Climate modeling

This map folio should be referenced as:
Scotese, C.R., 2013. Map Folio 70 Early Devonian (Emsian, 402.3 Ma), PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, volume 4, Late Paleozoic Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic and Plate Tectonic Reconstructions, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.

Introduction
These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

Water availability is fundamental to societies and ecosystems, but our understanding of variations in hydroclimate (including extreme events, flooding, and decadal periods of drought) is limited because of a paucity of modern instrumental observations that are distributed unevenly across the globe and only span parts of the 20th and 21st centuries. Such data coverage is insufficient for characterizing hydroclimate and its associated dynamics because of its multidecadal-to-centennial variability and highly regionalized spatial signature. High-resolution (seasonal to decadal) hydroclimatic proxies that span all or parts of the Common Era (CE) and paleoclimate model simulations are therefore important tools for augmenting our understanding of hydroclimate variability. In particular, the comparison of the two sources of information is critical for addressing the uncertainties and limitations of both, while enriching each of their interpretations. We review the principal proxy data avail...

Study on climate modeling.

It uses the energy balance principle for creating the single layer model.
The primary objective of this study to gain skills and understanding in climate modeling which comes from 'Energy Systems Engineering: Evaluation and Implementation' by Vanek, Albright and Angenent.

Primary target of interest:
1. Senior students in engineering and science.
2. Practicing engineers.
3. Other new in the field related to Climate, Green, and Renewable Energy.

Textbook Resources:
1). Energy Systems Engineering (Vanek Albright & Angenent)-Primary.
2). Other references indicated in notes.

Apologies for any errors and omissions.

2013.33 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear, or plate caree map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

A set of seven atlases has been compiled for each of the principal climatic variables: Temperature (Scotese and Moore, 2014a), Atmospheric Pressure and Winds (Scotese and Moore, 2014b),  Rainfall and Runoff (Scotese and Moore, 2014c), Ocean Currents and Salinity (Scotese & Moore, 2014d), Upwelling (Scotese and Moore, 2014e), Anoxia (Scotese, 2014b), and Lithologic Indicators of Climate (Scotese, Boucot and Xu, 2014).  These atlases show the FOAM simulation results for all 18 time intervals (Figure 1).

(More discussion about the maps in this folio in the near future.)

This map folio should be referenced as:
Scotese, C.R., 2013. Map Folio 54, Early Permian (Artinskian, 280 Ma), PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, volume 4, Late Paleozoic Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic and Plate Tectonic Reconstructions, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.

2013.47 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear, or plate caree map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

2013.25 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear, or plate caree map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

Micro Climate is of Critical Importance Between Climate Issues in General and Urban
Climate Change in Particular, and through the Current Study we Focus on Relatively Modern
Methods and Standards on Local Climate of Study Area to find out Extent of  Influence of
Urban Climate Footprint of Place, and Study Area is Administratively Limited by Nile to East
Agouza District in North and Bulaq Dakrour District in West, and Second Neighborhood South
and Southwest of Giza Section, which Represents about 5% of Area of City Giza, about 7 Km
,
According to 1/5000 Cadastral Maps of Study Area, and there are two Agricultural
Meteorological Stations, which are Giza Agricultural and Dokki, and Climate Range will be
Determined. Local Area According to Inputs WUDAPT Project in Study Area (Dokki, Haret
Oula).

          As for Second Part (Dahab Island), we are working on Micro Climate Model through
ENVI-Met Model. Concept of Climate Justice from our Tracing Back History of Term and
Discussing how that Concept was Achieved on A Broad Scale Through Principles of Climate
Justice.
        Smart Climate Applications are Characterized by Providing Ease in Dealing with Data
and can be Fully Relied Upon in Future due to High-Precision Technological Changes that
Occur on it Daily, and Future of Urban Climate will Become Mainly Dependent on it in
Coming Periods.

Key Words: Climate Justice – ENVI-met Model – LCZ - WUDAPT
2

2014.10 This Atlas of Early Cretaceous Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Berriasian (143 Ma) to the late Albian (101.8 Ma).  The maps are from volume 2 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014).
Also numeric time values are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008).  For several stages there are versions of the map that show maximum sea level (maximum flooding surface) or minimum sea level (supersequence boundary) during that time interval.

The following maps are included in the Atlas of Early Cretaceous Paleogeographic Maps:

Map 23  Early Cretaceous (late Albian, 101.8 Ma)
Map 24  Early Cretaceous (middle Albian, 106 Ma)
Map 25  Early Cretaceous (early Albian, 110 Ma)  Albian Supersequence Boundary and Transgressive System Tract
Map 26  Early Cretaceous (late Aptian, 115.2 Ma)
Map 27  Early Cretaceous (early Aptian, 121.8 Ma)
Map 28  Early Cretaceous (Barremian, 127.5 Ma)
Map 29  Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian, 132 Ma)
Map 30  Early Cretaceous (Valanginian, 137 Ma) Barremian-Hauterivian Supersequence boundary and Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 31  Early Cretaceous (Berriasian, 143 Ma) Berriasian Supersequence boundary and Maximum Flooding Surface

This work should be cited as
Scotese,  C.R., 2014.  Atlas of Early Cretaceous Paleogeographic Maps, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, volume 2, The Cretaceous, Maps 23-31, Mollweide Projection, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.

This updated and expanded second edition of a much lauded work provides a current overview of the impacts of climate change on tropical forests. The authors also investigate past, present and future climatic influences on the ecosystems with the highest biodiversity on the planet. Tropical Rainforest Responses to Climatic Change, Second Edition, looks at how tropical rain forest ecology is altered by climate change, rather than simply seeing how plant communities were altered. Shifting the emphasis on to ecological processes, e.g. how diversity is structured by climate and the subsequent impact on tropical forest ecology, provides the reader with a more comprehensive coverage. A major theme of the book is the interaction between humans, climate and forest ecology. The authors, all foremost experts in their fields, explore the long term occupation of tropical systems, the influence of fire and the future climatic effects of deforestation, together with anthropogenic emissions. Incorporating modelling of past and future systems paves the way for a discussion of conservation from a climatic perspective, rather than the usual plea to stop logging. This second edition provides an updated text in this rapidly evolving field. The existing chapters are revised and updated and two entirely new chapters deal with Central America and the effect of fire on wet forest systems. In the first new chapter, the paleoclimate and ecological record from Central America (Lozano, Correa, Bush) is discussed, while the other deals with the impact of fire on tropical ecosystems.

2014.11 This Atlas of Jurassic Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Hettangian (198 Ma) to the Jurassic/Cretaceoous Boundary (145.5 Ma).  The maps are from volume 3 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014). Absolute age assignments are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008). 

The following maps are included in the Atlas of Jurassic Paleogeographic Maps:

Map 32  Jurassic/Cretaceous Boundary (145.5 Ma) Berriasian Supersequence Boundary
Map 33  Late Jurassic (Tithonian, 148.2 Ma) Highstand Systems Track 
Map 34  Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian, 153.2) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 35  Late Jurassic (Oxfordian, 158.4) Transgressive Systems Track
Map 36  Middle Jurassic (Callovian, 164.5 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 37  Middle Jurassic (Bajocian & Bathonian, 169.7 Ma) Kimmeridgian-Oxfordian Supersequence Boundary & Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 38  Middle Jurassic (Aalenian, 173.2 Ma) Bathonian-Bajocian Supersequence Boundary
Map 39  Early Jurassic (Toarcian, 179.3 Ma) Toarcian Supersequence Boundary and Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 40  Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian, 186.3 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 41  Early Jurassic (Sinemurian, 193 Ma) Transgressive Systems Track
Map 42  Early Jurassic (Hettangian, 198 Ma) Pliensbachian Supersequence Boundary


This work should be cited as
Scotese,  C.R., 2014.  Atlas of Jurassic Paleogeographic Maps, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, volume 3, The Jurassic and Triassic, Maps 32-42, Mollweide Projection, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.

2013.29 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear, or plate caree map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

2013.53 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

2013.08 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear, or plate caree map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

2014.12 This Atlas of Middle & Late Permian and Triassic Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Middle Permian (Roadian & Wordian, 268.2 Ma) to the end of the Triassic (Rhaetian, 201.6 Ma).  The maps are from volumes 3 and 4 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014). Absolute age assignments are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008). 

The following maps are included in the Atlas of Jurassic Paleogeographic Maps:

Map 43  Late Triassic (Rhaetian, 201.6 Ma) Lowstand Systems Tract
Map 44  Late Triassic (Norian, 210 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface 
Map 45  Late Triassic (Carnian, 222.6 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 46  Middle Triassic (Ladinian, 232.9 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 47  Middle Triassic (Anisian, 241.5 Ma) Lowstand Systems Tract
Map 48  Early Triassic (Induan & Olenekian, 248.5 Ma) Lowstand Systems Track
Map 49  Permo-Triassic Boundary (251 Ma) Norian Supersequence Boundary
Map 50  Late Permian (Lopingian, 255.7 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 51  late Middle Permian (Capitanian, 263.1 Ma) Lowstand Systems Tract
Map 52  Middle Permian (Roadian & Wordian, 268.2 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface

This work should be cited as
Scotese,  C.R., 2014.  Atlas of Middle & Late Permian and Triassic Paleogeographic Maps, maps 43 - 48 from Volume 3 of the PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS (Jurassic and Triassic) and maps 49 – 52 from Volume 4 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Late Paleozoic), Mollweide Projection, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.

This map folio should be referenced as:
Scotese, C.R., 2013. Map Folio 82, Early Ordovician (Tremadoc, 480 Ma), PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, volume 5, Early Paleozoic Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic and Plate Tectonic Reconstructions, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.
Also see: Scotese,  C.R., 2014.  Atlas of Cambrian and Early Ordovician Paleogeographic Maps (Mollweide Projection), Maps 81 – 88, Volumes 5, The Early Paleozoic, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL, https://www.academia.edu/16785571/Atlas_of_Cambrian_and_Early_Ordovician_Paleogeographic_Maps

Introduction
These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the one used by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

2014.09 This Atlas of Late Cretaceous Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Cenomanian (96.6 Ma) to the K/T Boundary(65.5 Ma).  The maps are from volume 2 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014).  For several time intervals there are versions of the map that show maximum sea level (maximum flooding surface) or minimum sea level (sequence boundary) during that stage.
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Late Cretaceous Paleogeographic Maps:
Map 16  K/T Boundary (latest Maastrichtian, 65.5 Ma)
Map 17  Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, 68 Ma) 
Map 18  Late Cretaceous  (Late Campanian, 73.8 Ma) 
Map 19  Late Cretaceous  (Early Campanian, 80.3 Ma)
Map 20  Late Cretaceous (Santonian  & Coniacian, 86 Ma)
Map 21  Mid Cretaceous  (Turonian, 91.1 Ma)
Map 22  Mid Cretaceous  (Cenomanian, 96.6 Ma)

This work should be cited as
Scotese,  C.R., 2014.  Atlas of Late Cretaceous Paleogeographic Maps, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, volume 2, The Cretaceous, Maps 16 ╨ 22, Mollweide Projection, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.

In an effort to derive temperature-based criteria of habitability for multicellular life, we investigated the thermal limits of terrestrial poikilotherms, i.e. organisms whose body temperature and the functioning of all vital processes is directly affected by the ambient temperature. Multicellular poikilotherms are the most common and evolutionarily ancient form of complex life on earth. The thermal limits for the active metabolism and reproduction of multicellular poikilotherms on earth are approximately bracketed by the temperature interval 0°C ≤ T ≤ 50°C. The same interval applies to the photosynthetic production of oxygen, an essential ingredient of complex life, and for the generation of atmospheric biosignatures observable in exoplanets. Analysis of the main mechanisms responsible for the thermal thresholds of terrestrial life suggests that the same mechanisms would apply to other forms of chemical life. We therefore propose a habitability index for complex life, h 050, repres...

These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

This map folio should be referenced as:
Scotese, C.R., 2013. Map Folio 57, Late Pennsylvanian (Gzhelian 301.2 Ma), PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, volume 4, Late Paleozoic Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic and Plate Tectonic Reconstructions, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.

The emissions of greenhouse gasses in Egypt are about 0.58% of the total emissions of the world in the year 2015, although Egypt is one of the countries most affected by the impacts of climate change. By assessment and analysis of the expected economic impacts of climate change by the year 2030, the Egyptian cultivated area will be reduced to about 0.949 million acres, equal to about 8.22% of the Egyptian cultivated area compared with the case of no sinking part of the Delta land, thus reducing crop area in Egypt to about 1.406 million acres, approximately to about 6.25% of crop area compared with the case of no sinking part of the Delta land, in addition to surplus in the Egyptian balance water to about 2.48 billion m 3. In this case value of the Egyptian agriculture production will decrease by about 6.19 billion dollars, equal to about 6.19% compared with presumably no sinking of the Delta land. In the case of sinking 15% of Delta lands, with the change of the productivity and water consumption of most crops, the result will be a reduction in the cultivated area to about 0.94 million acres. In addition to decreasing the Egyptian crop area to about 1.39 million acres, with a deficit in the Egyptian balance water to about 4.74 billion m 3 compared to the case of no sinking part of the Delta land, the cultivated area will decrease to about 8.17%, and the crop area will decrease 6.18%. Also, the value of the Egyptian agriculture production will decrease by about 12.51%. While compared to sinking part of the Delta land to about 15% of the total Delta area without the other impacts of climate change, the cultivated area will increase by about 0.06%; the crop area will increase by about 0.08%; also, the value of the Egyptian agriculture production will decrease by about 5.57%.

A statistical analysis of maximum temperature event of Borga station is carried out with a view to understanding and setting best fitted model. It is needed to know the behavior of maximum temperature because of its numerous effect on Ecology and environment. Historical rainfall data for the period 1948-2013 were used in this present study. For the purpose of maximum temperature modeling and Forcasting we used Box-Jenkins Modeling Strategy using Statistical criteria of Augmented Dickey-Fuller test, Phillip-Perron test, Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin test, Autocorrelation and Partial-Autocorrelation function, Ljung-Box test, Descriptive Statistics and Moving Average Smoother. Anderson-Darling and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were perforemed to select theoritical distribution, for best fitted of data. We present various statistical test to detect the best trend of maximum temperature time series data in study area. SARIMA (0,0,0)(4,1,0)12Model is perfomed as best model which gives lowest values of residuals variance.The analysis shows on average a decreasing trend of rainfall. The Descriptive Statistic for rainfall shows positively skewed and platykurtic

"Resumen. El estudio de la variabilidad climática es uno de los elementos más relevantes de los estudios climatológicos en
los últimos tiempos. La variabilidad del clima se refiere a variaciones en las condiciones climáticas medias y otras estadísticas del clima (como las desviaciones típicas, los fenómenos extremos, etc.) que se extienden más allá de la escala de un fenómeno meteorológico en particular. Esta puede deberse a procesos naturales internos, o al forzamiento externo natural o antropogénico. Debido a la aceleración en los cambios macro-climáticos y ambientales, estos estudios de variabilidad han tomado mayor énfasis. Uno de los procedimientos que permiten aproximarnos, a la evaluación de estos fenómenos, son las cadenas de Markov y la teoría de grafos. El fenómeno ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) se puede pensar como una cadena de Markov que fluctúa entre tres estados, frío, neutro y caliente, de acuerdo a ciertas probabilidades de transición entre los estados. En este artículo se presentan los grafos y los valores de las probabilidades de transición del índice BEST ENSO, para cada una de las últimas cinco décadas consideradas 1950-2006. Se hace un breve análisis de las posibles causas de las discrepancias entre los cinco grafos obtenidos.

Palabras claves: variabilidad climática, ENSO, Cadenas de Markov"

These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.
Plate Tectonic Reconstruction (Map N)
The plate tectonic reconstruction (Map N) is based on the global plate tectonic model developed by the PALEOMAP Project. The Atlas of Plate Tectonic Reconstructions illustrates the plate tectonic development of the Earth during the last 540 million years (Table 1).  The plate tectonic reconstruction illustrates the location of active plate boundaries and the changing extent of both oceanic and continental plates. Color-coded tectonic features include: mid ocean ridges (double red lines), continental rifts (dashed red lines), subduction zones (blue lines), continental volcanic arcs (light blue lines), collision zones (purple lines), ancient collision zones (dashed purple lines), and strike-slip faults (green lines).

The Paleozoic plate tectonic reconstructions are modified from Scotese and McKerrow, 1990; Scotese, 1990; Scotese,2001; and Scotese and Dammrose, 2008.  The Mesozoic and Cenozoic plate tectonic reconstructions are modified from Scotese and Sager, 1988; Scotese, 1990; Scotese,2001; and Scotese and Dammrose, 2008.  For an in-depth discussion of the data, methods, and rational used to produce the plate tectonic reconstructions see, “The Atlas of Plate Tectonic Reconstructions”,  (Scotese, 2014a).

Paleogeographic Maps (Maps A, B, C, D, & E)
Once the global plate tectonic framework has been established, paleogeographic maps can be digitally created that represent the ancient distribution of highlands, lowlands, shallow seas, and deep ocean basins. This is done by modeling the changes in topography and bathymetry caused by tectonic and erosional processes that have occurred over time. To produce a paleogeographic map of an ancient time, young tectonic features, such as recent uplifts or volcanic eruptions, must be removed or reduced in size, whereas older tectonic features, such as ancient mountain ranges, must be restored to their former extent. As an example, ocean floor which subsides as it cools and moves away from a spreading ridge must be "unsubsided" or restored to its former depths (Stein and Stein, 1992).
The paleogeographic maps in this map folio (Maps A ,B, C, D, & E) use digital paleotopographic and paleobathymetric information to represent the surface of the Earth and the shape and depth of the ocean basins. Each map is composed of over 6 million grid cells that capture digital elevation information at a 10 km x 10 km geographic resolution and 40 meter vertical resolution. This quantitative, paleo- digital elevation model, or paleoDEM, allows us to visualize and analyze the changing surface of the Earth through time using standard GIS tsoftware(ESRI 3D Analyst, Spatial Analyst), 3D modeling, and computer animation techniques.
The process of building a paleoDEM  (Scotese, 2002) begins with digital topographic and bathymetric data sets of the modern world (land & oceans, (Smith and Sandwell, 1997); Antarctica, the BEDMAP Project (Lythe and Vaughan, 2000); and the Arctic, (Jakobsson et al., 2004). These topographic and bathymetric data sets have been combined into a global data set with 6-minute resolution. In the next step, the individual grid cells (latitude, longitude) have been rotated back to their paleopositions using the global plate tectonic model of the PALEOMAP Project. The resulting map is a reconstruction of present-day bathymetry and topography in a paleolatitudal and paleolongitudal framework – not very interesting or informative, but a starting point.
In the next processing steps (Scotese, 2002), the modern digital elevation and bathymetric values are corrected to take into account the complex effects of thermal subsidence of the ocean floor (Stein and Stein, 1992), glacial rebound (Peltier, 2004), tectonic and volcanic activity, and erosion. The result is a “revised” global paleotopographic and paleobathymetric surface, or paleoDEM for a specific geological time interval.  The paleoDEM represents the “best guess” bathymetric and topographic surface for that time interval. To complete the 3D paleogeographic model the new topographic surface is digitally “flooded” by raising or lowering sea level according to the estimates from various eustatic sea level curves (Haq et al., 1987; Haq and Schutter, 2009; Ross and Ross, 1985; Miller et al., 2005).  We have found that eustatic sealevel changes that are about 50% of the values published by Haq et al. (1987), produce the best match between predicted continental flooding and the geological evidence of ancient shallow seas.
On Map A, each digital elevation interval from -10,000 meters below sea level to +10,000 meters above sea level has been given a unique color.  Deep oceans (oceanic crust) are dark blue.  Mid-ocean ridges are medium blue. The shallow shelves and the flooded portions of the continents (epieric seas) are shades of light blue.  Coastal regions and continental areas near sea level are dark green; low-lying inland areas are green.  Plateaus and the foothills of mountains are tan, and mountainous regions are brown.  The highest peaks in the mountains are shaded white.
On Map B, the environmental categories have been reduced to 12 intervals based on elevation. White = mountain tops > 6000m; brown = mountains, 6000m - 1500m;  tan = highlands, 1500m - 1000m; light brown = low plateaus and foothills, 1000m - 800m; yellow green = flatlands, 800m – 200m; green = lowlands, 200m – 0m;  sky blue = near shore & shallow shelves, 0 to -40 m;  light blue = shallow seas, -40m to -120m depth; and royal blue = deep shelf, -120m to -200m; blue = slope and rise, -200m to -1200m; medium blue = bathyal and mid ocean ridges, -1200m to -2600; dark blue = deep ocean, -2600 to -4400m; ocean trenchs = darkest blue, -4400m to -10,000m.
On Map D, all color has been removed and the paleotopography and paleobathymetry is represented by shaded relief (western light source).  The flat areas of the ocean basins are regions where the ocean floor that has been subducted, hence there is no modern bathymetry to reconstruct. On Map E, a modern geological map of the world has been draped on the continents (see Table 1 for Legend).
Two versions for the paleoDEMS are available as supplementary material. A low-resolution paleoDEM with a grid cell size of 111 km x 111 km (one square degree), suitable for climate simulations, and regional version with a resolution of 10 km x 10 km, suitable for geomorphological analysis.

This map folio should be referenced as:
Scotese, C.R., 2013. Map Folio 51, late Middle Permian (Capitanian, 263.1 Ma), PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, volume 4, Late Paleozoic Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic and Plate Tectonic Reconstructions, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.

2013.45 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear, or plate caree map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

2013.43 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear, or plate caree map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

2013.51 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

2013.31 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear, or plate caree map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

This study presents, for the first time, an environmental reconstruction of a sequence spanning nearly the entire Mediterranean Epipaleolithic (~22.0e11.9 ka cal. BP). The study is based on a well-dated, highresolution pollen record recovered from the waterlogged archaeological site Jordan River Dureijat (JRD), located on the banks of Paleolake Hula. JRD's continuous sequence enabled us to build a pollen-based paleoclimate model providing a solid background for the dramatic cultural changes that occurred in the region during this period. Taxonomic identification of the waterlogged wood assemblage collected from JRD was used to fine-tune the paleoenvironmental reconstruction. The chronological framework is based on radiocarbon dating and the typology of archaeological findings. The LGM (~22e19 ka cal. BP) was found to be the coldest period of the sequence, marked by a distinct decrease in the reconstructed January temperatures of up to 5 C lower than today, while mean annual precipitation was only slightly lower than the present-day average (~450 vs. 515 mm, respectively). The wettest and warmest period of the record was identified between~14.9 and 13.0 ka cal. BP, with maximum values of 545 mm mean annual precipitation reached at~14.5 ka cal. BP. This time interval is synchronized with the global warm and moist Bølling-Allerød interstadial as well as with the onset of the Natufian culture and the emergence of sedentism in the Levant. The Younger Dryas began around 12.9 ka cal. BP and was identified as an exceptional period by the JRD sequence with low temperatures and minimal climatic seasonality contrast: an increase in rain contribution during spring, summer, and autumn was documented concurrently with a significant decrease in winter precipitation. The detailed vegetation and climatological reconstruction presented in this study serves as backdrop to seminal events in human history: the transition from small nomadic groups of hunter-gatherers to the sedentary villages of the Natufian, eventually transitioning to the agricultural, complex communities of the Neolithic.

2013.55 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

2013.50 These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me (cscotese@gmail.com). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

الملخص
      تعتبر خريطة نطاق المناخ المحلى LCZ Local Climate Zone"" هى أحدى المعايير الجديدة لدراسة مناخ المناطق الحضرية ، وفي هذه الورقة البحثية نوضح ذلك من خلال التركيز على منطقة الدقى(قسم الدقى وحارة أولى قسم الجيزة) بمدينة الجيزة ،ويحد المنطقة إدارياً نهر النيل شرقا ،وحي العجوزة شمالا ،وحى بولاق الدكرور غربا ، وحي حارة ثانية من قسم الجيزة وتمثل 4% من مساحة مدينة الجيزة حوالى6 كم2 طبقاُ للخرائط المساحية 1/5000 لمنطقة الدراسة ،وتتواجد بها محطتى أرصاد زراعية وهما الجيزة الزراعية والدقى ، وسوف يتم العمل لتحديد نطاق المناخ المحلى للمنطقة وفقا لمدخلات مشروع قاعدة البيانات الحضرية العالمية WUDAPT  "World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools". 
    والذى يسعى لسهولة الوصول المفتوح إلى مجموعة البيانات الحضرية بحيث يمكن للباحثين في جميع أنحاء العالم استخدام البيانات للعديد من المدن المشتركة فى المشروع ومتاح بالموقع WUDAPT من خلال التطبيقات الذكية المختلفة، بدءا من نمذجة المناخ والطقس إلى دراسات توازن الطاقة باستخدام إطار مشترك وربط هذه البيانات بالطرق المتاحة لمعالجتها مناخيا ويتراوح مساحة دقتها المكانية من 300 م إلى 10 كم  حتى يمكننا معرفة مدى تأثير البصمة المناخية الحضرية لمناطق صغيرة المساحة فى المناخ العالمى .
      ويعتبر مشروع WUDAPT جهد عالمي منظم ذاتيًا لبدء ملء فجوات البيانات لحل التحديات العالمية للمدن والمجتمعات المستدامة ، ولتسهيل البيانات الحضرية المتعلقة بالمناخ ، وتعتبر خريطة نطاق المناخ المحلى LCZ مدخلاً تفصيلاً يمكن الاستفادة منها فى نموذج المناخ الحضرى MUKLIMO  (Mikroskaliges Urbanes KLImaMOdell) ،حيث أن نمذجة المناخ الحضرى أمر ذات أهمية لدراسة الحرارة الناجمة عن المدن والمؤثرة على تغير المناخ ومن أجل هذا، نحن بحاجة إلى بناء مجتمع من الخبراء  المناخيين والحضريين والباحثين المهتمين الذين سيضطلعون بدور نشط  فى هذا التخصص.
      ولقد قسمت منطقة الدقى طبقا للمعايير المناخية المحدد لنطاق المناخ المحلى  وهى(عامل رؤية السماء- نسبة الأرتفاع - متوسط ارتفاع المبانى - درجة خشونة التضاريس - نسبة سطح الأرض مع غطاء المبنى - نسبة سطح الأرض مع غطاء منيع (المعبدة ، الصخور) - نسبة سطح الأرض مع الغطاء (التربة العارية ، الغطاء النباتي ، الماء) - قدرة السطح على قبول أو إطلاق الحرارة – البيدو- مصادر الحرارة) ،ومن هنا يمكن تحديد البصمة المناخية الحضرية لمنطقة الدقى ومدى تأثيرها فى المناخ العالمى.

الكلمات المفتاحية : - WUDAPT  تطبيقات المناخ الذكى  - LCZ – نموذج MUKLIMO

This pdf was made from an animation that illustrates the changing size and shape of the Earth's major climatic belts during the last 540 million years.  The animation also features a changing temperature scale (C˚ and F˚). The animation can be viewed at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DGf5pZMkjA0.  For more information about the science behind this work see: https://www.academia.edu/12082909/Some_thoughts_on_Global_Climate_Change_The_Transition_from_Icehouse_to_Hothouse