Balkan

Bojan Bosiljčić, SMRT VENECIJE 7
Данијела Јовановић СИН САТИРА И НИМФЕ 20
Dalibor Jurišić KRALJEVA KĆI VJEŠTICA 27
Farah Tahirbegović PISMO RODITELJIMA 54
Goran Pajkić MILAN MAJER 56
Igor Kokoruš ZLODUH 68
Марко Цар КАТАЛОГ 80
Nikola Stjelja JUNAK NOVOG DOBA 83
Olja Savičević Ivančević MOGLO BI SE REĆI DA JE OVO PRIČA 93
Петар Лазић КУПАЊЕ ШАРАНА 99
Rade Jarak VIHOR 105
Željko Ivanković ŽIDOVSKI KONVOJ 108
Aleksandar Šajin KOŠULJE PLAVE 113
Борислав Радовић КИНЕСКИ ПАСТИШ 116
Божидар Васиљевић КАКАО И ДРУГЕ ПЕСМЕ 121
Danijela Kambasković PUTOVANJE I 123
Душко Новаковић ДАКТИЛОГРАФКИЊА 139
Dušan Gojkov № 16 144
Elfrida Matuč Mahulja HIMAN PRSTIMA 156
Љубомир Левчев ТРИ ПЕСМЕ 161
Марија Кнежевић ПОЧЕТАК КАРТОГРАФИЈЕ 166
Марлена Петрушева НЕЗГОДА 174
Morten Søndergaard JEDAN KORAK U PRAVOM SMJERU 176
Nevenka Pupek RUPE U ASFALTU 179
Niko Sejman NEVOLJKO OBJAVLJENA POEZIJA 207
Никола Маџиров СТРЕЛКИ ОД ЧАСОВНИКОТ 219
Shadi Angelina ABSTINENS / APSTINENCIJA 222
Tomaž Mahkovic CENA 231
Viktor Radonjić ODIGRANA SLOBODA 234
Anastasija Đurčinova ZAPADNI UTICAJI NA MAKEDONSKU PRIČU 245
Danijela Kambasković ZVEZDANI KONVOJ – ŽELJKO IVANKOVIĆ 272
Jovanka Uljarević UŽITAK STVARANJA ILI STVARNOST UŽITKA – GORAN PAJKIĆ 275
dr Mateo Žagar GLAGOLJICA I ĆIRILICA – POVIJESNA HRVATSKA PISMA 277
Svetlana Tomić TRI DOBRE KNJIGE PRIČA 282
Intervju RISTO VASILEVSKI 285
Villy Sørensen DRŽAVA BLAGOSTANJA I LIČNOST 289

... Hüseyin Bayır (b. 1917), Vişo Yaşar, Yaşar Yavuz, Gültekin Ergun, Ayşe Karakoç; in Hoşköy: Recep Yaşar (b. 1914 in Nânti), Mustafa Akgün; in Göszüzköy: Murat I˙şcan, Ali Arap (b. 1930 in Göszüzköy), Hüseyin Berdikaya (b. 1929), Süleyman Ibrahim Çavuş (b. 1923), Mustafa ...

Bu çalışmada, Bursa ili İnegöl ilçesi Kavaklaraltı Mezarlığında ilk
gömülerinin yapıldığı bölümde yer alan Arap harfleri ile Osmanlıca olarak
düzenlenen 41 adet mezar taşından 24 tanesi ele alınmıştır. Araştırmada, söz konusu
mezar taşlarının seçilmesinin sebebi taşlarda yer alan “muhacir” ibaresi ya da mezar
da yatan kişinin doğduğu toprakları tanımlayan “memleket” ibareleridir.
Ayrıntılı olarak tanımlanan muhacir mezar taşları malzeme, süsleme programı
ve biçimsel özellikleri açısından içerisinde yer aldıkları mezarlığın ve dönemin diğer
mezar taşlarından herhangi bir farklılık göstermezler. Bu mezar taşlarını diğerlerinden
ayıran en önemli özellik hiç şüphesiz ki “muhacir” ibaresidir. Mezarda yatan
insanların anavatana dışarıdan geldiklerini gösteren “muhacir” ibaresinin yanında
muhacirlerin doğdukları toprakların isimleri de mezar taşlarına yansımıştır.
Bu çalışma ile İnegöl ilçesi için hem bir mezar taşı envanteri oluşturulması
için ilk adım atılmış olmakta; hem de ilçenin demografik yapısındaki değişimle ilgili
veriler ortaya konulmaktadır.

Summary



Vladislav B. Sotirović


SERBIAN COMMONWEALTH

THE LINGUISTIC MODEL OF THE DEFINITION OF THE SERBIAN NATION BY VUK STEFANOVIĆ KARADŽIĆ
AND
THE PROJECT OF THE CREATION OF A LINGUISTICALLY-DETERMINED SERBIAN NATIONAL STATE BY ILIJA GARAŠANIN


The present work investigates the linguistic model of national identification of the South Slavs designed by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić in 1836 and the programme for the restructuring of the political map of the Balkan Peninsula drafted by Ilija Garašanin in 1844. This work is an attempt to reconstruct the understanding of Karadžić and Garašanin of those components of group consciousness which could affect the sense of belonging to the same community (“togetherness”). Relevant to the problem of identity are explicit or implicit frames of reference by which members of one (the “inner”) group might be distinguished from the other (the “outer”) groups. Special attention is given to the different traditions and beliefs, particularly those trying to explain the origin of a group, common symbols and above all common group characteristics which create a distinct identity.
V. S. Karadžić developed his theoretical linguistic model of national determination of the South Slavs in 1836 in the article “Srbi svi i svuda” [Serbs All and Everywhere], Ковчежић за историју, језик и обичаје Срба сва три закона, I, Beč [Vienna], 1849, 1–27. I. Garašanin laid down political-programmatic foundations for the resolvement of the Balkan Question in 1844 in his secret manuscript Načertanije [Draft], Beograd [Belgrade].
There exist, however, radically different opinions about these works and heated debates have been taking place in the Yugoslav historiography concerning these works. This is caused primarily by the influence of politics of a certain period on the researchers and their writings. The 19th c. South Slavic and Balkan history cannot be understood properly without and objective and politically unbiased analysis and interpretation of the works by V. S. Karadžić and I. Garašanin. The 19th c. Balkan Question is one of the most important research topics in the Balkan historiography (especially from the ideological-programmatic point of view) as all the modern (20th c. and 21st c.) Balkan states were/are (re)established on the ideological-programmatic foundations created in the 19th c. The works “Srbi svi i svuda” and Načertanije are part of these foundations and because of their significant influence on the Serbian and Yugoslav ideology, politics and the development of nationalism, they have to be investigated thoroughly.
Both works belong primarily to the history of South Slavic nationalism, which unfortunately has not been given satisfactory attention by Yugoslav historiographers in the last century, mainly because the topic of South Slavic nationalism has been considered as ideologically “destructive” (as nationalism = separatism) for Yugoslavia’s multiethnic union. Therefore, the studies of nationalism, especially the issues of the historical development of national ideologies, national determination and creation of national states, were either partially neglected or given subjective interpretations influenced by the prevailing political views. However, the 19th-21st c. historical development of the South Slavs cannot be properly reconstructed without attempts to investigate objectively the development of the South Slavic nationalism, especially Serbian and Croatian. This work is a contribution to these attempts.
Both Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (1787–1864), the leading 19th c. Serbian philologist author of grammar and dictionary, collector of folk songs and poems, most influential figure in the development of literary Serbian, and Ilija Garašanin (1812–1874), the leading 19th c. Serbian politician, Minister of the Interior and Minister of the Exterior, belonged to the group of European romanticist thinkers and nationalists who accepted the idea that a language determins an ethnicity and that a national united state should embrace all the members of such a linguistic group.
Karadžić chose Štokavian, the Serbian dialect today, closely related to one of the three Croat dialects of today, as the basis of his standardization of Serbian. Štokavian dialect was also accepted and used for writing in 1836 by Ljudevit Gaj (1809–1872), leader of Croatian national revival movement (1835–1850) who promoted the idea of cultural unity of South Slavs and who originally spoke and wrote in Kajkavian. As a result, Serbian and Croatian developed as one literary language in the second half of the 19th c., although it was written in Latin characters by all Roman Catholics and in Cyrillic characters by the Orthodox believers.
Serbian as well as Croatian linguistic nationalism in the 19th c. was based on the assumption that Serbian and Croatian national cultures are spread on the lands where Serbian and Croatian languages were spoken and written by the local populations, regardless of their religious determination or the state borders (between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire). Within this approach, Dubrovnik written culture (which was one of the most valuable examples of the Slavic Baroque culture) was claimed to be Serbian by the Serbian nationalists, and it was claimed to be Croatian by the Croatian nationalists. The city of Dubrovnik with its historic hinterland (the territory of the former Republic of Dubrovnik) had to be included into either the Serbian or the Croatian united national state respectively. Both Serbian and Croatian nationalists claimed the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, too. Consequently, there was a strong tendency among the Serbs and the Croats, likewise among many other nations in Europe in the Romanticism period, to shape political borders of their national states according to the linguistic distribution of their people.
The linguistic component of 19th c. Serbian nationalism is investigated in this research-work. Alongside with the analysis of the Serbian linguistic nationalism of first half of the 19th c., the structure and development of the Croatian linguistic nationalism of the same period of time is analyzed. They are compared mainly due to the fact that they both struggled and clashed with each other over the same geographic areas: Austrian Military Border, Southern and Central Dalmatia, Slavonia, Montenegro, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The main characteristic of the Serbian and the Croatian linguistic nationalism is that their ideologists regarded the Štokavian dialect as a fundamental determination of their own ethnic groups – both Serbian and Croatian.
The present investigation has resulted in six main conclusions:
• Karadžić’s understanding of language in the conception of the Serbian linguistic nationalism was primarily of ethnic nature: Karadžić considered the Serbian language as one of the crucial integral parts of the Serbian national identification; in his view, the national language of Serbs was a key distinctive feature of Serbs as a national group which made them different from the Croats. According to Karadžić, Serbs and Croats did not speak the same language and were, therefore, two separate linguistic groups, two distinct nationalities who were supposed to live (according to Garašanin) in separate national states.
• In the Serbian and Croatian national ideologies of the first half of the 19th c., the national languages of Serbs and Croats were mentally and spiritually connected with the territory where they were spoken: the territories where the “national” languages were spoken had to be included into the “national” united states of Serbs and of Croats respectively.
• The claims made by Yugoslav historiographers that Vuk Stefanović Karadžić regarded Serbs and Croats as members of the same language-nation who spoke Serbo-Croatian or Croato-Serbian are incorrect. In fact, Karadžić’s view was that Serbs had a language distinct from that of Croats and, consequently, the Serbs were one distinct nationality and the Croats were another one: in his works Писменица сeрбского iезика [Vienna, 1814], Српски рјечник [Vienna, 1818/1852] and the article “Срби сви и свуда” [Vienna, 1849], Karadžić’ clearly differenciated between the vernacular of the Serbs and the vernacular of the Croats.
• Vuk Stefanović Karadžić considered the Čakavian and Kajkavian dialects as Croatian national languages, and the Štokavian dialect as a Serb national language: only those who spoke Čakavian and Kajkavian were, according to Karadžić, ethnic Croats. The view of some of Karadžić’s critics that he considered all South Slavs as ethnic Serbs and that for him Croats did not exist as aseparate nationality, is a misinterpretation; in fact, for Karadžić’ only those South Slavs whose vernacular and literary language was Štokavian belonged to the Serbian nationality, but not all South Slavs.
• Ilija Garašanin, Minister of the Interior of the Principality of Serbia, drafted his project of a united Serbian national state in 1844 by implementing a linguistic model of Serb national identification, which was earlier developed by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić in 1814/1818/1836: therefore, the opinion of Serbian historiographers that Garašanin’s political project was based on the “historic” rights of Serbs should be rejected; contrary to this opinion, our research shows that Garašanin’s project for a united national state of Serbs was based on the “ethnic” rights of Serbs; Garašanin, like Karadžić, regarded all South Slavs who spoke the Štokavian language as “linguistic” Serbs.
• Ilija Garašanin projected the creation of a united Serbia, but not a united South Slavic national state: the opinion by some Serbian and Yugoslav historians that I. Garašanin was a programmatic architect of Yugoslavia or the “greater” Serbia is incorrect; in fact, Garašanin was a programmatic architect of a united Serbian national state.
In short, this research-work analyses both the linguistic mod...

Adnan Mujagić SJENE SE NE BROJE 7
Dario Rukavina BUDDHA U SUPERMARKETU, DIO DRUGI 16
Душан Гојков КАЗАБЛАНКА 38
Eduard Pranger MACA 41
Ferida Duraković ALI MAMA 43
Jelena Lukić BERLIN 47
Jelena Pavlović KAMIČAK 53
Lene Henningsen PET MONOLOGA 58
Марко Цар КОЛЕВКА ЗА СТРАНЦА 67
Nevenka Pupek TRI SLIČICE 73
Radenko Vadanjel DVIJE KRATKE 76
Saladin Burdžović GODIŠNJICA MATURE 80
Selma Kešetović VIKEND 87
Tatjana Gromača U VRTU BARBARE V. 90
Vedrana Trlek TORBICA 92
Vladan Radoman REKVIJEM 95
Zoran Ilić KRATKE PRIČE 98
Zoran Spasojević DŽEZ 103
Aleksandar Šajin DETALJI 107
Ana Ristović i Jasmina Topić PRE TRIDESETE 109
Marica Puškaš DANI 120
Marija Knežević MOJE DRUGO TI 128
Mehmed Begić PJESME IZ SOBE 141
Milan Fošner GODINE 157
Zoran Bognar DO POSLEDNJEG ČOVEKA… 159
Ana Prodanović SINDROM 164
Ana Ristović DRUGI JEZIK: POEZIJA 170
Jovanka Uljarević TAJNE POZNATIH MESTA 174
Nataša Petrinjak ZA UŽITAK DOKIDANJA GRANICA 177
Савчо Савчев ДЕСЕТ ЕТЮДА 180
Svetlana Tomić O KNJIGAMA U HRVATSKOJ TOKOM 2005. 195

In the 1970s and 1980s, an unprecedent enterprise gathered developing countries in the field of communication: the Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool (NANAP), a syndicate of national news agencies from nations of then-called Third World, threaded into an international system to exchange news, primarily among what is nowadays known as the South-South axis. The experiment was led by the state agency of Yugoslavia, Tanjug, andwas fostered by the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) within the framework of the struggle for redesigning the structures of international communication, known as NWICO (New World Information and Communication Order). During at least its first five years, the Pool meant a pragmatic answer to the Third World calls for a change in foreign news coverage and for opening South-South flows of information in a qualitatively and quantitatively balanced way. Moreover, the very organization and operation schemes of the NANAP were distinguished by de-centralization, pliability and free membership, all features grounded on the principles of Yugoslav self-management socialism and which would prove especially fitting to the production conditions in peripherical societies of capitalism. This thesis investigates the legacy of the non-aligned enterprise in current counter-hegemonical developments hinged on networks and in South-South cooperation for international communication in order to build information systems which are independent from the hegemony of First World news agencies.

Upon a heavy defeat against the Balkan Alliance formed by Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro, the Ottoman Empire had to leave the Balkan geography, which it had governed for nearly 500 years, in 1913. In 1912, the war that started in the Balkans in an environment where alliances were formed and tensions increased in Europe caused the attention of the world, especially the European public, to focus on this geography. Journalists who purposed to follow the war went to the capitals of the warring states, especially Istanbul, and presented some news from the front after a while. In addition, military experts, diplomats, and other officials from neutral states followed the war for various missions or as observers. Clyde Sinclair Ford, who was serving as a military doctor with the rank of major commander in the US Army, was one of these people. His travel to Europe due to sick leave in 1912 took a completely different turn with the start of the First Balkan War. He served as the chief surgeon in two wards of the Taşkışla Hospital in Istanbul on behalf of the US Red Cross during the First Balkan War, and he also provided medical service to the Bulgarian army in the Second Balkan War. After returning to the United States, he gave a series of lectures on the Balkan Wars to officers at The Army Service Schools Fort Leavenworth in 1915. In addition to the causes of the Balkan Wars, the development of the war, and the situation of the Ottoman and Bulgarian armies, he conveyed his observations about war injuries and epidemic diseases in these lectures because he was a military doctor and took part in the war. The lectures he gave were published in the same year with the title “The Balkan Wars: Being a Series of Lectures delivered at the Army Service Schools, Fort Leavenworth”. In this present study, a brief biography of Clyde Sinclair Ford is given, the chapters in his work are evaluated, and his medical observations about the war are tried to be explained because he was a military doctor.

his text identifies different segments of musical identity, meaning, and socio-cultural value of compositional works influenced by oral tradition of the Balkans. Through detailing some of the elements of the oral culture that have had a great influence on the author as a composer and a performer, it also discusses some observations on the ways in which the Balkan oral tradition and its derivations are perceived today. Through discussing other artists with a similar approach to oral tradition, this text also explores the problems of constructing artistic identity and the meaning of a creative practice in relation to the socio-cultural environment of its origin. Socio- cultural environments are established through exploring the writings of the authors who depict the spheres of history, culture and music in the Balkans.

The present paper deals with the missions of Mr. Cesare Durando to Montenegro during his acting in the capacity of both a special diplomatic emissary in the time of Montenegrin- Turkish War of 1876-1878 and the Chargé d’Affaires in the Italian Legation in Cetinje between 1879-1883.

The sovereign debt crisis that broke out in Greece at the end of 2009 is fundamentally due to the precarious integration of peripheral countries in the eurozone. Its immediate causes, however, lie with the crisis of 2007–2009. Speculative mortgage lending by US financial ...

This article deals with the spread of Spinoza’s thought in the
Eighteenth century Balkans with special regards to Psalidas’ True Happiness.
Psalidas’ book presents the first translation of some key parts of Spinoza's Ethics in
the context of a theist approach. The analysis presents the hermeneutic
comprehension of this document bearing in mind Israel’s interpretation of the
Enlightenment and the debate of Greek scholars about Psalidas. The final aim is to
furnish a first view on the reception of the Ethics in the Balkans and on how this
reception influenced the structure of a seminal work such as True Happiness.

The primary aim was to investigate how the oral surgical interventions, as psychophysical and operative trauma, influence the response of the blood fibrinolytic system, and whether the possible changes in the level of the activators and inhibitors of the fibrinolytic system could ...

Abstract
(Who needs Turkish loanwords in the Slavic languages?)
As is well known, there has existed abundance of Turkish, and generally Turkic, loanwords in Slavic. Even though research on the topic was already conducted by F. Miklosich, it seems that no-one has thought to ask who needs those words more, Slavicists or Turkologists. This author argues that Turkologists can considerably benefit from a historical analysis of those words ‒ if Slavicists take advantage of the opportunity to make them aware of the fact. At the same time, Slavicists, too, stand to profit from such collaboration as they will be in a position to establish both the exact phonetic shape of the Turkish etymon, and the period in which the word was borrowed into Slavic, if only they decide to make use of Turkological knowledge.

Öz Dupnice Emtia Gümrüğü Rumeli'de orta kol üzerinde tesis edilmiş olan küçük bir kara gümrüğüdür. Bulunduğu konum özellikle Serez-Belgrad yolu üzerinde yürütülmekte olan pamuk ticareti açısından önemli olmuştur. Bu itibarla on sekizinci yüzyılda söz konusu ticareti geliştirmek ve güvenliğini sağlamak için kurulmuş olduğu söylenebilir. On dokuzuncu yüzyılın başında ortaya çıkan Sırp isyanları neticesinde Niş gümrüğünün buraya taşınması ile daha da önemli hale gelmiş olan gümrük, kadim kara gümrüklerinden sayılarak 1868 tarihine kadar varlığını sürdürmüştür. Muhdes gümrüklerin kaldırılması ile Dupnice halkı büyük ekonomik sıkıntıya girerken gümrük de daha çok yerel ürünlerin ticaretinin yapıldığı bir özellik kazanmıştır. Belgelerdeki ifadeyle gümrüğün gelirleri yörede üretilen meyve ve sebze ticaretinden ibaret hale gelmiştir. İncelediğimiz dönemde gümrükte işlem yapan tüccarların % 27'ni Müslümanlar, % 59'nu gayrimüslimler, % 8'ni de Rus'lar teşkil etmiştir. Rus tüccarların en önemli ticaret malı pamuk ve pamuk ürünleri olmuştur. Gümrük gelirlerinin üçte biri Rus tüccarların yaptığı bu ticaretten elde edilmiştir. Abstract Many religious, social, economic and cultural works such as mosque, small mosque, seminary school, soup kitchen, convent, caravansary, public bath and tomb were constructed in the city of Tokat during the Danismendid, Seljukid and Ottoman periods since XIIth century. This matter have been confirming by archival documents and historical works from the old periods. The rich social and economic potential of Tokat with its position on east-west and south-north roads, its warm climate and fertile agricultural lands provided with an important contribution to being constructed of these works. As throughout the Ottoman Empire, these * Bu makale 6-8 Ekim 2016 tarihinde Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesinde organize edilen Uluslaraarası Balkan Tarihi ve Kültürü Sempozyumuna sunulan bildirinin genişletilmiş halidir. ** Yard.Doç.Dr.,Kırklareli Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü, faruk.dogan@hotmail.com.

This article deals with the spread of Spinoza’s thought in the Eighteenth century Balkans with special regards to Psalidas’ True Happiness. Psalidas’ book presents the first translation of some key parts of Spinoza's Ethics in the context of a theist approach. The analysis presents the hermeneutic comprehension of this document bearing in mind Israel’s interpretation of the Enlightenment and the debate of Greek scholars about Psalidas. The final aim is to furnish a first view on the reception of the Ethics in the Balkans and on how this reception influenced the structure of a seminal work such as True Happiness.

Zapadni je Balkan pojam, koji je stvoren od strane Europske unije u njenom nastojanju definiranja područja jugoistoka Europe, koji bi joj se jednog dana trebao u potpunosti pridružiti. Pojam je, dakle, to koji obuhvaća Albaniju, Bosnu i Hercegovinu, Crnu Goru, Kosovo, Sjevernu Makedoniju i Srbiju. Prije ulaska Hrvatske u EU, ona je također potpadala pod Zapadni Balkan. Pojam je tokom svog postojanja, nešto više od dvadeset godina, naišao na brojne kritike i teško ga je uopće kao takvog odrediti, odnosno predstavlja li on možebitno toponim. Stoga ovaj rad nastoji predočiti složenost pitanja egzistencije samog pojma Zapadni Balkan. U svrhu izrade, provedena je i anketa među studentima geografije navedenog područja te su predstavljeni rezultati. Sumirajući rezultate može se reći kako pojam Zapadni Balkan nije toliko nepoznat, no ipak se sam Balkan češće koristi; pojam je određen od strane EU, ali ga obilježavaju i druge karakteristike. Većinski je pojam obilježen neutralnim iskustvima ...

Upon a heavy defeat against the Balkan Alliance formed by Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro, the Ottoman Empire had to leave the Balkan geography, which it had governed for nearly 500 years, in 1913. In 1912, the war that started in the Balkans in an environment where alliances were formed and tensions increased in Europe caused the attention of the world, especially the European public, to focus on this geography. Journalists who purposed to follow the war went to the capitals of the warring states, especially Istanbul, and presented some news from the front after a while. In addition, military experts, diplomats, and other officials from neutral states followed the war for various missions or as observers. Clyde Sinclair Ford, who was serving as a military doctor with the rank of major commander in the US Army, was one of these people. His travel to Europe due to sick leave in 1912 took a completely different turn with the start of the First Balkan War. He served as the chief surgeon in two wards of the Taşkışla Hospital in Istanbul on behalf of the US Red Cross during the First Balkan War, and he also provided medical service to the Bulgarian army in the Second Balkan War. After returning to the United States, he gave a series of lectures on the Balkan Wars to officers at The Army Service Schools Fort Leavenworth in 1915. In addition to the causes of the Balkan Wars, the development of the war, and the situation of the Ottoman and Bulgarian armies, he conveyed his observations about war injuries and epidemic diseases in these lectures because he was a military doctor and took part in the war. The lectures he gave were published in the same year with the title “The Balkan Wars: Being a Series of Lectures delivered at the Army Service Schools, Fort Leavenworth”. In this present study, a brief biography of Clyde Sinclair Ford is given, the chapters in his work are evaluated, and his medical observations about the war are tried to be explained because he was a military doctor.

The purpose of this study was to report the 2-year clinical evaluation of the use of a gingiva-coloured composite, Amaris Gingiva,(Voco, Germany) for restoration of cervical defects on permanent human teeth. The study included 16 patients with 128 restorations of cervical ...

Balkan coğrafyası Türk edebiyatının romandan hikâyeye, tiyatrodan şiire hemen her sahasında geniş yer edinmiştir. 19. ve 20. yüzyılda Balkan topraklarında yaşanılan siyasi ve sosyal gelişmeler ışığında yüzlerce şiir kaleme alınmıştır. Özellikle bu vatan parçasının Osmanlı’dan koparılması sürecinde yaşanılan savaşlar, çıkarılan isyanlar ve kaybedilen topraklar pek çok şairin şiir dünyasında hususi bir yer teşkil etmiştir. İncelememizin geniş bir kısmını da savaş şiirleri oluşturmaktadır. “Savaş” başlığı altında incelenen şiirlerin konusu Kırım Savaşı ile başlatılmıştır. Zira Balkanlar’ın çözülme sürecini 1854-56 Kırım Savaşı’na kadar götürmek mümkündür. Ardından 1877-78 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı, 1897 Türk-Yunan Savaşı, Girit Meselesi çerçevesinde şiirimize akseden Balkan imajının incelenmesi uygun görülmüştür. Coğrafyanın nihai kaderini belirleyerek Türk edebiyatında geniş yankı bulan Balkan Savaşları ise alt başlıklar halinde verilerek ayrıntılarıyla ele alınmıştır. Nitekim şiirlerimizin dokusuna işleyen Balkan temi bu süreçle sınırlı kalmayacak, Balkan Savaşları sonrasında da kaybedilen toprakların acısı anlatılmaya devam edilecektir. I. Dünya Savaşı ve Kurtuluş Savaşı yıllarında Balkanlar, eserlere “hasret duyulan vatan” şekliyle konu olmuş ve tezimizde de bu bağlamda değerlendirilmiştir. Balkan coğrafyasının şiirimizdeki akisleri sadece “savaşlar” ekseninde yer almamıştır. “Balkan tabiatı” ve “Balkan toplumu” konularında eserler olması sebebiyle bu başlıklar altında da tetkikler yapılmıştır. “Balkan tabiatı” ekseninde yazılan şiirlerde coğrafyanın tabii güzelliklerinin tasviri yapılmış ve şairlerin anılarında yer kaplaması üzerinde durulmuştur. “Balkan toplumu” başlığı altında ise Balkan kadınlarının güzelliğini anlatan şiirler ve Balkanlı olup Osmanlı’nın siyasi hayatında önemli görevlerde bulunan devlet adamlarını ve mebusları konu edinen eserler incelenmiştir. Görüldüğü üzere Balkan toprakları stratejik konumu, siyasi çehresi, tabiat manzaraları haricinde Balkanlarda doğmuş büyümüş kişiler aracılığıyla da şairlerimizin ilgisini çekmiştir. Tezimizde Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyet’e Türk şiirine yansıyan yönleriyle Balkan coğrafyası “tarih, coğrafya ve insan” ekseninde bütüncül bir bakışla yorumlanmaktadır.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the reason for the extraction of permanent and deciduous teeth, and to investigate the influence of patients’ age and sex in the western part of Turkey. Methods: 5500 patients being admitted to Ege University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, for tooth extraction between January and December 2001, were included into the study. Data were provided on reasons for extraction of 6570 teeth from 5500 patients during 12 months, and analyzed using standard statistical program (SPSS). Chi-square tests were used to assess whether there were significant associations between the reason for extraction and gender, age or tooth type. Results: Dental caries and its complications were the primary reason of tooth extractions (39.3%), followed by eruption problems (23.5%) and periodontal disease (19.8%). Under 20 years of age, orthodontic indications were the main reason, whereas in the 21-40 age group, eruption ...

In this study I explore the phonological behavior of the hypocoristic suffix /-oʃ/-/iʃ/ in Turkish. Such a suffix is common to many of the Balkan languages. Turkish differs in its introduction of the front vowel variant of the suffix, presumably to satisfy the vowel harmony requirements in Turkish for backness and rounding in high vowels. However, in spite of the potentially alternating suffix allomorphs, collection of naturalistic data as well as of elicited survey data reveals that the majority of nickname outputs are disharmonic. I conclude that the Turkish data provides further evidence for Ito and Mester’s (2009) key insight that different strata of the lexicon may operate according to different rules/constraint rankings. However, the Turkish data is not consistent with their specific faithfulness-based approach. The hypocoristic lexical stratum exhibits a greater number of vowel harmony violations, but not due to more faithfulness to vowel inputs/underlying forms. Rather, the ...

This paper presents a review of the various forms of alliances in the recent history of the Balkan peoples, including the one where the South Slavs were united into a single state. Constructive awareness of the need for unity through the turbulent history of the Balkans has never, even today, not missing. His basis in the past, primarily consisted of the inevitability of the need to keep a unique struggle for liberation. The main problems were related to overcoming mutual antagonism and infuence of the Great powers that are reluctant to accept the idea of organizing a nation-state in accordance with the principle The Balkan to the Balkan Nations. Despite the national liberation movements in the peninsula will inevitably become a relevant factor to solve the Eastern Question. Designed Balkan alliance by Mihailo Obrenović, fallen in the assassination (1868), there was only an attempt noteworthy. The painstaking efforts aimed at creating a military-political alliance (1912) showed all the power of unity (First Balkan War) and the sad inability to overcome the problems resulting from division liberated areas (Second Balkan War). Yugoslavia its the first and only time elapsed Board of the Balkan nations with the modern state constitution. Many problems are caused by internal and external factors faced by the foundation could not be overcome, and the epilogue of this is certainly a noble idea was also tragic. Consideration of lessons based on the given experiences are inevitably in fanding solutions to any form of possible future integration processes. The fact is that all of the projects listed here were infamous endings, to the still consequences. However, this circumstance can and should be used in order to draw lessons necessary for the proper orientation for Balkan peoples in the future. Their ignorance of these and any similar efforts just would not make any sense, as to their possible repetition without adequate use of the experiences of the past probably turned into a new disastrous experiments.

The Alborz Mountains are the second largest mountain range in Iran and possess the tallest peak. Mountain wetlands on the arid southwestern slopes of the Alborz range, as compared to other parts of this range, are relatively unknown botanically. We present here the contemporary status of the flora, life forms, and phytogeographic characteristics represented by 90 sites in these wetlands of the arid mountains. Three hundred and fifty-four taxa were identified, belonging to 201 genera and 54 families. The largest families are Asteraceae (15.3 %), Poaceae (13.8 %) and Cyperaceae (8.5 %). The genera represented by the greatest number of species are Carex (12 species), Galium (9), Epilobium (9), and Cirsium (9). Hemicryptophytes prevail in number (34.2 %), followed by geophytes (29.0 %) and therophytes (20.6 %). From a chorological viewpoint, most of the flora belongs to the pluriregional elements (35.2 %). There are a large number of Irano-Turanian elements within these wetlands, and ne...