Karl S . Bogha

Purpose: Business Case Study.

This report is written for developing and commercialising Renewable Energy Technologies (RET) in New Zealand which utilise solar energy for its primary energy source.

This report is prepared with the intent of an investor who is planning on capitalising commercially on solar RET in New Zealand.

The cost of the PV systems has dropped dramatically in the last years and is expected to continue dropping. From 2009 to 2015, there was 56% reduction in the total cost, 77% in the PV modules, 45% in inverter cost, and 44% in installation-related costs. All this helped in promoting solar technology worldwide as an alternative energy to other traditional energy sources, and renewables. (Malinowski et al, 2017).

Purpose:

To evaluate, analyse, and apply current project management techniques on this completed
project.

Objectives:

1. Critique Part 1: Critically evaluate if Critical Success Factors (CSF) were present.
(Pinto, 1987).

2. Critique Part 2: Analyse and discuss the life cycle phases indicating presence of
Support Processes (SPs).

3. Critique Part 3: Applying current thinking put forward theories or models, which
could be applied to manage more effectively.

Renewable Energy Technology equipment are known for changes in technology, sale price to customer, subsidies, etc. MCS provides a good estimation on forecasting and analysing risk management. Better risk management is achieved when partnering mechanism with incentive is added into the mix. This changes the attitude of the actors and creates opportunity through their involvement in risk management. Currently there is limited interest and activity in the early phase. This needs changing by project actors, since early phase involvement is important for systematic risk management.

This report is a risk analysis on the paper titled ‘Renewable energy project: Project Management,
challenges and risk’ written by H.H. Goh et al. This paper was written by academics at University
Tun Hussein Onn and University Malaysia Sabah. This paper was made available on line through
Elsevier journal homepage on 26th July 2014.

Complete Set of Notes: Prerequisite To Laplace Transform Electric Circuits.

This file is comprised of Parts 1, 2, and 3 prerequisite course work for Laplace Transforms For Electric Circuits. Parts 1, 2, and 3 can be found on this webpage. Approximately just over 900 pages in total.

The contents is primarily covered in Electric Circuits I and II.

Large file size 30.9 megabyte. So, it may not have a good preview therefore please download your copy.

Suitable for engineering students in North and South America, Europe, Asia, and Aus & NZ.

Apologies in advance for any errors and omissions.



Regards,
Karl.
BSE Arkansas State University.

Inverting operational amplifiers used to create a time delay.
Using two cascaded 741 operational amplifiers.

First operational amplifier is an integrator amplifier.

Purpose:

A circuit with an inherent time delay built in thru a capacitor, that permits the circuit's output to be delayed.

Benefit:

When the input has a corrupt/noisy signal for a time duration, the time delay allows for the output response to be delayed. Provided the circuit's time delay is longer than the noisy input signal time duration.

Here its a 1.5 second delay adequate for most applications. Ei being the input signal, and Vo the output signal. Two figures have notes in them for the  explanation.

This material's source is Operational Amplifiers and Integrated Circuits by Coughlin and Driscoll, 6th Ed. Prentice Hall. Chapter 5 pages 143-144.

Apologies in advance for any errors and omissions.

I selected AK Jairath textbook because it goes back to 1992, when this engineer first
published this book. 2nd edition in 1994, and reprinted in 1996.

Solutions & Problems in Control System. May not be in circulation now. Its a small
book. Concise similar to Schaums (Supplementary), its not a main textbook. Chapter
1 is Transfer Functions. All the problems in chapter 1 are are made up of R L C
components. So this was in line with my/our starting plan to stay within the electric
circuits corridor. First keep things simple. So if you asked why, that's the reason I
selected this chapter. We did some theory-examples in transfer function at end of
Part B, so its best to do them first since these are fresh in minds. This is part of Part 3C which here can be independent.

Got an oppurtunity to work with RLC components in the transfer function and
secondly control systems context, why waste it. So I did these few example problems.

AK Jairath: The transfer function of a system is the ratio of Laplace transforms of
the output and input quantities, initial conditions being zero. When a physical system
is analysed, a mathematical model is prepared by writing differential equations with
the help of various laws. An equation describing a physical system has integrals and
differentials. The response can be obtained by solving such equations.

Series RL and parallel LC circuit used to explain poles and zeros.
Poles and zeros are used in higher order RLC circuits, Laplace circuit analysis, electrical controls engineering, signals, and related areas. Also applied in mechanical engineering.

Parallel LC analysis may not be exactly what you were looking for and may have better method of explaining it. Usually LC circuit is not as equally devoted in textbook.

Study notes based on Hyat and Kemmerly's 4th edition of Engineering Circuit Analysis. McGrawHill.

Any errors and omissions apologies in advance.

Introduction to s-plane (complex frequency plane) for engineering circuit analysis.

s-plane study is the 's' in electric circuit problem solving applying Laplace method.

Engineering Electrical Courses Mostly Used In:
1. upper level electric circuits
2. electrical control systems
3. signals and systems
4. signal processing
4. filters . 

Study here is building up from basics.
What is the s-plane type of study.
Level: Intermediate for electrical circuits course.

Reference: Hyat and Kemmerly, Engineering Circuit Analysis 4th edition.

Apologies for any errors and omissions.

Refresher Electrical Engineering Circuits Example.
RC source free complex circuit.
Determine voltages, currents, and time constant in a small complex RC circuit.

Certainly, you may have a better explanation. May be updated later if so. This example is in the 4th edition thru the 6th, and now in the 7th edition.

Followed closely the example in Schaums Outline Electric Circuits 6th edition. Nahvi and Edminister. 2014. McGrawHill.

A SMALL COMPLEX FIRST ORDER RC CIRCUIT EXAMPLE 7.6 in CHAPTER 7 of SCHAUMS OUTLINE ELECTRIC CIRCUITS 6TH EDITION. 2014.

Comments on correcting the solution are appreciated.
Including better approach to explanation and problem solving accepted.

Final Part to the prerequisite studies for Laplace Transforms In Electric Circuits.

RLC Higher Order Circuits Continuing Notes And Solved Examples and Problems.

Section 1: Introduction To Operational Amplifier (Op Amp) circuits.

I. Several parts of chapters 2, and 3 from Coughlin and Driscoll Op Amp Textbook.
Providing notes and solved examples to build the knowledge before entering
Schaums topics on Opamps. Often using the examples from Coughlin and Driscoll
to assist elsewhere in Schaums Op Amp topics.

II. Schaums:

1. Amplifier model
2. Feedback in amplifier circuits
3. Operational amplifiers
4. Analysis of circuits containing ideal Op Amps
5. Inverting Op Amp
6. Summing circuit
7. Non-inverting circuits
8. Voltage follower
9. Differential and difference amplifiers
10. Circuits containing several Op Amps

Followed by a sample Op Amp circuit called Servo Amplifier to build interest in Op Amps from Coughlin and Driscoll's textbook.

Section 2: Operational Amplifier (Op Amp) circuits.

I. Schaums:

11. Integrator and differentiator circuits
12. Analog computers
13. Low-pass filter
14. Decibel (dB)
15. Real Op Amp
16. A simple Op Amp model
17. Comparator (Briefly)
18. Flash analog to digital converter not on notes rather an example related to
analog to digital converter was solved in Section 3.

Section 3: Fully solving partially solved examples, partially solved problems, and
supplementary problems.

Problems are related to Op Amp circuits.

Primarily the topics covered in Schaums.

Purpose is toget an understanding on how to approach solving Op Amp Active circuits. These are circuits with Op Amp and R L and C components.

There is a special topic covered from Chapter 7 of 4th edition of Hyat and Kemmerly the topic is on The Lossless LC Circuit from section 7-8. This topic is relevant to RLC studies.

Section 4:

1. Engineering Circuit Analysis Hyat and Kemmerly 4th Edition:
Section 13-8: A Technique For Synthesizing The Voltage Ratio H(s) = Vout / Vin.

2. Schaums: Magnitude scaling

3. Schaums: Frequency scaling

4. Schaums: Higher order active circuits

Relevant 'partially solved examples, problems and supplementary problems' were solved. Electric Circuits textbooks have additional problems which can be worked on as required.

This is the last part of the series of parts starting from Part 1A.

Apologies for any errors and omissions.

Regards,
Karl Bogha.

Continuing from Part 3B. Part 3C is the solved examples and solved problems for the RLC Higher Order Circuits. Relevant notes in Parts 3A and 3B.

Note: Number of solved examples and problems are high.
They try to cover as much areas of the RLC higher order circuits.
Any errors the student/engineer should be able to correct with little effort.

Contents:

Section 1 solved examples and problems correspond to Part 3A and 3B notes.

Section 2 solved example are the same for the transfer functions
in RLC circuits though these are from a Controls textbook.

Section 3 problem is a discussion question the solution provided is
more toward looking at the solution from multiple perspectives.

At present for students in Electric Circuits 1 course there is adequate material provided here for the first semester course. Usually some of the material here may runs into the early 2nd semester course.

There is plan for a Part 4  this will be in coming months, 3 at least, covering the remaining few sections on RLC. The contents on this material may need to be looked at further, by me, for reinforcing studies in Laplace Transform For Electric Circuits. So this may be a while for Part 4 which should make it the end of the pre-requisite studies.

Continuing from Part 3 - A. Please refer to electrical engineering textbook used in college of engineering or pick one of the shelf.

Schaums Chapter 8 Contents Covered:
8.5 Complex frequency
8.6 Generalised impedance (R L C) in s-domain.
8.7 Network function and pole zero plots.
8.8 The forced function.
8.9 The natural response.

Several Sections From Engineering Circuit Analysis 4th edition, Hyat and Kemmerly:
13.5 Frequency response as a function of sigma.
13.6 The complex-frequency plane.
13.7 Natural response and the s-plane.

To be followed by Part C.

Apologies for any errors and omissions.

Continuing from Part 2-B, this is Part 3 - A. This file starts on the basics. Some discussions, and examples. Answers are there. May not be as in depth as most students like. So refer to your engineering mathematics textbook. Completed a few examples problems and plots to get a general understanding on subject matter. Please refer to electrical engineering textbook used in college of engineering or pick one of the shelf.

Schaums Chapter 8 Contents Covered:
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Series RLC circuit
8.3 Parallel RLC circuit
8.4 Two-Mesh circuit
8.5 Complex frequency

Complex Frequency study material assisted thru Engineering Circuit Analysis Hyat and Kemmerly.

Continuing from Part 2-A, this is Part 2 - B.
This file is a little rough comparatively, one lengthy discussion.
Its not an easy topic. Answers are there.

Topics here include:

Chapter 7 First Order Circuits - Schaums Outline Electric Circuits 6th Edition:

7.10 Response of first order circuits to a pulse.
7.11 Impulse response of RL and RC circuits.
7.12 Summary of step and impulse responses in RL and RC circuits.
7.13 Response of RL and RC circuits to sudden exponential excitations
7.14 Response of RL and RC circuits to sudden sinusoidal excitations
7.15 Summary of forced response in first order circuits
7.16 First order active circuits.<--- NOT doing this because the component is Op-amp.

Op-amps are great, but here we focus on the
components which Schaum focus on in Laplace
Transforms in Chapter 16. Does NOT impact the
studies for Laplace Transforms. Would require a
refresher topic on Op-amps, that may be
excessive. Not difficult to solve the Op-amp circuits
problems in comparison.

Level: Intermediate.

Any and all errors and omissions apologies in advance.

Continuing from Part 1-B, this is Part 2 - A.

Topics here include:

Chapter 7 First Order Circuits - Schaums Outline Electric Circuits 6th Edition:
7.1 Introduction.
7:2 Capacitor discharge in a resistor.
7.3 Establishing a DC voltage across a capacitor.
7.4 The source free RL circuit.
7.5 Establishing a DC current in an inductor.
7.6 The exponential function revisited.
7.7 Complex first order RL and RC circuit.
7.8 DC steady state in inductors and capacitors.
7.9 Transitions at switching time.

To be continued with section 7.10 in Part 2 - B.

The file has discussions, subject matter development, and examples.

Level: Intermediate.

Advance apologies for any errors and omissions.

Continuing from Part 1, this is Part 1-B.

Topics here include:
1. Sinusoidal functions (Damped sinusoid included)
2. Average and RMS (Effective) values
3. Unit Step function
4. Unit Impulse/Delta function
5. Exponential function
6. Random signal (very basic)

The file has discussions, subject matter development, and examples.

Level: Basic - Intermediate.

Rev 1: Uploaded 24 April 2020. Minor errors, and the square root on one term.
Fix on u(t)-d(t) figure. Otherwise student-engineer should be able to work thru. Same file name.

Advance apologies for any errors and omissions.

Part 1 Circuiting Prerequisites To Laplace Transforms Electric Circuits.

This is a mix of notes and solved problems. Style: Rough Draft. Purpose of these notes are to perform guided exercises to gain skills in electrical circuit analysis, with the specific intent to cover prerequisites leading to Laplace Transforms for electric circuit analysis.

There will be errors and omissions, I am NOT a subject matter expert. You probably can catch them and improve on the solution and explanation.

Textbooks on circuit analysis these days don't come under 800 pages. Surely no less than 500 pages. These for a 2 semester course or more. This is not the objective to cover page after page of knowledge.

Continued with Part 1-B.

In Applied Science and Engineering there are those rare or maybe common occasions in our coursework or work where we need to look up a Trigonometric Functions  in terms of square root of 2, square root of 3, and pi. This table has some of these expressions.

Applying industry conductor data tables to complete mechanical design of electrical distribution overhead lines. Calculation steps are the same for Metric and English units. Check for your local cable catalog for similar data.

Textbooks used written by:
1.  B R Gupta - primary textbook
2. Bayliss and Holmes - UK
3. Laverki and Holmes - EU
4. Turan Gonen - USA

Content of work amounts to fundamentals of mechanical overhead lines design.

For use by beginner line design engineers, and refresher for experts.

Apologies for any errors and omissions.

Steps in bus bar design for substation:
The cross section of conductors is designed on the basis of rated normal current and
permissible temperature rise.

The value of cross section so obtained is verified for temperature rise under short
time short circuit current.

The bus bars can be broadly classified in the following categories at substations:

1. outdoor - rigid tubular bus bars
2. outdoor - flexible ACSR or Aluminimum alloy bus bars
3. indoor - indoor bus bars in switchboards etc

Source: Electrical Substation (Engineering and Practice) S. Rao.
Chp 8 Design of Bus Bars.

Protection of Industrial Power Systems.
Second Edition.
Author: T. Davies C Eng.
Publisher: Newnes.
ISBN 0 7506 2662 3.

Practice Exercise On A 11kV Split-Bus Fault Level Calculation and Textbook Contents_Download and Check Through Solution.

This textbook is valuable to industrial power systems designers. It has electro-mechanical relay operation and application explained. The solution was worked through here in MS Word. Any errors please correct for your use.

The calculation is worked through the UK style of calculation using metric cables. Some reference is made to US calculation for cable sizing.
You may create an Excel sheet from this with graphics included. It may be valuable for electrical contractors in UK, EU, NEC type environments, and elsewhere where metric cables are used. Credit is given to the author of the book.

A table of contents is provided at end of PDF file.

Rough work you may paper and pencil this the old fashion way.

Textbook: Power Systems Analysis And Design by B.R. Gupta Senior Member IEEE.

Chapter 4: Overhead Line Insulators (Electrical and Mechanical).

Entered by Karl Bogha (Uni of Idaho Grad Cert Pwr Sys Protection and Relaying - 2015)
Date: 29 Sept 2016.

Keywords: porcelain, toughened glass, dielectric, pin type insulator, suspension
type, post insulator, strain insulator, voltage distribution over insulator string,
efficiency of string, insulator arching horns, shunt capacitance reduction,
capacitance grading, static shielding, grading or guard ring, clearance, insulator
failure, and insulator testing.

Type feasibility through preliminary design for minimum available data.
Adequate to start detailed design stage.


Elements of Electrical Power Station Design M.V. Deshpande.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
At a site for hydro-electric power project, a flow of 90m^3/s is available at a head of
100m. Sufficient storage is available. A hydro-electric power plant is to be chosen for
the project.

Load factor of power system supplied by the station 80%.
Cost of the hydro development $1500 per kW installed.
Fixed cost 9%.
Operation and maintenance cost $7 per kW per yr.
Load centre is 80km from power station.
Transmission line voltage to load centre 110kV.
Transmission liability $20 per kW per yr.
Energy used in generating stations for auxiliaries 2%.
Efficiency of turbines 89.5%.
Efficiency of generators 95.
Q  = 90 m^3/s discharge rate.
w  = 1000 kg/m^3 density of water.
nt = 0.895 efficiency of turbine(s).
h  = 100 m head.

Signals and Systems Using Mathcad by Derose and Veronis.
Chapter 3 Frequency Domain Analysis - Z Transforms.
At end of this file summaries of all 3 transforms are provided from Linear Systems and Signals 2nd edition by B.P. Lathi.
Entered by: Karl S Bogha Dhaliwal.

When do we know which transform to use and is there a comparison?
It goes like this you surely may have a better answer.
1. Laplace - for systems analysis and design but less for signals.
2. Fourier - for signals analysis and design, and less for systems.
3. Z - for digital (discrete) signal analysis and design, and systems.

Signals and Systems Using Mathcad by Derose and Veronis.
Chapter 4 Introduction To Sampling
Entered by: Karl S Bogha Dhaliwal.

This worksheet is intended to demonstrate sampling of signals using Prime (Mathcad). This topic like the other worksheet on Fourier can have difficult solutions, here the objective is to use a software for application in signal processing, come to appreciate the software for signal processing. The use of software here is for learning the subject matter and the software. A learning
experience, gaining software skills, and solving some basic to intermediate
examples/problems. End result to where you are able to take on difficult or
complex problems.

 These notes were created for various energy engineers who may not have originated from a mechanical or related engineering program.

 The notes are intended for civil and electrical engineering students. Additionally they support the studies of renewable energy and energy engineering students at undergraduate and graduate level. Notes may also be used by practising engineers.

 There is an associated PDF of an Excel file complementing these notes with solved example problems. This file is on this page titled 'Exergy Example Problems (1-12). Accompanying: Exergy Notes_KSB_12 Aug 2019. Resource-PK Nath'.This PDF of an Excel file has additional notes specific to example.

Study on climate modeling.

It uses the energy balance principle for creating the single layer model.
The primary objective of this study to gain skills and understanding in climate modeling which comes from 'Energy Systems Engineering: Evaluation and Implementation' by Vanek, Albright and Angenent.

Primary target of interest:
1. Senior students in engineering and science.
2. Practicing engineers.
3. Other new in the field related to Climate, Green, and Renewable Energy.

Textbook Resources:
1). Energy Systems Engineering (Vanek Albright & Angenent)-Primary.
2). Other references indicated in notes.

Apologies for any errors and omissions.

Ranking-Rankine vapour cycles combined in series. With a basic introduction to its efficiency with corresponding layout. Use of Mercury as a working fluid.

Also Siemens world largest CCPP in Egypt with a brief description.

Resource: Power Plant Engineering 4th ed by PK Nag.

Figure shows the flow of working fluids in a gas-steam combined cycle power plant. Piping is coloured to show the different phases in the power plant connection. Temperature and Entropy figures included. Feed water heaters excluded. Can be used for energy engineering, renewable energy, and traditional power plant teachings or guided self-study. Figure generated with changes to suit purpose. May assist in exergy studied. Source of material from Power Plant Engineering 4th edition by PK Nag.

Exergy analysis of a combined cycle power generation plant using gas and steam turbines, through the use of Excel to demonstrate full set of calculations. Short discussion and comment provided. Results tabulated at end of analysis. Just over 900 lines with figures. Makes for a study guide for students and practising energy/renewable engineers.

Zoom in at a high level, PDF file if legible or good quality. You may request the Excel file. Source of study Power Plant Engineering 4th Ed Pk Nag.

Five good study examples to get you started on combined cycle power plant generation calculations. Performed in Excel. Step By Step.

Useful for students in energy engineering and renewable energy programs at UG and Graduate level. Also beneficial for practising engineers.

You may request Excel file.

Worked example problems in Excel provided here in PDF format. These example problems serve to reinforce the 'Exergy Notes' learning outcome. Download 'Exergy Notes' on same site.

Update: Rev 1, 10 September 2019.

Exergy Notes are uploaded here on this page.

Zoom to level required for viewing comfort (200 - higher levels). This is a collection of individual PDF files merged into one file.

You may request the Excel file.

Steam Power Plant Calculation: A full run through of a steam power plant energy calculation with steam table data. Major equipment with piping interconnection figure included.

Steam at 150 bar, 550 deg C is expanded in an h.p. turbine to 20 bar when it is reheated to 500 deg C and expanded in i.p. and l.p. turbines to condenser pressure of 0.075 bar. There are five feedwater heaters (including deaerator), one extraction from h.p. turbine at 50 bar, three from i.p. turbine at 10 bar, 5 bar, and 3 bar, and one from l.p. turbine at 1.5 bar. The middle heater is the deaerator and all others are closed heaters. Assuming ideal conditions, determine (a) the cycle of efficiency, (b). the feedwater temperature at inlet to the steam generator, (c). the steam rate, (d) the heat rate, (e) the quality of steam at turbine exhaust, and (f) the power output if the steam flow rate is 300 t/h. Take TTD (Terminal Temperature Difference) = 0 for all the heaters.

Source: Power Plant Engineering 4th Edition - PK Nag.

You may request Excel file on this same PDF.

Building Services Design For Energy Efficient Buildings (Publisher Routledge) is the textbook where these sketches were generated-inspired from. Original authors: Tymkow, Paul (Hoare Lea Consulting Engineers, UK), Tassou, Savvas (Brunel Univeristy, UK), Maria Kolokotroni, and Hussam Jouhara. A second edition is now available.

The purpose is to get practising engineers and students in related fields gain access to the subject material for planning, designing, and constructing energy efficient buildings.

The suggested textbook here maybe the only one OR one of few available at the level and content for year 4 and graduate students.  Its multidisciplinary in content, requires core engineering OR college level physics courses as prerequisite.

Recommended for Renewable Engineering, Energy Engineering, Planners, Architecture, Civil Engineering, Quantity Surveying, and Energy Management programs.

--------------------

'Building Services Design For Energy Efficient Buildings: Sketches For Visualisations. Publisher Routledge_K_Dhaliwal_1st January 2020'.

Example 2-4 worked thru Excel.
Credits and resource provided in attached PDF file.

Example worked here uses an energy trend. Other trends may be used instead for example construction industry housing cost trends based on several types of houses over a number of years.

Textbook provides the reading material on Divisia analysis, how the equation is formed. Its a little complicated at first, but the example itself does bring out the understanding. Equations provided in file.

Apologies for any errors and omissions.

Diesel Electric Station: Preliminary Design (Electrical and Mechanical)
Elements of Eletrical Power Station Design by M.V.Deshpande.
Entered By: Karl S Bogha Dhaliwal
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A power supply company has to install a diesel electric power plant at a hill station having an altitude of 900m above sea level.
Four units of generators are to be installed:
2 - each of 500kW
2 - each of 300kW
are chosen to suit the load curve.

The engines used are of the 4-stroke 375 rpm, airless injection type. The maximum demand of the station is to be 1400kW at 0.8 power factor lagging.

The average load factor will be 50% and the annual capacity factor 44%. The generator efficiency may be taken as 93%.
a). Find the ratings of the diesel engines
b). Find the main dimensions of the engines and generators
c). Find the energy produced per year
d). Find the annual fuel consumption
e). Assuming that 30% of the heat in the fuel is lost to the cooling water, find the
quantity of water required for cooling purposes. The maximum difference between
the inlet and outlet temperatures of the water may be taken as 11 deg C.
f). Find the space required for each unit, and show the general layout of the engine
generator set
g). If the cost of the plant is $10,000 per kW, insurance and taxes 2% of costs, interest on the investment 6% and depreciation of plant 7%, find the fixed costs.

The cost of fuel oil per kilogram may be taken as $40, and that of lubricating oil per
kilogram as $125. It may be assumed that the amount of lubricating oil required is 1kg for every 400 kWh produced. The calorific value of the fuel oil is 10,000 kcal per kg.

Maintenance costs $300,000 per year; one third of this may be taken as fixed and the remainder as variable.
Operation costs amount to $500,000 per year.
Find the total variable costs.
Find the total costs and the cost per kilowatt-hour of energy generated.

Example problems on photoelectric effect, and Compton effect. Content typical of Modern Physics textbook. Introduction to the basic physics involved in PV cells for power generation. UG level.

Solved example problems from Mahesh C. Jain textbook 'QMs A Textbook for UGs'. Users of this file may get the theory from any UG Modern Physics textbook.

Any errors and omissions apologies in advance.

Example problems on atoms and Bohr's model. Focusing on spectral lines, photoelectric effect, energy of the electron in the nth Bohr model, and other similar topics. Continuing with photons, electrons, and atoms in part I.

Introduction to the basic physics involved in PV cells for power generation. UG level.

Solved example problems from Mahesh C. Jain textbook 'QMs A Textbook for UGs'.

Users of this file may get the theory from any UG Modern Physics textbook.

Any errors and omissions apologies in advance.

Example problems on de Broglie hypothesis, and basic quantum mechanic relations.

Basic theory and application of wave nature of matter. Continuing from part II.

Introduction to the basic physics involved in PV cells for power generation. UG level.

Solved example problems from Mahesh C. Jain textbook 'QMs A Textbook for UGs'.

Users of this file may get the theory from any UG Modern Physics textbook.

Any errors and omissions apologies in advance.

Example problems on Wave Packets and the Uncertainty Principle, and basic quantum mechanic relations.

Continuing from part III.

Introduction to the basic physics involved in PV cells for power generation. UG level.

Solved example problems from Mahesh C. Jain textbook 'QMs A Textbook for UGs'.

Users of this file may get the theory from any UG Modern Physics or QM textbook.

Any errors and omissions apologies in advance.

Introductory basic topics presented through solved example problems.

Covering areas of:
1. Particle nature of quantum mechanics.
2. Atoms and the Bohr model.
3. Wave nature.
4. Wave packets and the Uncertainty Principle.

The content here will assist in the studies of solar engineering physics and PV power plants at the undergraduate level. Primarily intended for engineering, science and technology students. This may also provide a refresher for practising engineers and technologist in power generation.

These set of four chapters may be considered for course material, at undergraduate level year two. The next topic would be in the area of Schrodinger Equations which requires more time and effort to complete, mostly theory and mathematics, after which other topics need to be studied before arriving to their problem solving. Hence, this is why these four chapters were made a set.

A set of solved example problems from chapters 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the book titled ‘Quantum Mechanics A Textbook for Undergraduates’. Mahesh C. Jain. PHI. 2007.

Any errors and omissions apologies in advance.

QM Demystified A Self Teaching Guide by David McMahon. I purchased this
book in 2007. Read chapter 1 and 2 in that year. Did not get past chapter 2, but did complete chapter 2. May had gotten busy with other things, most probably found the subject matter incomprehensible, difficult, tough, .... This book made it possible for me to understand the basic mathematics required for the topic. I revisited it again in 2019 and 2020, as you can see.

Had it not been for David McMahon's book, Schrodinger Equation may not been a subject matter I could understand. I admit I may still be incomplete on its understanding. So there maybe mistakes here that you can easily spot. Apologies in advance.

Example were needed to supplement the theory, this is why this book was suitable for me. There are a few examples from other textbook(s) in the study notes.

Its mainly the mathematics technique required and applied to understand some of the undergraduate Schrodinger Equation subject matter.

Approximately 85 pages. Tried to make it as step by step as possible.

21 examples in all.

You may need to zoom in at a higher magnification for the subscripts.

Any errors and omissions apologies in advance.

KSB Dhaliwal.

From Wavefunctions and Wavepacket To Schrodinger Equation.

Intermediate Level.

I found this topic loosely attempted, maybe a lack of full appreciation where I was not confident.

I had the steps thru once. The assumptions their impact, and the full picture on the wavepacket were not firm. Not that they are now you can or may proof that.

If you had a course in communication theory in electrical engineering or similar subject, maybe you sensed the same hurdle I did in that subject, similar here.

Its here where the physicists Mahesh Jain, who wrote QM For UGs, makes his case to end one kind of material and leap into another. The another being the Schrodinger Equation.

His approach on how to show the wavefunctions superpositioned to form the wavepacket. The phase velocity to the group velocity. Putting it another way, if correct, to show how the phase velocity is 'embedded' in the group velocity.  Embedded sounds more engineering like but it maybe the wrong expression to use here. This is the subject matter here. It comes just before Schrodinger Equation. 

No solved examples.

Just to show how to get from the 'wavefunctions and phase velocity' to the 'wavepacket and group velocity'.

I call it a ROUGH DRAFT because I am not prepared to take on that role as a subject matter expert on this topic. You may try and are welcome.

Content based on Mahesh Jain's textbook titled Quantum Mechanics For Undergraduates. Publisher PHI.

Any errors and omissions apologies in advance.

Ernest Rutherford's picture is on the New Zealand hundred dollar note. He made some well known discoveries which led to the field of nuclear science. His name is in the physics textbooks.

The few examples here are from chapter 1 of Nuclear Physics by SN Ghoshal. These examples serve to support studies in quantum mechanics.

There is the atomic level which is the larger picture, and there is the nucleus level which is the smaller internal picture.  The nucleus sits in the atom. Both are in separable. Well maybe inseparable.

Chapter 10 on Ship Propulsion. Continuing from Chapter 9 Ship Propulsion.

Chapter 10 page 299 of textbook - The study of ships that are to navigate the oceans must therefore, include some assessment of how ocean waves affect them. In this chapter we shall consider what ocean waves are like and how ships respond to them. A quantitative mathematical treatment of the subject is beyond the scope of this book, but the definitions and concepts included here are intended to introduce the reader to the complicated nature of the motions of ships in waves.

For undergraduate students of various fields, arts science and engineering, studying naval architecture. This is the last chapter of the textbook. Hence, this brings to end the study here on this subject.

Textbook: Applied Naval Architecture by Robert Zubaly; first edition sixth printing. Both SI and English unit problems.

Prerequisite: Completion of high school math or year one college math. The textbook has some of the relevant math required explained very clearly, which is the basic introduction of an integral in calculus, that is the area under a curve. 2nd order differential equation could require further courses in mathematics. Here, the purpose was to provide some exposure on this math's side of things to gain an understanding on what could be involved in ship dynamics.

Aotearoa - New Zealand.

Chapter 9 on Ship Propulsion. Continuing from Chapter 8 Ship Resistance. The subject matter in chapter 9 provides the introduction and understanding to the reaction (or performance) of fresh water and sea water around the ship's hull and specifically at the propeller. Like in chapter 8 here too there is the model ship and full dimensioned ship to consider.

For undergraduate students of various fields, arts science and engineering, studying naval architecture. Continuing chapter is Chapter 10 Ship Dynamics which is the last chapter and there are no end of chapter problems here.

Presented here are worked end of chapter problems from the textbook Applied Naval Architecture by Robert Zubaly; first edition sixth printing. Both SI and English unit problems.

Prerequisite: Completion of high school math or year one college math. The textbook has some of the relevant math required explained very clearly, which is the basic introduction of an integral in calculus, that is the area under a curve.

Aotearoa - New Zealand.

Apologies in advance for any errors and omissions.

Chapter 8 on Ship Resistance. Continuing from Chapter 7 Ship Strength. The subject matter in chapter 8 provides the introduction and understanding to ship resistance, and use of relevant mechanical engineering or physics tables to solve the problems.

For undergraduate students of various fields, arts science and engineering, studying naval architecture. Continuing chapter are Chapter 9 Ship Propulsion, and Chapter 10 Ship Dynamics (last chapter).

Presented here are worked end of chapter problems from the textbook Applied Naval Architecture by Robert Zubaly; first edition sixth printing. Both SI and English unit problems.

Prerequisite: Completion of high school math or year one college math. The textbook has some of the relevant math required explained very clearly, which is the basic introduction of an integral in calculus, that is the area under a curve.

Aotearoa - New Zealand.

Apologies in advance for any errors and omissions.

Chapter 7 on Ship Strength. Continuing from Chapter 6 Flooding and Subdivision. The subject matter in chapter 7 provides the fundamentals theory and calculations on the main beam (girder) of the ship's hull. Contents is based on the Strength of Materials course.

For undergraduate students of various fields, arts science and engineering, studying naval architecture. Continuing chapter are Chapter 8 Ship Resistance, Chapter 9 Ship Propulsion, and Chapter 10 Ship Dynamics (last chapter).

Presented here are worked end of chapter problems from the textbook Applied Naval Architecture by Robert Zubaly; first edition sixth printing. Both SI and English unit problems.

Prerequisite: Completion of high school math or year one college math. The textbook has some of the relevant math required explained very clearly, which is the basic introduction of an integral in calculus, that is the area under a curve.

Aotearoa - New Zealand.

Apologies in advance for any errors and omissions.

Continuing from Chapter 5 on Principles of Ship Stability Part 3 of 3 here is Chapter 6 titled Flooding And Subdivision. The subject matter provides the principles on mitigating mariner/barge flooding thru calculations. For undergraduate students of various fields, arts science and engineering, studying naval architecture.

Topic on 'Flooding And Subdivision'.

Chapters 2 thru 6 are physics based, with chapters 7 thru 10 toward engineering.
Chapters 7 thru 10 could require further studies in mathematics and introductory engineering courses.
Like most technical subjects some additional mathematics could be applied with continuing chapters.

Titles on chapters 7 thru 10:
Chapter 7 Ship Strength
Chapter 8 Ship Resistance
Chapter 9 Ship Propulsion
Chapter 10 Ship Dynamics (last chapter).

Presented here are worked end of chapter problems from the textbook Applied Naval Architecture by Robert Zubaly; first edition sixth printing. Both SI and English unit problems.

Prerequisite: Completion of high school math or year one college math. The textbook has some of the relevant math required explained very clearly, which is the basic introduction of an integral in calculus, that is the area under a curve.

Aotearoa - New Zealand.

Apologies in advance for any errors and omissions.

Principles of ship stability for undergraduate students of various fields, arts science and engineering, studying naval architecture. Topic on 'Trim and Longitudinal Stability'.

Presented here are worked end of chapter problems from the textbook Applied Naval Architecture by Robert Zubaly; first edition sixth printing. Both SI and English unit problems.

Prerequisite: Completion of high school math or year one college math. The textbook has some of the relevant math required explained very clearly, which is the basic introduction of an integral in calculus, that is the area under a curve.

Aotearoa - New Zealand.

Apologies in advance for any errors and omissions.

Principles of ship stability for undergraduate students of various fields, arts science and engineering, studying naval architecture. Topic on 'Stability At Large Angels'.

Presented here are worked end of chapter problems from the textbook Applied Naval Architecture by Robert Zubaly; first edition sixth printing. Both SI and English unit problems.

Prerequisite: Completion of high school math or year one college math. The textbook has some of the relevant math required explained very clearly, which is the basic introduction of an integral in calculus, that is the area under a curve.

Aotearoa - New Zealand.

Apologies in advance for any errors and omissions.

Principles of ship stability for undergraduate students of various fields, arts science and engineering, studying naval architecture. Topics on 'Ship Hull Form', and 'Static Equilibrium And Stability'.

Presented here are worked end of chapter problems from the textbook Applied Naval Architecture by Robert Zubaly; first edition sixth printing. Both SI and English unit problems.

Prerequisite: Completion of high school math or year one college math. The textbook has some of the relevant math required explained very clearly, which is the basic introduction of an integral in calculus, that is the area under a curve.

Aotearoa - New Zealand.

Apologies in advance for any errors and omissions.

The last page on this PDF shows the path on the textbook chapter readings. The aim of which after completion of chapter 9 on compression was to get to the chapter on LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas). This is a relatively large sector in the gas processing industry. The process diagrams do take time to get an understanding and or appreciation on the process stream flow, and what happens along the way. With more and more diagrams studied this task improves. Data sheets and manufacturer's drawings on the major plant are helpful for training/ learning/ skilling on this subject matter. So, Chapter 18 LNG is the final chapter. It is not planned or intended to create sketches for this chapter. Since relevant process diagrams have been covered the reader can undertake the chapter on his/her own. This would make the last PDF. Apologies for any errors and omissions.

Regards, Karl Bogha.

Quicker, Easier Replacement of Electromechanical Relays.

Streamline retrofits and modernization projects with new SEL direct-replacement assemblies for electromechanical relays.

These complete, preassembled retrofit kits simplify installation and configuration by combining a field-proven SEL digital relay with mounting plates, interposing terminal blocks, test switches, and other hardware that closely match the function, form factor, and terminal blocks of specific legacy relays—and it takes only a few hours to install, with minimal panel changes.

<Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories - Literature - Made available thru internet June 2024>

From manufacturer Cryostar it's pamphlet on turbo-expander:

Cryostar designs all their turbo-expander packages to the strictest of industry standards and client requirements.

Complienace to API 617 is standard and in addition, each machine can be fully customised to meet even the most stringent of client requirements.

To assure customers on-time delivery to the agreed specification level, an engineering team is selected at the beginning of each project.

The team includes aero-designers, specialist in rotating machinery, instrumentation and control systems, seal gas and lube oil systems all coordinated by a project manager in conjunction with the quality department, fully involved at each step of the project.

Diagrams from chapter 10 re-worked for assisting in the understanding of the flow of things in the process.

I was reading Chapter 10 and did the sketches; it could be helpful to make things easier. With all the chapters covered thru chapter 9, chapter 10 makes a good final chapter for a year 2 semester 1 course at NZDE. Having to solve the end of chapter problems for those chapters does take up adequate course work time, and thus 9 chapters are already heavy. Chapter 10 can be studied non-examination.

Apologies for any and all errors and omissions.

Regards,
Karl Bogha.

Page 186-Gas and refrigeration compressors typically are the largest capital expense in the construction of a new gas processing plant. They account for up to 50% to 60% of the total installed cost of the facility. They also tend to have the largest maintenance expense in the facility.

That goes to show the importance of compressors and its compression.

This chapter 9 on compression brings to end the last of the planned study chapters. The purpose of which is to gain skills primarily for the natural gas processing industry, and may lend to support other related industries.

Suggest the 'student/junior engineer/cross-over disciplin engineer' into this area give Chapter 10 Gas Treating a read.

ABOUT "If there is any introductory suitable material for gaining skills specific to the objectives it may be uploaded here?". That you can pick-up on your own since you got a good introduction.

Apologies for any errors and omissions.

Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing (2nd Edition) - Kidnay, Parrish, and McCartney.

Chapter 1 examples solved.

This book provides an introduction to the natural gas industry to a reader entering the field. It also helps those providing a service to the industry in a narrow application to better understand how their products and services fit into the overall process.

Chapter 1 Processing Principles.
Page 3: This chapter introduces the reader to fundamentals needed to better
understand the following chapter. It is intended for those new to gas processing and those having limited chemistry background. This chapter provides only a brief introduction to the subjects to give readers without a chemical engineering education sufficient background to comprehend more technical sections in later chapters.

My Homework - Karl Bogha.
March 2024.

Apologies in advance for any errors and omissions.

Source: William Bolton Textbook (From one of his several engineering books).
For Study In Engineering (Including Ship Dynamics - Naval Architecture).
Can be used for refresher. My Homework.

Apologies for any errors and omissions.

Kind Regards,
K Bogha.

A study for Reliability skills thru the application of probability.
Applicable for the factory and construction work place.
Intended users for the facotory:
1). Technicians
2). Managers
3). Engineers (diploma and degree).

Intended users for the construction:
1). Project Managers
2). Project Engineers (diploma and degree).

Excel spreadsheet applied on some examples.

A set of notes to help bridge the gap and expand further.
Assumes some use of Excel or any other spreadsheet by the reader.
Study through use of textbook by Martand Telsang.
Supported by Mathematics textbook by Croft, Davison, Hargreaves, and Flint.

Apologies for any errors and omissions.

What We Have Here? A set of drawings with notes for studying the basics of
                              electrical control wiring. Using start stop buttons, relays
                              (electromagnetic coil-contact), control devices such as
                              flow switch…., and other basic components.


It’s a self-study based on Stephen L. Herman’s popular textbook on electrical controls. There are a few books published by this author and each is several editions along. The intended readers are electricians, technicians, and engineers working in the industrial building services sector of the low voltage electrical industry.


This self-study is based on the textbook titled ‘Understanding Motor Controls’ by Stephen L. Herman. Recommended.


There are approximately 22 drawings with notes, each circuit is found in the textbook. Each freshly worked in my homework style self-study . Should there be errors you may easily pick them out and correct them yourself and or with the help of your local electrician/technician/engineer. Drawing number 3 was intentionally moved down, not impacting the study process, because it posed a challenge to me and became a discussion topic – That’s Why!


The drawings use NEMA symbols which is used in USA. For countries using the IEC symbols it requires exchanging the NEMA symbol for the IEC. Eaton a manufacturer of electrical products has a file on NEMA-IEC symbols on the internet. It is attached here at end of the drawings to make your learning easier.


Safety:
There is a safety factor to be built in the control circuit this will become clear in its design stage with respect to application, user, and environment. Check local and international electrical codes for electrical wiring safety. Installation of electrical work requires a minimum electrician qualification through on the job training and trades school studying. Please note these drawings are not suggestive of installation work, rather a learning process, thus do not use them for other than the intended purpose of basic controls study.


PS: An intermediate to low level advanced drawing on control wiring maybe
      provided in future, Revision 1, should time and resources permit. It is
      perceived the reader probably will continue onward on his or her own. 



Apologies for any errors and omissions in advance.
Karl S. Bogha.

Project estimating requires the application of science, mathematics, and several years of related experience.

The objective here is to introduce the many stages of estimating to the future estimator, and technical student. It is a challenging job; each project has its challenges and its rewards.

Hope this comes in useful where ever you are, for whatever the construction project .

The current paper is Rev 1. The correction was in example on difficulty level.

Any errors and omissions apologies in advance.

This mega data centre project had 15 on-site diesel generators, each at 1,250 kW rating. Project electrical design began in 1993. Construction began in 1994.

At its time it was the highest cost electrical construction project in the USA. At its peak there were over 200 electricians working on the project. There were two shifts on electrical to keep the project within acceptable schedule.

This article from Consulting Specifying Engineer magazine may be of value to you for electrical design, construction, product specification, establishing a base for a new design, comparison to current projects, and historical trends in data centres. 

Authors: Robert M. Hughes P.E., and Bob Otte P.E.
Hughes with the consulting design engineering firm for the critical power distribution, and Otte the owner representative electrical engineer for the entire electrical project.

This project may be identified as a 'pioneer and or pilot' data centre project. This was a type of project which would fall in the mega project category within its class of construction. Since then mainframe computer technology has advanced exponentially in areas of data storage and speed of computing. This facility remains active and efficient due to the forward thinking in the design and construction phases. In short the electrical and mechanical services were designed for the space size, (i.e. square meters), and for future trends in computer technology. It included online power quality management for critical power, this included a typical SCADA system, and speciality manufacturer's proprietary hardware and software. The high lighting load for general work areas for this purpose built facility included controls through computer screen. Advance fire-alarm and security systems were installed. There were other LV systems specific to data centre needs installed.

I worked in this project under various roles at the low to  intermediate level.

The downloadable PDF file is legible please zoom to appropriate level.
Title: IRS Data Centre Electrical Project.
Published by: Consulting Specifying Engineer - April 1995 Edition.

Objectives of CAD study manual:
1. Satisfy 2D draughting requirements
2. Provide learner with working skills at the Basic to Intermediate Levels of Computer
Aided Design Draughting for the Industrial, Mechanical Engineering, and Construction environment.
3. Encourage learner to pursue further skills on their own in Technical CAD Draughting.
4. Applying knowledge from Technical Drawing studies in producing CAD Drawings.
5. Understanding the purpose of The Standard AS/NZS 1100 Part 201.
    Other countries have their own similar standards.
6. Working in a group environment for achieving successful CAD Project accomplishments.
7. Provide learner with the software tools to generate technical drawings.

This study manual prepared by me for students in engineering technology programs in 2013. Any errors and omissions apologies in advance.

Some years a book may go from December into January or February of the following year. Sometimes some books get left out from my list.

Anway, most times I do not include my technical books as part of the reading list. These books usually take me a long time to complete in comparison. I did so now, so it does not give the impression the list was abandoned.

My reading book list 2020 through early 2021. All books listed here were read from start to end. I did not plan to read novels in 2020, until it became a different kind of year for the world. I found some topics a little let's say concerning to me so I read these books. Of the 4 books number 4 was purely enjoyment and the first in 2020.

Author(s): Vladimir Kutcherova, Maria Morgunova, Valery Bessel, and Alexey Lopatin.

Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X2030064X

Creative Commons.

Source: Science Direct - Elsevier.

Karl Bogha Comments:

This journal paper is of interest to engineers and businesses involved in natural gas and LNG markets. It is also of interest to general readers who have some basic understanding of commerce and use of similar energy resources at their local level be it at residential or industrial. In the news today Russia's energy supply to Europe and Asia is often seen on major TV news, online newspapers and magazines, and maybe by now a college level study.

Recently as March - July 2020 with Covid-19 impact on oil and gas businesses in US, and the drop in crude oil prices internationally, many small and medium size oil and gas companies have filed for bankruptcy protection in the US. This maybe one reason of interest to the reader and there may be relevant information here.

Please refer to the link for the original copy. Attached copy has my highlights. I, Karl Bogha, am not one of the authors, my name appears in the field because its posted in my Academia page.

Original Abstract:

This study provides a comprehensive, updated, and refined analysis of the challenges and opportunities for Russian natural gas exports based on recent statistical data, academic publications, and media sources. The paper addresses the lack of continuity in studies within the topic since the recent changes are not reflected well enough in the current peer-reviewed literature. In order to understand the perspectives regarding Russian natural gas export in global natural gas markets, we consequently examine the current layout of the global natural gas markets, and challenges and opportunities for Russian natural gas exports. The analysis shows that the U.S. natural gas market is closed for Russian exports. In the European market, Russia is experiencing difficulties in increasing its export shares, or even maintaining current levels, owing to various macroeconomic and geopolitical challenges. Asian markets such as China, India, Japan, and South Korea, are the most promising destinations for future Russian natural gas exports. Despite strong geopolitical challenges and high competition globally, Russia should seek maintaining current export levels in the European market, while implementing a win-win export strategy, and secure its future export shares on the Asian markets. The results of the study can be used for scenario and planning purposes, and be useful for policy makers and industry practitioners.


Title: Russian natural gas exports: An analysis of challenges and opportunities.
Author(s): Vladimir Kutcherova, Maria Morgunova, Valery Bessel, and Alexey Lopatin.

My book list for the year ending 2018 and year 2019 comprises mostly of non-fiction books and one technical book. There are some common areas in most of the books dealing with governments, economics, ...

From Rome to Cryptocurrency !

List created on 18 Dec 2019.

Any errors and omissions apologies in advance.