based on primary quantitative and qualitative data.

Розглядається питання розвитку Національного заповідника «Хортиця», як історико-культурного заповідника, одним з фундаментальних завдань якого, зазначеного постановою про його створення (1965 рік), передбачалось закладення садово-декоративного парку на його території. Проектування пар-
ків на острові Хортиця проводилося з моменту оголошення заповідника (1965р) та вже у 1989 році майже весь острів планувалось зробити парковим комплексом. Досліджуються генеральні плани острова Хортиця 1965 та 1985 років, у яких запланований парк залишається, навіть не дивлячись на те, що 1973 року противники створення заповідника намагались видалити пункт закладки парку зі згаданої вище постанови про оголошення заповідника. Вперше проводиться спроба аналізу відсутності паркового спрямування у генеральному плані розвитку Національного заповідника «Хортиця», розробленого 2003 року
в незалежній Україні як одного з імовірних проявів розриву історичної пам’яті розвитку заповідника, а також пропонується пошук можливих рішень.

This thesis aims at describing and evaluating the model development campaign, a kind of self development movement for gras-root society as an instrument for sustainable urban development. In short, the main thrust of this thesis is to investigate the model development campaign (MDC) originally started at Piple Village, Nepal, which was located at the core of Nepal. The MDC is a mixed formula of Saemaul Undong or "new village" movement of Korea and Empowered Participatory Governance of Porto Alerge, Brazil. This MDC was prepared in the context of Nepal, taking into account the diversity of people, land, culture etc. The current study shows the basic principle for grass-root development as follows: The grass-root villagers can and should develop their ethnic tribal village by themselves; of course they may need guidelines from outside, but sustainable development depends on their social activities. This principle is based on the understanding that the development process should follow the ground reality. This means that in the process of urban development in Nepal, other nations may help, guide and provide technologies to Nepal, but only Nepalese can develop Nepal. Self-reliance, however, comes from self-compassion and love. In order to bring meaningful urban development to Nepal, Nepalese should love their nation and village from their heart. For example, Chepang (a ethnic tribal caste) should love their tribal village from their heart and they may change Chepang Village. It may be the best changing process for grass root society. Thus, the principle of self-reliance and self-love constitute the essence of the model development process.
        The current study conducted several case studies, focusing on educational revolution and social changes at Piple village. As one of the case study shows, the people in the village set up an ambitious target of achieving 100 % literacy by 2010 where at present there are 61.3% literate. This research also looks at ways and means, utilized at Piple village, of creating self-volunteers, providing workshops to lay people, giving opportunities for vocational training to grass-root society, and ultimately leading to community development. We have witnessed rapid changes at Piple since the MDC started at 22 February 2003. Since then, the MDC is changing the Piple village for the well being and self-reliance of the civic society. In the current research, their aims, discourses, attitudes, activities, strategies, world wide relations, influences on the society, relations with government institutions, and attitudes on sustainable development are analyzed in depth. For data gathering, face-to-face interviews were conducted with staffs and chairmen of local Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs), lay peoples of Piple, and government institutions. This thesis pays special attention on ground reality of Piple, main reasons for underdevelopment, changing patterns in the society after the initiation of the movement, and the effectiveness of the bottom-up development model in strengthening local governance.
       
        Key words: Model Development Campaign (MDC), Non Governmental Organization (NGO), Saemaul Undong (New Village Movement). Civic Empowerment. Piple Model Development Council (PMDC)

Egyptian territory is highly polarized in its economic development.
Being a particular territory, where about 95% of the population is concentrated on 5% of the Egyptian territory, this dynamic induces the importance of territory development in the Egyptian vision.
The revolution of 11 January 2011 led to economic and political upheavals and, a fall in the tourism sector. Given that tourism revenues are one of the pillars of the Egyptian economy, reforms were set up.
A series of changes and development programs were developed to change the country‟s image internationally as well as, at the national level to rebalance flows within the territory. The Giza Pyramid Plateau is one of its economic development hubs, where infrastructures were built to integrate Greater Cairo into national, regional and global tourist circuits. This former centrality is reinforced by the contribution of a new museum, a cultural institution that tends to develop the territory.

The metropolitan area of Cluj-Napoca is the focal point of tourism in North Transylvania. This exploratory study examines the profile, motivation, visiting behaviours, and perceptions of tourists visiting the most important metropolitan area in the region, with its historical, core city, which holds the title of European Youth Capital in 2015 and aspires for European Capital of Culture in 2021. Based on surveys carried out in the spring and summer of 2014, the findings indicate that three types of tourism dominate the metropolitan Cluj-Napoca: cultural tourism, business tourism and VFR tourism. While the periphery is more attractive for mountain tourism and week-end recreation, the core emerges with a great diversity of events. Tourists were overall satisfied with their time spent on the destination. Furthermore, out of a number of tourist attractions only the ones located in Cluj-Napoca were familiar or even visited by most of the tourists, the rest were as if inexistent. Thus, findings indicate great distribution inequalities. The implications of the results on metropolitan development processes and strategies are also discussed.

As with most warm water islands, Malta’s tourism has been historically focused towards sun, sea and sand package holidays. As a result, the ratio of visitors to locals has expanded very quickly and the strain on infrastructure from too many tourists is evident. As do other small islands, Malta also suffers from an absence of pluralism amongst the political-economic elite and a familiarity between voters and politicians, thereby creating barriers to implementing successful policies. Through an examination of how successful tourism policy implementation has been to date, this paper examines Malta’s tourism development as it relates to sustainable tourism. The paper addresses the economic, social and political implications of tourism development as well as discusses barriers to implementing a tourism policy specifically geared to sustainability. The paper concludes by providing insights into sustainable tourism policy implementation issues for other island destinations.

Nelle città d'arte il turismo è divenuto uno dei settori economici trainanti. Tra le principali conseguenze vi è un mutamento della struttura commerciale. L'industria turistica è in crescita specialmente nei centri storici, con il rischio di scalzamento delle «normali attività urbane». Al fine di analizzare gli impatti del fenomeno turistico è stata scelta Firenze, nel periodo 2004-2010. I risultati mostrano una città con aree altamente turistizzate, altre, invece, polifunzionali.

Case Study Background.

World Wide Fund (WWF-SPP) had overall logistic responsibilities for project implementation, organizing meetings and workshops, housing the project and reporting to Asian Development Bank.

A Project Team (PT) consisting of a team leader with field specialization in Strategic Environment Analysis- SEA (Roger Levett), a tourism specialist (Manoa Malani), and a socio-economist (Richard McNally) were recruited to conduct the case study.

This team performed specific tasks like: compiling of relevant data and information; conducting public meetings and relevant consultations; and writing the SEA reports.

Based on their findings, they put forward a number of recommendations to the Government and to the tourism industry (particularly in reorienting the Fiji Tourism Development Plan (1998–2005) in 2003 to make it more viable and responsive to the environment) as well as to ADB, on measures needed to ensure sustainable tourism in Fiji Islands.

A Project Coordination Team (PCT) acted as an advisory group and backstopped all relevant tasks undertaken by the PT. The PCT composed of representatives from the WWF–SPP itself, the Tourism industry, the Ministry of Tourism and Transport, the Ministry of Local Government, Housing and Environment, NGOs, the University of the South Pacific, and the Fiji Visitors’ Bureau.

As part of the close collaboration between WWF-SPP and the Ministry of Tourism, Mr. Manoa Malani of the Project Team was responsible for all aspects of the assessment related to Tourism. Mr. Malani also worked closely with the other project team members. Together with the other team members, Mr. Malani also liaised closely with WWF, ADB, and the Project Coordinating Team.

Specific tasks were as follows:

1) As a member of the project team, help carry out the Strategic Environmental Assessment of Fiji Tourism Development Plan (1998–2005) (TDP);

2) Examine the Government’s regulatory framework and institutional set-up, particularly the strengths and weaknesses of the planning process relative to tourism, and ascertain its impacts on sustainable tourism development. Initially assess the likely development of the tourism industry in the country
without the TDP (1998-2005);

3) Identify [if necessary] possible changes needed in existing tourism policies and strategies, as well as their application to ensure maximization of tourism industry potentials, now and into the future; and outline reasons why these changes are needed; and

4) Formulate recommendations on policy and planning measures that need to be incorporated into the TDP (1998–2005) and associated development and sectoral plans, policies and programs.

Time Frame:

The specific tasks outlined above were carried out intermittently over 15 calendar days of consultant time, particularly on tourism aspects. The study took place between March 17th and April 22nd 2003.

Napolioni Masirewa
Permanent Secretary for Tourism,
Ministry of Tourism, Fiji Islands.

Kesaia Tabunakawai.
Acting Representative World Wide Fund-South Pacific Programme.

Aporosa Draunibaka.
Witness.

The chapter draws on research
on the themes of sustainability and the mixeduse
city. It was based on a national research
programme, Sustainable Urban Environments,
in which the authors were investigating the concept
and practice of mixed-use development
in inner urban fringe areas of UK cities. Through a case study of Clerkenwell in London the areas mixed social, economic, temporal and visitor activity is examined in terms of its ability to create a sustainable live/work environment. The detailed critique is based on surveys of residents,
businesses, visitors to local events and intermediaries
(town planners, regeneration partnerships,
developers/agents, destination promoters,
police), and utilizes GIS-based mapping of landuse
linked to demographic and social survey
data.