Bio Fuels

This research investigated the comparative studies of diesel fuel properties with renewable diesel and recycled diesel. Nowadays the disposal of used engine oil and used cooking oil are major problem due to the ecological pollution. Both are discarded into the ground or landfills which neither protects the environment nor conserves it resource value. Recycling of used motor oil and used cooking oil can produce more valuable products which can be reuse again without any pollution. The main objective of this research is to focuses the development of an alternative method that is ecofriendly and produces good quality renewable fuels and to compare the properties of diesel fuel with renewable diesels like Bio diesel and recycled diesel. In this study the method used to re-refining used motor oil is acid treatment, vacuum distillation followed by activated charcoal treatment. By using trans-esterification process we can change the used cooking oil as a fuel called Biodiesel. After the effective preparation of the diesel fuel samples from the above methods it’s blended with fresh diesel called Blended diesel. This paper gives a brief review about the properties of all the diesels derived from used engine oil, used cooking oil and blended diesels were analyzed and compared with the fresh diesel properties.

District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, prolonging the investment return period. The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. Abstract The concept of energy from waste is getting popular nowadays across the globe, as being capable of producing multi fuels and value-added products from different fractions of municipal solid waste (MSW). The energy recovery technologies under this concept are anaerobic digestion (AD), pyrolysis, transesterification, refuse derived fuel (RDF) and incineration. This concept is very relevant to implementation in countries like Saudi Arabia, who wants to cut their dependence on oil. Moreover, the waste to energy becomes the imperative need of the time because of new governmental policy 'Vision 2030' that firmly said to produce renewable energy from indigenous sources of waste, wind and solar and due to given situations of Hajj and Umrah with massive amounts of waste generation in a short period. This study focused on two waste to energy technologies, AD and pyrolysis for food (40% of MSW) and plastic (20% of MSW) waste streams respectively. The energy potential of 1409.63 and 5619.80 TJ can be produced if all of the food and plastic waste of the Madinah city are processed through AD and pyrolysis respectively. This is equivalent to 15.64 and 58.81 MW from biogas and pyrolytic oil respectively or total 74.45 MW of continuous electricity supply in Madinah city throughout the whole year. It has been estimated that the development of AD and pyrolysis technologies will also benefit the economy with net savings of around US $63.51 and US $53.45 million respectively, totaling to an annual benefit of US $116.96 million. Therefore, in Saudi Arabia and particularly in Holiest cities of Makkah and Madinah the benefits of waste to energy are several, including the development of renewable-energy, solving MSW problems, new businesses, and job creation and improving environmental and public health. Abstract The concept of energy from waste is getting popular nowadays across the globe, as being capable of producing multi fuels and value-added products from different fractions of municipal solid waste (MSW). The energy recovery technologies under this concept are anaerobic digestion (AD), pyrolysis, transesterification, refuse derived fuel (RDF) and incineration. This concept is very relevant to implementation in countries like Saudi Arabia, who wants to cut their dependence on oil. Moreover, the waste to energy becomes the imperative need of the time because of new governmental policy 'Vision 2030' that firmly said to produce renewable energy from indigenous sources of waste, wind and solar and due to given situations of Hajj and Umrah with massive amounts of waste generation in a short period. This study focused on two waste to energy technologies, AD and pyrolysis for food (40% of MSW) and plastic (20% of MSW) waste streams respectively. The energy potential of 1409.63 and 5619.80 TJ can be produced if all of the food and plastic waste of the Madinah city are processed through AD and pyrolysis respectively. This is equivalent to 15.64 and 58.81 MW from biogas and pyrolytic oil respectively or total 74.45 MW of continuous electricity supply in Madinah city throughout the whole year. It has been estimated that the development of AD and pyrolysis technologies will also benefit the economy with net savings of around US $63.51 and US $53.45 million respectively, totaling to an annual benefit of US $116.96 million. Therefore, in Saudi Arabia and particularly in Holiest cities of Makkah and Madinah the benefits of waste to energy are several, including the development of renewable-energy, solving MSW problems, new businesses, and job creation and improving environmental and public health.

Abstract: In a bid to promote renewable energy and control of dam pollution, algae, a plant notorious for growing in waste water dams was used to produce algae oil. Algae plantswere collected from the dam and algae oil was extracted using the Soxhlet procedure. Hexane was used as the solvent. A conversion rate of 14 % was obtained for an extraction time of 6 hrs. This algae oil will then be trans-esterified to produce a bio fuel. The bio fuel can be used as an alternative to petrochemical fuel and is sulfur free. Moreover, it is proven to be the cleanest fuel for combustion systems.

Bioethanol-gasoline blends represent for Otto-cycle engines a consolidated alternative in the attempts to reduce GHG emissions and to limit the use of fossil fuels. However, the use of alternative fuels can strongly influence the performance of engines.
The purpose of this study is to analyse the output and the pollutant emissions of a four-stroke SI engine fuelled with 0%, 50% and 80% bioethanol-gasoline blends. Tests were performed on a 3-kW engine used in broad applications. No specific modifications were applied to the carburetion system in order to evaluate its fuel flexibility capabilities.
The tests evidenced that the mixture tends to get lean with alcoholic fuels; the brake specific fuel consumption increased due to the lower LHV of bioethanol, while the highest brake thermal efficiency was obtained with E50. Minor torque and power reductions were recorded with the ethanol blends. The concentration of UHC decreased with E50 and E80 while NOx emissions reduced because of the lower combustion temperature due to the bioethanol cooling effect and the leaner mixture. In contrast, the concentration of CO increased because a poor homogenization of the charge and a lower combustion temperature had facilitated the formation of partial oxidation products.

Phycoremediation or microalgae cultivation using sewage with industrial flue gases is a promising concept for integrated nutrient removal and sequestration respectively with subsequent biomass generation in order to control environmental pollution. In the present study sewage wastewater (SWW) and industrial flue gas was supplied in batch and continuous mode for cultivation of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. Chlorella vulgaris was very effective in reduction of chemical concentrations (COD, NO 3, SO 4 , and PO 4) in SWW along with flue gas (CO 2, NOx and SOx). COD removal was achieved up to 78% in batch mode and 42% in continuous mode. The other nutrients from the sewage wastewater were removed up to 75% whereas, with continuous mode 55%. Concerning the flue gas treatment studies, Chlorella vulgaris removed CO 2 up to 64% in batch mode and when grown in continuous mode it was up to 72%. The SOx and NOx concentrations were reduced up to 62% and 63% respectively in batch mode and the removal efficiencies of the same were 59% and 55% in continuous mode. Both batch and continuous mode showed the maximum biomass productivity in hetero and mixotrophic cultivations. While average biomass productivity in mixotrophic continuous mode was higher as 1.0 g/L. Fourier infrared spectroscopy examination of algal biomass revealed the presence of eOH, eCOOH, NH2, and ¼ O organic compound groups. It was concluded from the results that C. vulgaris was very effective in the treatment of SWW and industrial flue gas on the other hand the biomass obtained is a sustainable green energy source.

6
th International Conference on Trends in Mechanical Engineering (MECE 2022) will
provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory,
methodology and applications impacts and challenges of Mechanical Engineering. The
conference documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution
for the development of Mechanical Engineering

High production of biodiesel results in a surplus of glycerol as a byproduct that leads to a drastic decline in the glycerol price as well as overall biodiesel production. Alternative methods must be introduced for the economical process for biodiesel production via utilization of crude glycerol into valuable chemicals or fuel additives. This study introduces an ecofriendly process of solketal synthesis from glycerol and acetone in the presence of a novel metakaolin clay catalyst, which is a useful additive in biodiesel or gasoline, in order to enhance the octane number and to control the emissions. Moreover, kaolin clay catalysts are low cost, abundantly available, eco-friendly and one of the more promising applications for solketal synthesis. In this study, raw kaolin clay was activated with an easy acid activation technique, modification in physicochemical and textural properties were determined by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope. Among all acid-treated catalysts, metakaolin K3 have shown best catalytic properties, high surface area and pore size after acid activation with 3.0 mol/dm3 at 98 °C for 3 h. Acetalization of glycerol with acetone carried out in the presence of an environmentally friendly and inexpensive novel metakaolin K3 catalyst. The maximum yield of solketal obtained was 84% at a temperature of 50 °C, acetone/glycerol molar ratio 6/1 and for 90 min with novel metakaolin clay catalyst. Effect of various parameters (time, temperature, acetone/glycerol molar ratio, catalyst loading) on the solketal yield and glycerol conversion was discussed in detail. This approach offers an effective way to transform glycerol into solketal—a desirable green chemical with future industrial applications.

Introduction of water into diesel/biodiesel could be an answer to simultaneous reduction of NOX and PM, with increased combustion efficiency. Micro explosion phenomenon plays a vital role in influencing the combustion and emission characteristics of the emulsion, which is explained in detail. The stability of water in oil emulsions is better explained by surfactant concentration, HLB of the surfactant, water concentration in the emulsion which are discussed in this paper. This review paper collects and discusses the recent advances in water in diesel and water in biodiesel emulsion fuel studies and their impact on the performance and emission of diesel engines.

This paper aims to determine the waste-to-energy (WTE) and recycling value of municipal solid waste (MSW) for developing an integrated solid waste management (ISWM) system for Lahore, the second largest city in Pakistan. The overall generated waste in Lahore contains 58% organic waste, 25% recyclables, and 17% others. The recyclable materials including glass, paper, and plastic are generating US$ 15.3 million per year mostly by informal sector. An estimated production of 0.45 m3 CH4/kg volatile solids with total energy value of 8747.3 TJ or 2.43 TWh can be achieved if the total organic waste stream (0.57 million ton/year) dumped at Saggian landfill site is processed using anaerobic digestion technology. The estimated refused derived fuel (RDF) value for MSW, excluding metals, glass, and other inorganic waste is about 7.71 MJ/kg with total energy potential of 6191.13 TJ or 1.72 TWh/year. The presence of high volatile organic carbon and fixed carbon in textile and paper-related waste ...

This paper provides an overview of current evidence on the nature and magnitude of the access challenge in developing countries, of the policy options available to governments seeking to improve service access by the poor, and of the institutional drivers that shape both feasible policy options and policy effectiveness. Part A summarizes available information on access to infrastructure services by low-income households and communities. Part B focuses on the key levers for policymakers to address the access challenge, looking at the roles of reforms to ownership, market structure, pricing policies, and subsidy and regulatory systems. Part C outlines how policy approaches might be adjusted to different institutional environments. Part D offers some concluding observations on implementation strategy.