Carbohydrate

Data regarding the effects of dietary protein on modifying serum lipid and lipoprotein levels are controversial. In this study we have investigated the hypothesis whether dietary protein and protein to carbohydrate ratio could be related to subsequent changes in lipid profile in adults. This 3-yaers follow-up_longitudinal study was conducted on a sample of participants (845 men and 1043 women, aged 19-70 years) of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric and serum lipid and lipoprotein levels were measured both at baseline (2006-2008) and after 3 years. After adjustment for potential confounding variables and dietary factors, the highest quartile energy intakes from protein was inversely associated with changes in total cholesterol (β= -6.5; 95% CI= -11.5, -1.5) and HDL-C levels (β= -6.7; 95% CI= -12.2, -1.4) in men during the follow-up. Increased proportion of energy intake fro...

1,5-Anhydro-d-fructose (AF), a metabolite of starch/glycogen degradation, is a good antioxidant. With the prospect of increasing its applications and use as a food ingredient, AF glucosylation catalysed by the dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F was performed in the presence of sucrose. This led to AF glucosylated derivatives containing α-(1→6) linkages named 1,5-anhydro-d-fructo-glucooligosaccharides (AFGOS). LC–MS analyses showed that AFGOS with

Wet spinning and radial self-assembly of a carbohydrate low molecular weight gelator into well organized hydrogel fi laments A single biocompatible small molecule, the N-heptyl-D-galactonamide can be spun into well-defi ned hydrogel fi laments. A solution of this molecule in dimethylsulfoxide is injected in water, resulting in the formation of a continuous fi lament. The counter-diff usion of water and dimethylsulfoxide triggers the self-assembly of the molecule into supramolecular nanofi bers. A radial organization of the fi bers was observed in the gel fi laments. This method could be used for making well-defi ned cell culture scaff olds. As featured in: rsc.li/nanoscale

Nondestructive structural analysis of a series of β-d-(1→3, 1→6)-linked glucans (laminaran, curdlan, yeast glucan, scleroglucan, etc.) was performed using two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The relative ratios of H-1 at different AGUs provided the information about DPn and DB. The α-, and β-anomeric protons on reducing terminals were assigned at 5.02∼5.03 ppm (J 3.6∼3.7 Hz), and 4.42∼4.43 ppm (J 7.6∼7.9 Hz), respectively, whereas the H-1 protons of internal AGUs and β-(1→6)-branched AGUs appeared at 4.56∼4.59 ppm (J 7.6∼7.8 Hz), and 4.26∼4.28 ppm (J 7.6∼10.6 Hz), respectively, in a mixed solvent of 6:1 Me2SO-d6–D2O at 80°C. In the solvent, the OH peaks were eliminated from the spectra allowing the H-1 protons to appear clearly. In addition, the nonreducing terminal H-1 and H-1 at the AGU next to reducing terminal could be assigned at 4.45∼4.46 ppm (J 7.8∼7.9 Hz), and 4.51∼4.53 ppm (J 7.8 Hz), respectively. The DPn of the laminaran was 33 (polydispersity 1.12) and the DB was 0.07. The number of glucosyl units in the side chain of laminaran is more than one. The DPn and DB of the water-insoluble yeast glucan were 228 and 0.003, respectively. However the DPn of water soluble yeast glucan phosphate and curdlan was changed upon the number of freeze-drying processes and the content of water in the mixed solvent, respectively. And the DB of those were calculated as 0.02 and 0, respectively. The DB of scleroglucan was precisely calculated as 0.33, compared with the previously reported data. The H-1s at different AGUs of the various β-d-(1→3, 1→6)-linked glucans having different DB can be exactly assigned by their chemical shifts in the mixed solvent system. This NMR analysis can be effectively used to determine the DP and DB of polysaccharides in a simple and non-destructive manner.

A polysaccharide composed of L-fucose, D-xylose, and sulfate in a molar proportion of about 5:2:3 was isolated from the brown alga Punctaria plantaginea. Polysaccharide structure was elucidated by methylation analysis, Smith degradation, as well as by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The polysaccharide was shown to contain a backbone of 3-linked α-L-fucopyranose residues, about two thirds of which are sulfated at O-2 forming trisaccharide repeating units →3)-α-L-Fucp2S-(1→3)-α-L-Fucp2S-(1→3)-α-L-Fucp-(1→. This structural regularity is masked by random distribution of non-sulfated β-D-Xylp residues attached to position 4 of the backbone. The polysaccharide is a new representative of a complex 'fucoidan' family of sulfated polysaccharides of brown seaweeds.

El interés en este estudio radica en que los hábitos alimenticios en la población de mujeres jóvenes han cambiado en los últimos años. Uno de los cambios que se han reconocido tiene que ver con restringir el consumo de azúcares y carbohidratos, lo que se denomina "una dieta baja en carbohidratos". Cuando este tipo de dietas restrictivas se convierten en habituales, se reordenan las proporciones de elementos que debe contener una dieta considerada balanceada y entonces es posible que se observen cambios en el metabolismo. Estos se determinaron de acuerdo a los niveles de ingesta de carbohidratos inferiores o iguales a 130gr/día y demás conceptos que las mujeres poseen de dieta y salud, según el cuestionario de frecuencia de ingesta de alimentos y el sistema de alimentos equivalentes.

Breast cancer is a major health problem in underdeveloped countries including Sudan. Immunohistochemical typing is important for diagnosing and understanding the biology of such heterogeneous disease. To the best of our knowledge, no study has investigated the association between estrogen receptors (ER) expression and carbohydrates in breast tissue. Mammographic high density, a major risk factor, is partially attributed to carbohydrates. This study aimed to determine the type of carbohydrates in malignant and benign breast lesions and detect if there is any association between ER expression and carbohydrates using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. A total of 60 diagnosed samples of different breast lesions were reexamined for ER status by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and for carbohydrates by histochemical staining methods i.e. periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and alcian blue. Strong relationship was discovered between ER positivity and presence of acid mucin, but not with sulfated mucin. Furthermore, strong relationship was found between ER positivity and PAS positive materials, but not with glycogen. Since there was a significant correlation between ER and carbohydrates, these positive PAS materials might be PAS positive acid mucin. These findings are useful in understanding the behavior of breast lesions. Also, these findings suggested an underlying molecular relationships and that ER expression might be predicted using histochemical demonstration of carbohydrates in female breast tissue particularly when immunohistochemistry is out of reach.

Wheat, corn and potato starches were subjected to multiple extractions with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and mercaptoethanol (SDS/ME) in order to remove non-starch compounds from the starch granule. Molecular mass distribution of the extracted material determined using the column chromatography (Sepharose CL-2B) showed two distinct peaks of 200–800kDa for high- (HMW) and 100–120kDa for low molecular weight material (LMW). Only

The use of 2 wt% sugars as co-plasticizer in combination with glycerol was investigated for thermoplastic starch (TPS) from cassava. The results were compared to those for whole cassava root TPS, which naturally contains sugars in the same proportion. The main objective was to investigate the influence of natural sugars present in the cassava root on the properties of thermoplastic starch produced with cassava root. TPS produced with sugar and water without the addition of glycerol was also investigated. The materials were prepared by melt-processing cassava starch or ground and dried cassava root in a high-power batch mixer, Haake Rheomix 600, at 120 °C. The samples were tested by X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and water absorption experiments. The results showed that the addition of 2 wt% sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose) to the starch-glycerol systems causes a reduction in the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the TPS accompanied by a reduction in the storage modulus determined by DMTA and inhibits the formation of VH-type crystal structures in the resulting TPS. The use of only sugar and water as plasticizers in the TPS causes a considerable reduction (∼60%) in the subsequent water uptake.