Base Of The Pyramid

Tahuantinsuyo, in ancient Quechua language, is the name indicating the Inca Empire, one of the largest of the South American continent, much more than the Aztec and Maya Empire. In 1532 BC, the Inca Kings ruled over a geographical region including Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. It was an extensive territory inhabited by different communities. Among them, the national group Q’eros had a very special role, because of the characteristics of their mythological traditions.
One of the most fascinating tales refers to the myth of Cuzco’s founding, the majestic capital of the great Inca Empire, with its mysterious buildings. Q’eros were direct descendants of the Inca priest caste, and they broke off through the internal areas of Peru, to save themselves from Spanish persecution and murder.

At the end of 2010 the British Museum unveiled the final artefact in their exhibition ‘A History of the World in 100 Objects’: a portable solar powered lamp designed for and sold to people living without access to mains electricity in Africa and Asia. Solar powered lights have become iconic objects of social entrepreneurship in Africa and Asia and this article explores the work involved in producing them as humanitarian goods. Following the 100th object from its conception in a Stanford University classroom to points of sale and use in rural India the article explores how it has been made to materialise both an ethic of care and an ethic of commercial interest. Drawing from traditions in the social study of technology and the conceptual vocabulary of Michel Callon the article argues that the significance of objects like the ultra affordable solar lamp lies in their capacity to make and define markets at the ‘bottom of the pyramid’.

How large a footprint did the Great Pyramid make on the Giza Plateau when it was completed? It is not an easy question to answer, as most of the outer edge of the pyramid’s
base is long gone. Scholars have had to hunt for evidence of the ancient baseline and then extrapolate their findings to locate the original corners. Not surprisingly, the surveys
that have been conducted to date do not precisely agree. With the question of the Great Pyramid’s footprint still incompletely
resolved, another attempt seemed in order.

Increasing efforts aim at economic development and the reduction of poverty in developing countries through microcredit-enabled entrepreneurship. Following the award of the Nobel Peace Prize to Prof. Yunus, microcredit lending has risen to prominence and the volume of microcredit loans has increased substantially. However, theory on the outcomes of this financing form is controversial. Furthermore, the academic community lacks conclusive empirical evidence about the impact of such programs. Primary empirical studies report fragmented and to a large extent contradictory results. In this meta-analysis, we empirically synthesize a total of 545 quantitative empirical findings from 90 studies conducted to date. Our findings reveal a positive impact of microcredit on key development outcomes at the level of the client entrepreneurs. Additionally, we scrutinize how the development context influences the effectiveness of microcredit and find that microcredit generally has a greater impact in more challenging contexts. With our findings we contribute to research on the nexus of entrepreneurship and economic development, and offer recommendations for practitioners and academics working on this promising frontier.

In recent years, management scholars and practitioners have been advocating a more prominent role for business in economic and social development at the “Base of the Pyramid” (BoP) where more than a billion people subsist on less than two dollars a day. Yet, in both theory and practice, the development of financially sustainable and scalable business solutions for the BoP has been challenging. By integrating insights from the emerging BoP literature with extant research on the replication of organizational routines and templates, this study examines how the distinctive conditions of the BoP affect the development and replication of scalable business solutions for the world’s poor. In particular, we identify key distinctive conditions of the BoP and develop an organizing framework on the mechanisms that facilitate the development and replication of viable and scalable business templates there. Our analysis contributes to BoP research by advancing understanding of the role of templates in economic and social development at the BoP as well as to research on the replication of organizational routines and templates by delineating the distinctive conditions and mechanisms that affect the development and replication of templates at the BoP.

Graham Hancock’s assertion that the Great Pyramid’s dimensions reveal knowledge of the earth’s dimensions fails to hold up to any scrutiny as a practical theory. Each step argued by Hancock; that the Great Pyramid was built to a specific scalar, that the value of the scalar can be definitively shown, that the scalar indicates precession, that the only way ancient Egyptians could estimate precession is to borrow knowledge from previously advanced and unrecognized civilizations, are filled with flaws when taken individually, let alone when strung together to complete his narrative. This paper focuses on actual provable observations and analyzes the likelihood of possible relationships between the Great Pyramid and the earth. The following are specifically demonstrated by relying on the actual measurements of the Great Pyramid and the earth: 1) The Observed relationships between the dimensions of the Great Pyramid and the earth can be completely natural. 2) 43,200 does not indicate precession. 3) 43,200 is probably not the Great Pyramid scalar if such a scalar relating the Great Pyramid to the earth even exists. 4) Alternative (including more precise) values for precession and the size of the earth can’t be demonstrated.

Also shown is that the Great Pyramid can exhibit astonishingly close approximations to π (pi) and Ø (phi, the “golden ratio”) in the absence of any purpose or even knowledge of either transcendental numbers.

Abstract

This paper has three main goals:

i. To trace the Egyptian goddess Hathor back to her origin.  The discussion which follows will show that she does not predate dynastic Egypt but rather is first mentioned in the Fourth Dynasty, during or shortly after the time of King Khufu and the Great Pyramid.

ii. To ascertain the original name and purpose for the goddess.  Her name was not spelled out in hieroglyphics initially.  Her original “name” is a symbol or icon – a square containing a falcon in profile and a small red square behind the falcon’s head, all of which is called here the “Hathor Icon.”

iii. To decipher the three elements of the Hathor Icon.  The square outline is the base or enclosure wall of a pyramid, viz., the Great Pyramid at Giza.  The falcon inside the square is the living (and deceased) pharaoh protected by the square.  And, lastly, the small red square indicates a pair of red celestial objects – Antares and Mars – rising together once each generation.

These goals are discussed in two parts.  The current Part I will provide the evidence supporting the Great Pyramid as being the model for the Hathor Icon, dealing specifically with the first two of the Hathor Icon elements – the large square and the falcon.  Part II will unravel the final piece of the Hathor Icon – the small red square – to show that what the pharaoh (living and dead) is being protected from, viz., some celestial threat, possibly Serket the Scorpion constellation (in which resides Antares) or Apep (the World Encircler and nemesis of the Sun).

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Please note that the author does not claim that this is the only purpose for the Great Pyramid, just that the purpose described here is consistent with the designs of the pyramid and the Hathor Icon.  The author also does not ascribe to the Fourth Dynasty Egyptians any level of celestial mechanics or heliocentric knowledge beyond what they could easily observe. 

A final cautionary note: Contemporary and ancient humans tend to view the stars as never-changing in their nightly rounds.  Over a period of several millennia (4.6 millennia in this case), minute shifts have slowly accumulated to the point where current astronomical assumptions are no longer viable for early dynastic Egypt.

Keywords: Hathor, Great Pyramid, Khufu, Fourth Dynasty Egypt, Archaeoastronomy 

C'est une nouvelle théorie originale (non farfelue). Cette partie décrit la construction du couloir ascendant. Elle analyse, les éléments troublants laissés par les égyptiens à l'intersection entre le couloir ascendant et la syringe. Puis montre le nouveau plan de l'architecte.
Je pense apporter une "pierre" pour comprendre la philosophie de l'architecte et la résolution de plusieurs énigmes. Mon but est de mettre en évidence les traces qu'on laisser les  égyptiens, et de donner une explication plausible. J'espère que cela ouvrira de nouvelles perspectives.

The builders of the Great Pyramid of Khufu aligned the huge monument to true north to within six minutes of arc, or one tenth of a degree.  How they managed to do that has long been debated.    In this article we will examine four prominent theories, test one, and compare and contrast the others.

I reexamined the tomb of the Queen Mother Hetepheres I, the so-called Trial Passages, the unfinished pyramid GI-x, the queen's pyramid GI-a and other features of the northern Eastern Field in relation to Khufu's Great Pyramid (GI) and hypothesized changes of  plan in the early layout of this part of the Giza Necropolis.

I provide a preliminary report on the first season of the Giza Plateau Mapping Project (GPMP), were David Goodman and I established the survey control that served subsequent seasons of archaeological work. I also report on mapping features cut into the bedrock floor a

This is a new original theory (not far-fetched). This part describes the construction of the ascending corridor. It analyzes the disturbing elements left by the Egyptians at the intersection between the ascending corridor and the descending passage. Then show the architect's new plan. I think I bring a "stone" to understand the philosophy of the architect and the resolution of several puzzles. My goal is to highlight the traces left by the Egyptians, and to give a plausible explanation. I hope this will open up new perspectives.

Poor loan repayment causes the decline and failure of some microfinance institutions. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore strategies that microfinance (MFI) leaders use to reduce loan default in the base of the pyramid market. The study population included 6 MFI leaders, 12 borrower community-based groups, and 4 staff members of the Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA Rwanda) who reduced MFI loan default in Rwanda. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with 3 MFI leaders, 3 ADRA Rwanda staff members, and 3 members of borrower groups. Data were also collected through focus groups with 3 borrower community-based groups comprising 6 to 8 members. Additional data were collected through the analysis of MFI and ADRA Rwanda organizational documents. The Varian group lending model was the conceptual framework for the study. Data analysis involved methodological triangulation and the Gadamerian hermeneutics framework of interpretation. Four major themes emerged: intrapreneurship and environmental business opportunities, favorable loan repayment conditions, strategies for choosing borrower groups, and loan use monitoring. A sustainable microfinance institution can produce social change by providing microfinance loans that clients can use to start and grow microenterprises that can become the source of income for improving the lives of clients and their family members. Findings may also be used to create economic growth through the participation of more people in economic activities in the base of the pyramid market.

Look at the Great Pyramid today and you will see something less than the ancient Egyptians saw 4,500 years ago. For one, the original white, gleaming limestone casing stones, more than 21 acres in all, are all but gone.  However, there is one thing that has been added, a mast on top. The man behind the mast was David Gill and this is his story.

The Giza pyramids plateau, or the horizon of Hor-Mageed-Don  (Armageddon), the falcon of the Mighty-God, and its three pyramids, is the most amazing architectonic museum on earth. Understanding the encoded sciences in its architectonic masterpieces, particularly the great pyramid, were, and still are, among the most challenging topics of scientific re-searches. Until today, many of the scientific research questions concerning pyramids design are unanswered. The condition that made pyramids subject to unsafe excavations that aims merely at finding the treasures of the ancient Egyptian kings and that might still unfound and located some where in secret rooms inside these pyramids. Some scholars believe that those unfound treasures might include the papyri that describe the design of pyramids and the knowledge of their ancient designers. Until today, excavations inside the Great pyramid, even with the use of modern technologies, have led to nothing but further mystifying the road to-wards understanding the design wisdom inherent in this architectonic masterpiece. Therefore, this paper decodes one of the architectonic files encoded in its architectonic design. This file is on the philosophy behind the pyramidal form, and on the astronomical cross-sectional diagram of the observed sun's motion around the earth that upon which the entrance-passage and the room-shafts in the Great pyramid are positioned and tilted. It shows as well, why some shafts are opened to the exterior and other shafts end in specific positions inside the Great pyramid.

Sustainability means many things to many people. is certainly about the environment, ecological fragility, and balance, but it is also profoundly about economic and social diversity and equity. Indeed, from a systems perspective, sustainability resides at the very intersection of the environmental, economic, and social arenas. This volume, a collection of original research on sustainability from a range of new scholars, aims to uncover the ways that a concern for sustainability at the leading edge can bring forth new attitudes and modes of thought; innovative, sustainable business enterprises; and boundary-spanning leadership. What these scholars are trying to do is to create a conversation about how a clearer understanding of sustainability can help create a new, more just global society. The chapters that follow describe, from a variety of perspectives, the sustainability values, meaning, and action that have been revealed by the empirical research of the authors. All are recent graduates of Fielding Graduate University’s PhD program in Human and Organizational Development (HOD), known throughout its 40-year history for innovative and progressive visions for humankind. This monograph builds on that tradition, while at the same time reaching to a future of increasingly disruptive technologies. Paul Stillman’s chapter on Sustainability as Organizational Culture examines the experiences of people at all levels in organizations committed to exhibiting exemplary sustainable practices. Kevin Joseph LeGrand turns our attention to the question of the influence of values and norms for activism and conservation when it comes to environmental sustainability. Karen Smith Bogart reports on the influence of the boards of directors of large U.S. public companies on corporate social responsibility (CSR), considers their involvement and impact, and identifies implications for their role. Kerul Kassel discusses the value orientations and organizational sustainability practices of the CEOs of major corporations. Steve Schein inquired into the deep sustainability leadership of corporate sustainability leaders and how their motivations may influence their behavior and capacity to lead large-scale transformational change. Jo-Anne Clarke addresses the emergence of women who are sustainability entrepreneurs and are guided by a strong set of values that place environmental and social wellbeing before materialistic growth. John Fisher makes sense of sustainability for sustainability managers and how they make meaning and take action. The final chapter by Alice MacGillivray integrates two empirical research projects she has done that were driven by the need to better understand leadership in complex, unpredictable, horizontal, boundary-spanning systems. Finally, the Afterword by Katrina Rogers, President of Fielding Graduate University, is a thoughtful analysis of the way ahead, a direction that may be fraught in many ways but that also contains the seeds of hope, as she indicates to us. The collaborative efforts and research of our authors here indicate that this hope may indeed become a reality for a world that is sorely in need of new direction.

This article contributes an empirically rich account of a social enterprise project embedded in local urban economies of Nairobi, Kenya. The confluence of rapid, unplanned urbanisation and economic liberalisation has led to growing formations of informal settlements and a vibrant informal sector across post-colonial cities. These ‘‘slum’’ neighbourhoods, housing the majority of the urban population on a fraction of the city’s land, are often ignored and marginalized by the state and municipal authorities, particularly with regards to basic service provision. At the same time, slum economies provide entry-points for various enterprise-led development schemes seeking to commercially engage both entrepreneurial individuals and their existing customer base in order to scale access to unmet needs. The discussion is based on an ethnographic study in one of Nairobi’s largest informal settlements, which focused on the everyday practices of a local micro-franchise called ‘‘Community Cleaning Services’’. The article illustrates how waste workers and self-proclaimed ‘‘hustlers’’ were turned into micro-franchisee entrepreneurs providing a sanitation service to residential customers, through their engagement with Community Cleaning Services. This ethnographic account raises two potentially contradictory but inter-related debates that are rarely considered alongside one another in the existing literature on corporate involvement in low-income markets. First, it reframes the critiques of enterprise-led initiatives to ‘‘poverty alleviation’’ by focusing on the implications of commercialising ‘‘basic’’ services and on the logistical and cultural challenges of turning social needs into market demands. Second, it emphasises the often-invisible role of grassroots informal economies in enabling access to vital services in the absence of an adequately
resourced and responsive municipality. The article concludes with a broader reflection on the effects and limitations of corporate-led development schemes targeting the urban poor and points to the
contrasting logics of grassroots entrepreneurial urbanism and corporate—albeit ‘‘socially responsible’’—parameters of success.

This article investigates the factors underpinning the competitive dynamics between multi-national corporations (MNCs) and domestic companies in base of the pyramid (BoP) markets.We analyze the case of a multi-domestic MNC, Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL), facing the competition from two small domestic companies, Nirma and CavinKare, in the low-end shampoo and detergent markets in India
respectively.
Our findings highlight a fundamental rigidity of HUL. By using institutional theory as our interpretative lens, we ascribe this rigidity to the overlap of institutional domains faced by the MNC’s subunit, at two levels: 1) the constant search for legitimacy in both the host country
domain and within the MNC, which requires the concurrent adherence to local policies and to practices institutionalized within the MNC; and, 2) the simultaneous pursuit of legitimacy in both low- and high-income markets, which requires non-consistent actions to conform to cognitively distant social groups. Building on previous work, we interpret these phenomena as manifestations of “institutional dualism.” This work advances the current understanding of strategic behavior of firms in BoP markets. Furthermore, it contributes to international business literature by providing new theoretical and empirical depth to the concept of institutional dualism, which emerges as a potential liability for MNCs competing in highly idiosyncratic foreign markets.

In this article, we derive new estimates for the size and orientation of the Great Pyramid using data compiled by Mark Lehner and David Goodman in 1984. We can fix the locations of the casing corners to within ten centimeters. The Lehner/Goodman estimates for the location of the casing’s corners proved to be remarkably close to Flinders Petrie’s estimates.

"The main point is that when one takes into account what we know about ancient Egyptian mathematics (based primarily on the Rhind Papyrus) and what we know about the system of measuring lengths in terms of "cubits," "palms," and "fingers" , everything involves  the number 7 and its multiple.

Those wishing to study the monuments at Giza may be surprised to find out that there are few readily available maps fixing the locations of its three major pyramids to an accuracy of better than a meter. In this paper, I convert Flinders Petrie’s 1880-1 data into modern coordinates and combine that data with our more recent survey data to produce a map which locates the Pyramids of Giza with sub meter accuracy. (Revision of earlier paper.)

"Lightbody, D., 2012. The Encircling Protection of Horus. Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Symposium Current Researches in Egyptology, 2011, University of Durham. Abd El Gawad, H. et al. Ed. Oxford: Oxbow: 133-140.

In this paper I outlined the most recent results of my research into the encircling protective symbolism of the shen and cartouche, and their relationship with the royal falcon, Horus and royal architecture and ritual.

In previous presentations I have focused on the incorporation of this symbolism in the architecture. This time I focus on presenting examples of material culture in which the symbolism was expressed, such as in the oval and cartouche shaped red granite sarcophagi of the Old and New Kingdoms, and in statues and other artifacts such as jars and Hs vases.

This paper is made available by the author. It can be freely exchanged and copied after May 2015. Creative commons copyright with attribution 2015 is retained thereafter.

he concept of the Base of the Pyramid and the different ways to access it has generated a lot of literature searching for answers and proposing solutions. The objective of this text is to offer a vision of the BOP evolution in the last fifteen years based on the concept that focus in two dimensions of BOP studies, a first generation with focus on consumption through the offer of products and services that better fits the needs of the BOP and a second generation based on the development of mechanisms to alleviate poverty.

Lo sviluppo della Teoria della Datazione Storica dello Zep Tepi, dimostra che il nostro passato remoto è stato caratterizzato dalla presenza di una Civiltà che si è resa protagonista della progettazione e costruzione del complesso di Giza, per trasmettere ai posteri una quantità di informazioni tecnico-scientifiche, a testimonianza del suo passaggio su questo pianeta. Essa ha comunicato il proprio grado di evoluzione, attraverso l’uso rigoroso del Sapere, testimoniando la propria esistenza con opere monumentali che - nel corso del tempo – l’uomo non è riuscito a replicare. Giza è un concentrato di tutto ciò che è scienza, intesa quale connessione tra Uomo e Natura; in essa si manifestano tutte le applicazioni che ne derivano, quali, ad esempio, l’astronomia, la geofisica, la geometria, la matematica, l’architettura.

Of all the alignments associated with the Great Pyramid, the “pyramid diagonals” are among the most precise. The Great Pyramid’s diagonals are lines drawn between the outside corners of four “sockets” that ring the pyramid. The pyramid diagonals cross at the center of the pyramid, where they form a nearly perfect right angle. How could the Egyptians have achieved such precision? One possibility is that the Egyptians, at the very outset of the project, leveled a surface around the center of what would become the pyramid and used that leveled surface as a stable platform to establish the direction of due north and to lay out the pyramid’s diagonals.

The builders of the Great Pyramid of Khufu aligned the huge monument to true north to within six minutes of arc, or one tenth of a degree.  How they managed to do that has long been debated.    In this article we will examine four prominent theories, test one, and compare and contrast the others.

La observación detallada de la estratigrafía de la meseta de Giza ha permitido confirmar nuevos datos sobre la planificación de los trabajos de construcción de las grandes
pirámides.
La confirmación que la base de las pirámides está excavada sobre el lecho rocoso calizo original de la era Terciaria, formando una pirámide de escalones perfectamente regulares, permite establecer la existencia de un núcleo construido en una primera etapa. Esta estructura cuyos escalones son de sección rectangular, cuyas bases son paralelas al plano
horizontal de la base del patio de la pirámide, y cuya altura es menor que su anchura. Desde la base hasta la cúspide, cada piràmide tiene un número diferente de escalones, que están tallados en la roca original en su parte más baja y a partir de allí hasta la parte superior están formados por bloques de caliza local, cuyo espesor coincide exactamente con la altura de cada escalón. Sobre este núcleo piramidal escalonado, se colocaron los bloques del revestimiento exterior, constituidos por caliza local, excepto en la hilera más exterior en caliza fina blanca de Turah/Mokhatam/Masara y/o granito rosa de Assuan. La forma y dimensiones de los bloques del revestimiento, especialmente los de caliza local es mucho más heterogéneo y menos ordenado que en el núcleo interno. En ambos casos, el revestimiento más exterior fue en su mayor parte transportado por el Nilo desde las canteras del lado este o bien desde Assuan, y arrastrados por rampas desde los embarcaderos situados con toda probabilidad donde hoy están los templos bajos de cada una de las pirámides.
La correlación estratigráfica a partir de macro fósiles encontrados en los bloques de caliza local empleados en la construcción de las mismas, nos permite establecer que los
bloques del revestimiento aún visibles, son más modernos y de ubicaciones más meridionales respecto a las canteras de origen, que los que hemos podido observar del núcleo de la base de las mismas, que son más antiguos y de ubicaciones más septentrionales. De la misma forma, los grandes bloques muestran una concordancia estratigràfica que coincide con su posición original en las canteres y corroboran ese transporte por arrastre. Por otro lado los bloques menores del revestimiento muestran en algunos casos, posiciones no concordantes e invertidas respecto a la posición original en cantera, y podria indicar un rodamiento además de por arrastre.
La descripción de muescas rectangulares en las aristas externas de los escalones del núcleo, alineadas verticalmente, cual apoyos verticales para andamios de madera usados
como escaleras de acceso y/o rampas de ascenso o descenso de bloques, corroboran la existencia de un gran lapso de tiempo entre las dos etapas de construcción.
Según los esquemas confeccionados por Dieter Arnold entre 1999 y 2004, la estructura de la pirámide de Queops encaja dentro del Tipo 2, mientras que la de la pirámide de Quefrén, encaja parcialmente con el tipo 2, pero donde los bloques del revestimiento tienen un grosor menor al del escalón que define el núcleo, siendo necesarios dos o tres hileras de bloques en altura para rellenar cada uno de los escalones, y por tanto le hemos atribuido una variante llamada 2-A.

Flinders Petrie has been called “the Father of Egyptian
Archaeology." His 1880–'81 survey of the Giza Plateau
and its pyramids was a watershed. Without doubt, he left his
mark on archaeology. As it turns out, at Giza he left his marks
literally as well. These were his “stations,” the markers in his
survey network. They can still be found, if you know where to
look, and they are still important. In this paper I identify where they
are, and what they should look like.

While the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) strongly recognizes the full potential and contributions of women, reports show that women continue to face many barriers to full and productive participation in various sectors and industries, making their economic empowerment and their grater inclusion in the regional economy high in APEC’s agenda.

Against this backdrop, the Inclusive Business (IB) is a profitable core business model from the private sector that seeks to contribute to poverty alleviation including lower-income communities within its value chain and incorporating the poor, who are otherwise known as people at the base of the pyramid (BoP) as suppliers, consumers, distributors, employees, or customers in an innovative and systematic way.
However, since the ADB (2016) has declared that little is still known on how involving women in IB models may affect companies and the poverty experienced by women, the Philippines’ Department of Trade and Industry led the conceptualization and implementation of the project entitled “APEC Women as Prime Movers of Inclusive Business”, which looked into the broader aspect of both theory and practice, and its effects on women’s economic empowerment.

Through the use of a survey, documentary reviews, and seminar-workshop presentations to compile success stories and best endeavors of APEC-member economies, the project sought to describe the participation of women within inclusive businesses, their access to resources, opportunities, benefits and gains, and capacity building-education, training and information; leadership, voice and visibility; and innovation and technology. It also identified the challenges and constraints confronting women in inclusive business and women at the Base of the Pyramid (BoP), identified Inclusive Business Models (IBMs), and the enabling conditions for sustainability.

On the strength of the findings, the following recommendations were placed forward:

1. Women in Inclusive Business must take advantage of the strong access to resources, active governance mechanisms,  strong enabling conditions provided them within their organizations to further enhance their competencies for business and their capacity to contribute to the improvement of humanity;

2. Women in Inclusive Business should take the lead in creating and implementing in-house programs that will prepare, train and integrate women at the Base of the Pyramid in business organization’s value chains. When such programs are operationalized, these would at least alleviate the effects of the strong constraints/challenges faced by the  women in BoP, and provide them the window of opportunity to expand their livelihood and engaged in sustainable enterprise;

3. All institutions, especially the government, which have the mandate, products, and services which may provide support to Women in Inclusive Business must purposively expand their support, as they are expected to very strongly contribute to the creation of the various aspects of the enabling conditions for the sustainability of Inclusive Business; and

4. APEC to champion the agenda of women in Inclusive Business through data-sharing and large scale information campaign/dissemination that would promote gender-responsive Inclusive Business models. Furthermore, APEC economies shall work together in improving the business environment by attracting more women to go into entrepreneurship; enabling institutions to integrate IBs; creating incentives for women in IBs; and developing training programs and legal information support that would encourage women to participate in IBs.