Carolingian Renaissance

Publikacja recenzowana / Peer-reviewed publicationTransformations of education in changing Europe are multifaceted. One of the latter is the process of strengthening the cooperation among universities in this part of the world. This cooperation is carried out in many fields – from joint projects and researches – to joint analyses, discourses and publications. This monograph – a collection of reflections, thoughts and polemics deriving from theoretical and empirical researches, carried out as a part of a joint research project simultaneously undertaken at both these universities under the name “Problems and challenges of modern education” – constitutes one of the fruits of the cooperation between Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Cracow University and the University of Ljubljana

From a literary point of view, the Early Middle Ages can be defined as an age of compilation. However, the nature of medieval compilation has often been misunderstood. This is because scholars have limited themselves to identifying the source-texts, ignoring deeper aspects such as the nature of tradition and authority, the scope of the compilation and the modes of reception, as well as the recontextualization process that compilation implies. When Hrabanus Maurus composed his "De institutione clericorum" in 818, he borrowed between sixty and seventy per cent of the matter from previous authors, and in fact far from pretending being original, what Hrabanus claims is not originality, but authority, although by the interweaving of his materials and with his relatively few adds he managed to create a different resulting product with a new personality. Using as a case study the "De institutione clericorum", this article addresses the problems posed by the compilation process in relation to the educational methods –mainly mnemonic training – and the spiritual practices of the Carolingian renaissance, specifically the lectio divina and the ruminatio.

Among the liturgical furnishings that have survived from the early medieval period, a complete episcopal throne is a true rarity. This article examines a marble papal throne that appeared on the antiquities market in Rome in the late 1930s and is now in private hands. This cathedra is remarkable not only for its excellent state of preservation, but also for the refined sculptural decoration on its back and arms. Considering the decorative scheme as a whole, and the sculptural techniques in particular, it is likely that the throne was produced during the papacy of Hadrian I (772-95) by a stone carvers' workshop in Rome, based at the church of Sta. Maria in Cosmedin, which had been rebuilt in those years at the order of the pope himself. A comparison of archaeological data with church documents from the second half of the eighth century provides an idea of the role played by such thrones as a focal element in the program of stational liturgy observed by the popes of that era. It is entirely plausible that this rare piece of furniture came from such an important church as Sta. Maria in Cosmedin, which was annexed to one of the city's most important deaconries. Its artistic merits open new perspectives on the state of the sculp-tural arts in Rome during the early phases of the so-called Carolingian Renaissance, while its great symbolic value justifies a reconsideration of the role of papal and imperial thrones in the early Middle Ages, starting with the "Cathedra of Saint Peter," which dates from the late Carolingian era.

This is the eighth paper of the series. This essay has selections from my paper “The Witness of God is Greater.” In this essay, my goal is to highlight some of the amazing evidence that I have discovered in collating sources for my paper. I give some comments in order to direct my readers through these points. The Carolingian Renaissance. Paschasius Radbertus (785-865 AD). BNF Latin 13174 (10th century). Image: BNF Latin 13174: f98r. Marginalia. Image: BNF Latin 13174: f139v. Correctorium.

The Latin quotation in the title of this article is taken from the Admonitio generalis, a key document of Charlemagne's reforms circulated in 789. In a well-known passage, to which the title refers, Charlemagne calls for the establishment of schools and adds a set of subjects that might be interpreted as the school curriculum. The whole passage has caused quite a few problems for scholars on account of its seemingly corrupt grammar and ambiguous vocabulary. In this article, I revisit the term 'nota' and provide some new insights in how it should be understood. I argue that the graphic symbols meant by this term include manuscript abbreviations, shorthand as well as technical signs, such as the critical signs to be found in Carolingian pandect Bibles.

This book is an important and effective contribution to the literature on Carolingian Europe. It joins an expanding range of works that seek to understand the impact of the Carolingian Renaissance on the ground in late eighth-and early ninth-century Western Europe. Rather than a work composed of unsubstantiated assertions and airy generalisations, throughout this book Guiliano is careful to ground his conclusions in a thorough and careful-but also measured and deeply coherent-structured argument. In this way, not only does he succeed in providing an outline of the Homiliary but also engages with the thorny issues of practical use and impact.

Claiming to be Dionysius the Areopagite, Pseudo-Dionysius produced several theological works during the late 5th or early 6th centuries that played varying roles of influence in Church theology over the following centuries. Although some his theological methods were teetering off the edge of orthodoxy in the early church, he remained prevalent due to a combination of perceived authenticity, historical conditions and certain salient threads in his theology. Despite the infamy of his pseudonym, his influence has remained through to today.

Preliminary PhD thesis proposal submitted to the Department of Classics and Religious Studies, Ottawa University. The proposed research focuses on the ecclesiastical province of Trier (Trier, Metz, Toul, and Verdun). The study will examine the lives of the higher clergy in the period 768 until 869. This is a time period that corresponds to the creation of the province by Charlemagne until its dissolution following the death of Lothar II.

This collected volume on Carolingian Italy in the ninth century will be out in December 2020. It brings together a great group of experts on that field of study and is arguably the most comprehensive publication on the topic to date in English.
For further information, please see: https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/history/european-history-450-1000/after-charlemagne-carolingian-italy-and-its-rulers

How does a renaissance come to an end? While the causes of the Carolingian renaissance (8th–9th century) and its cultural accomplishments are well documented, the cultural transformations that followed around 900, when Europe is hit by Viking and Magyar invasions, when the Carolingian empire collapses, and a feudal society is born, are still somewhat of a riddle. This collective work tackles the matter with a new methodology, presenting an abundance of manuscripts from the realms of the law, literature, history and even music. It describes a vibrant intellectual life embattled with a tormented social and political context, but surprisingly durable and dynamic.

This is the English summary of my dissertation Notam superponere studui: the use of technical signs in the early Middle Ages, which was defended on March 18, 2016 at Utrecht University.

If you are interested in the subject, you may also wish to check the prezi 'Pay attention and mark your references!' which was created to accompany this summary with images: https://prezi.com/ktarevrxflrv/pay-attention-and-mark-your-references-the-use-of-technical-signs-in-manuscript-margins/.

In 1990 Davis Ganz published his book " Corbie in the Carolingian Renaissance.' In that very important work he claims that right from the beginning the abbey of Corbie was an establishment of a very special status. It was a royal foundation, a new development in late Merovingian monasticism. Earlier foundations had enjoyed royal patronage and protection but had depended on the initiative of clerics or nobles. The development of royal foundations was the result of a new monastic policy, which determined the function of the abbey in the politics of 659-754. Corbie also became one of the most important centers of Carolingian Renaissance. Its library and scriptorium were of the richest in Western Europe and the Abbey was a home for a few notable scholars. During the abbacies of Charlemagne's cousins-Adalhard and Wala, the links with the court were most crucial, but Corbie remained somewhat independent of royal control. In fact, Abbots Adalhard and Wala established a tradition of opposition to royal policy of Charlemagne and Louis PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 11

MA dissertation on the fourfold division of nature according to the Periphyseon of John Scottus Eriugena (written in Afrikaans).

Summary: In this dissertation the ontology of Eriugena is reviewed, with specific reference to his negative ontology, in other words his concept of non-being. By way of introduction the Latin and Greek background of his ontology is pointed out. It is followed by a discussion of the various modes of being and non-being Eriugena employs in his magnum opus, the Periphyseon. Emphasis is placed on his negative ontology, which is more advanced than anything in Western thought until much later than his era. The historical context of Eriugena's life and thought is sketched, including the influences acting on him and the influence he exerted on others. His fourfold division of reality is then discussed, indicating how the whole of reality may be viewed as an ongoing interaction between being and non-being.

La escuela primaria apenas sí está documentada en las épocas anteriores al Renacimiento, y en el caso de las matemáticas el caso es todavía más difícil, puesto que se aprendían sobre el ábaco (sea este de arena o de fichas), que se borraba una vez la operación se había acabado, para volver a ser reutilizado. El De Computo de Rabano Mauro (ca. 780-856) es un manual para calcular la Pascua. Sin embargo, los primeros ocho capítulos ofrecen una buena perspectiva de lo que podría ser la escuela primaria en la época carolingia y cómo los niños aprendían a contar: primero, las diferentes clases de números (con un criterio de aproximación más gramatical que aritmético), seguido de las diferentes formas de escribir los números y el cálculo digital; finalmente el estudiante era introducido en el extraño mundo de las fracciones según fueron conocidas por los romanos. En este artículo se ofrece el texto latino de los ocho primeros capítulos junto con su correspondiente traducción al español.

Primary school is hardly documented in the ages before the Renaissance, and in the case of Mathematics the case is even more difficult since they were learned on the abacus (either the dust board or the counters abacus) that was deleted after the operation had been completed, to reuse it again. The "De Computo" of Rabanus Maurus (ca. 780-856) is a handbook of Easter reckoning. However the first eight chapters offer a good insight in the primary school and in the ways by which children would have been taught to count: the different sorts of numbers (in an approximation that is more grammatical than arithmetical), the different forms of writing them and finger counting; finally the student is introduced in the study of the bizarre world of fractions, such as they were known by the Romans. Here we offer the Latin text together with the translation into Spanish of these eight chapters.

Publikacja recenzowana / Peer-reviewed publicationTransformations of education in changing Europe are multifaceted. One of the latter is the process of strengthening the cooperation among universities in this part of the world. This cooperation is carried out in many fields – from joint projects and researches – to joint analyses, discourses and publications. This monograph – a collection of reflections, thoughts and polemics deriving from theoretical and empirical researches, carried out as a part of a joint research project simultaneously undertaken at both these universities under the name “Problems and challenges of modern education” – constitutes one of the fruits of the cooperation between Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Cracow University and the University of Ljubljana

In spite of the scarcity of sources, there is some information about some women, almost all of them members of royal or aristocratic families, that could afford to own manuscripts and were able to use them, and even to copy them. Some of them could reach the highest levels of literacy and became themselves producers of texts in diverse literary genders. At the same time nunneries served as schools for the instruction of girls of noble origin, destined to return to the world after finishing their education, and in this way they became a privileged conduct for the Christian and literary education of their children. Definitely literacy was not a privilege of male ecclesiastical hierarchies, although we can ascertain that except in very punctual cases it was confined to the families of the ecclesiastical and lay aristocracy.

In the Carolingian period, most intellectual centers owned a copy of the Etymologiae of Isidore of Seville. Large and important centers, such as Reims or Fleury, may have possessed as many as three or four copies. The ultimate record-holder is, however, St. Gallen. By the end of the ninth century, the St. Gallen library held at least four complete series of the Etymologiae, several codices containing its parts, and also three collections including a selection from Isidore’s monumental encyclopedia. Moreover, several manuscripts, which are now no longer preserved at St. Gallen, contain traces that suggest that they were owned by the monastery in the second half of the ninth century. To what should this interest in the Etymologiae at St. Gallen be attributed? Is there a deeper significance in the fact that many of the codices of the Etymologiae from Carolingian St. Gallen represent distinct text-versions, some of them rare in the Carolingian area, so that the abbey possessed not only one of the largest but also most diverse collections of the manuscripts of Isidore’s encyclopedia? And is there perhaps a connection between this extraordinary accumulation of manuscripts and the traces of a large-scale scholarly project concerning the Etymologiae surviving in the same codices?

Primera traducción a una lengua moderna de los anales del Imperio carolingio. Bajo este título no se recoge una obra concreta de época medieval, sino que los autores han agrupado tres fuentes distintas (Annales Eginhardi, Annales Bertiniani y Annales Fuldenses), y de su gran extensión han seleccionado los años correspondientes a una cronología muy precisa, aunque no caprichosa (años 800-843), y a una ideología política diversa.
Se presenta la traducción con todos los riesgos de empobrecer la riqueza expresiva del latín (mejor, quizá, de los “latines” utilizados en las diversas fuentes, unos más cultos que otros). Así introducen los autores su trabajo, advirtiéndonos que no se trata de una edición de fuentes lo que nos ofrecen. Traducción con una intencionalidad didáctica llena de realismo: facilitar a las jóvenes generaciones de historiadores el difícil acceso a estos textos medievales escritos en latín. Considerando la devaluación a que ha llegado el conocimiento de esta lengua en los actuales planes de estudio, y la escasez de latín medieval en la Universidad, el esfuerzo realizado por Javier del Hoyo y Bienvenido Gazapo merece toda alabanza. La interdisciplinariedad de los autores (latinista el primero; medievalista el segundo y especialista en Imperio Carolingio, que se doctoró en 1990 con una tesis sobre La imagen mental de imperium en los pensadores carolingios) hace una propuesta metodológica a los investigadores que caminan en solitario, digna de ser atendida e imitada

Poco ci è noto riguardo al canto bizantino di epoca giustinianea e nessuno ha ancora letto il trattato del De Musica di Boezio come una fonte circa il canto bizantino. In che modo e quanto l'autore aveva conosciuto della cultura musicale dell'Oriente? Quanto essa fu importante quale fonte d'ispirazione, nel tempo in cui aveva tradotto i trattati greci della scienza matematica “armoniche”? Osservando le tradizioni liturgiche latine, ma anche la teoria musicale in Europa fino a oggi, la questione sarà dunque quanto le scelte di Boezio avevano condizionato il “futuro” sapere della teoria musicale.