SARS-CoV2/COVID-19:

RESUMEN: En el presente ensayo se analiza y discute la relevancia socioepidemiológica de la pandemia por enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) a nivel planetario, las estrategias adoptadas para su contención y los obstáculos para poder implantarlas de  manera eficaz; así como los factores poblacionales, la profusión informativa y las características del sistema de salud en México, como elementos interrelacionados con la magnitud y trascendencia del proceso pandémico. Finalmente se plantea la necesidad de fortalecer en
México la atención primaria de salud y robustecer la formación de recursos humanos en el campo de la salud pública, recursos que de manera conjunta con los especialistas en medicina familiar representan un capital humano imprescindible para la realización de las
diferentes funciones de la salud pública, elementos centrales en el modelo de la atención primaria en salud.

This study uncovers the reality of the COVID-19 epidemic, acting as a significant hurdle for small restaurants' sustainability.The study used a purely qualitative methodology dealing with data collected from the industry to frame effective sustainability strategies to revamp the business.Hence,in-depth interviews to capture the real problems faced by restaurants were conducted.From the study, we understood that big citiessuch asChennai, Bengaluru and Thiruvananthapuram took initiatives in the post-COVID-19 crisis to bring about changes in the business process, giving importance to online ordering and delivery, new cuisines and more hygienic transparency. Small cities such asCoimbatore, Thiruvallaand Kochi are still confident of running their businesses, but there may not be a drastic change in the process. However, their expectationsof helpfrom the government are high. Three major factors are being considered to be cornerstone elements, which are health, cleanliness and hygiene. In this research, the scope is limited only to restaurants in big and small cities, whilelarge-sized star category hotels have not been considered.

Devletler; salgın hastalıkların neden olduğu tehlikeler karşısında etkileri tüm topluma yayılmadan önce erken tedbir almak zorundadır. DSÖ her ne kadar üst bir örgüt olarak pandemi ilan etse de alınacak önlemler konusunda her ülkenin kendi otoriteleri yetkilidir. 2020 yılında pandemi olarak ilan edilen Covid-19, tüm dünyayı etkisi altına almış bulaşıcı bir salgın hastalıktır.
Covid-19 salgınının Türkiye’de de etkilerini göstermesi üzerine ülke çapında alınan önlemler tüm bakanlıkların harekete geçmesi ile ortak bir politika alanı bulmuştur. Öncelikle Sağlık Bakanlığı’nın salgına karşı aldığı önlemler ile süreç başlatılmıştır. Bilim Kurulu’nun tavsiyeleri doğrultusunda Cumhurbaşkanının direktifleri ile seyahat ve sokağa çıkma yasakları, karantina uygulamaları, alışveriş merkezleri ve eğlence mekânlarının kapatılması gibi hızlı ve kararlı yanıtlar, salgının etkilerinin sınırlandırılmasını desteklemiştir. Pandemi ile mücadelede sağlık politikalarının biçimlendirilmesinde başta İçişleri ve Sağlık Bakanlığı olmak üzere diğer bakanlıklar faaliyet alanları ile ilgili konularda politikalar geliştirmiştir. Merkezde geliştirilen politikalar doğrultusunda taşrada Covid-19 mücadelesini güçlendirmek için illerde valinin, ilçelerde kaymakamın başkanlığı ve koordinesinde kararlar alınmış, uygulamaya aktarılmış ve denetlenmesi sağlanmıştır.
Salgının etkilerini azaltmak için hızlı ve etkili bir şekilde politika geliştiren Türk kamu yönetimi bu yönüyle diğer ülkeler tarafından da örnek gösterilmektedir. İşte bu kitap içerik itibariyle pandemiye karşı mücadele politikasını bütüncül bir bakış açısı ile sergilemektedir. Çalışmada Covid-19 pandemisine karşı Türk kamu yönetiminin geliştirdiği mekanizmalar/önlemler, uygulanan politikalar ve stratejiler başta Cumhurbaşkanlığı olmak üzere ele alınan her bir bakanlık nezdinde ve sistematik bir şekilde değerlendirilmiştir.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly emerged disease that has become a global public health concern as it rapidly spread around the world. The etiologic agent responsible for this disease has been named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses as it shows similar genomic features to that of SARS-CoV which caused a pandemic in 2002. This disease first appeared in Hubei province of China and it follows human-to-human transmission but the path this virus took to set up human infection remains a mystery. By 17 April 2020, globally there have been 2,074,529 confirmed cases with 139,378 deaths because of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 shows several similarities with SARS?CoV, and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) with its clinical presentations. This can vary from asymptomatic infection to severe disease and mortality. Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) screening is considered as the standard laboratory test for the diagnosis of COVID-19. There is no proven antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2 so the treatment for COVID-19 is symptomatic, aiming for the management of the symptoms and prevention of the complications. The outbreak of COVID-19 has led to the implementation of extraordinary public health measures throughout the world. Numerous antiviral compounds used to treat other infections are being clinically researched to find possible treatment. Similarly, the traditional public health outbreak response strategy of isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment has been implemented in multiple countries and has played an important role in the prevention of new outbreaks. This review aims to enhance our understanding of COVID 19. Keywords: Coronavirus disease 2019; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; novel coronavirus 2019; severe acute respiratory syndrome-2.

COVID-19 is a contagious disease which can spread person to person mainly by respiratory droplet from infected person and contact by contaminated objects or body limbs through the routes nose, mouth, and eyes. To nd out the ocular manifestations that are found in Bangladesh during COVID-19 pandemic this descriptive type of cross-sectional study was conducted to detect the ocular infection and its manifestation among patients admitted at di erent COVID-19 dedicated hospitals. Total 26 doctor's (Eye Specialists, ICU Consultants, ICU Residents/ Medical O cers, Consultants of other Specialities, Medical O cers/ Residents) observational and examination ndings were recorded in this study who have already completed one or more roster [07 days] duties in Corona Dedicated hospitals to treat the COVID-19 a ected patients directly. Total 3,678 patients information from di erent hospitals were collected and interviews were taken directly or over telephone from the participants. Data collected from the participants based on the observations of physicians during COVID roster duties in di erent corona dedicated hospitals. Age sex and ocular signs and symptoms found in patients during hospitalization were recorded. Total 08 (eight) Corona dedicated hospitals; one Medical University, ve tertiary level Govt. hospitals, one private Medical College hospital and one largest Isolation center of South-Asia were included as study place. Among the cases 66.2% were male and 33.8% female. Maximum patients were in age group 40-60 years [40%] and minimum of them were above 70 years [10%]. Ocular manifestations found in 48 cases and.30 in suspected, total 78 cases found with ocular manifestations. Total 2.121% patients hade ocular manifestations in con rmed and suspected cases. In COVID con rmed cases 1.316% patients hade ocular manifestations. In conclusion, we found several ocular manifestations in patients who are hospitalized as COVID-19 patients. Moreover, the ocular involvement could be the presenting nding of disease. Further studies are required in Bangladesh and this information may be valuable for future studies.

A obra “O ensino de Geografia e a pandemia da Covid-19” é composta por trabalhos produzidos pelos professores do Grupo de Pesquisa Ensino de Geografia, do Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG). O livro apresenta reflexões didático-pedagógicas e propostas de atividades a serem desenvolvidas com estudantes em diversas temáticas da Geografia e tem como objetivo contribuir para a reflexão e contextualização da prática pedagógica de docentes que atuam na Educação Básica.

Pomimo stale dokonywanych postępów w prowadzeniu wentylacji mechanicznej skrajnie chorych pacjentów, ich śmiertelność z powodu niewydolności oddechowej jest wciąż bardzo wysoka. Zadaniem technik pozaustrojowego natlenowania krwi jest wspomaganie oddychania oraz całkowite zastąpienie wymiany gazowej odbywającej się w płucach w oczekiwaniu na ich regenerację. Jedną z tych technik jest ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation), czyli pozaustrojowe utlenowanie krwi. W roku 2020 opisywana metoda leczenia przeżywała swój renesans z uwagi na pandemię koronowirusa SARS-CoV-2, który wywołuje chorobę COVID-19. Ta jednostka chorobowa w skrajnych przypadkach przebiegała z zaawansowanym uszkodzeniem płuc, a terapia z wykorzystaniem ECMO, pozwoliła wielu pacjentom wrócić do zdrowia.

The COVID-19 crisis has forced education systems worldwide to find alternatives to face-to-face instruction. As a result, modular distance learning has been used by teachers and learners with special educational needs on an unprecedented scale. Teachers of Bagong Nayon II National High School who are handling learners with special educational needs served as writers and evaluators in the Innovative Learning Resource Material entitled “Enhanced Learning Activity Sheets for Learners with Special Educational Needs” (E-LAS for LSENs) that will be used by the LSENs itself through the guidance and support of their parents, teachers, and the school in general. This project aims to supply learning resources for the LSENs’ continuous learning for instruction across all disciplines focusing on the needs of the special education students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study sought to examine the perception of parents of learners with special educational needs on the enhanced learning activity sheets developed by the teachers. The research was carried out in Bagong Nayon II National High School. The study used a survey research design. A total of 25 respondents participated in the study and the instrument used for data collection was the online survey questionnaire. Quantitative data were analyzed by Excel to generate figures. According to the findings, it was confirmed that the majority of the parents of LSENs find that the enhanced learning activity sheets were appropriate learning materials that would be a great help for the parents and learners with special needs to successfully access the needed materials in the new normal learning. In addition, this learning resource material was corroborated as an effective approach based on the perception of the parents of LSENs to fill in the gap in the absence or lack of modules for the Learners with Special Educational Needs. The researcher believes that this can contribute to the attainment of excellence and quality of education in the Special Education Program in the school and the Schools Division of Antipolo.

Synopsis: SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the current pandemic, is in many ways an enigma to virologists. First, the virus enters human cells using a viral spike protein that is a tremendous fit for its human receptor (a protein called ACE2). This close fit allows the virus to spread very efficiently between people but such precision cannot plausibly have arisen by chance. Thus the virus appears to have evolved in the presence of that human receptor. Furthermore, the virus has a region on its spike protein called a furin site. This furin site allows the virus to access multiple cell types, making it able to infect and spread through lungs and other tissue types. The furin site is thus key to making SARS-CoV-2 a powerful pathogen. Since none of the closest known virus relatives of SARS-CoV-2 have a furin site, where did it come from? Third, any virus that recently jumped to humans from bats (or any other species) should undergo a period of rapid adapation to its new host. This is what happened when the coronaviruses SARS and MERS jumped to humans. Yet since the pandemic began, SARS-CoV-2 mutations have arisen but the virus has hardly evolved (in an adaptive sense) at all. Current zoonotic origin theories for SARS-CoV-2 have no satisfactory explanation for any of these evolutionary puzzles. Indeed, recent studies have made natural zoonotic origin hypotheses even less viable. For example, the Chinese CDC has ruled out Wuhan’s live market as the epidemic’s origin.

In our search for the origins of the pandemic we focussed on the nearest genetic relative of SARS-CoV-2, a bat coronavirus called RaTG13. This virus was obtained during 2012 and 2013 virus collecting trips to a mine where, shortly before, six miners had developed a mystery illness while shoveling bat feces. To learn more, we arranged the translation of a neglected Chinese Master’s thesis that documented the symptoms and hospital treatment of these miners. This thesis contains many surprises. Foremost, the miners were diagnosed as having coronavirus infections, and second, their symptoms are now recognisable as those of classic COVID-19. This and other information in the thesis caused us to rethink everything we thought we knew about the origins of the pandemic. In A Proposed Origin for SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 Pandemic, we set out what we call the Mojiang Miners Passaging hypothesis. The theory proposes (1) that the miners acquired a coronavirus from the bats in the mine and (2) that this bat virus evolved extensively inside their bodies to become a highly human-adapted virus. This evolution occurred during a hospitalisation period that, for some of them, lasted many months. From the thesis we also know that blood and other samples were extracted from the miners and some of these were sent to the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV). We suggest that these samples contained highly human-adapted viruses and were used at the WIV for research. During this research the virus escaped, initiating the 2019 COVID-19 pandemic.

As we show, the theory solves the currently mysterious evolutionary and biological features of SARS-CoV-2 as well as explaining its eventual appearance in Wuhan. It also explains subsequent attempts to obscure the deaths of the miners and the Mojiang mine origin of RATG13.

Read the full story at: https://www.independentsciencenews.org/commentaries/a-proposed-origin-for-sars-cov-2-and-the-covid-19-pandemic/