CFA

Concernant la probable dévaluation du franc CFA-Cemac plusieurs questions se posent, il serait difficile d'apporter des réponses de façon parfaitement exacte parce que la science économique est un grand champ d'incertitude. La première question est celle de savoir si le franc CFA-Cemac at -il vraiment besoin d'être dévalué. Cette question est pourtant simple mais la réponse peut se montrer beaucoup plus complexe d'abord parce que le franc CFA n'est pas(semble t-il) une monnaie " souveraine " , elle a été créée à base de certains accords qu'on aura toujours du mal à comprendre, donc du coup la définition iniciale de sa valeur n'était pas fonction de la situation économique des pays qui l'utilisent, si c'était le cas je pense que le régime de taux de change fixe CFA-Euro aurait sauté depuis un bon moment déjà. Tous les points que je viens de citer sont à mon avis des questions totalement politiques, pas Politique Économique mais carrément politique pure. Maintenant regardons la chose du côté totalement économique avec une légère tendance keynesienne. L'information du moment est celle qui dit que le CFA-Cemac sera dévalué à 50% tandis celui de l'UEMOA sera réévalué. Est-il possible qu'une telle opération se fasse? La réponse est OUI. Comme nous le savons tous, une grande partie des pays de la zone CEMAC est très dépendante du pétrole, ces États ont basé leurs économies principalement sur l'exploitation de cette matière première. C'est bien beau, le pétrole c'est " l'or noir " on doit se rejouire de l'avoir, mais le problème c'est que ces nations vendent du brute et rachètent les produits finis du pétrole à des prix plus élevés. Imagine que tu vends un kilo de farine à monsieur X au prix de 1 dollars(qui est la monnaie des transactions internationales) et monsieur X te revend le pain qu'il fabrique avec la farine que tu lui as vendu, sauf que son pain il le vend à 2 dollars. Si le même processus se répète 10 fois par an, tu recevras 10 dollars venant de monsieur X pour vente de farine et tu donneras 20 dollars à monsieur X pour achat de pain(fabriqué avec la farine que tu produis). Ceci est le comportement des balances commerciales(différence entre exportations et importations) des pays de la zone Cemac, des balances déficitaires. La monnaie peut être considérée comme tout autre bien à valeur marchande, quand il y a excès d'offre d'un bien sur le marché son prix baisse et c'est ce qui se passe dans la zone Cemac, les dépenses sont superieures aux gains et cela provoque un excès d'offre de franc CFA-Cemac dans le marché financier d'où la chute de sa valeur réelle(dévaluation). De l'autre côté s'il est réellement question de réévaluer le CFA-Uemoa cela veut dire que les pays de la zone ont su diversifier leurs économies ce qui leur a permi d'avoir des taux d'exportations beaucoup plus importants que ceux de la zone CEMAC. Alors, est-ce qu'une dévaluation est forcément une mauvaise chose? Pour la zone Cemac oui parce qu'elle importe quasiment tout. Il est fort probable que ces économies connaitront des taux d'inflations très élevés et le bien-être des familles sera très affecté par cette élévation des prix. Par contre la dévaluation de la monnaie peut être un facteur positif pour un pays qui produit la quasi totalité de ses biens et qui exportent beaucoup plus qu'elle n'importe. Dans ce cas on parle de dévaluation compétitive qui est une des politiques clés de la Chine qui inonde le monde avec ses produits bon marché. La dévaluation de sa monnaie fait à ce que ses produits coutent moins chers dans le marché international, donc le monde n'arrêtera pas d'acheter des produits Chinois. La Chine a donc de ce fait une balance comerciale positive et possède de grandes reserves en dévise internationale(principelement le dollars) recoltée grace à ses exportations, cela lui donne le pouvoir de manipuler le taux de change de sa monnaie de façon relativement plus flexible et bien sûr avoir un taux de croissance économique très élevé. Revenant à la probable dévalution du franc CFA-Cemac, la réalité c'est que le CFA-Cemac a été effectivement dévalué le jour ou l'information de sa probable dévaluation a été rendue publique. Je ne parle pas de sa valeur nominale actuelle mais plutôt de sa valeur réelle, soit ce qu'elle vaut réellement si on éliminait tout accord de parité de taux de change. Les économies capitalistes fonctionnent avec des expectatives, soit des attentes fondées sur des promesses ou des résultats qu'une certaine action présente apportera dans le futur. Un agent économique(entreprise, personne physique...) n'investit que s'il espère avoir des retours positifs dans le futur. Raison pour laquelle en période de crise la récupération est lente parce que les investisseurs n'ont pas foi en un futur meilleur et ils ne prennent aucun risque. C'est ce même processus de décision que l'agent économique utilise pour décider s'il est plus sûr de garder une devise X ou Y. Le principe est simple, supposons que je suis un gros investisseur de la zone CEMAC, donc mes gains et mes richesses sont comptés en CFA-Cemac. Un bon

Over 50 years after 1960’s ‘Year of Africa’, most of Francophone Africa
continues to be embedded in a set of associations that fit very well with
Kwame Nkrumah’s description of neocolonialism, where postcolonial
states are de jure independent but in reality constrained through their
economic systems so that policy is directed from outside. This article
scrutinises the functioning of the Communauté Financière Africaine
(CFA), considering the role the currency has in persistent underdevelopment in most of Francophone Africa. In doing so, the article identifies
the CFA as the most blatant example of functioning neocolonialism in
Africa today and a critical device that promotes dependency in large
parts of the continent. Mainstream analyses of the technical aspects of
the CFA have generally focused on the exchange rate and other related
matters. However, while important, the real importance of the CFA franc
should not be seen as purely economic, but also political.

Uncertainty is a key contingency in the relationship between work characteristics and outcomes such as employee performance and well-being. In this paper, we specify and test a self-report measure of work uncertainty for use in any setting to facilitate research and decision making regarding the design of work. Using data collected from three diverse samples, analyses found support for a multi-dimensional model that corresponds to resource, task, and input/output sources of uncertainty. The scales showed discriminant validity, and task uncertainty was found to moderate the relationship between job control and intrinsic job satisfaction in a form consistent with theoretical predictions.Uncertainty is a key contingency in the relationship between work characteristics and outcomes such as employee performance and well-being. In this paper, we specify and test a self-report measure of work uncertainty for use in any setting to facilitate research and decision making regarding the design of work. Using data collected from three diverse samples, analyses found support for a multi-dimensional model that corresponds to resource, task, and input/output sources of uncertainty. The scales showed discriminant validity, and task uncertainty was found to moderate the relationship between job control and intrinsic job satisfaction in a form consistent with theoretical predictions.Practitioner PointsThe self-report measure of work uncertainty may be used to evaluate existing work design and facilitate its redesign.As research demonstrates, it is critical that the level of job control afforded to employees is congruent with the level of uncertainty they experience. Failure to consider the role of uncertainty in linking job control to outcomes (e.g., performance, well-being) can undermine work redesign investment.The self-report measure of work uncertainty may be used to evaluate existing work design and facilitate its redesign.As research demonstrates, it is critical that the level of job control afforded to employees is congruent with the level of uncertainty they experience. Failure to consider the role of uncertainty in linking job control to outcomes (e.g., performance, well-being) can undermine work redesign investment.

In this invited article, Cabrera-Nguyen provides guidelines for reporting scale development and validation results. Authors' attention to these guidelines will help ensure the research reported in JSSWR is rigorous and of high quality. This article provides guidance for those using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). In addition, the article provides helpful links to resources addressing structural equation modeling, multiple imputation for missing data, and a general resource for quantitative data analysis.

Pre-test and Post-test control group design. Participants: 45 subjects were selected on the basis of their CSAI -2R score,
they were randomly allocated to one of the three groups. Group 1 (progressive muscular relaxation) group 2 (autogenic
relaxation) group 3 (control). Intervention: Progressive muscular relaxation technique and Autogenic relaxation
technique for 15-20 minutes. Main outcome measures include somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety, self -confidence. There
was a significant reduction in somatic anxiety and cognitive anxiety and improved self-confidence found in both groups
1and 2 than group 3 (p < 0.05) whereas no significant difference observed in group 1 and group 2. From the result of the
study it was concluded that relaxation technique is an effective intervention for reducing pre competitive state anxiety and
improving self-confidence in athletes. As both progressive muscular relaxation and autogenic relaxation technique were
significantly effective in reducing competitive state anxiety and improving self-confidence than the control group.

This article examines the psychometric properties of the Greek adaptation of Child Parental Acceptance–Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ)–Short Form, Mother, and  Father versions. Data  on the 24-item  long measure were collected from 534 preadolescents and adolescents of the municipality of Ioannina. Participants were asked to report their agreement or disagreement on a 4-point Likert-type scale, developed to tap in to four factors (subscales), namely, (a) perceived warmth/affection, (b) perceived hostility/aggression, (c) perceived indifference/neglect, and (d) perceived undifferentiated rejection. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted first, to explore if the structure of the four-factor model of Child PARQ is corroborated with the Greek sample. Additionally, the internal consistency"of the proposed four factors (subscales) and the global scale were examined through obtaining Cronbach’s alphas and Gutman’s split-half coefficients. The analyses provide preliminary, yet strong, evidence for the structural invariance of the Greek adaptation of Child PARQ–Short Form.

La teoria classica è stata condizionata dal pensiero di Pitagora, che proponeva l’associazione di 7 colori alle note musicali e quindi dell’armonia del colore alla sinfonia del moto dei pianeti, influenzando Platone ed Aristotele. Nel medioevo Alberto Magno (1206-1280) osservò che nel bianco sono contenuti tutti i colori, per i quali riconosceva tre mescolanze possibili: quella reale della miscelazione dei pigmenti, usata dai pittori, quella dei mezzi trasparenti legata alla natura della luce, quella visiva che deriva dalla mescolanza di piccole macchie di colore diverso.
Il modello di Aristotele sopravvive nell’interpretazione che ne dà Leonardo omettendo il viola, e trova nuova vitalità, quando il fisico belga Aguilonius  che studia la mescolanza dei colori per Rubens, introduce il concetto di colori semplici e compositi con un nuovo allineamento di cinque colori fondamentali (bianco, giallo, rosso, blu, nero) dai quali derivano per mescolanza i tre colori secondari (arancio, verde e porpora). S. Forsius disegnò un cerchio cromatico di 16 colori e la prima sfera cromatica, che prevedeva 3 copie di complementari agli opposti dei tre diametri ortogonali: bianco/nero sull’asse polare, giallo/verde e rosso/blu sul piano equatoriale . Intorno al 1630 l’alchimista inglese Robert Fludd richiuse invece la linea dei colori aristotelica congiungendo il bianco e il nero in un cerchio di 7 colori (nero, blu, verde, rosso, ocra, giallo, bianco) ordinati secondo la loro luminosità, nel quale la posizione di equilibrio tra luce ed ombra è espressa dal verde e dal rosso. Come è noto, Newton si occupa del colore come effetto dell’assorbimento differenziato delle lunghezze d’onda della luce bianca e sottolinea le analogie con la propagazione del suono; nello spettro individua 7 colori come gli intervalli dell’ottava musicale di Pitagora. I due colori estremi della gamma sono accostabili in un’organizzazione circolare solo con un’astrazione, che sottolinea la gradualità della mescolanza tra due colori senza che vi sia alcuna continuità spettrale.
Nessuno di questi modelli presenta finalità che vadano oltre la volontà di rappresentare la continuità della variazione dei colori per dare un ordine visibile al fenomeno. Nel 1766 l’inglese Moses Harris individua la terna di colori primari (giallo, rosso e blu) e i tre secondari composti in una costruzione radiale divisa in 18 colori, dalla quale sviluppa un sistema di 360 toni. Harris, interessato alla produzione materiale dei colori, disegna due ruote basate rispettivamente sui colori prismatici e sulla miscelazione dei pigmenti, visualizzando la sintesi sottrattiva che produce il nero con la sovrapposizione di tre triangoli equilateri. Il chimico dirigeva le manifatture di Gobelin ed era responsabile del controllo della tintura dei tessuti. Il primo (1846) individua i colori composti dalla sovrapposizione di 6 cerchi coi primari e secondari, all’interno di una bussola graduata che scandisce la parte dei colori caldi e quella dei colori freddi. I medesimi primari (con il violetto al posto del blu) caratterizzano la figura circolare del pittore canadese M. Jacobs, nella quale le sovrapposizioni di archi di circonferenza definiscono i complementari (blu, giallo, cremisi) e 6 colori miscelati.

Bibliografia

  François d’Aguilon, Opticorum libri sex, 1613.
  N. Silvestrini, E. P. Fisher, www.colorsystem.com
  J.W. von Goethe, Zur Farbenlehre, 1810, trad.it a cura di R. Troncon, Milano, 1981.
  P. O. Runge, Die Farbenkügel, Zurich, 1810. I  François d’Aguilon, Opticorum libri sex, 1613.
  Athanasius Kircher, Ars magna lucis et umbrae, 1646. Il gesuita, che si occupò tra l’altro dello studio degli specchi e dell’anamorfosi è l’inventore della lanterna magica.
  L. Wittgenstein, Bemerkungen über die Farben, Frankfurt, 1979.
  R. G. Kuehni, Color. An introduction to practice and systems, Wiley-Interscience, 2004, pag. 136

The Sicilian territory is characterized by a high vulnerability due to the simultaneous presence of various factors, among which the
morphological and structural features, depopulation, the abandonment of the agricultural activities, the use of highly land
impoverishing agricultural management techniques. These phenomena are particularly evident in the inner rural areas and cause a
reduction in the overall agricultural area and a population decline.
The data on the landcover and transitions between the different kinds of use, represent important information for taking public
decisions, particularly regarding the allocation of resources in the inner Areas, where the combined action of various funds, those
relating to rural development and other SIE funds, must also be coherent with the National Strategy of the Inner Areas.
From an operational viewpoint, the concrete planning activity requires specific indications obtained from the analysis and
measurement of the dynamics of the phenomena ingrained in the territory, and this can represent a valid testing ground for verifying
the usefulness of using measuring models, above all for supporting strategic decisions. This document proposes to provide a
contribution in this direction, identifying some homogeneous change patterns between the municipalities of the inner areas of the
Sicilian region.

Development of safe and effective cancer vaccine formulation is a primary focus in the field of cancer immunotherapy. The recognition of the crucial role of dendritic cells (DCs) in initiating anti-tumor immunity has led to the development of several strategies that target vaccine antigens to DCs as an attempt for developing potent, specific and lasting anti-tumor T cell responses. The

Work addiction (‘workaholism’) has become an increasingly studied topic in the behavioral addictions literature and had led to the development of a number of instruments to assess it. One such instrument is the Bergen Work Addiction Scale (BWAS - Andreassen et al. 2012 Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53, 265-272). However, the BWAS has never been investigated in Eastern-European countries. The goal of the present study was to examine the factor structure, the reliability and cut-off scores of the BWAS in a comprehensive Hungarian sample. This study is a direct extension of the original validation of BWAS by providing results on the basis of representative data and the development of appropriate cut-off scores.

Bifactor models have gained increasing popularity in the literature concerned with personality, psychopathology and assessment. Empirical studies using bifactor analysis generally judge the estimated model using SEM model fit indices, which may lead to erroneous interpretations and conclusions. To address this problem, several researchers have proposed multiple criteria to assess bifactor models, such as a) conceptual grounds, b) overall model fit indices, and c) specific bifactor model indicators. In this article, we provide a brief summary of these criteria. Using data from a recent publication on factorial structure of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Seib-Pfeifer, Pugnaghi, Beauducel, & Leue, 2017), we illustrate errors and misinterpretation that can result from exclusively relying on SEM model fit indices without taking into consideration certain theoretical basis and more specific bifactor model indices. We want to show how taking into account all criteria may prevent researchers from drawing wrong conclusions.

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the factor structure and measurement invariance of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Fourth Edition (WISC-IV), which is used for intellectual assessment in clinical and non-clinical samples, through using the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) method. Method: The sample of the study consisted of two groups, of which 415 were clinical (those having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, specific learning disability, and intellectual disability) and 437 were developmentally normal children without any clinical diagnosis. In order to test first-order (the correlated four-factor model) and higher-order factor structure (model including general intelligence factor) of the WISC-IV, CFA was performed separately for each group. Furthermore, multiple group CFA was also performed to examine measurement invariance across groups. Results: Findings of CFA carried out separately for the groups revealed excellent model fit indices for both the correlated firstorder and second-order structure of the WISC-IV in both sample groups. However, as a result of multiple group CFA, model fit indices and factor loadings of the clinical sample were found to be better for the correlated four-factor first-order structure compared to the non-clinical sample. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the WISC-IV index and subtest scores measure the same cognitive structure for both groups.

The questionnaire was constructed based on four constructs which are knowledge attitude and communication channels as exogenous variables while GST compliance is endogenous variable. The questionnaires were distributed to the wood-based manufacturers throughout seven states in Peninsular Malaysia. 352 valid data was evaluated for the validity and reliability. The ultimate objective of this article is to acquire the best fit of a research instrument for the GST compliance study using structural equation model (SEM) that enable to taking into account the unreliable factors (items) between exogenous and endogenous constructs. The items of the constructs undergo the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) procedure involve of unidimensionality test, convergent validity, construct validity and discriminant validity. Followed by the measurement of reliability on all items using Cronbach alpha using SPSS and construct reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE) using AMOS. The result revealed the constructs of the research model achieved the validity and reliability for other further analysis in acquiring high accuracy on the prediction outcomes.

Compliance issues are important because simultaneous non-compliance will result in efforts to avoid taxes, such as tax evasion and tax avoidance, which results in reduced tax payments to the state treasury. Therefore, it is necessary to compile a taxpayer compliance index based on the business sector. The results showed that the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) approach, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) that the taxpayer compliance model is a fit model, and indicators on taxpayer service quality, local tax regulations, taxpayer satisfaction levels, taxpayer attitudes and compliance taxpayer is valid convergently and discriminant and reliable. The biggest indicator of service quality of taxpayers is responsiveness, while local tax regulations are clarity of local tax regulations. The biggest satisfaction level of taxpayer indicators on expectations, the attitude of taxpayers on sanctions and fines and taxpayer compliance on tax reporting. Attitude Taxpayer, Taxpayer Satisfaction and quality of taxpayer services is a dominant factor in influencing taxpayer compliance. The Taxpayer Compliance index for the best business fields in a row are Parking, Advertising, Hotels, Restaurants, Entertainment, but in the area of restaurant and parking businesses, the quality of service for taxpayers does not affect Taxpayer Compliance.