Baryogenesis

What does this little equation have to do with the LHC?

Key words:    hierarchy of energy, Gordon's Theory of Everything, " smallest something " , Ruby Slipper Conundrum, Gordon Omnipresent Dot, GOD entities, the GOD Equation, the Gordon Model, Gordon Energy States, equi-energy position, primordial photon, parallel planar universe

Low energy supersymmetric models provide a solution to the hierarchy problem and also have the necessary ingredients to solve two of the most outstanding issues in cosmology: the origin of dark matter and baryonic matter. One of the most attractive features of this framework is that the relevant physical processes are related to interactions at the weak scale and therefore may be tested in collider experiments in the near future. This is true for the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) as well as for its extension with the addition of one singlet chiral superfield, the so-called nMSSM. It has been recently shown that within the nMSSM an elegant solution to both the problem of baryogenesis and dark matter may be found, that relies mostly on the mixing of the singlet sector with the Higgs sector of the theory. In this work we review the nMSSM model constraints from cosmology and present the associated collider phenomenology at the LHC and the ILC. We show that the ILC will efficiently probe the neutralino, chargino and Higgs sectors, allowing to confront cosmological observations with computations based on collider measurements. We also investigate the prospects for a direct detection of dark matter and the constraints imposed by the current bounds of the electron electric dipole moment in this model.

We describe electroweak monopoles within the Born-Infeld extension of $SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Y$ electroweak theory. We argue for topological stability of these monopoles and computed their mass in terms of the Born-Infeld mass parameters. We then propose a new mechanism for electroweak baryogenesis which takes advantage of the following salient features of the electroweak monopoles: (i) monopoles support extra CP violation in the topological sector of the electroweak theory; (ii) they mediate unsuppressed baryon number violating interactions; (iii) non-thermal production of monopoles during the electroweak phase transitions generates departure from thermal equilibrium. We demonstrate that the observed baryon asymmetry of the universe can be explained in our theory in the presence of electroweak monopoles of mass $M\sim 10^{4}$ TeV.

Among the mechanisms which successfully explain the generation of the Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe, Leptogenesis through right-handed neutrino decays is especially attractive. Unfortunately, this theory suffers from a lack of testability. Indeed, the high energy relevant ingredients in the asymmetry creation are either indirectly linked to low energy observables or unreachable by our present experiments. We propose here to take the problem the other way around by studying whether this mechanism could at least be disproved. We argue that the observation of a right handed gauge boson W_R at future colliders could play this role.

This report summarizes ongoing research and development since our 2012 foundation paper, including the emergent effects of a deterministic mechanism for fermion interactions: (1) the coherence of black holes and particles using a quantum chaotic model; (2) wide-scale (anti)matter prevalence from exclusion and weak interaction during the fermion reconstitution process; and (3) red-shift due to variations of vacuum energy density. We provide a context for Standard Model fields, and show how gravitation can be accountably unified in the same mechanism, but not as a unified field.

A smooth cosmological bounce implies that energy density cannot exceed some bound higher than nucleosynthesis scale but lower than Planck scale. Exploration of some of the ramifications of such bound reveals that it might eliminate the singularities in General Relativity (GR), resolve the information paradox, explain Dark Matter, and propose that some types of gamma ray bursts might be used by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) as standard candles when peering into the past before the formation of the first stars.

Electroweak baryogenesis in the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model may be realized within the light stop scenario, where the right-handed stop mass remains close to the top-quark mass to allow for a sufficiently strong first order electroweak phase transition. All other supersymmetric scalars are much heavier to comply with the present bounds on the Higgs mass and the electron and neutron electric dipole moments. Heavy third generation scalars render it necessary to resum large logarithm contributions to perform a trustable Higgs mass calculation. We have studied the one--loop RGE improved effective theory below the heavy scalar mass scale and obtained reliable values of the Higgs mass. Moreover, assuming a common mass $\tilde m$ for all heavy scalar particles, and values of all gaugino masses and the Higgsino mass parameter about the weak scale, and imposing gauge coupling unification, a two-loop calculation yields values of the mass $\tilde m$ in the interval between three TeV and six hundred TeV. Furthermore for a stop mass around the top quark mass, this translates into an upper bound on the Higgs mass of about 150 GeV. The Higgs mass bound becomes even stronger, of about 129 GeV, for the range of stop and gaugino masses consistent with electroweak baryogenesis. The collider phenomenology implications of this scenario are discussed in some detail.

The origin of the hot phase of the early universe remains so far an unsolved puzzle. A viable option is entropy production through the decays of heavy Majorana neutrinos whose lifetimes determine the initial temperature. We show that baryogenesis and the production of dark matter are natural by-products of this mechanism. As is well known, the cosmological baryon asymmetry can be accounted for by leptogenesis for characteristic neutrino mass parameters. We find that thermal gravitino production then automatically yields the observed amount of dark matter, for the gravitino as the lightest superparticle and typical gluino masses. As an example, we consider the production of heavy Majorana neutrinos in the course of tachyonic preheating associated with spontaneous B−L breaking. A quantitative analysis leads to constraints on the superparticle masses in terms of neutrino masses: For a light neutrino mass of 10^−5 eV the gravitino mass can be as small as 200 MeV, whereas a lower neutrino mass bound of 0.01 eV implies a lower bound of 9 GeV on the gravitino mass. The measurement of a light neutrino mass of 0.1 eV would rule out heavy neutrino decays as the origin of entropy, visible and dark matter.

We study tachyonic preheating associated with the spontaneous breaking of B−L, the difference of baryon and lepton number. Reheating occurs through the decays of heavy Majorana neutrinos which are produced during preheating and in decays of the Higgs particles of B−L breaking. Baryogenesis is an interplay of nonthermal and thermal leptogenesis, accompanied by thermally produced gravitino dark matter. The proposed mechanism simultaneously explains the generation of matter and dark matter, thereby relating the absolute neutrino mass scale to the gravitino mass.