Artemisia Annua

Dans ce bulletin 2021 les voix de :
Guillaume #Suing , Marinella #Correggia , Rene #Sansa, Dr Romeo #Quijano, Michel #Chossudovsky, Vanessa #Beeley, Adel #Samara, Ariel #Petrucelli, Fulvio #grimaldi tous ont participe a l’Edition de ce bulletin 2021.
SOMMAIRE
Note Alba Granada North Africa Coordination
Guillaume Suing : Remdesivir, vaccins à ARN…Obsolescence programmée des molécules : Le capitalisme est un frein pour la #science (FR)-page 12
Marinella Correggia : les solutions des autres, (Tanzanie, Madagascar, RD du Congo, Cuba, Nicaragua, Vietnam, Pakistan, Inde, Suède, Biélorussie…)  (FR)- page 23
Rene sansa : Les #Grundisse de Karl Marx, Sur l’automatisation et la Robotisation (FR)-page 40
Romeo F. Quijano: La vaccination ou l’instrument le plus insidieux de l’impérialisme (FR)-page 46
Michel Chossudovsky: La pandémie Covid-19: Détruire la vie des peuples. Dépression économique provoquée. Coup d état « mondial? (FR)-page 57
Vanessa Beeley: Coronavirus- Who controls the British Government response to Covid–19?  Part One/ Part Two (ENG)-page 69
Adel Samara: Capital and Capitalized Covid-19 in Class War against Labor) It is the matter of accumulation (ENG)- page 89
Ariel Petrucelli: covid-19 autoritarismo e izquierda confinada (ESP) page 97
Fulvio Grimaldi: SINISTREIDE—- Da Arditi del Popolo a conigli in tana -L’OMS E I SUOI, NUDI ALLA META: Pandemia? Strage? Manco un piano pandemico!( IT) page 107
Conclusion
Annexe- page 120
Avec cette initiative nous rendons hommage au
BUREAU DE LA RESISTANCE ANTI FASCISTE CHILIENNE A ALGER (1973-1980)

In the following paper, we will review the available literature on synergy and additive effects involving medicinal herbs and herbal extracts. Several types of synergistic interactions are discussed, including apparently inactive constituents enhancing the effects of apparently active constituents within and between herbal medicines, various herbal compounds altering the absorption of others, reduction in toxicity of some herbal constituents by others, and direct synergistic therapeutic effects when active constituents are combined within and between many medicinal herbs. Species discussed include Artemisia annua (sweet Annie, q ng h o), Ammi visnaga (khella), Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice), G. uralensis (Chinese licorice, g n c o), Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng, rén sh n), Mahonia aquifolium (Oregon grape), Berberis aetnensis (Mt. Etna barberry), B. trifoliolata (algerita), B. fendleri (Colorado barberry), and Coptis chinensis (goldthread, huáng lián). Part 2 of this article will continue this review on other medicinal herb species.

Artemisia and cancer
Discussion paper by Hans-Martin Hirt
September 2008
When I began work for my doctorate at the German Cancer Research Centre in Heidelberg, Germany, I said I would like to study plants. But people laughed at me, saying that the plant kingdom had been already thoroughly explored. I was very disappointed, and so I took the only option open to me and I studied the immune system of our own bodies. So today I am extremely happy that studies are being undertaken into the effect of artemisinin on cancer, with a view to finding a cancer therapy without the horrendous side effects such as the hair loss that accompanies the use of the commonly used cytostatics (drugs that prevent the growth and proliferation of cells).
This could be very good news for the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmaceutical industry and cancer patients are united in their search for cytostatics that have fewer or even no side effects. They differ, however, because the pharmaceutical industry requires a product that can be patented and yields the biggest possible profit. The patient, on the other hand, would ideally like a medicine he can grow freely in his own garden.
In this respect, we believe that Artemisia annua is the perfect solution. An article appeared recently in the German newspaper “TAZ” about research into artemisinin that is being conducted at the Cancer Research Institute in Heidelberg. Almost every day since then I have received telephone calls, “My relative is suffering from the rare form of cancer “xy“, and is being treated with “yz“ medicines and well as so much radiation therapy. What do you think; could we give artemisia either alone or in addition?”
Quite honestly, I do not know either! No expert knows. According to Prof. James Duke, the leaves of Artemisia annua contain 20 constituents which have anti-tumour activity. Each of these components acts on a wide spectrum of types of tumour. In addition artemisia contains a further 225 constituents that could also have some influence.
Hundreds of PhD theses would be needed ... but where on earth is there still today a cancer clinic or a pharmaceutical university that can undertake research independently, free from the demands of the funders? It is a real scandal that today only industry and perhaps the super rich decide which of the world’s medicinal plants should be researched!
For example, an anamed collaborator, Florian Freier, won a prize for his work, conducted together with the University of Tübingen, which showed that, unlike normal cells, artemisinin increases the sensitivity of tumour cells to radiotherapy. From this one could deduce that, if artemisia tea were to be taken at the same time, the amount of radio therapy needed would be less. Is this to be researched further? Has any newspaper reported anything about this? Industry has no interest whatsoever!
Only one possibility remains: To make tests with oneself, whenever possible with the cooperation of a doctor who has not sold himself out to the pharmaceutical industry. So my request is, please write to anamed international and tell us what happened when you treated yourself with artemisia tea. Nothing? A little? A lot?
It is only if we receive such feedback that we can make any sort of informed judgement. I believe that, at the present time, over 100 tumour patients are taking our artemisia tea, but we receive very little feedback. It is important for us to know if the tea has helped, and if so, in what way. We also need to know if it has had no effect, or even if it has made things worse. According to our experience so far, one third of the patients receive no help from the tea, another third are helped a little and the last third give us remarkable feedback – many even say that they have actually been healed!
The best treatment is for the patient to take, for seven days, the high artemisia dosage, that is 5 grams of dried artemisia leaves per day as tea or, if this causes stomach ache, just as powder, for example mixed with yoghurt. If after seven days there has been no improvement, either by self judgement or by laboratory tests, then it makes no sense to continue with the tea. If on the other hand there has been even a slight improvement, the patient may continue with the full or a reduced dosage, depending upon the severity of the cancer and the patient’s ability to take the medicine.
Just as with malaria and AIDS, extensive research has been conducted into only one active ingredient, artemisinin. In this way the knowledge can be patented, and made into a commercial product. Although artemisinin has been patented for its use in treating tumours, it is still used astonishingly little in tumour therapy. Research tests conducted in vitro, in other words in a test tube, have shown that artemisinin is most effective in treating cell lines of leukaemia, cancer of the colon, and skin, breast, uterus, prostrate, brain and kidney cancers. You may find more literature in the internet about your particular form of cancer by typing in the appropriate keywords: e.g.: “Artemisinin lung cancer“ or “artemisia lung cancer“, etc.
The picture shows an artemisia plant being grown in a garden in Germany.
Whereas in Africa artemisia is used mainly to treat malaria and HIV/AIDS patients, in Europe artemisia is being used to treat bronchitis, stomach problems and cancer.
See our latest circular letter (July 2008) to read about a remarkable experience Markus Andres had with a tumour in his bladder, and about the successes in treating cancer in dogs of an animal clinic.

This paper reviews the use of whole-plant Artemisia annua (sweet Annie) as it pertains to malaria including history, chemistry, clinical efficacy, pharmacokinetics, dosing, safety, and resistance. Artemisinin, the sesquiterpene lactone found in the plant, and various semi-synthetic variants of it used as critical drugs around the world for malaria are discussed in comparison to the whole plant. The multifaceted potential of A. annua against malaria including as a mosquito larvicide and to prevent transmission is discussed. The critical importance of combination therapy with this herb (be it with well-studied synthetic drugs or as-yet poorly studied natural products with activity against malaria, notably curcumin) is reviewed. The relevance of non-artemisinin chemicals in A. annua is highlighted. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic limitations of A. annua and artemisinins for prophylaxis against malaria are presented. Other Artemisia species besides A. annua, whether they contain artemisinin or not, are also touched upon in the context of malaria.

ABSTRACTThe antimalarial drug artemisinin fromArtemisia annuademonstrated remarkably strong activity againstHelicobacter pylori, the pathogen responsible for peptic ulcer diseases. In an effort to develop a novel antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agent containing such a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide, a series of analogues (2 natural and 15 semisynthetic molecules), including eight newly synthesized compounds, were investigated against clinical and standard strains ofH. pylori. The antimicrobial spectrum against 10H. pyloristrains and a few other bacterial and fungal strains indicated specificity against the ulcer causing organism. Of five promising molecules, a newly synthesized ether derivative β-artecyclopropylmether was found to be the most potent compound, which exhibited MIC range, MIC90, and minimum bactericidal concentration range values of 0.25 to 1.0 μg/ml, 1.0 μg/ml, and 1 to 16 μg/ml, respectively, against both resistant and sensitive strains ofH. pylori. The molecule d...

Due to an increasing demand for natural products to control coccidiosis in broilers, we investigated the effects of supplementing a combination of ethanolic extracts of Artemisia annua and Curcuma longa in drinking water. Three different dosages of this herbal mixture were compared with a negative control (uninfected), a positive control (infected and untreated), chemical coccidiostats (nicarbazin+narazin and, later, salinomycin), vaccination, and a product based on oregano. Differences in performance (weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion rate), mortality, gross intestinal lesions and oocyst excretion were investigated. Broilers given chemical coccidiostats performed better than all other groups. Broilers given the two highest dosages of the herbal mixture had intermediate lesion scores caused by Eimeria acervulina, which was higher than in broilers given coccidiostats, but less than in broilers given vaccination, oregano and in negative controls. There was a trend for lowe...

Traditional remedies have been used for thousand years for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, particularly in developing countries. Of growing interest, the plant Artemisia annua, known for its malarial properties, has been studied for its numerous biological activities including metabolic, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and immunomodulatory properties. Artemisia annua is very rich in secondary metabolites such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and phenolic compounds, of which the biological properties have been extensively studied. The purpose of this review is to gather and describe the data concerning the main chemical components produced by Artemisia annua and to describe the state of the art about the biological activities reported for this plant and its compounds beyond malaria.

Objective of the study
Medicinal  plant  research  has  become  very  important  considering  the  herbal
resources  our  rain  forest  is  bestowed  with  which  if  harnessed  could  solve  the
challenges in malaria treatment in the area of accessibility and treatment cost. The
present  study  on  antimalarial  activity  of  locally  cultivated Artemisia  annua in
Langtang  South  area  of  Plateau  State  against Plasmodium  berghei  and  the
phytochemical  screening  of  the  leaf  extract  is  to  evaluate  the  efficacy,
phytochemical content and possible indigenization of the herbal based medicine
which for now is not native to Nigeria.
Methodology
In vivo anti-malarial sensitivity of plant extract was assessed using the 4-day test
for  anti-malarial  activity  against  a  chloroquine  sensitive Plasmodium  berghei
NK65  strain in  Swiss  albino  mice, Phytochemical  analysis  and  the  lethal  dose
(LD50) in mice screening were also determined.
Results
There  was  a  dose -dependent  inhibition  of  parasitaemia  in  the In  vivo
antiplasmodial  tests,  with  maximum  effect  at  300  mg/kg.  LD50 in  mice  was
estimated to be 2750 mg/kg and the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence
of terpenes, steroids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and carbohydrate.
Conclusion
The leaf extract of A. annua contains biologically active principles that  possess
anti-malarial activities, therefore further studies of its active components will be
carried out.

A method of preparation of rotors with a reversed phase (RP) solid silica gel sorbent layer has been developed for centrifugal preparative chromatography (CPC), also known as rotational planar chromatography (RPC). The rotors consist of binder free RP solid SiO2 layers of different thicknesses packed between two supported circular glass discs and can be used in any appropriate device for centrifugal chromatography, like Chromatotron and CycloGraph. Polar and /or semi-polar compounds with close R(f) values, as well as extracts and column fractions were separated and/or purified in a preparative and/or semi-preparative scale using the RP rotors, eluted with mixtures of aqueous-based solvents. We herein report three examples of its application, using RP Chromatorotors, for the isolation of the diastereoisomeric alkaloids banistenosides I and II from Banisteriopsis caapi, saponins III and IV from Fagonia cretica, and the sesquiterpenes artemisinin (V) and artemisinic acid (VI) from Arte...

Artemisinin (AN) and artemisinic acid (AA), valuable phyto-pharmaceutical molecules, are well known anti-malarials, but their activities against diseases like cancer, schistosomiasis, HIV, hepatitis-B and leishmaniasis are also being reported. For the simultaneous estimation of AN and AA in the callus and leaf extracts of A. annua L. plants, we embarked upon a simple, rapid, selective, reliable and fairly economical high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method. Experimental conditions such as band size, chamber saturation time, migration of solvent front and slit width were critically studied and the optimum conditions were selected. The separations were achieved using toluene-ethyl acetate, 9:1 (v/v) as mobile phase on pre-coated silica gel plates, G 60F254 . Good resolution was achieved with Rf values of 0.35 ± 0.02 and 0.26 ± 0.02 at 536 nm for AN and 626 nm for AA, respectively, in absorption-reflectance mode. The method displayed a linear relationship with r(2) val...

A simple, precise, and rapid high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method for the simultaneous quantification of pharmacologically important naphthoquinone shikonin (1) together with its derivatives acetylshikonin (2), and β-acetoxyisovalerylshikonin (3) in four species of genus Arnebia (A. euchroma, A. guttata, A. benthamii, and A. hispidissima) from the Indian subcontinent has been developed. In addition, the effect of solvents with varying polarity (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol) for the extraction of these compounds was studied. HPTLC was performed on precoated RP-18 F254S TLC plates. For achieving good separation, mobile phase consisting of ACN/methanol/5% formic acid in water (40:02:08 v/v/v) was used. The densitometric determination of shikonin derivatives was carried out at 520 nm in reflection/absorption mode. The method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, and specificity. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 100–600 ng for shikonin and acetylshikonin, and 100–1800 ng for β-acetoxyisovalerylshikonin. Lower LOD obtained for compounds 1–3 were 18, 15, and 12 ng, respectively, while the LOQ obtained were 60, 45, and 40 ng, respectively.

Malaria is major public health problem in Uganda endemic in 95% contributing up to
40% of hospital outpatient attendances. Approaches to controlling the disease include;
environmental, entomological and medicinal interventions. Some communities use
medicinal plants to control the disease. In this paper we report the use of Artemisia
annua L. for malaria prophylaxis at a Ugandan floricultural farm. We conducted a survey
of the farm workers to determine extent of use of A. annua ‘tea’, their clinic attendance
patterns and also quantified the levels of artemisinin and flavonoids in A. annua. We
further tested the effect of artemisinin devoid extract in laboratory animal models.
Findings from the survey showed that 84.2% of the managers and 62% of field workers
in this farm consumed A. annua ‘tea’ once a week to prevent malaria and related fevers.
Clinic attendance due to fevers or symptoms associated with malaria was reduced by
80% while cases of laboratory confirmed diagnosis of malaria reduced by 16.7%.
Laboratory test of A. annua leaf powder used in community indicated the presence of
artemisinin (0.4% to 0.5%) and flavonoids (9% to 11%). A. annua extract devoid of
artemisinin was found to significantly boost monocyte counts in albino rats
Research Article
British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 1(4): 124-132, 2011
125
(p<0.001).The action of these flovonoids could explain the mechanism of prophylaxis of
A. annua ‘tea’. A. annua variety or product thereof rich in flavonoids but devoid of
artemisinin should be developed and tried for mass prevention of malaria as a beverage
or food taken regularly

The potent antimalarial sesquiterpene lactone, artemisinin, is produced in low quantities by the plant Artemisia annua L. The source and regulation of the isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) used in the biosynthesis of artemisinin has not been completely characterized. Terpenoid biosynthesis occurs in plants via two IPP-generating pathways: the mevalonate pathway in the cytosol, and the non-mevalonate pathway in plastids. Using inhibitors specific to each pathway, it is possible to resolve which supplies the IPP precursor to the end product. Here, we show the effects of inhibition on the two pathways leading to IPP for artemisinin production in plants. We grew young (7–14 days post cotyledon) plants in liquid culture, and added mevinolin to the medium to inhibit the mevalonate pathway, or fosmidomycin to inhibit the non-mevalonate pathway. Artemisinin levels were measured after 7–14 days incubation, and production was significantly reduced by each inhibitor compared to controls, thus, it appears that IPP from both pathways is used in artemisinin production. Also when grown in miconazole, an inhibitor of sterol biosynthesis, there was a significant increase in artemisinin compared to controls suggesting that carbon was shifted from sterols into sesquiterpenes. Collectively these results indicate that artemisinin is probably biosynthesized from IPP pools from both the plastid and the cytosol, and that carbon from competing pathways can be channeled toward sesquiterpenes. This information will help advance our understanding of the regulation of in planta production of artemisinin.

A method of preparation of rotors with a reversed phase (RP) solid silica gel sorbent layer has been developed for centrifugal preparative chromatography (CPC), also known as rotational planar chromatography (RPC). The rotors consist of binder free RP solid SiO2 layers of different thicknesses packed between two supported circular glass discs and can be used in any appropriate device for centrifugal chromatography, like Chromatotron and CycloGraph. Polar and /or semi-polar compounds with close R(f) values, as well as extracts and column fractions were separated and/or purified in a preparative and/or semi-preparative scale using the RP rotors, eluted with mixtures of aqueous-based solvents. We herein report three examples of its application, using RP Chromatorotors, for the isolation of the diastereoisomeric alkaloids banistenosides I and II from Banisteriopsis caapi, saponins III and IV from Fagonia cretica, and the sesquiterpenes artemisinin (V) and artemisinic acid (VI) from Arte...

Present study was undertaken to investigate if short-term UV-B (4.2kJm−2day−1) and UV-C (5.7kJm−2day−1), pre-treatments can induce artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua. Twenty-one day old Artemisia seedlings were subjected to short-term (14days) UV pre-treatment in an environmentally controlled growth chamber and then transplanted to the field under natural conditions. Treatment of A. annua with artificial UV-B and UV-C radiation not only

Artemisinin is a polycyclic sesquiterpene lactone that is highly effective against multidrug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum, the etiological agent of the most severe form of malaria. Determination of artemisinin in the source plant, Artemisia annua, is a challenging problem since the compound is present in very low concentrations, is thermolabile and unstable, and lacks chromophoric or fluorophoric groups. The ain of this study was to develop a simple protocol for the quantification of artemisinin in a plant extract using an 1H-NMR method. Samples were prepared by extraction of leaf material with acetone, treatment with activated charcoal to remove chlorophylls and removal of solvent. 1H-NMR spectra were measured on samples dissolved in deuterochloroform with tert-butanol as internal standard. Quantification was carried out using the 5.864 signal of artemisinin and the δ 1.276 signal of tert-butanol. The method was optimised and fully validated against a reference standard of artemisinin. The results were compared with those obtained from the same samples quantified using an HPLC-refractive index (RI) method. The 1H-NMR method gave a linear response for artemisinin within the range 9.85–97.99 mm (r2 = 0.9968). Using the described method, yields of artemisinin in the range 0.77–1.06% were obtained from leaves of the A. annua hybrid CPQBA × POP, and these values were in agreement with those obtained using an HPLC-RI. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

-- See also these papers about Artemisia phytoextracts.
PLATYZOA ► https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263714074
NEMATODA ► https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235331332
DIPTERA ► https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235675253
MOLLUSCA ► https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235791811
ALLELOPATHY ► https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235675272
VIRUS & PROCARIOTA ► http://www.researchgate.net/publication/259822587
PROTISTA ► http://www.researchgate.net/publication/264344623