Brain Circulation

International migration is a historical phenomenon, which only recently has gained increasing importance, representing a focal point on the political agenda in most countries. One of the reasons is the deep transformation occurring in last decades, both at global and local level, of the role played by its protagonists that are turning to be transnational agents. This is especially true for the skilled professionals, who migrate internationally. As a matter of fact, international human capital mobility is now regarded as “brain circulation” rather than “brain drain”: this new concept concerns individuals who maintain frequent and continued social, economic and political ties with their country of origin, exceeding thereby the territorial and cultural boundaries. In this scenario, China is one of the main sending countries of highly-skilled migrants, through which it can built economic and academic relations with other economic and technological advanced countries. Recently, Chinese policy makers have started to consider the brain drain phenomenon as an opportunity for the transmission of business and technological know-how, as well as tacit knowledge that is hard to find through official channels. This article intends to contribute to the scientific debate on the subject, highlighting the international relevance of the so-called Overseas Chinese Professionals (OCPs), investigating their spatial distribution and features. Besides, the paper will examine the emerging returning flow and the challenge that the country will have to cope with in the next future to impose itself as a innovative leading economy

Science policies emphasizing the advanced qualification of human resources, together with democratizing access to science and internationalizing the science base, are shown to help
build the conditions needed to drive brain gain over time.
Exploring a new set of data for the period 1970–2010 in Portugal, this paper focuses on the analysis of flows of doctorates, with the ultimate goal of helping to promote the absorptive capacity that emerging regions and countries worldwide need to acquire to learn how to use science for economic and social development. It shows a notable process of brain gain by the end of this period and, above all, it provides a dynamic approach to the cumulative process of building knowledge-based societies. The results show the need to consider the co-evolution of brain gain, brain drain and brain circulation over time and space. In addition, they suggest the
importance of certain major counter-intuitive policy instruments to facilitate the co-evolution of human capital formation and research capacity building. In the case of Portugal, these instruments have included a centralized program of research grants, research careers independent of traditional
academic career tracks, and a diversified system of funding research units and institutions based on research assessments through international peer reviews.

People suffering from migraines, sleep apnea, glaucoma, memory loss, stroke, ADHD, and even impotence may benefit from new sleep research, which has discovered how sleep position impacts brain and head circulation, and can create many problems whose cause is considered unknown by medicine, which has been ignoring sleep position in brain disease research and treatment.

The issue has to do with the effect of gravity on the body, which is different when standing versus lying down. Medicine has ignored this effect, which is essential for understanding diseases of the brain.

The answer to many health problems may all be in our bed.

Return migration has been an important topic in Nigeria as the country has a very large and highly skilled diaspora spread out worldwide with particular concentrations in the United Kingdom and the USA. There has been particular interest in finding a way for Nigeria to capitalize on the human capital deposited in its diaspora in such a way that might aid development at home. At the same time theories about the global competition for talent have put forward the idea that creativity must be considered in governmental policy at all levels if a country/town/region wants to attract skilled workers that will boost the economy there. This study will explore the link between creative city planning in Lagos and return migration to Nigeria by examining how government policies and private initiatives are contributing to the attractiveness of Lagos and Nigeria to creative and talented people in its diaspora. The outcomes of this study suggest that many of these government and private initiatives have contributed positively to return migration and brain circulation in Nigeria. However further research is recommended to determine the exact extent to which this is the case.

For a long time, one of my dreams was to describe the nature of uncertainty axiomatically, and it looks like I've finally done it in my co∼eventum mechanics! Now it remains for me to explain to everyone the co∼eventum mechanics in the most approachable way. This is what I'm trying to do in this work. The co∼eventum mechanics is another name for the co∼event theory, i.e., for the theory of experience and chance which I axiomatized in 2016 [1, 2]. In my opinion, this name best reflects the co∼event-based idea of the new dual theory of uncertainty, which combines the probability theory as a theory of chance, with its dual half, the believability theory as a theory of experience. In addition, I like this new name indicates a direct connection between the co∼event theory and quantum mechanics, which is intended for the physical explanation and description of the conict between quantum observers and quantum observations [4]. Since my theory of uncertainty satises the Kolmogorov axioms of probability theory, to explain this co∼eventum mechanics I will use a way analogous to the already tested one, which explains the theory of probability as a theory of chance describing the results of a random experiment. The simplest example of a random experiment in probability theory is the " tossing a coin ". Therefore, I decided to use this the simplest random experiment itself, as well as the two its analogies: the " "flipping a coin " and the " spinning a coin " to explain the co∼eventum mechanics, which describes the results of a combined experienced random experiment. I would like to resort to the usual for the probability theory " coin-based " analogy to explain (and first of all for myself) the logic of the co∼eventum mechanics as a logic of experience and chance. Of course, this analogy one may seem strange if not crazy. But I did not come up with a better way of tying the explanations of the logic of the co∼eventum mechanics to the coin-based explanations that are commonly used in probability theory to explain at least for myself the logic of the chance through a simple visual " coin-based " model that clarifies what occurs as a result of a combined experienced random experiment in which the experience of observer faces the chance of observation. I hope this analogy can be useful not only for me in understanding the co∼eventum mechanics.

A detailed account of the theory of consciousness has been presented that firstly examines the 3D Earth mainstream science theories of consciousness based upon the notion that consciousness is created in, and is process by, the brain. It is elucidated that these theories lack adequacy in describing the phenomenon of consciousness mainly due to the fact they neither explain the phenomenon of consciousness being associated with a unified individuated entity that is commonly referred to as the ‘Self’ or ‘Soul,’ nor the fact of Principle of Free Will and Sovereignty, the most fundamental aspect or Right of our existence, equally holding us to the doctrine of self-responsibility and self-accountability by which we are judged and viewed within our human society. And, although other desperate attempts have been made, for example, by concocting the concept of “microtubules” as very minutes protein structures found in all cells being responsible for our conscious awareness, conducting thoughts, or in other words, the ‘Soul’ or the ‘Self,' yet, the fact remains that such protein structures are first of all found all over the body and even in in simple single celled organisms such as amoeba, as well as the fact that such a theory still fails to answer the fundamental question of how subjective experiences and thought processes arise, particularly that it is clinically observed that drugs that can damage the structure of “microtubules” have no effect on consciousness. Thus, non of the brains-based theories or the theory based upon “microtubules” can explain the concept of Self or Soul. The author has previously explored the theory of consciousness with reference to quantum mechanics with the overall conclusion that  consciousness is a non-local phenomenon that originates from what is commonly referred to as the God-SOURCE, an Omnipotent, Omniscient, Omnipresent source that epitomizes a gigantic fountain or reservoir composed of infinite frequential energy that initially exists as a giant Scalar or Stationary wave capable of vibrating longitudinally withing the positive and negative infinity of time, a phenomenon that is commonly referred to as the NOW moment, disseminating ITS quanta of energy into what is initially a Void or Abyss, transforming it to a well ORDERED edifice of may be referred to as 356 DISCRETE space-time dimensions that form ITS body as the absolute macrocosm and what the author refers to as the Neural Network of God. Accordingly, without redundant duplication of what was presented in the aforementioned previous works in which the author concludes consciousness observation is what gives rise to ‘manifestation,’ by virtue of what quantum mechanics views as collapse of a ‘wave function’ when “measurement” is conducted, the author herein reaffirms that our consciousness is a ‘local’ quantum phenomenon that emanates from the said non-local SOURCE, which epitomizes ITS self-similar fractilized holographic aspect, giving rise to the concept of a ‘local’ soul, essentially being an offspring of the God-SOURCE, in which through the dissemination of ITS quanta of energy as to create us, breaks down the perpetual NOW moment into DISCRETE intervals of time represented as (bidirectional) vectors connecting us (and our Twin Soul) to God, about which our (or God’s) local quanta of energy divided into two parts, sequentially torsionally vibrate in time, simultaneously spinning in a counterclockwise-clockwise and clockwise-counterclockwise (our Twin) manner, simultaneously and symbiotically, fulfilling what the author has introduced as the ‘Dualism Principle of Creation.’ Finally, this paper concentrates on the overall or the Cosmic aspect of the phenomenon of consciousness, deferring further details with regard to the details of our nature of quantum consciousness or what the author also refers to as sentient vibration about the Neural Network of God, in companion paper(s).

Published on 27 Sep 2014 
http://youtu.be/Z9zWUZB7hAQ
We invited our listeners to take the inclined bed therapy challenge 3 months ago after Andrew’s first interview. What were the results? Listen to this interview to find out and please consider leaving your own comments in the ‘comment section’ below.
on One Radio Network: http://oneradionetwork.com/health/and...
http://inclinedbedtherapy.com
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http://youtu.be/Z9zWUZB7hAQ
Good science is repeatable and predictable. Patrick Timpone, during his radio show, while interviewing Andrew K Fletcher about his discovery in circulation and Inclined Bed Therapy, asked his listeners to put Andrew's theory to the test. He then invited him back to give another interview and to listen to what has changed for people who decided to test IBT for themselves.

Andrew made predictions about neurological conditions improving, along with varicose veins, spine problems, snoring, sleep problems, night time urination and much more.

The second interview explains much more about IBT and in it Andrew states that no babies should be placed horizontal in a flat cot / crib and that he had been told that his discovery in circulation had solved Sudden Infant Death Syndrome by The Former Foundation For The Study Of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, who were the main advocates of the Back to Sleep Campaign. The person that said this was Dr S. Chantler, who was the senior research advisor to the charity. The charity has since changed it's name to the Lullaby Trust. He adds that they did nothing to investigate his findings?

He also discusses a recent trial / study conducted independently into diabetes, which has shown that blood sugar can be reduced simply by raising the head end of the bed 6 inches / 15cm.

What does lying down in bed for about 1/3 of your life do to your body and brain?  Are your sleep habits making you sick?  We show how common sleep positions can cause migraines, glaucoma, stroke, sleep apnea, sinus congestion, ear infections, facial distortion, and many other problems, which are reversible by changing the way you sleep.

Beyinde hem interstisyel hem de hücre dışı sıvının drenajındaki beynin yolları hakkında bilgiler içerir. Beyin ödemi, kafa travması, nöropati, Alzeihmer, drenajın hastalıklarla yakın ilişkisini içeren bir derlemedir. ( It includes information about the pathways of the brain in the drainage of both interstitial and extracelular fluid. Brain edema, head trauma, neuropathy, Alzeihmer is a review that includes the close relationship of drainage with diseases.)

The aim of this study is to provide quantitative and qualitative evidence on the territorial patterns of employment dynamics within European countries and regions, highlighting the key trends and main drivers (territorial conditions and policy factors) of location preferences, with focus on the links between Knowledge Economies, new patterns of (high skilled youth) migration flows within and between countries and their effects on socio-spatial disparities. We consider this relationship to be a crucial underpinning of Cohesion Policies (CP) within the EU.
A multidisciplinary research approach was adopted, combining sociological and policy analysis approaches, with statistical and econometric modelling and data analysis, and spatial analysis and geographic information system (GIS) modelling. The statistical and spatial analysis of inter-regional and international EU migration and trends in skills distribution and industrial structure was complemented with a qualitative scenario analysis and six in depth regional case studies.

New evidence supports the idea that consciousness may be operating through an optical network system using biophotons, light “packets” emitted by living cells, a phenomenon that was first  discovered in 1923. It is quite feasible that these biophotons themselves are modulated in some fashion with information transferred from within the DNA configuration.

The article collates and presents a wide range of data on the international circulation of doctoral students and researchers belonging to the Brazilian historiographical community funded by the Brazilian Federal Agency for the Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education, through doctoral grants with international internship and post-doctoral grants. It analyzes the annual records of scholarships awarded from 1998 to 2017, observing how they changed over time and the annual percentage of scholarship holders abroad. It compares the total number of scholarships in History and in other disciplines. Lastly, it lists the main countries and institutions where these individuals studied. It notes that this discipline follows the same path as Brazilian science abroad.

Дисертація присвячена дослідженню актуальної проблеми фізіології – індивідуальним особливостям змін центральної та церебральної гемодинаміки, варіабельності серцевого ритму при гіпокапнії гіпервентиляції. У дисертаційній роботі доведено, що дихання з частотою 30 циклів за хвилину упродовж 10 хвилин приводить до суттєвого зниження рівня карбон (ІV) оксиду в альвеолярному повітрі у середньому з 40,12±0,361 мм рт. ст. до 18,59±0,542 мм рт. ст. з відсутністю повного відновлення упродовж 40 хвилин. Реактивність PetCO2 при впливі та у період відновлення мала широкий розкид індивідуальних проявів. Останні обумовлені фоновим рівнем даного показника, який є індивідуально-типологічною характеристикою організму людини.
Під час 10-хвилинної гіпервентиляції з частотою 30 циклів за хвилину спостерігається зменшення тривалості R-R інтервалів та загального периферичного опору судин, збільшення серцевого індексу. У період відновлення значущим було тільки подовження тривалості R-R інтервалів максимально на 20-й хвилині. Доведено, що ваготоніки, нормотоніки, а також чоловіки із середнім вихідним рівнем PetCO2 відзначаються ефективнішими змінами гемодинаміки, так як під дією гіпокапнії серцевий викид зростав в меншій мірі за рахунок збільшення частоти серцевих скорочень на фоні сталого рівня ударного індексу поряд зі зменшенням індексу напруження міокарду. Встановлено, що вищий фоновий рівень PetCO2 серед обстежених осіб мають ваготоніки. Реактивність гемодинаміки залежала від вихідного рівня напруження карбон (IV) оксиду в альвеолярному повітрі: у чоловіків із середнім та високим його рівнем реактивність вища, ніж у представників групи з низьким фоновим PetCO2.
При гіпервентиляції показники часового аналізу та потужності спектру тривалості R-R інтервалів вірогідно знижуються. Через 40 хвилин відновлення спостерігали вищі їх значення у порівнянні з фоном. У чоловіків із високим та середнім вихідним рівнем PetCO2 як у стані спокою, так і при гіпокапнії відмічено вищі значення варіативності серцевого ритму порівняно з особами із низьким його рівнем. Досліджено, що ваготоніки характеризуються найбільшою варіативністю реакцій під час гіпокапнії та найменшим напруженням регуляторних систем.
Під впливом гіпокапнії дихання спостерігали збільшення тонусу артеріальних судин та зменшення кровонаповнення басейну сонної артерії головного мозку. Ці реакції мали суттєві між індивідуальні відмінності. Особи з високим вихідним рівнем PetCO2, а також нормотоніки та ваготоніків під час гіпокапнії мають вищий рівень кровонаповнення та нижчий тонус церебральних судин.
Проведене дослідження не вичерпує всіх аспектів розглянутої проблеми та розкриває нові можливості для її вивчення. Перспективи подальшого дослідження впливу гіпокапнії на стан серцево-судинної системи вбачаються у з’ясуванні генетичних механізмів отриманих закономірностей.

Background
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) are increasingly recognised as global health priorities in view of the preventability of most injuries and the complex and expensive medical care they necessitate. We aimed to measure the incidence, prevalence, and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for TBI and SCI from all causes of injury in every country, to describe how these measures have changed between 1990 and 2016, and to estimate the proportion of TBI and SCI cases caused by different types of injury.
Methods
We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016 to measure the global, regional, and national burden of TBI and SCI by age and sex. We measured the incidence and prevalence of all causes of injury requiring medical care in inpatient and outpatient records, literature studies, and survey data. By use of clinical record data, we estimated the proportion of each cause of injury that required medical care that would result in TBI or SCI being considered as the nature of injury. We used literature studies to establish standardised mortality ratios and applied differential equations to convert incidence to prevalence of long-term disability. Finally, we applied GBD disability weights to calculate YLDs. We used a Bayesian meta-regression tool for epidemiological modelling, used cause-specific mortality rates for non-fatal estimation, and adjusted our results for disability experienced with comorbid conditions. We also analysed results on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index, a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility.
Findings
In 2016, there were 27·08 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24·30–30·30 million) new cases of TBI and 0·93 million (0·78–1·16 million) new cases of SCI, with age-standardised incidence rates of 369 (331–412) per 100 000 population for TBI and 13 (11–16) per 100 000 for SCI. In 2016, the number of prevalent cases of TBI was 55·50 million (53·40–57·62 million) and of SCI was 27·04 million (24·98–30·15 million). From 1990 to 2016, the age-standardised prevalence of TBI increased by 8·4% (95% UI 7·7 to 9·2), whereas that of SCI did not change significantly (−0·2% [–2·1 to 2·7]). Age-standardised incidence rates increased by 3·6% (1·8 to 5·5) for TBI, but did not change significantly for SCI (−3·6% [–7·4 to 4·0]). TBI caused 8·1 million (95% UI 6·0–10·4 million) YLDs and SCI caused 9·5 million (6·7–12·4 million) YLDs in 2016, corresponding to age-standardised rates of 111 (82–141) per 100 000 for TBI and 130 (90–170) per 100 000 for SCI. Falls and road injuries were the leading causes of new cases of TBI and SCI in most regions.
Interpretation
TBI and SCI constitute a considerable portion of the global injury burden and are caused primarily by falls and road injuries. The increase in incidence of TBI over time might continue in view of increases in population density, population ageing, and increasing use of motor vehicles, motorcycles, and bicycles. The number of individuals living with SCI is expected to increase in view of population growth, which is concerning because of the specialised care that people with SCI can require. Our study was limited by data sparsity in some regions, and it will be important to invest greater resources in collection of data for TBI and SCI to improve the accuracy of future assessments.

El objetivo general de este libro es analizar las tendencias contemporáneas de la emigración de recursos humanos calificados con origen en países de ALC. Específicamente interesa identificar los países y regiones de ALC más afectados por la migración calificada en los últimos años. Además pretende suministrar evidencia útil para el debate académico reciente que rediscute el tradicional concepto de fuga de cerebros (brain drain) y analiza el concepto de desperdicio formativo (brain waste), reflejado en el desaprovechamiento de las capacidades de los migrantes, proceso que se presenta cuando se desempeñan en ocupaciones cuyos requerimientos de calificación se encuentran por debajo de su nivel educativo.

The purpose of the essay is to outline the situation in Sardinia in terms of unemployment and emigration of young people.
The time bound framed in the research is 2004 – 2017. The 2004 has been the starting year of “Master and Back”, a program financed by the Sardinian Regional Government and the European Social Fund. The program had two phases: the first concerned  postgraduate’s studies, internships or PHDs in prestigious universities abroad or outside the Island for the regional residents; the second stage was back in Sardinia where the students had the possibility to apply their competences in the local enterprises (which benefited as well from a financial contribution).
However has been claimed that this program has fostered the Brain Drain phenomena. According to the available data around the 55% of its beneficiaries has done just the first phase, finding difficult to match the new knowledge acquired with the local economic environment. The mismatch along with the progressive ageing of the population and the lack of a developed industrial sector makes even more difficult for youths to stay in Sardinia.
The paper inquiries into a bigger prospective including the South of Italy and the South of Europe, presenting other cases in which local government have invested regional or European funds in the human capital aiming to stem youth unemployment and emigration. Furthermore has been observed that Sardinia and other southern regions of Europe have in common some economic and social dynamics that has not been tackled by the European and Italian political reforms.
The study is far beyond from being comprehensive of the overall problem. Statistics and both economical and sociological analysis have been particularly useful to understand the situation; however, it is not possible to have all the data required.
Certainly, Sardinian is facing the brain drain and youth unemployment to a large-scale level. The numbers do not include all those citizens actually living abroad or in the Italian peninsula, or those beneficiaries of the Master and Back who had the possibility to come back to Sardinia, but were forced to leave once the public livelihood was over.
A large number of high qualified and high skilled young people are using their knowledge to increase the wellbeing of other economies.

This study is devoted to the ways and means to justify a ‘more’ cosmopolitan realization of certain policy implications, in the case of immigration. The raison d’être of this study is the idea that the contemporary debate over open borders suffers from indeterminate discussions on whether liberal states are entitled to restrict immigration. On the other hand, most of the liberal cosmopolitan accounts neglect the detrimental consequences of their open borders argument – which take it as a means to compensate people in need –, such as brain drain and the effects of brain drain on the opportunity sets of members of sending countries. Therefore I offer a moral cosmopolitan account of immigration which takes the interests of would-be immigrants, the residents in receiving, along with the residents in sending countries in respect to their opportunity sets because of the way arbitrary border control represents the inequality of opportunity. I do not provide a well-formed immigration policy here, yet I believe the account provided here is more feasible in considering phenomena such as brain drain.

Highly skilled labor migration (HSLM) from Turkey cannot be easily isolatedfrom its historical background and the shifting patterns of interdependence inthe world system. As in any other sending country study, there are a number of specific topics, stemming from certain particular historical and social factors,that need further interpretation. For this article, I suggest that the historicalbackground of HSLM from Turkey can be divided into three phases: (i) ex-perimental phase (1830s–1950s), (ii) initial phase (1950s–1980s), and (iii) de-velopmentalphase (1990s–2000s). In light of this background, Iwill concentrateon the qualitative and quantitative significance of the HSLM relationship be-tween Turkey and Germany.

Sunata, Ulas. (2011). “Background of Highly Skilled Labor Migration from Turkey to Germany,” eds. Ozil, S., Hofmann, M., and Dayioglu-Yücel, Y. Türkisch-deutscher Kulturkontakt und Kulturtransfer:Kontroversen und Lernprozesse. Göttingen: V&R unipress.

הקדמה: מסמך מן הגנזך האישי והמאובק -- מכתב תמיכה במאבק הסגל הזוטר שכתבתי אי אז.
בזמנו העדפתי לכתוב אותו בעילום שם וכנראה בצדק שכן הוא זכה לתגובות כועסות מצד הטוקבקיסטים (ותודה מיוחדת לטוקבקיסט שהכתירני בתואר פוץ שעדיף שיישאר בסטנפורד).
ותיקון טעות חשוב: בהומאז' שלי לסרט מבצע סבתא אכן הייתי צריך לכתוב "מוטי בננה" ולא "איציק בננה" ולכל קוראי סליחה ומחילה. על כל הדברים האחרים אני לא מתחרט: אני עדיין סבור שהאקדמיה הישראלית מתחלקת בין אלה הנאבקים בבריחת הסידן לבין אלה הנאבקים בבריחת המוחות, וגם מקווה שאיכשהו מאבקים להעסקה הוגנת ולא סיסמאות עקרות מתוכן של ביבי נתניהו יעזרו לבנות עתיד טוב יותר (כבר התייאשתי מרעיון הגשר שיחזיר אותי הביתה).
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התפרסם בnrg מעריב http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/068/114.html

The emigration of professionals from Greece is a phenomenon that predates the current crisis. It is historically attributed to the low demand for highly skilled work in the Greek labour market and to related structural malfunctions of the Greek productive model of the past decades. Yet it is during the past few years that it has acquired alarming dimensions. In this chapter we explore the magnitude, dynamics and impacts of the phenomenon at times of crisis, recession and austerity. We further provide evidence on the aspirations and experiences of the emigrants themselves based on which we propose policies that could be implemented to alleviate its negative consequences.

Con la presencia y profundización del capital transnacional en Argentina, la transnacionalización de los recursos humanos se hace presente en un determinado grupo de sujetos que posee ciertas competencias, experiencia y conocimiento. Esta élite managerial, representa a verdaderos asalariados de confianza que acuerdan trayectorias globales a cambio de un desarrollo de carrera futuro. En este sentido, la inclusión de nuevas posiciones y niveles jerárquicos en los traslados internacionales, indica una tendencia de nuevas formas de trabajo donde circula el talento.
El estudio de los orígenes, trayectorias laborales y percepciones de esta élite que denominamos mánager, nos aporta los hallazgos para interpretar sus motivaciones para expatriarse. Posteriormente, en 2022 realizamos una estancia de seis meses analizando datos del mercado laboral de la ciudad de Barcelona en el marco de un Plan de Ocupación del Ajuntament de Barcelona. De esta estancia, surgió la idea de agregar un apartado que complemente el fenómeno de las expatriaciones. Durante este tiempo se estudiaron las "ciudades influencers" y las políticas activas de atracción de talento (y expatriados) promovidas desde el gobierno municipal. Seguidamente, se estudió el retorno al origen, los resultados y las expectativas desde lo personal y lo laboral que nos ayudó a estudiar que propensiones existen para repetir la experiencia.  Finalizamos el recorrido con las conclusiones del trabajo.

This article has a double rationale. It aims at: i) re-calling a summary review of the main features of the young Italians migration flows
towards France during the second half of the twentieth century; and
then ii) focusing on the coming of a new and recent migration pattern,
gradually emerged during the first and second decade of the new
century. The “latest generation” of Italians moving to France seems
to represent a new form of migration based on an increasing share of
highly educated and highly qualified individuals, who use to leave Italy
in order to strengthen their training and professional paths and in view
of a circulatory and temporary mobility. Looking at data from the latest
Italian migratory outflows, France, distinctively from countries such as
UK and opposingly to the global hyper-magnet performed by London,
does not attract youngsters in a polarized conditions: large numbers
of unemployed young people in search of whatsoever kind of job from
one side and qualified graduates and “high-skilled talented brains”
from the other. It seems rather to attract the latter above all.

Traditional immigration countries such as United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand give preference to migrants with higher education, skills, and professional training that they can transfer to their countries. However, it is not unusual for migrant professionals, especially those from less developed countries, to experience 'deskilling' or occupational downward mobility. Though admitted as professionals based on the immigration policies of the destination countries, many of them are relegated to lower status and lower paying jobs, owing to the nonrecognition of their foreign credentials and the bias for education acquired in the host country or in academic institutions in developed countries, local experience, cultural know-how, and English proficiency. Their foreign credentials and skills often fail to provide the expected occupational rewards and professional development gains which have been a significant part of their motivation to migrate overseas, especially to more developed countries.

Deskilling may be viewed in several ways: as a host country`s way of filling up labor scarcities in the secondary market by exploiting cheap enclave labor, as a transitional phase for migrants to adjust to the 'standards' of the host country, or as a form of institutionalized discrimination. This paper reviews the deskilling phenomenon to highlight its deleterious effects on migrants` welfare. Some theoretical explanations of deskilling are also examined. Examples of deskilling experiences of different migrant groups show that it is a complex phenomenon that demonstrates the interplay of race, ethnicity, and gender.

This article is based on an empirical comparative analysis of South Koreans studying at institutions of higher education in Japan and China. Focusing on the phenomenon of ‘regionalization of higher education,’ the study examines
South Korean students’ mobility within Asia and the transferability of human capital. Data for this study came from a larger survey of Asian students who were enrolled as international students in South Korea, Japan and China. The
survey was conducted between October 2012 and April 2013. Of the 1,036 students who participated in the survey, this study draws on data from 135 Korean students in Japan and 188 Korean students in China. Findings on students’ future career plans reveal that 40-50 percent of Korean students plan to return home five years after studying abroad and about 20 percent plan to migrate to a third country. Considering these statistics, the mobility of Korean students within Asia is closer to brain circulation than brain drain or brain gain. Also, many Korean students believe that their education from the home country is transferable in the host country, and that their education abroad is recognized both in their home as well as in a third county.

Vessel occlusion is the most frequent cause for impairment of local blood flow within the brain resulting in neuronal damage and is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and especially 􏰁-linolenic acid improve brain resistance against cerebral ischemia. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids and particularly 􏰁-linolenic acid on the cerebral blood flow and on the tone of vessels that regulate brain perfusion. 􏰁-Linolenic acid injections increased cerebral blood flow and induced vasodilation of the basilar artery but not of the carotid artery. The saturated fatty acid palmitic acid did not produce vasodilation. This suggested that the target of the polyunsaturated fatty acids effect was the TREK-1 potassium channel. We demonstrate the presence of this channel in basilar but not in carotid arteries. We show that vasodilations induced by the polyunsaturated fatty acid in the basilar artery as well as the laser-Doppler flow increase are abolished in TREK-1􏰄/􏰄 mice. Altogether these data indicate that TREK-1 activation elicits a robust dilation that probably accounts for the increase of cerebral blood flow induced by polyunsaturated fatty acids such as 􏰁-linolenic acid or docosahexanoic acid. They suggest that the selective expression and activation of TREK-1 in brain collaterals could play a significant role in the protective mechanisms of polyunsaturated fatty acids against stroke by providing residual circulation during ischemia.

The last decades has been characterized at both global and local level by deep transformations of scientific-technological, political-cultural and socio-economical system. In this evolution knowledge and innovation have become two crucial factors in every economic system, requiring, therefore, qualified human capital. The paper focuses on the international competition for skilled professionals that has increased more and more during the years, bringing in the field new economic actors. In particular, the authors shed a light on the current features of the skilled migration geography in Europe, providing an atlas of the brain distribution and concentration throughout the Old Continent, having the aim of a deeper comprehension of the attraction capability of the Continent as a whole, but also of the single State analyzed individually. The collected data will represent the starting point to examine the policies undertaken by the European Union to improve its pull factors and, hence, its international competitiveness. ""

In this study, the relationships between brain drain, brain circulation and development phenomena are tried to be analyzed theoretically through various samples. One of the main problems of low-welfare societies is that people with high levels of human capital migrate to countries with high levels of welfare for many reasons. Although this form of migration brings some benefits to the source countries, it causes the further development of the target countries and offers them the main contribution. With the brain drain, the development gap between countries is getting deeper. In this context, there is usually no linear relationship between the development of the source country and the brain drain. But although brain drain is still widespread, the phenomenon of brain circulation instead of brain drain is becoming debatable within the framework of the erosion of borders and the policies developed by the source country, and there is a more optimistic view of brain circulation compared to brain drain. While brain drain causes the difference between countries to grow, according to some points of view, brain circulation can minimize this difference. When qualified programs that encourage return are accomplished, the benefits of brain circulation come to the forefront in terms of the source country. There are many programs for brain circulation between countries. While some of these programs are aimed at the mobility of the highly skilled workforce, some cover the mobility of students and staff for higher education. Intercollegiate cooperation on this issue is an important component of brain circulation. It is believed that individuals who raise their human capital through this mobility can contribute to the development of their country.