Arrowheads

The development of the bow has held a central position in the evolution of military technology. It is, by far, the most frequently represented weapon in the archaeological record and (unlike other weapons) it tends to occur in datable contexts on excavated sites. This situation is largely accidental because being easy to manufacture and cheap made them easily replaceable if broken or lost. The fortunate result is that a more comprehensive and reliable archaeological study is possible for the bow and arrow than for any other medieval military findings. The general intention of this paper is to develop a basic typology for the study of medieval arrowheads in 14th-15th centuries Moldavia. The classification is obtained with the help of statistical analysis through the comparison of quantitative and functional characteristics.

Keywords: medieval weapons, bow, arrowhead, typology, Moldavia.

This paper provides characteristics of defensive armor and offensive weapons from the graves of the kurgan cemetery of the 13th–14th centuries known as Sidorenkova Shchel (near Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Region) as well as analysis of the weaponry set composition, and distinctive features related to co-occurrence and location of the finds of this category in the graves of various cultural and chronological groups.

Im Laufe der archäologischen Ausgrabungsarbeiten in der Brooser Burg, konnten Bewohnungsspuren aus dem 8.-9. Jh. festgestellt werden, über die, im 10.-11. Jh. eine Burg mit Erdwall und Palisade errichtet wurde. In der ersten Hälfte des 12. Jh., wurde diese  Burg durch einen Rechteckigen Steinturm (Bergfried) verstärkt. In derselben Zeitspanne hatte man auf dem Erdwall eine Steinkapelle mit kreisförmigem Grundriss (Rotunde) errichtet. Die Kapelle war mit einer kreisförmigen Krypta versehen. Um die mitte des 12. jh., wird der Bau erweitert, und im 14. Jh. als Wehrturm umgebaut. Die Krypta wird nach dem Bau der gotischen Kirche als Beinhaus, (Karner) benutzt. Im 19. Jh., wurde der zu Ruine verfallener Bau als Kalkgrube und schlieslich als Schuttgrube genutzt.

The article tells of the arrowheads from burial complexes at the Pokrovka burial grounds (6th – 2nd cc. BC)
which are situated in the Ilek left bank region of the South Urals. The author suggests a typology for the items
based on the traditional principles of classification. For all the types, their combinations in the assemblages
have been studied. Six groups of quiver sets have been identified, and their relative chronological order. Thus,
we can date the assemblages which contain the arrowheads.

Projectile points decrease in size over time in North America, with a
significant decline in size about 1000 BP. Most archaeologists today posit that this sudden change links to the invention or adoption of bow and arrow technology; however, without a large dated sample of preserved wooden bows, arrows, darts, and atlatls it is difficult to know
if this is correct. Via a controlled archery experiment, projectile point performance and function is tested to determine if there is a point at which large projectile points render a bow less functional. Through use of a precisely mounted traditional bow, modern arrows, high speed cameras, and ballistics gel, these performance characteristics were tested. The results of the experiment support the hypothesis that there is a size threshold. However, points of relatively large sizes, comparable in weight to that of Paleoindian lanceolate points, prove to be functional and mostly accurate when fired from a bow. The implications of these results are far reaching, as they may change our perception of projectile point functions based on size, and could suggest an earlier appearance of the bow in the Americas.

A group of arrowheads found in tomb A1K1 of the necropolis of Orthi Petra in Eleutherna, certify the presence of warriors who could be identified as archers. However, the presence of arrows alone is not merely enough to identify a dead warrior as an archer, as arrows can be used in other activities as well, such as hunting. However, the special features of these arrows are those that provide important information both for the status of the warrior and the use of the object itself.
The large size and construction material, in this case iron, indicate not only their military use but also the fact that they may have been made with such characteristics that they could strike an enemy with strong defensive protection. The Assyrians are known for the military innovations and dynamics of their army. Could these arrowheads have been constructed to be used against them? Is the dating of the urn in which they were found, in the years of the Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II, enough to confirm such a thing? Questions that are difficult to answer, but which give reason to examine aspects of the life and warfare of Cretans in the Early Iron Age.

In questo contributo si propone una classificazione tipo-cronologica delle punte di freccia in materia dura animale provenienti dall’area palafitticolo-terramaricola, basata sulla catalogazione di 354 punte di freccia provenienti da 57 siti distribuiti tra Trentino, Lombardia orientale, Veneto centro-occidentale ed Emilia. Si propone inoltre un’ipotesi di interpretazione funzionale legata alle caratteristiche morfometriche dei manufatti, individuando a partire dalla fase centrale del Bronzo Medio, in area terramaricola, lo sviluppo di punte con alette che mirano ad impedire l’estrazione della freccia dal soggetto colpito, caratteristica da mettere probabilmente in relazione all’uso in guerra. Il fatto che in area padana le frecce non entrino a far parte del corredo funebre del guerriero non è da mettere in relazione alla loro perdita di importanza in ambito bellico rispetto alla fasi precedenti, bensì ad un ruolo non legato alla rappresentazione del rango del gruppo guerriero dominante all’interno del villaggio.

Nous étudions dans cet ouvrage les archers dans l'armée romaine. Nous établissons leur visage de la fin de la République romaine jusqu'à Trajan à travers les sources littéraires, épigraphiques et archéologiques. Nous examinons par la suite l'efficacité de leurs armes et tentons de montrer qu'elles peuvent refléter un véritable travail technique grâce à une étude métallographique, complétée par des analyses physico-chimiques, du mobilier de pointes de flèche découvert au Puy d'Issolud (Lot), l'antique Uxellodunum: l'objectif principal étant la caractérisation, pour ces armes, des structures métallurgiques, des distributions, des morphologies et compositions des phases et des constituants présents. Il est dès lors possible d'imaginer les différents protocoles d'élaboration et les traitements thermo-mécaniques développés par les forgerons pour leur mise en forme et d'apporter de nouveaux éléments à l'histoire des techniques de la forge en relation avec l'armée romaine et plus particulièrement avec les corps et l'armement des archers.

"
Cititorul, pe bună dreptate, poate să-şi pună întrebarea: de ce acest titlu „LA RĂSCRUCE DE
DRUMURI. Date arheologice privind teritoriul oraşului Cluj-Napoca în secolele X-XIII”?

Răspunsul poate să fie unul simplu: din punctul de vedere al documentării ştiinţa arheologică este
locală, dar în ceea ce priveşte caracterul analizei trebuie să fie neapărat una universală. Aceasta ar trebui să
urmărească, să cerceteze şi să analizeze legături, contacte de diferite tipuri între culturi, civilizaţii (unele din
punct de vedere geografic pe arii foarte întinse) sau comunităţi, precum şi consecinţele acestora în toate
domeniile vieţii socio-umane.

Un deziderat al lucrării noastre este plasarea unei zone microregionale într-un cadru geografic şi
cultural mult mai larg, pe baza observaţiilor cu privire la legăturile culturale şi comerciale cu alte regiuni sau
la deplasările de populaţii (migraţie) în aceste zone. Astfel, în această lucrare încercăm să sintetizăm din
punct de vedere arheologic un palier cronologic, anume secolele X-XIII ale microregiunii Clujului, într-un
context cultural-geografic est-şi central-european din aceeaşi perioadă.

Ceea ce am încercat să evităm în cursul analizei este argumentarea mixtă, prezentă în mai toate
lucrările de arheologie din România despre epoca medievală timpurie. De fapt ce înseamnă această expresie?
Preluată din limbajul arheologic german („gemischte Argumentation”), aceasta indică o metodă (aproape
generală în cercetarea arheologică a epocii medievale timpurii din România şi în aproape toate ţările esteuropene),
care înseamnă ca descoperirile sau fenomenele arheologice se bazează pe interpretarea altor date
arheologice sau a altor ipoteze, precum şi pe date istorice (de foarte multe ori) sau pe diferite teorii istorice.
În filozofia europeană, cu aspiraţii spre caracterul sigur al cunoaşterii, încă de la Aristotel compararea,
îmbinarea şi confruntarea diferitelor categorii şi tipuri de lucruri este posibilă doar în condiţii extrem de
limitate. Pentru arheologie aceasta înseamnă că îmbinarea datelor istorice şi a faptelor arheologice poate fi
realizată doar în cazul în care descoperirile arheologice pot fi datate foarte sigur, în caz contrar se încearcă
demonstrarea unui lucru nesigur cu alte date incerte. Iată de ce în această lucrare, prima noastră tendinţă este
exact abandonarea atitudinii periculoasea argumentaţiei mixte.

În continuare, adresăm mulţumirile noastre:

Am primit un ajutor important din partea doamnei Viorica Crişan şi a domnului Ioan Piso (directorii
Muzeului Naţional de Istorie a Transilvaniei din Cluj-Napoca), precum şi din partea doamnei Melinda Mitu
(directorul adjunct al Muzeului Naţional de Istorie a Transilvaniei din Cluj-Napoca), în cursul cercetărilor
din depozitele muzeului din Cluj-Napoca. Se cuvine să adresăm calde mulţumiri conducerii Institutului de
Arheologie „Vasile Pârvan” din Bucureşti care a sprijinit încontinuu în anii anteriori cercetările noastre
întreprinse în „Oraşul Comoară”.

Nu putem mulţumi niciodată îndeajuns domnului Radu Harhoiu (Institutul de Arheologie „Vasile Pârvan” din Bucureşti) pentru sfaturile şi ajutorul acordat în cursul anilor. Acribia Domniei Sale în sistematizarea materialului arheologic, spiritul critic, departe de sentimentalisme naţionaliste de orice tip, au fost mereu un imbold de urmat pentru noi. Discuţiile purtate, uneori până în noapte, ne-au ajutat enorm în analiza cât mai critică a izvoarelor arheologice, precum şi în înţelegerea faptului că din izvorul arheologic (de multe ori foarte mult limitat) nu trebuie să încercăm să citim mai multe decât ne oferă acesta.

Irina Nemeti, Andreea Papp, Ioana Hica-Câmpeanu şi Călin Câmpean (Muzeul Naţional Istorie a Transilvaniei din Cluj-Napoca) ne-au dat un ajutor tehnic foarte important în perioada în care am realizat
documentaţia despre materialul arheologic aflat în depozitele muzeului.

Domnul Ioan Stanciu (Institutul de Arheologie şi Istoria Artei Cluj-Napoca), în afară de sfaturile profesionale, a sprijinit încontinuu strădania noastră, biroul dânsului a reprezentat pentru noi în timpul documentării „baza” în care am putut mereu să mergem pentru o cafea, pentru un sfat, pentru odihnă. Sfaturi
profesionale am primit de la toţi colegii care se ocupă într-o măsură mai mare sau mai mică cu epoca medievală timpurie, cărora le mulţumim: Tudor Sălăgean, Sorin Cociş, Coriolan Horaţiu Opreanu, Călin Cosma, Sorin Nemeti. Domnului Adrian Ursuţiu îi mulţumim în mod special pentru că ne-a atras atenţia în
legătură cu descoperirea din strada Fluturilor.

Sfaturile şi ajutorul colegilor Csanád Bálint, László Kovács, László Révész, Eszter Istvánovits, Tivadar Vida, Adrian Ioniţă, Péter Prohászka, Andrei Măgureanu, Dorin Sârbu, Péter Langó, Attila Türk, Balázs Mende au fost esenţiale pentru a înţelege fenomenele arheologice, schimbările culturale din epoca
medievală timpurie şi în special pe cele din secolele X-XIII. Domnului Zoltán Vincze se cuvine să îi
mulţumim pentru datele cu privire la importanţa şcolii arheologice conduse la începutul secolului trecut de
către Béla Pósta. Colegii amintiţi ne-au ajutat totodată foarte mult în procurarea bibliografiei legată de
problematica cu care ne-am ocupat.


Nu putem mulţumi îndeajuns colegilor Anamaria Gruia, Daniela Tănase şi Dorin Sârbu, pentru faptul că au depus o muncă uriaşă în a corecta un text plin de greşeli gramaticale şi expresii „neromâneşti”, scris de autori a căror limbă maternă nu este limba română.

Nu în ultimul rând adresăm mulţumirile noastre editurii Kriterion care a înţeles importanţa acestui
subiect şi ne-a sprijinit în demersul nostru, respectiv Administraţiei Fondului Cultural Naţional pentru
sprijinul material consistent pe care l-a acordat.

Erwin Gáll, Balázs Gergely, Szilárd Gál

Bucureşti - Cluj-Napoca, octombrie 2010


SUMMARY
As a science, archaeology is local from the point of view of the data type it uses but it should be
universal given its character of its analysis, because it researches and analyses the connections and contacts
of various types (some, from a geographic perspective, even between vast areas) and their consequences on
all aspects of social and human life. The present work, starting from the analysis of funerary rituals and the
archaeological material, synthesizes the evolution of the micro region of Cluj in an East, North and Central
European cultural and geographic context from the tenth to the thirteenth century. The volume attempts to be
a micro regional archaeological synthesis, a pluri-disciplinary approach of the specific research issue of the
tenth–thirteenth century period, parallel to the publication of previously unpublished research which is a task
so necessary to archaeology as a science. Materials discovered in 1896, 1914, 1936, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1986,
and 2006 are presented here for the first time."

This reseach concentrates on the typology and chemical analyses of the Late Bronze II, Iron Age and Hellenistic - Roman metal arrowheads recovered at Tarsus Gözlükule during the excavation campaigns of Hetty Goldman. This paper discusses the typologies and elemental compositions according to the historical periods and focuses on the lead concentrations detected on the socketed type of arrowheads.

In 2005–2016 a number of isolated metal finds of medieval and early modern date ended up in collections of various museums in eastern Bohemia and in the Bohemian-Moravian borderland. These especially include militaria, equestrian equipment, but other find categories are present as well. The objects have different evidential value, but in a number of cases, they represent valuable sources of knowledge about areas which are archaeologically still little known. Bohemian-Moravian borderland – Middle Ages – metal objects Úvod Od r. 2005 (po obsazení archeologického pracoviště v Regionálním muzeu ve Vysokém Mýtě) zde byla věnována značná pozornost problematice používání i zneužívání detekto-rů kovů. V této souvislosti tu byly přebírány náhodné nálezy učiněné s detektory kovů, později řadu nálezů poskytli spolupracovníci uvedené instituce, na řadě lokalit pak pro-váděl cílený detektorový průzkum archeolog Regionálního muzea ve Vysokém Mýtě za účasti spolupracovníků. Vedle kolekcí z nejrůznějších lokalit, které byly a jsou postupně předmětem prezentace v odborném tisku, docházelo rovněž k ojedinělým nálezům vrchol-ně středověkých artefaktů a artefaktů ze staršího novověku. I když jejich vypovídací hod-nota je značně nižší, protože nepochází z intaktních archeologických situací v rámci stan-dardních výzkumů či z větších nálezových kolekcí, které by usnadnily interpretaci, i tyto předměty si nepochybně zaslouží bližší pozornost. Jejich zveřejnění (mimo numismatické nálezy) je úkolem následujících řádků. 1 1 Příspěvek byl vypracován v rámci programu aplikovaného výzkumu a vývoje národní a kulturní identity (NAKI II) č. DG16P02R031 (Moravské křižovatky).

This Master's degree adresses the question of the "scythian" type arrowheads made of bronze during the Early Iron Age that were found in France. A hundred of "eastern" type arrowheads were found in France. Several dozens of them were "scythian" type arrowheads. This arrowhead type is an innovation created in the eurasian steppe complexe, and was quickly imitated in the Near East. A lot of them were found in the Near East as well as in Greece. The "scythian" type arrowheads found in France come from contexts linked to mediterraean imports.

Cette étude a notamment permis de définir l’importance du complexe steppique au sein du « système-monde » du premier âge du Fer. Evoluant au contact de sociétés de sédentaires, le mode de vie particulier du complexe steppique favorise l’apparition et la diffusion d’innovations techniques fondamentales. Sa place d’intermédiaire lui permet de bénéficier des richesses des noyaux urbanisés et d’en faire bénéficier les marges à leur tour. De plus, sa localisation dans les steppes eurasiatiques fait du complexe steppique un pont entre l’Occident et l’Extrême-Orient, les deux noyaux initiaux de complexification sociale de l’Eurafrasie.
Le complexe steppique est le cadre d’émergence de plusieurs innovations techniques fondamentales. Parmi ces innovations techniques, les pointes de flèches « scythiques » sont très largement diffusées, adoptées, adaptées et imitées dans tout le pourtour du bassin méditerranéen au cours du premier âge du Fer. Ce succès est à l’origine de l’émergence du groupe typologique des pointes de flèches « orientales ». La diffusion de ce nouveau type d’objet se fait par les routes commerciales méditerranéennes phéniciennes et grecques, mais également par les contacts directs entre cavaliers nomades des steppes et cultures d’Europe centrale.
La diffusion des pointes de flèches « scythiques » et de leurs dérivés « orientaux » s’est donc faite au gré des contacts induits par les échanges commerciaux méditerranéens et des flux caractéristiques du premier âge du Fer.
De plus, le retour à la typo-chronologie de Serge Cleuziou (1977) a permis l’identification de deux entités distinctes au sein du groupe « oriental » : les flèches fabriquées au sein du complexe steppique, et leurs dérivés fabriquées dans le pourtour méditerranéen.
L’importance des contacts entre Grecs et cavaliers nomades des steppes pontiques, et l’importance donnée à la sécurisation des routes commerciales amènent à proposer l’hypothèse suivante : Au premier âge du Fer, certains individus originaires de Scythie auraient donc pu circuler jusqu’en Celtique, dans le cadre des entreprises commerciales grecques, dans le but d’assurer la sûreté des convois commerciaux. Les pointes de flèches du groupe « oriental » peuvent donc être les discrets indices de la mobilité d’individus entre les steppes eurasiatiques et les campagnes celtiques au premier âge du Fer.
Pour vérifier ces hypothèses, la distinction doit être faite entre pointes de flèches « scythiques » et pointes de flèches « orientales » qui ne sont que des dérivées des premières et ne sont pas fabriquées par les mêmes personnes. L’examen des pointes de flèches du groupe « oriental » connues pour la France a révélé qu’un grand nombre d’entre elles sont en réalité issues de contextes douteux. L’étude typologique des pointes de flèches dont le contexte est connu a cependant permis de distinguer les types a priori « scythiques » des types strictement « orientaux ».
Ce travail est donc une base de départ à l’investigation des indices discrets de la mobilité transcontinentale induite par le commerce grec entre les steppes pontiques et les campagnes celtiques. Les perspectives de recherche sont nombreuses à l’issu de ce mémoire.

This study analyzes 110 personal names found on 63 Phoenician inscribed bronze arrowheads, each owned by a different individual. Except for one item discovered in situ, all the arrowheads came from the antiquities market. Most of the arrowheads are paleographically dated to the Iron Age I. The study reveals similarities between the arrowhead onomasticon and the Iron Age II Phoenician onomasticon. These similarities suggest that the arrowhead onomasticon is a typical Phoenician collection of names and that most of the arrowheads are probably authentic. The few differences between the two onomastica may be attributed to changing onomastic trends over time, from the Iron Age I to the Iron Age II.

The present study sums up the innovative research of Sergiey M. Razumovdealing with the question of funerary applications of flint artefacts documentedin Pontic communities of the forest steppe and steppe tied to the prologue of the Bronze Age (3200-1600 BC), usually identified in the form of a sequenceof archaeological cultures (according to Razumov as a Cultural-Historical Com-munity; Yamnaya, Catacomb and Babyno)
1
. The editors of
Baltic-Pontic Studies
believe research in this context ought to integrate studies on flint use and manu-facture at the turn of the Neolithic and Eneolithic, as well as Early Bronze Ageamong academic circles in Central-Eastern and Eastern Europe. In this respect itcould be said that to date there has been a lack of a complete picture of Pontictraditions of manufacture (technology and style), as well as an anthropologicalperspective of flint artefact applications.Moreover, it is worth noting that Sergiey M. Razumov’s study finds commonground with the broader cycle of studies on ‘The Baltic drainage basin as a regionof reception for the tradition of Early Bronze Age Pontic Cultures’ in whichgrowth has an important influence (see Chapter 7 in particular). The generalquestion of a stage-by-stage summary of these studies shall be the subject of a forthcoming volume of
Baltic-Pontic Studies
.In closing I would like to sincerely thank Professor Jerzy Libera (Marii Curie--Skłodowska University) and Dr Janusz Budziszewski (Cardinal Stefan WyszyńskiUniversity) for their invaluable assistance in regard to research and publication.

Preface for Fourth Version
          There were 8 same point types with American Indian's point types in the 3rd version of this 6th article. Then I had found Istanbul Lanceolate Stemmed Point which is the root of American PaleoIndian Lanceolate Points and İstanbul short stemmed triangular point which is the root of Morrow mountain point type of American Indians. Same point types has reached 10 with these newly found two point types.
          As usual at the points of Istanbul Maritime PaleoCulture, İstanbul short stemmed triangular point has a head profile on it. When you zoom the slide and look at carefully, you can see the eye which was processed on it. Head profiles  are usual on the points of  Istanbul Maritime PaleoCulture. We can see from the artifacts of Istanbul Maritime PaleoCulture that their intelligence and art levels are so high.
          This spearhead's material is same with the material of the oldest fossil paleospoon that I found at the same archaeological site  and wrote its article (14th article).
            To the knowledge of  today’s and next  generations..

This paper is devoted to the analysis of arrowheads from a set recovered from Burial 1 of Kurgan 4 near village of Gladkovshina. Сharacteristic features of arrowheads were marked and described. The circle of the closest quiver sets is recognized on the basis of a study of separate  arrowheads and their clusters. The sets are dated to the last quarter - the turn of the 7th century BC . The issue of the provenance of various types  of arrowheads has been raised.

The data from recent excavations in the Oman peninsula, especially in the Ja’alan and the Jebel Qara (Sultanate of
Oman) enable us better to refine certain cultural entities and to define new ones, to help determine the chronology of a part of the late prehistory of south-eastern Arabia. To begin with, the “empty quarter of the early Holocene” is half
full: “Fasad facies” characterizes one of the earliest Holocene hunter-gatherers occupation in Oman (8000–7500 BC).
Today we possess data from several stratified sites, enabling definition of two quite distinct Neolithic techno-facies,
which appear in succession: the trihedral points facies between 6500 and 4500 BC, and the facies of  the points with diamond-shaped section between 4500 and about 3800–3700 BC.